B u i l d i n g s e r v i c e s r e p o r t by Aiman Shakir

BUILDING SERVICES CASE STUDY AND DOCUMENTATION OF BUILDING SERVICES SYSTEMS

PJ TRADE CENTRE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS SANITARY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS MECHANICAL TRANPORTATION SYSTEMS MECHANICAL VENTILATIONAIRCONDITIONING SYSTEMS FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS

MOHD HASIF FAWWAZ SUKIMAN 0311561 FARAH FARHANAH KASSIM 0317534 NUR AIMAN MOHAMAD SHAKIR 0311759 NUR BAHIRAH ABDUL RAHMAN 0311085 RAHMAT AIDIL MAULA MD YUSOF 0311462

CONTENTS 1.O INTRODUCTION 1.1 Abstract 1.2 Acknowledgement

2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Literature Review 2.3 Electrical Supply System by Law (UBBL) 2.4 Electrical Components 2.5 Case Study and analysis 2.6 Conclusion

3.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Literature Review 3.3 Water Supply By Law 3.4 Case Study 3.5 Analysis

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS 4.1 Literature Review 4.2 Active Fire Protection System 4.3 Passive Fire Protection System 4.4 Analysis

5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Literature Review 5.3 Case Study 5.4 Safety Devices 5.5 Elevator Control System 5.6 Special Operating Modes 5.7 Location 5.8 UBBL Requirements 5.9 Analysis

6.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS 6.1 Prologue 6.2 Introduction and function 6.3 Components of System 6.4 Types and Function of Air Conditioning System 6.5 Components of the Split Unit Air Conditioning System 6.6 Operation of system 6.7 UBBL Requirements and Related Regulation 6.8 Conclusion

7.0 SANITARY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Case Study 7.3 Irrigation Systems 7.4 Filtration Systems 7.5 UBBL Requirement 7.6 Analysis

8.0 CONCLUSION 9.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

A MALAYSIA PARADIGM “With PJTC, the idea was to offer a new paradigm for office development. It is based on the use of simple local materials and local construction methods to create an office development that is suited to the local culture, climate and context.” Well said by the developer himself, TujuanGemilangSdn. Bhd. PJ Trade Centre was completed and designed by our very own Malaysian developer, TujuanGemilangSdn. Bhd. It has been completed in the month of February 2009. PJ Trade Centre is located in the Golden Triangle of PJ, a dynamic centre for entertainment, business, and shopping. The idea behind it was to take a leap of faith where being different with other but at the same time it suits with the climate, culture and the environment surrounding. However, Seksan Design was the one who designed the surrounding landscape.

Diagram 1: Section drawing of PJ Trade Centre.

PJ Trade Centre is designed to achieve human goals in workspace, like comfortable and healthy workspace to work in with a breeze of wind from a very reliable cross-ventilation and plenty of natural light. Lowering the maintenance costs are one of the main concerns in every developers mind and here, PJTC, eco-friendly and energyefficient is one of the design features that could lower down those costs. The motives of the design was getting closer to nature, with a Plaza of 2.5 acres covered with lushly landscaped. Meanwhile their 12 Sky Terraces are covered with hanging vines and wall creepers. As for their offices, most of the units have balconies of about 325 square feet and open-to-sky washrooms. PJ Trade Centre was built on 5.4 acres of land, in the centre of Bandar DamansaraPerdana, Petaling Jaya. They have four towers all together and they are Menara Bata, Menara- Hasil, MenaraGamuda and Menara Mustapha Kamal and every each consists of 21 floors each.

1.1 ABSTRACT The case study report will be focusing into the settings of the services system in the PJ Trade Centre such as the Air conditioning and ventilation systems, Fire safety system, Electricity supply system, Water supply system, the Sewerage system and Mechanical Transportation system. The report are aiming at introducing the fundamentals of all the mentioned systems as well as an analysis of the system that have been analyzed and synthesized to our own understanding and also based on the regulations of buildings and its services such as Uniform Building By Law and also Malaysian Standards. Requirements and adherence will also be analyzed based on each services respected controlling arm.

1.2 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This project consumed a huge amount of work, research and dedication. The implementation would not been possible without the support and guidance of many people involved. Therefore, we would like to extend our huge gratitude to the people who has helped and assisting us to complete this research report. Without their involvement and guidance, this report would be insufficient and substandard. Special thanks we would like to give to our lectures, Mr. Rizal and Ms AR. Sateerah Hassan for the guidance through every each tutorial and providing us with an aim and goals to accomplish. We are also grateful for having the humble staffs at PJ Trade Centre and especially to Mr. Suresh for welcoming and willingly giving us an Â

7 Â

opportunity to explore more of the services system incorporated into the building.

2.0 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEMS

2.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter explains on the basic and general study of the electrical supply system at PJ Trade Centre, focusing on Tower B. The information mentioned is linked with the case study regarding how the electrical supply is distributed throughout the whole building of Block B. The electrical supply system case study will be covered to include the electrical power supply system, electrical components, the study on the function of the electrical rooms, the basic design considerations and dimensions. The findings are concluded in a diagram to give a brief understanding on how electrical supply system works at PJ Trade Centre.

2.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Electricity was never invented. Its properties were discovered, examined, and explained. The conveyance of electric power is coming from a power station to consumers’ premises, which is known as electric supply system. An electric supply system consists of three principal components, which are

the power station, the

transmission lines and the distribution system. The electric supply systems can broadly classified ino D.C. (Direct Current) or A.C. (Alternating Current) system and overhead or underground system.

Nowadays, 3-phase and 3-wire A.C. system is universally adopted for generation and transmission of electric power as an economical proposition. Below is the typical A.C. Power Supply Scheme (Diagram 2.1):

Figure 2.2.1 The network can be broadly divided into two parts:1. transmission system and 2. distribution system. Each part can be further subdivided into two which are the primary transmission and secondary transmission and primary distribution and secondary distribution.

Diagram 2.2.2 Â

11 Â

(i)Generating station : Referring to Diangram 2.1, Generating Station represents the generating station where electric power is produced by 3-phase alternators operating in parallel. The usual generation voltage is 11 kV. For economy in the transmission of electric power, the generation voltage (i.e., 11 kV) is stepped upto 132 kV (or more) at the generating station with the help of 3-phase transformers. The transmission of electric power at high voltages has several advantages including the saving of conductor material and high transmission efficiency. Generally the primary transmission is carried at 66 kV, 132 kV, 220 kV or 400 kV. (ii) Primary transmission: The electric power at 132 kV is transmitted by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system to the outskirts of the city. This forms the primary transmission. (iii) Secondary transmission : The primary transmission line terminates at the receiving station (RS) which usually lies at the outskirts of the city. At the receiving station, the voltage is reduced to 33kV by step-down transformers. From this station, electric power is transmitted at 33kV by 3-phase, 3-wire overhead system to various sub-stations (SS) located at the strategic points in the city. This forms the secondary transmission. (iv) Primary distribution : The secondary transmission line terminates at the sub-station (SS) where voltage is reduced from 33 kV to 11kV, 3-phase, 3-wire. The

12 Â

11 kV lines run along the important road sides of the city. This forms the primary distribution. It may be noted that big consumers (having demand more than 50 kW) are generally supplied power at 11 kV for further handling with their own sub-stations. (v) Secondary distribution : The electric power from primary distribution line (11 kV) is delivered to distribution sub-stations (DS). These sub-stations are located near the consumers’ localities and step down the voltage to 400 V, 3phase, 4-wire for secondary distribution. The voltage between any two phases is 400 V and between any phase and neutral is 230 V. The single-phase residential lighting load is connected between any one phase and neutral, whereas 3-phase, 400 V motor load is connected across 3-phase lines directly.

2.3 ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM (UNIFORM BUILDING BY LAW) (Licensed to Malaysian Standard MS1525: 2014)

The purpose for this Malaysian Standard in terms of power distribution system is to minimize losses in electrical power distribution and equipment efficiency. Some of the laws are below: • Power Factor Correction Capacitors

Power factor correction capacitors should be the low loss type with losses per kVAR not exceeding 0.35 W at upper temperature limit excluding the losses in the discharge resistors. • Sub Metering To facilitate monitoring of energy consumption and energy management, electrical energy meters should be installed at strategic load centers to identify consumption by functional use (air conditioning, lighting, etc.). The electricity supply and installation practice in Peninsular Malaysia are governed by the following: 1. Electricity Supply Act 1990 – Act 447 2. Licensed Supply Regulations 1990 3. Electricity Regulations 1994 4. Customer Charter – refer to TNB website (www.tnb.com.my)

2.4 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS Designers

must know that electrical systems are significant in

today’s world and it is crucial that they do not fail. Electrical components generally do not wear out easily. They tend to drift over time and can cause problems with sensitive designs. It is a concern when combined with environmental effects, transient stress, corrosion, vibration and temperature. The electrical components found in PJ Trade Centre are divided into three catagories:

• Active An active component works as an alternating-current circuit in a device, which works to increase the active power, voltage or current. An active component is able to do this because it is powered by a source of electricity that is separated from the electrical signal. i.

Semiconductors

ii.

Display Technologies

iii.

Discharge Devices

iv.

Power Sources

• Passive Passive components are those that do not require electrical power to operate and store or maintain energy in the form of voltage or current. i.

Resistors

ii.

Capacitors

iii.

Magnetic Devices

iv.

Transducers, sensors, detectors

• Electromechanical Electromechanical component carries out its electrical operations by using moving parts or electrical connections. i.

Terminals and Connectors

ii.

Cable Assemblies

iii.

Switches

iv.

Protection Devices

2.4.1 ACTIVE COMPONENTS Semiconductors 1. Diodes

Figure 2.4.1 Diode The function of a diode is to sanction an electric current to pass in one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the antithesis direction (the inversion direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a check valve. 2. Transistors

16 Â

Figure 2.4.2 Transistors A transistor is a semiconductor contrivance used to amplify and switch electronic signals and electrical puissance. Manufacturers withal make PNP junction transistors. In these contrivances, the emitter and collector are both a p-type semiconductor material and the base is n-type. A PNP junction transistor works on the same principle as an NPN transistor. But it differs in one reverence.

3. Intergrated Circuit

Figure 2.4.3 Intergrated Circuit An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of minuscule resistors, capacitors, and transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter, computer recollection, or microprocessor. Display Technologies 1. LCD Â

17 Â

Figure 2.4.4 LCD A liquid-crystal exhibit (LCD) is a flat panel exhibit, electronic visual exhibit, or video exhibit that utilizes the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light directly. LCDs are available to exhibit arbitrary images (as in a general-purport computer exhibit) or fine-tuned images which can be exhibited or obnubilated, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment exhibits as in a digital clock. 2. LED

Figure 2.4.5 LED component

18 Â

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a pn-junction diode, which emits light when activated. When a felicitous voltage is applied to the leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron apertures within the contrivance, relinquishing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is resolute by the energy band gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often minute in area (less than 1 mm2) and integrated optical components may be habituated to shape its radiation pattern. Discharge Devices 1. Gas Discharge Tube

Figure 2.4.6 Gas Discharge Tube A gas discharge tube, or GDT, is a glass-enclosed contrivance that is sealed and that contains a special gas amalgamation which is trapped between two electrodes. Gas discharge tubes conduct electrical current after they become ionized by a high voltage spike, can conduct a relatively high amount of current for their size and can handle some profoundly and astronomically immense transients or several more diminutive transients. Gas discharge tubes withal take a Â

19 Â

long time to trigger, which sanctions a higher voltage spike to pass through afore conducting a paramount amount of current. Power Sources 1. Electrical Generator

Figure 2.4.7 Electrical Generator In electricity generation, an engenderer is a contrivance that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy for use in an external circuit. The source of mechanical energy may vary widely from a hand crank to an internal combustion engine. Engenderers provide proximately all of the potency for electric power grids. 2. Power Supply

20 Â

Figure 2.4.8 Power Supply A power supply is an electronic contrivance that supplies electric energy to an electrical load. The primary function of a power supply is to convert one form of electrical energy to another and, as a result, power supplies are sometimes referred to as electric power converters.

Some

power

supplies

are

discrete,

stand-alone

contrivances, whereas others are built into more astronomically immense contrivances along with their loads.

2.4.2 PASSIVE COMPONENTS Resistors 1. Resistor

21 Â

Figure 2.4.9 Resistor A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. Resistors act to reduce current flow, and, concurrently, act to lower voltage levels within circuits. In electronic circuits resistors are habituated to inhibit current flow, to adjust signal levels, inequitableness active elements, terminate transmission lines among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as heat may be utilized as a component of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads for engenderers. Fine-tuned resistors have resistances that only change scarcely with temperature, time or operating voltage. 2. Rheostat

Figure 2.4.10 Rheostat

22 Â

A rheostat is a variable resistor. The most common way to vary the resistance in a circuit is to use a rheostat. Variable resistors can be habituated to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing contrivances for heat, light, sultriness, force, or chemical activity. Capasitors 1. Capacitor

Figure 2.4.11 Capasitor A capacitor (pristinely kenned as a condenser) is a passive twoterminal electrical component used to store energy electrostatically in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors (plates) dissevered by a dielectric (i.e. insulator). The conductors can be thin films, foils or sintered beads of metal or conductive electrolyte, etc. The nonconducting dielectric acts to increment the capacitor's charge capacity. Capacitors are widely utilized as components of electrical circuits in many prevalent electrical contrivances. Magnetic Devices Â

23 Â

1. Inductor

Figure 2.4.12 Inductor An inductor is a passive two-terminal electrical component which resists vicissitudes in electric current passing through it. It consists of a conductor such as a wire, conventionally wound into a coil. When a current permeates it, energy is stored transitory in a magnetic field in the coil. When the current permeating an inductor changes, the time-varying magnetic field induces a voltage in the conductor, according to Faradayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law of electromagnetic induction, which opposes the transmutation in current that engendered it. Tranducers, sensors, detectors 1. Tranducers

24 Â

Figure 2.4.13 Transducer A transducer is a contrivance that converts one form of energy to another form of energy. Energy types include/(but are not inhibited to) electrical, mechanical, electromagnetic, chemical, acoustic, and thermal energy. Customarily a transducer converts a signal in one form of energy to a signal in another, but any variable attenuation of energy may accommodate as input. 2. Sensors

Figure 2.4.14 Sensor A sensor is a transducer whose purport is to sense some characteristic of its environs. It detects events or transmutations in quantities and provides a corresponding output, generally as an electrical or optical signal; for example, a thermocouple converts temperature

output

voltage.

But

mercury-in-glass

thermometer is additionally a sensor; it converts the quantified temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube.

25 Â

2.4.3 ELECTROMECHANICAL Terminals and Connectors 1. Terminal

Figure 2.4.15 Electronic terminal A terminal is the point at which a conductor from an electrical component, contrivance or network comes to a cessation and provides a point of connection to external circuits. A terminal may simply be the cessation of a wire or it may be fitted with a connector or fastener. In network analysis, terminal betokens a point at which connections can be made to a network in theory and does not compulsorily refer to any authentic physical object. In this context, especially in older documents, it is sometimes called a pole. 2. Connector

26 Â

Figure 2.4.16 Connector An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical contrivance for joining electrical circuits as an interface utilizing a mechanical assembly. Connectors consist of plugs (male-ended) and jacks (female-ended). The connection may be ad interim, as for portable equipment, require an implement for assembly and abstraction, or accommodate as a sempiternal electrical joint between two wires or contrivances. An adapter can be habituated to efficaciously assemble dissimilar connectors. Switches 1. Switch

Figure 2.4.17 Switch

27 Â

A switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The mechanism of a switch may be operated directly by a human operator to control a circuit (for example, a light switch or a keyboard button), may be operated by a moving object such as a door-operated switch, or may be operated by some sensing element for pressure, temperature or flow. Cable assemblies 1. Power Cord

Figure 2.4.18 Power Chord A power cord, line cord, or mains cable is a cable that transitory connects an appliance to the mains electricity supply via a wall socket or extension cord. The terms are generally utilized for cables utilizing a potency plug to connect to a single-phase alternating current power source at the local line voltageâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;(generally 100 to 240 volts, depending on the location). The terms power cable, mains lead, flex or kettle lead are additionally utilized.

28 Â

Protection Devices 1. Fuse

Figure 2.4.19 Fuse In electronics and electrical engineering, a fuse (from the French fusĂŠe, Italian fuso, "spindle"[1]) is a type of low resistance resistor that acts as a sacrificial contrivance to provide overcurrent auspice, of either the load or source circuit. Its essential component is a metal wire or divest that melts when an extravagant amount of current permeates it, interrupting the circuit that it connects. Short circuits, overloading, mismatched loads, or contrivance failure are the prime reasons for extortionate current. Fuses are an alternative to circuit breakers. 2. Ground-fault protection

29 Â

Figure 2.4.20 Ground Fault Protection A residual-current contrivance (RCD), is an electrical wiring contrivance that disconnects a circuit whenever it detects that the electric current is not balanced between the energized (line) conductor(s) and the return (neutral) conductor.

2.5 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL SUPPLY SYSTEM The main electrical rooms at PJ Trade Centre are located at the Basement 7 of in Tower B, where the Maintenance Department is located at Basement 1. Inside every main electrical room such as the Main Swith Room, Low Voltage Switch Room and the Gen Set Room has an alternative emergency exit door and carbon dioxide tanks in case of fire emergency.

30 Â

Main Switch Room Battery Room Low Voltage Switch Room (Transformer Room) Gen Set Room Meter Room TNB Substation

Diagram 2.5.1 Indication of electrical rooms at Basement 7, Tower B

2.5.1 TNB SUBSTATION

Figure 2.5.2 TNB Substation at PJ Trade Centre

Diagram 2.5.3 Location of TNB Substation on level B7 The substation at PJ Trade Centre is located at Basement 7. The substation is an assemble of electrical components that are connected in a definite sequnce in which a circuit can be switched Â

32 Â

off maually or automatically. The substtaion receives electrical power from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines. There are four types of substations: 1. Transmission Substation 2. Distribution Substation 3. Collector Substation 4. Switching Substation Every substation has the following parts and equipment: 1. Outdoor Swithyard 2. Main Office Building 3. Swithgear and control panel 4. Battery room and D.C. Contribution system 5. Mechanical, Electrical and other auxiliaries (firefighting system, oil purification system, diesel generator set.

33 Â

2.5.2 MAIN SWITCH ROOM

Figure 2.5.4 Main Switch Room at PJ Trade Centre

Diagram 2.5.5 Location of Main Switch Room on level B7

The main switch room is situated at Basement 7. Switchboard is regarded as the main hud of the electrical power source distributed to a building. Its main function is to receive electrical power supply, control the power supply, distribute the power supply and forfend the potency supply. Switchgear is one of the mechanism installed at the switchboard used to open and break the circuit designed to operate automatically or manually depending on the required purposes. For PJ trade Centre, the power supply comes from two sources which are from Kepong and Klang. The bus coupler is the device which is used to couple one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs. The bus coupler is located in between these two incoming switchboards.

35 Â

Figure 2.5.6 Incoming from Kepong

Figure 2.5.7 Incoming

from Klang

For safety purpose, there are the design considerations for a switch board room: 1. The switchboard room is preferably be provided with an alternative emergency door. 2. The door has to be arranged to be open outwards so that it will not obstruct the passageway into which it is open. 3. All doors shall be fitted with locks to prevent unauthorized person from entering the electrical rooms, but shall be readily opened from inside without the use of a key. Sliding door is acceptable. 4. Trenches, calbe tray and cable entry pipes where required for services to and from switchboard room are to be provided.

36 Â

2.5.3 LOW VOLTAGE HIGH ROOM

Figure 2.5.8 One of the low voltage room at PJ Trade Centre

Diagram 2.5.9 The location of the main LVswitch room and LV room for Tower B

Low voltage (LV) switch rooms are common across all industries and one of the more common spatial requirements which is needed to be designed in a project. Main low voltage (LV) switch room will typically contain free standing switchboards and Motor Control Centres (MCC), along with auciliary equipment required for the room to function. National and international standards define the manner in which electric circuits of LV installations must be realized, and the capabilities and circumscriptions of the sundry switching contrivances which are collectively referred to as switchgear. Electrical protection at low voltage is (apart from fuses) mundanely incorporated in circuitbreakers, in the form of thermal-magnetic contrivances and/or residual-current operated tripping contrivances.

The main functions of switchgear are: • Electrical protection • Electrical isolation of sections of an installation • Local or remote switching

In integration to those functions shown in above, the other functions of LV is namely: • Over-voltage protection • Under-voltage protection

Diagram 2.5.10 Low Voltage Switchgears

Design considerations for a Low Voltage Switchroom: 1. Two accesses for personnel; one is the normal access and one for emergency. 2. Access for equipments; installation, operation and maintenance.

39 Â

3. Regulatory compliance and approvals. 4. Cable containment and entries. 5. Earthing and grounding. 6. Water sealing (if below ground). 7. Air conditioning, lighting and small power. 8. Fire detection, alarm and suppression.

Figure 2.5.11 Fire suppression system in LV switchroom

40 Â

Fire Fighting Systems help protect critical high-value assets from the threat of fire and minimize downtime and cleanup costs, while addressing environmental considerations Switchboards In a low voltage switchroom, actual switchboard dimensions should be used. The typical switchboard dimensions are: Height: 2.2 m (2000 mm for the switchboard and a 200 mm plinth) Width: 600 mm to 1050 mm depending on construction Depth : 600 mm Weight : 200 to 400 kg per panel Room Dimensions and Clearances Clearances around switchboard should comply to local regulations. The room dimensions and switchboard clearances are as below: 1. Switchboard rear clearance • 0 cm for front entry switchboard • 75 cm for rear entry switchboard 2. Switchboard side clearance • 100 cm for all switchboard 3. Switchboard front clearance • 70 cm to 150cm for all switchboards 4. Vertical clearance avove switchboard • 400 mm (may require additional)

Diagram 2.5.12 The diagram above shows the typical switchboard arrangement in an LV room and its dimensions.

2.3.4 GEN SET ROOM

Figure 2.5.13 The Gen Set Room at PJ Trade Centre

Diagram 2.5.14 Location of Gen Set room on Level B7

Although the space requirements for standby and emergency power systems do not rank at the top of an architect’s design list, service personnel find themselves in tight quarters when these power systems are jammed into areas that meet only minimum safety requirements and don’t take service- ability into account. Building service equipment must have an advocate early in the design process. It is far easier and less expensive to plan for adequate space in the design phase than to compromise on unit size and retrofit equipment to fit in cramped areas. A genset room is a specific case of engine-generator in which a diesel engine combines with an electric generator to generate electricity. As stated on the section, the genset room is located further away from the other rooms due to the noises and the danger it may produce if not properly handled. This generator are used without the connection to the power grid and is used as an emergency power supply if the grid fails.

Service Considerations for a Gen Set Installation: • The Generator Room • Gen Set Support Systems • Controls • Sound Attenuation The basic design considerations for a gen set room are as below: 1. 3 to 4 feet (1m to 1.3m) of aisle space between live electrical components of 600 volts or less, depending on whether live components are on one or both sides of the aisle. 2. Installations over 600 volts require even wider aisle space, from 3 feet (1,) to as much as 12 feet (4m) for voltages above 75kV. 3. Service rooms with 1,200 amps or more require two exits in case of fire or arcing. 4. Floor space between an engine and parallel wall space or another gen set should not be less than the width of the engine. 5. There should be enough space allocated to allow convenient removal of cylinder heads, manifolds, exhaust piping and any other equipment for service. 6. Batteries to start gen sets should be kept as near as possible to the engine to avoid long energy robbing cables. 7. The fuel tank should be located near gen sets to prevent long fuel line runs which can tax fuel pumps. Access to

this equipment for service must also be considered in the design phase. 8. Controls and switchgear are best housed in a separate air-conditioned room next to the gen set with a window into the engine room. 9. Switchgear that can’t be placed in a separate room should be located to take advantage of incoming air to cool the switchgear.

Figure 2.5.15 The diesel tank (fuel tank) which is located behind the Gen Set at PJ Trade Centre.

2.5.5 METER ROOM

Figure 2.5.15 One of the meter at PJ Trade Centre Multi tenanted commercial premises except shop lots shall be given bulk supply. The meter shall be installed at the metering rrom. An enclosed locked room specifically for the purpose of installing floor mounted metering cubicle shall be provided. The minimum size of the room shall be 2.0 m x 2.0 m x 2.5 m height. Acceptable Meter Locations for Commercial and Industrial (in general) are as below: 1. For single occupancy non-residential and industrial buildings, meters and metering equipment shall be installed: a. Outdoors and mounted on an exterior wall with vehicle access, or b. Within a meter room inside the building on the first floor and with access only by a door

46 Â

opening to the outside of the building with vehicle access. 2. For multiple occupancy buildings meters and metering equipment shall be located per above Number 1a or 1b, and shall be grouped in one readily accessible central location, accessible to all occupants. Meter sockets must be permanently and clearly identified. 3. Service stations - the meter location shall be located such that it is a minimum of twenty (20) feet clear of any gas pump and ten (10) feet clear of any gas storage tank fill spout and/or vent. The besic design considerations of a meter room are as below: 1. An enclosed locked room specifically for the purpose of installing floor mounted metering cubicle shall be provided. 2. The minimum size of the room shall be 2.0 m x 2.0 m x 2.5 m (height). Key to the metering room shall be supplied and kept by TNB. 3. The location of the metering room shall be inside TNB's substation / switching station for consumers taking supply up to 33 kV. 4. For consumers taking supply above 33 kV, the location of the metering room shall be at consumer’s premise.

Diagram 2.5.16 Location to install the metering cubicle inside the metering room shall be as in the layout above.

2.6 CONCLUSION According to Uniform Building by Law (UBBL) complied by the PJ Trade Centre, every element in electrical supply system are built accordingly in the correct place and each of the electricity component play their roles. In conclusion, we can conclude that the electrical supply system at PJ Trade Centre follows the necessary requisites set by the governments for operating the building in terms of electricity, the voltage supplied is sufficient. Below is the summary

48 Â

of the flow of electricity supply system taking place at PJ Trade Centre.

Kepong

Klang

TNB Room

Consumer Switch Room

Transformer

Main Switch Boards • Circuit Breaker

Gen Set Room

Subswitch Boards

Distribution Boards

Power Points

3.0 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

3.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter is basically explains on how the basic and general study upon water services available in the case study chosen which is PJ TRADE CENTRE Block B. The information mentioned is associated with the case study regarding how the water supply is available and being distributed throughout the whole building of block B. The water supply system case study will be covered also to include the water services, water distribution system and also water supply piping. It will also be analyzed to give better understanding regarding the water services.

3.2 LITERATURE REVIEW The water supply is essentially crucial to maintain the health of the community, business, agriculturally and sustainability of the industry. Without a sufficient water supply system, our present society basis would not have evolved and our lives today wouldn’t be recognizable and threatened by our own surroundings. With an advanced technologies evolving, and knowing the amount of pollutions are increasing, we depend on well-treated water to avoid extortions. Knowing that the capacity of water consumed by our community each week, enormous infrastructures were required to maintain well-treated water. In Malaysia itself there are numbers of private water firms that together supplies to billions of patrons with billions litres of water.

Based on a research, SYABAS is one of the private firms that currently contribute treated water to over a few million patrons in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Putrajaya. The water supplied is one of the most fundamental businesses in SYABAS that would be related to other patrons, which it has been treated and processed before the distribution actions taking its part. Rain falls and river flows will be pumped to the water treatment plant, hence raw water is treated by going through the process of aeration,

coagulation,

flocculation,

sedimentation,

filtration,

disinfection and conditioning. The treated water that is already safe and clean for drinking will then be forced to the balancing reservoirs before being distributed to service reservoirs. From here, then water is supplied to its patrons. Water supply systems must also meet requirements for public, commercial, and industrial activities. In all cases,

the

water

must

achieve

both

quality

and

quantity

requirements.

3.3 WATER SUPPLY BY LAW “Water supply and services in Malaysia is under the concurrent jurisdiction of the Federal Government and State Governments. In order to increase the country’s water services quality particularly protecting consumers’ rights, two legislative frameworks, namely the National Water Service Industry (NSW) Act (2006) (Act 655) and the National Water Services Commission (SPAN) Act (2006) (Act 65) were introduced. With a well-regulated water services in place, this will help to

promote efficiency and long-term sustainability of the water industry to benefit the consumers, investors as well as the operators. Consumers in Malaysia enjoy a 24-hour water supply and water is reliable and safe in terms of quantity and quality. It is treated according to international standards for drinking water set out by the World Health Organization (WHO). All domestic, commercial and industrial users are metered. Water tariff are vary from state to state. “ by the Malaysian Investment Development Authority

3.4 CASE STUDY In PJ Trade Centre, water is used as domestic purposes, for toilets and for sprinkler system where it will project water to the fire when there is a fire incident happening to the building. PJ Trade Centre is also known with their rainfalls collection system. There’s a sky garden located from tower B to tower C, this is where the rainwater collection points play its role. From the sky garden, it will flow to their irrigation tank located at basement level 1. It will then proceed to their booster pump which it will pump the water to the plaza. This water will be used for trees and to clean their garden.

Water tanks are located at basement level 7, basement level 1 and on the rooftop level 21.

Diagram: Section PJ Trade Centre.

3.4.1 WATER STORAGE Water supply and sanitation in Malaysia is characterized by various achievements, as well as some challenges. According to research, due to the differences in climate, culture and economic wealth, water demand varies significantly between countries. The demand for water also varies over the 24-hour period. Hence, storage capacity required for a particular building will be determined from hours of supply, pressure in mains and fire storage requirements. In PJ Trade Centre, every each blocks has been given two storage compartments; underground and overhead storage. Overhead storage. These compartments are located on the rooftop level 21 of every Â

54 Â

block. This is where the main clean water will be distributed to every floor of the block. Underground storage. From SYABAS water tank, water will be distributed to the underground storage here on the basement down below level 7. From this storage, water will then flows to PJ Trade Centre own filtration tank, which also located at the same area. To store water, water storage needed to be installed and there are a few requirements needed to fulfill linking to installation and protection of water storage tanks: •

Tanks needed to be located somewhere accessible for repairs,

maintenance, inspections and replacement. •

Tanks are to be installed on bases above ground level,

platforms where the tank is being located at is designed to bear the weight of the tank when it is filled to maximum capacity, without unnecessary alteration taking place. •

Metal tank must to be out of a membrane of non-corrosive

insulating material between the support and the underside of the tank. •

Tanks must be supported in a certain method, so that no load

is transferred to any of the attached pipes. •

Insulation from heat and cold should also be specified.

•

Tanks must be provided with a cover, designed to prevent the

entry of dust, roof water, surface water, groundwater, birds, animals, insects or anything that could possibly pollute the water inside. •

Tanks storing potable water should not be located directly

beneath any sanitary plumbing or any other pipes conveying non

potable water. Water tanks placement.

Figure: Water storage located on the rooftop level 21.

There

are

two

main

water tanks located at basement level 7 of PJ Trade Centre for every each block, which is the Collection

tank

Filtration Figure: Collection tank.

and tank.

Collection tank is used to

store

water

from

SYABAS.

From

the

collection

tank,

water

will be pump to the filtration tank for another filtration

process.

The

water then will be pump to their domestic tank Â

located at the rooftop. level 21.

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Figure: Filtration Tank.

3.4.2. WATER SUPPLY Source of water supply for PJ Trade Centre comes directly

from

SYABAS,

which stands for “Syarikat Bekalan Air Selangor Sdn. Bhd.” It is a company where it’s in charge of water

Figure: SYABAS Logo.

distribution

Selangor.

Water

supply from SYABAS comes directly from the water main, underground and then being distributed to the water bulk meter, which is located near the car parking area.

3.4.3. PUMP SYSTEMS The type of pump been selected are based upon numerous factors,

the size of the storage or pressure tank used, the daily flow needed by the users, and the total operating pressure tank used, and the total operating pressure against which the pump works. Cost, maintenance, and reliability are also one of the factors, as in the energy used by the pump. Of all these factors, the two most serious selection factors are the flow rate and the total pressure. The flow rate depends upon the amount of fixtures to be served. The total pressure includes the static head, suction lift, and friction loss plus the pressure head. Pressurize pump. Pressure water pump, though it works the same as regular electric water pump, differ in the system application. By the use of a driver, the electric motor or gasoline engine and the pumping mechanism itself, it able to move water from one location to another. Normally it is a single, open-faced impeller that moves the water inside a contoured chamber. The chamber will then help in creating pressure to the water on the outlet side of the pump, where in some styles of water pumps, a little suction is created. The water will then sucked into the inlet and then pushed throughout the outlet side with a greater pressure when the impeller were arrange accordingly to the right direction. This method is applied during the process of pumping clean filtered water from the filtration tank to their water tank up to the rooftop, where their water tank located. Booster pump. Â

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A water pressure booster pump will increase the water pressure coming out of the faucets and appliances in a building. PJ Trade Centre have one of their own booster pump which channels the water down to 4 first levels below level 21, which are, 20, 19, 18, 17. This happened because there is not much of pressure going on these levels. Pressure-reducing valve. In between of the water distribution at every level of PJ Trade Centre, which flows by gravity energy, they have installed the pressure-reducing pump. This is to lower down the pressure of water flow. The pressure tank not only acts as a small tank for the accrued water, but also to help maintaining a pressure on the system. The tank is covered with rubber bladder and it can be occupied with air from an air compressor. Generally the air bladder is occupied to hold nearly 30 to 40 pounds of air pressure. The amount of air helps in maintaining the water system. The rubber bladder will also prevent hard cycling of water pump. Hard cycling occurs when the pump continuously turns on then off in repeated manner. It will then burn the pump motor and also break the pipefittings by the acceleration of the water in a closed spaced. Hence, this pressure-reducing valve is used to prevent the break of pipefittings.

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3.4.4 COLD WATER SYSTEM

Diagram: Gravitational System

The water supply comes from the main supply tank located at the basement level 7 floor of the building and pump up to the main water domestic tanks for storage purposes. From the domestic tanks, located on the rooftop, the cold water will be distributed throughout the basement via domestic water pumps and booster pump. The building has 21 floors to distribute water to, and since the domestic pump is located above all the floors, booster pump is used to pump the first four levels from 21 till 17. Then the gravity is used to distribute the water to the lower floor levels.

1.4.5 WATER METER Water meter are supplied at the discretion of the local water authorities. Most new buildings are mandatory to have them. There are two common approaches to flow measurement, displacement and

velocity.

The

common

displacement

designs

comprise

oscillating piston and nutating disc meter. Velocity – based on

designs comprise single and multi-jet meters and turbine meters. This method has been applied in most of the high-rise building.

Figure: Water meter

Diagram:

how

water

meter

functioned.

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Diagram : Water meter components.

3.4.6 MAINTENANCE Maintenance is very crucial to prevent water supply from any circumstances of failures. By far, PJ Trade Centre is in a good hand, where nothing serious ever happened to the water supply. Usually due to a common problem, leakage, data center will have the toilets to stand-alone for almost all the floors. Maintenance in Security Commission Building must be done once every month.

3.5 ANALYSIS Cold water supply system used in PJ Trade Centre is main water supply where they use water tanks to store in water from the water main and delivers the water throughout the entire building according to blocks. The profit of using this system is that the water tanks

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supplies the water, in case of a shortage from the water main. Moreover, the water tanks used are sufficient enough in this building to offer water supply and as preparation when there is a shortage. In this system, water pumps are needed to push up the pressure as the water supply from the main is low. In PJ Trade Centre, domestic water tank is placed on top of the roof which, had save up a lot of cost on installing water pumper as the water is distributed by using the gravitational force and booster pump. Besides, the installation of water tank is a success, which they had fulfill the requirements needed of the Uniform Building By-Law.

4.0 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

4.1 LITERATURE REVIEW In Malaysia, the requirements of a building to have fire protection systems are being installed into the design and the contraction of the building. This fire protection is being used as to ensure that the building is fully equipped and capable for the fire to be controlled and extinguished. There are two components of fire protecting system that called as Active Fire Protection System (AFPS) and Passive Fire Protection System (PEPS). These two components are being divided into its own individual sub-components with its own different characteristic. In the middle stage of designing a building, it is crucial for the designer or architect to study the suitable types of fire protection systems to be applied into the building. This should be depending on the types of fire that could be happen in the building. These followings are the types of fire group:-

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Class A, considered as an ordinary combustible such as wood, paper, cloth and plastics that commonly occur in typical commercial and residential areas. For class B and Class K, the fire occur can spread rapidly without any proper security and can easily revive after the fire is extinguish. In some cases, there are fire cause by a spark and that makes it in Class C where things like power surge or short circuit and typical occur in areas that cannot be reach and see. Last but not least it is the Class D, those fire are more unique as compared to the other classes, it requires a special dry powder agents as to contain. The objective of five safety are listed in order of their usual importance which is:-

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Protection of life.

Protection of building.

Protection of contents.

Continuity of operation.

4.2 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 4.2.1 FIRE DETECTION Fire detection is designed to detect an occurrence, alert the control panel and notify the occupants to take action. The designs of fire detection are specifically to provide the different of the building. It can be work in two ways, which are automatically or manually. Automatic activation can work with either smoke or heat detectors while manual activation is by occupants of the building breaking the glass unit or pulling the fire alarm pull station. The location of the fire detection system must visible to alert the occupants through audio as well as visual means. In the event, once the fire is detected, the fire suppression and control system will be activated. 4.2.1.1 MANUALLY ACTUATED DEVICES Manually Activated Devices is a manual alarm activation that requires human intervention. The person who is in charge of putting those devices must ensure that it is easy accessible and visible for the users of the building. There are few amounts of devices being use in PJ Trade centre.

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Figure 4.2.1: Break glass fire alarm.

Figure 4.2.2: Break glass and fire alarm.

(3)

4.2.1.2 AUTOMATICALLY ACTUATED DEVICES The function of this device is depending on the surrounding of the building and has a negative and positive feedback to it. It uses to detect heat as well as smoke. In the case of PJ Trade City, it only uses smoke detector as for the entire building. Â

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4.2.1.3 SMOKE DETECTORS A device that sense smoke, typically as an indicator when there is fire. Signal from commercial and residential security devices issues a signal to a fire alarm control panel as port of the fire alarm system, while the smoke alarms, generally issue a local audible or even visual alarm from the detector its own. It commonly can be worked in two ways, which are optical detection methods or physical process (Ionization). For optical detector, it uses the light sensor to detect smoke particles that passes through it. For large areas such as auditorium optical detector are used. It works by emitting rays and reflecting it back to the device. When smoke pass though the detector, a different reading will be detected and activating the alarm, Figure 4.2.3. On the other hand, as for Ionization smoke detector works by producing ionization in the air. It happens when smoke passes though the detector and there is difference in ionization in the air causes the trigger of the alarm shown in Figure 4.2.4.

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Figure 4.2.3: Optical smoke detector principles.

Figure 4.2.4: Ionization smoke

detector.

The smoke detector that is being used in PJ Trade Centre as shown in Figure 1.2.5 below. The smoke detector used as it can activate the alarm system as well as the sprinkler system.

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Figure 4.2.5: Smoke detector used in PJ Trade Center.

4.2.1.4 ALARM SYTEMS In any building, easy understanding of the alarm system should include visual and audio as to inform the building occupants when it comes to the event. In other to achieve good alarm systems, the combination of it should be the emergency lights, guide lights, alarm bell as well as the emergency voice message communication system as to guide the occupants in any circumstances. This kind of system is normally being used in large-scale buildings such as malls also high-rised building such as condominiums and apartments. It is by far the most efficient and effective way as to alert the building occupants during the event.

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In PJ Trade Centre, it uses Emergency Voice Communication System (EVCS). Messages are pre-recorded and will be use during the fire outbreak as shown in Figure 4.2.5. It it also work as an access where by it is used to communicate to people to the nearby the exits during the fire outbreak. Emergency and exit signage found in some part of the building as well, Figure 4.2.6.

Figure 4.2.5: Speaker that’s being used for EVCS in PJ Trade Centre.

Figure 4.2.6: Emergency exit signage in PJ Trade Centre.

Not just that, emergency communication system is also provided in PJ Trade Centre as shown in Figure 4.2.7. It is used to communicate directly to reach the nearby fire station and control centre during the fire outbreak.

Figure 4.2.7: Emergency fire communication system of PJ Trade Centre.

4.2.1.5 FIREMAN SWITCH Fireman switch is used to switch off the power supply of certain power system of the building. It is usually being located at every level of any building and it is being categorized into a few switches with different types of electrical supply to be switched off and can only be used by the “fireman”. Fireman switch located in PJ Trade Centre, as shown in Figure4.2.8.

Figure 4.2.8: Fireman switch used in PJ Trade Centre.

4.2.2 FIRE CONTROL SYSTEM 4.2.2.1 SPRINKLER SYSTEM

Fire sprinkler is a major defense system during the fire outbreak. As shown in Figure 4.2.9, this systems work through a system such as tanks, pumps and piping system.

One a fire being detected by the smoke or heat detector, a signal will be send to the sprinkler control box, and it will activate the pump and so the water is pumped with high pressure onto the sprinkler’s head. Water is then released and spreads out onto the area below. Figure 4.2.9, shows a similar system used in PJ Trade Centre.

Figure 4.2.9: Typical sprinkler system that commercial buildings normally installed.

Figure 4.2.10: Layout of sprinkler piping and head in basement 7 of PJ Trade Centre.

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TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEAD There are various types of sprinkler head used in PJ Trade Centre & it function as to allow water to distribute in different ways for some particular spaces. Upright sprinkler heads project the water up into the space and can normally found in the basement and mechanical area of PJ Trade Centre as shown in Figure 4.2.11.

Figure 4.2.11: Upright sprinkler head.

Pendent Sprinkler, hanged down from the pipe towards the floor. Normally can be found around the entire PJ Trade Centre, as shown in Figure 4.2.12.

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Figure 4.2.12: Pendent Sprinkler Head.

In selecting the area to install the sprinkler, there are certain requirement that need to be followed depending on the usage of the area and its hazard. The table below shows the types of categories and the spacing requirements, in Figure 4.2.13.

Occupancy Hazard

Square Meter

Maximum Spacing

Per Head

Between Sprinklers

Light Hazard (Restaurants,

Institutional, 21m per head

4.6 meter

Hospitals, Offices, Educational and etc) Ordinary Hazard (Machinery Shop, Post Offices, 12m per head Auto

Parking,

4.0 meter

Manufacturing,

Shops and etc) Â

77 Â

Extra Hazard (Chemical

Spraying,

Metal 9m per head

3.7 meter

extruding, Printing, Painting and etc) Figure 4.2.13: Basic requirements of installing the sprinkler head.

4.2.2.2 CO2 FIRE SUPPORTING SYSTEM In PJ Trade Centre, it uses CO2 suppression system in areas that have a higher risk of fire outbreak. (Examples: Generator, electrical room and etc). It releases the pressure of CO2 into an area through the nozzles that have been placed somewhere. Here in Figure 4.2.14, shown the layout of CO2 system.

Figure 4.2.14: CO2 being placed in the high risks room of PJ Trade Centre.

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Due to the fire, it’ll be reduce once CO2 is being released which reduce the absence of oxygen. It can be work manually by breaking the glass lever.

Figure 4.2.15: The CO2 storage.

4.2.2.3 FIRE EXTINGUISHER Fire extinguisher is required to be used by the building’s occupants when the fire outbreak comes to the higher stages. It is being placed mostly at the areas that are accessible and visible for the building occupant’s to use during the emergency. As for PJ Trade Centre, there are two different types of fire extinguisher being used, which are dry powder system and the Co2 system. Those two fire extinguishing system has a different properties and usage depending on the situation that is being faced

when it comes to the fire outbreak. Normally all of these fire extinguisher are being placed in the hose reel rooms and the walls of the interiors. In the case of PJ Trade Centre, it uses 9kg dry powder and 3kg Co2 system. Dry powder extinguisher Also known as ABC powder is catered for its capabilities and usage of: Type A : Wood, Paper and Textiles Type B : Flammable Liquids Type C : Flammable Gases Electrical Contact C02 extinguisher This type of extinguisher that used only to cater the fire from type B and electrical conduct : Type B : Flammable Liquids Electrical Content

Figure1.2.16: Dry Powder Extinguisher.

Figure 1.2.17: Co2 extinguisher.

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4.2.2.4 HOSE REEL SYSTEM Fire hose reel works when high-pressure water is being push up towards the hoses. It could be use by the building occupants or even the fireman when the fire outbreak happens. This system can easily be found in every level of the lift area also depending on certain strategic point of area of PJ Trade Centre as shown in Figure 4.2.19.

Figure 4.2.18: The wet riser piping and the hose reel piping are totally separated.

Figure 4.2.19: The hose reel system

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This system can be found mostly around the high-risk area such as electrical room and near the stairways. Fire extinguishers are normally being placed at the same spot for this system. This system requires designated piping system and storage tank all placed together.

4.2.2.5 WET RISER SYSTEM This is where a system of rigid piping built in PJ Trade Centre. It provides water towards the floors in the building without the help of a hose. PJ Trade Centre applies wet riser system the fact that the building is tall whereby dry riser system could not rely to the building codes. There are few stages of how this system runs whereby water is pumped to the fire tank and series of pipes throughout the mall and

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straight to the riser its own. This system has a hose, which needs to be plugged as shown in Figure 4.2.20

Figure 4.2.20: Wet riser and hose. Figure 4.2.21: Wet rise distribution system (Fishlock, 2013)

4.2.2.6 FIRE HYDRANT SYSTEM Source of water provided onto the urban, suburban as well as rural areas with Municipal water service to enable firefighters to tap into Â

83 Â

the water supply as it helps to assist in terminating a fire. The way to use it is where the user has to attach the Hose onto the fire hydrant and opens up the valve on the hydrant as to provide a very powerful water flow. Fire engine that has a water booster pump is commonly used as to increase the water pressure. A big considerable has to be taken on placing the fire hydrant so that the hose can easily being used and easy accessible.

On top of that, fire hydrant are not design as to throttle the water flow, but instead, it mean to be operated full-on or full-off. It should be visible for the building occupants to see as shown in Figure

4.2.22. Figure 4.2.22: A typical fire hydrant

4.2.3 UBBL Bylaw Requirements UBBL By Laws - section 153 – Smoke Detector 1)

All lifts lobbies shall be provided with smoke detectors.

UBBL By Laws - section 154 – Emergency mode of operation in the event of mains power failure

On failure of mains power all lifts shall return in sequence directly to the designated floor, commencing with fire lifts, without answering ny car or landing calls and park with doors open.

UBBL By Laws - section 225 – Fire Detection 1)

Every building shall be provided with means of detecting and extinguishing fire and with fire alarms together with illuminated exit signs in accordance with the requirements as specified in the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws.

In every office exceeding 92.9 square metres in area.

In each dwelling unit and hotel guest room where the fire brigade system may combined with the public address system.

UBBL By Laws - section 237 – Fire Alarm 1)

Fire alarms shall be provided in accordance with the Tenth Schedule to the By-laws.

All Premises and buildings with gross floor area excluding car park and storage areas exceeding 9290 square meters or exceeding 30.5 meters in height shall be provided with a two stage alarm system with evacuation (continuous signal) to be given immediately in the effected section of the premises while an alert (Intermittent signal) being given in adjoining section.

Provisions shall be made for general evacuation of the premises by action of a master control.

UBBL By Laws - section 239 – Voice Communication System There shall be two separated approved continuously electrically supervised voice communications system, one a fire brigade

communications system and the other public address system between the central control station and the following areas: 1)

Lift, lift lobbies, corridors, staircase and etc.

UBBL By Laws - section 240 – Electrical Isolation switch 1)

Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929 square meters shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the relevant floor or zone served.

The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman’s switch specified.

UBBL By Laws - section 228 – Sprinkler valves 1)

Sprinkler valves shall be located in a safe enclosed position on the exterior wall and shall be readily to the fire authority.

All sprinkler system shall be connected to the nearest fire station to provide immediate and automatic relay of the alarm when activated.

UBBL By Laws - section 230 – Installation and testing of dry system 1)

Dry rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 18.3 meters but less than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.

UBBL By Laws - section 231 – Installation and testing of wet system

1) Wet rising systems shall be provided in every building in which the topmost floor is more than 30.5 meters above fire appliance access level.

OBSERVATIONAL ANALYSIS By my own observation, PJ Trade Centre has met the stander governed by the UBBL by laws. The systems provided are more than comfort and clearly accessible. The voice communication can be heard clearly throughout the whole building. Those hose reel system are being placed to many strategic spots and it follow the by laws which where some of those crucial room are protected by the fire protection system.

PASSIVE FIRE SYSTEM Passive Fire System are use to contain fires or slow the spread efficiently for users escaping from the fire but not stop it entirely. As compared to Active Fire System, it uses mechanical features to encounter the fire but actually it is all depends on its design, which should be previously considered at the stage of designing the structure.

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4.3.1 COMPARTMENTATION Besides the Passive Fire Systems, other component of it is Compartmentation. It separates parts of the building into few compartments as to prevent a fire spreading briskly.

4.3.1.2 FIRE CURTAIN Fiberglass material used as the Fire Curtain as to slow the massive fire. Scientifically it has a lower resistant value as compared to the fire shutter. The main purpose of fire curtain is to contain smoke instead of fire and it only has a 1-hour fire rating. This system could be found in any generator rooms of PJ Trade Centre.

Figure 4.3.1: Fire Curtain in ready position above the entrance.

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Figure 4.3.2: A simplified diagram as how a fire curtain works.

4.3.2 OPENING PROTECTION 4.3.2.1 FIRE DOOR Any types of fire door must be equipped by fire ratings that will reduce the spread of the fire and will protect occupants while escaping from the burning building. Fire and smoke seals must also be applied, including a mechanical door closer. The thickness of the door wills effects how long would it lasts.

Figure 4.3.3: 2 hours fire door.

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Figure 4.3.4: 1-hour fire door.

Figure 4.3.5: Fire door of PJ Trade Centre are clearly visible.

4.3.2.2 FIBRE REINFORCED PLASTIC DOOR This type of door as shown in Figure 4.3.6 is made out of Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) and only being used as for those high risk area such as Switch Room and etc. Louvers that provide ventilation can only last half an hour fire rating and also protected by the fire curtain.

Figure 4.3.6: FRP door located at the external part of the building.

4.3.3 FIRE ESCAPE

Figure 4.3.7: Basement 7 floor plan showing the escape position.

4.3.3.1 VERTICAL ESCAPE An access build for the occupants to escape from any floors of the building and fire fighters to enter the building when there is fire outbreak and any other events. PJ Trade Centre uses as to prevent smoke in the stairway.

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Figure 4.3.8: Emergency Staircase of PJ Trade Centre.

4.3.3.2 HORIZONTAL ESCAPE Horizontal Escape is another escape that will route faster pathways for the occupants to escape from the building when there is fire outbreak or any emergency (Tavares, 2010).

4.3.4 Fire Lift A lift that is being built different from the other normal public lift as it has different features inside of it. The lift is normally being used by the fireman when it comes to the fire outbreak where all the other public lifts are unable to be used. When the fire lift is on active mood, all the other public lifts are being set to be off and will remain at the Ground Floor level. This will cause only the fire lift will be functional and the other lifts will remain as it is. In PJ Trade Centre,

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the lift are located at the same area of the public lifts because it has many different blocks all together which is more easy accessible.

Figure 4.3.9: The fire lift located next to a stairwell and next to the public lifts.

Figure 4.3.10: Fire lift located next to the other public lifts.

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4.3.5 LIGHTING AND SIGNAGE 4.3.5.1 EMERGENCY SIGN AND EXIT Emergency exit sign are provided at the entire are of PJ Trade Centre as to ensure the user are clearly visible when it comes to the evacuation. It is a green coloured board and a graphic of a man running to a door. Normally can be found somewhere around the pathways as it show the direction top the nearest exit.

Figure 4.3.11: Emergency Exit Sign with arrow.

4.3.5.2 EMERGENCY EXIT LIGHT A modern sign installation that is capable of illuminating the exit sign in cases of any emergencies and made up of green fluorescent light that is easy to be seen.

Figure 4.3.12: Shown “Keluar” means exit in Malay.

4.3.5.3 FIRE INDICATOR LIGHT

Fire Indicator light uses as to create a notification by using different coloured lights, alerting the users in any emergency. It is mostly located right above the entrance of any high risks rooms when a person need to be notified of the room safety status before entering the particular room. A green and red bulb attached to a circuit box act as an indicator. It is safe for the user to enter the room when the green light is up while the red lights indicate that it is dangerous to use the room. For other safety reason, the indicator is connected to the fire alarm to instantly alert the authority of an on-going fire.

Figure 4.3.13: Fire indicator in PJ Trade Centre.

4.3.6 UBBL REQUIREMENT UBBL By laws – section 110 – No obstruction in staircases 1)

There shall be no obstruction in any staircase between the topmost landing there and the exit discharge on the ground floor.

There shall be no projection other than handrails in staircases, in any corridor, passage of staircase at a level lower than 2 meters above the floor or above any stair.

UBBL By laws – section 137 – Floor in building exceeding 30 meters in height to be constructed as a compartment floor 1)

In any building, which exceeds 30 meter in height, any floor, which is more than 9 meters above ground level floor level which separates one level from another level, other than a floor, which either within a maisonette or a mezzanine floor shall be constructed as a compartment floor.

UBBL By laws – section 147 – Construction of separating wall 1)

Any separating wall, other than a wall separating buildings not divided into compartments within the limits of size shall be constructed wholly of non-combustible materials, excluding any surface finish to a wall.

UBBL By laws – section 110 – Special requirements as to compartment walls and compartment floor 1)

No opening shall be made in any compartment wall or compartment floor with the exception of any one or more of the following: a.

An opening fitted with a door which complies with the requirements of by-law 162 and has FRP which is not less than:i.

In the case of a wall separating a flat or maisonette from any space in common use giving access to that flat or maisonette, half hour; or

ii.

In any other case, the FRP required by the provisions of these By-laws in respect of the wall or floor.

UBBL By laws – section 164 – Door closers for fire doors 1)

All fire shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically spring operated type in the proper sequence.

Double door with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with co-ordinating device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.

Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat actuated device to release the door. Heact actuated devices shall not be permitted on fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.

UBBL By laws – section 110 – Exits to accessible at all time 1)

Except as permitted by by-law 167 not less than two separate exits shall be provided from each storey together with such additional exits as may be necessary.

The exits shall be so sited and the exit access shall be so arranged that the exits are withing the limits of travel distance as specified in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws are readily accessible at all times.

UBBL By laws – section 168 – Staircases 1)

Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of egress via at least two separate staircases.

Staircases shall be of such that in the event of any one staircase not being available for escape purposes the remaining

staircases shall accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh Schedule to these By-laws. 3)

The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75 millimeters.

The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length including at landings.

Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing halls at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.

UBBL By laws – section 171 – Horizontal Exits 1)

Where appropriate, horizontal exits may be provided in lieu of other exits.

Where horizontal exits are provided protected staircases and final exits need only be of a width to accommodate the occupancy load of the larger compartment or building discharging into it so long as the total number of exits widths provided is not reduced to less than half that would otherwise be required for the whole building.

UBBL By laws – section 172– Emergency Exit Signs 1)

Story exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and shall not be obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.

UBBL By laws – section 198 – Ventilation of staircase enclosure

All staircase enclosures shall be ventilated at each floor or landing level by either permanent openings or operable windows to the open air having a free area of not less than 1 square meter per floor.

UBBL By laws – section 110 – Pressurised system for staircase 1)

All staircases serving buildings of more than 45.74 meters in height where there are no adequate ventilation as required shall be provided with a basic system of pressurization: a.

Where the air capacity of the fan shall be sufficient to maintain an airflow of not less than 60 meters per minute through the doors which are deemed to be open.

UBBL By laws – section 217 – Fire resistance of structural member 1)

Any structural member or overloading wall shall have fire resistance of not less than the minimum period required by there by-laws for any element which it carries.

UBBL By laws – section 222 – Fire resistance for walls 1)

Any structure, other than an external wall, enclosing a protected shaft shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to the test by fire, having fire resistance for not less than minimum period required by this part.

Any compartment wall or separating wall shall, if each side of the wall is separately exposed to the test by fire, have fire resistance for not less than the minimum period required by this part.

UBBL By laws – section 243 – Fire lifts 1)

In a building where the top occupied floor us over 18.5 meters above the fire appliance access level fire lifts shall be provided.

A penthouse occupying not more than 50% of the area of the floor immediately below shall be exempted from this measurement.

The fire lifts shall be located within a separate protected shaft if it opens into a separate lobby.

Fire lifts shall be provided at the rate of one lift in every group of lifts which discharge into the same protected enclosure or smoke lobby containing the rising main, provided that the fire lifts are located not more than 61 metres travel distances from the furthermost point of floor.

4.4 ANALYSIS Based on my personal observation, PJ Trade Centre applies the passive fire system as it follows the UBBL laws. Shows that any exits have to be accessible in any consequences. Founded that there is no fired rated wall being installed in this building. Because from the info gave from the Service Management, they did not state that there it fire rated wall used in this building. Nevertheless, PJ Trade Centre’s are more than safe and convenient.

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5.0 MECHANICAL TRANSPORTAI -ON SYSTEMS 101

5.1 INTRODUCTION Mechanical transportation systems are vertical transport devices that efficiently move goods or people between floors, levels and decks of a structure. They are classified as elevators (lifts), escalators and travellators. PJ trade centre however, only employs the use of elevator systems throughout the building.

5.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Elevators or lifts are transport devices that move vertically, they are considered a requirement in all buildings over three storeys. In accordance to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws 1984, clause 124; Elevators shall be provided for non-residential buildings which exceed 4 storeys above/below main entrance. Ø Necessary in buildings less than 4 storeys if senior or disabled access is enforced Ø Minimum walking distance to elevator shall not exceed 45m. Ø Elevators should be position centrally in a building to minimize horizontal travel distance. Clause 153 in the UBBL also states that a smoke detector is to be provided at the elevator’s lobby which also needs to be broad enough to grant traffic access in two directions. Generally elevators are powered by electric motors that either drive traction cables or counterweight systems such as a hoist, or they pump hydraulic fluid that raise a cylindrical piston like a jack. Elevators are classified according to the following: • Hoist mechanism • Building height

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• Building type • Elevator Location • Special Uses

Vertical mechanical transportation is an important consideration when designing a multi-storey or a high rise building. Sufficient vertical transportation must be accommodated to the particular function and demographic of users of a building. Selection of the type of transportation equipment such as passenger, service and freight elevators directly correlate to the scale of a building and its quality. Vertical transportations systems represent a major building expense more often than not reaching up to 10% of the construction cost hence require intensive consideration to ensure successful and required operational quality of the building. Quality of elevator service is also an important factor in the choice of tenants. Elevator performance depends on : • Acceleration • Retardation • Car speed • Speed of door operation • Stability of speed and performance with variations of car load The criteria for the comfort and convenience of elevator users are wide and varied, they include directional indication of location of lift lobby for easy recognition, call buttons at landings and in the car with clear definitions of directions as well being at appropriate levels for every considered user demographic. Audible facilities and call lights/indicators are also an important part of elevator design, and

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most of all the lobby space must be of sufficient area to avoid congestion by elevator users and general pedestrian traffic in the vicinity. PJ Trade Centre has 21 floors and utilizes only traction elevators throughout the building as they allow for a higher scale of carrying loads compared to other types. Traction elevators use the hoist mechanism, other types of hoist mechanism elevators are: I.

Hydraulic elevators

II.

Traction elevators

III.

Climbing elevators

IV.

Pneumatic elevators

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5.3 CASE STUDY PJ Trade Centre is a high volume building with elevators serving 21 storeys, speed and efficiency applies to this case with utmost importance. Electric traction elevators are employed because of its higher load carrying capacity due to the height of the building and in more specific terms, PJ Trade Centre uses geared traction elevators because of its efficient and speedy properties.

5.3.1Principal Components §

Electric Traction Passenger Lift

•

The principle parts of a traction

elevator installation are the car, cables, elevator machine, control equipment, counterweights, hoistway, rails, penthouse and pit.

Figure 1 Components of Geared Traction Elevator

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Figure 2 Section and plan view of Geared Traction Elevator Components.

5.3.2 Car The car is made of fire-resistant material and is supported on a structural frame to which the lifting cables are attached to a top member. Guide shoes on its side members guide the car during vertical travel in the shaft. The car is equipped with safety doors, operating control equipment, floor-level indicators, illumination, emergency exits and ventilation.

Figure 3 Diagram of a typical lift motor room.

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Figure 2 Operating control system in PJ Trade Centre's elevator car.

5.3.3 Cables Lifting cables or ropes consist of groups of steel wires uniquely designed to withstand and support the weight of the car and its accompanying live load. They are attached to the crosshead ( top beam of elevator). Four to eight cables, depending on car speed and capacity are placed in parallel positions. Primarily, multiples of ropes are used to surge the traction area on the drive sheaves but they also additionally surge the elevator safety factor as each rope generally has the capability to support the entire load. The minimum safety factor varies from 7.6 to 12.0 for passenger lifts while they range from 6.6 to 11.0 for freight lifts.

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5.3.4 Geared Traction Elevator •

• •

Geared traction machines have a worm and gear interposed between the driving motor and the hoisting sheave. This allows the driving motor to be a smaller, cheaper and high-speed unit rather than the large low-speed unit required by a gearless installation Used for car speeds up to 2.3m/s. With appropriate drive and control system, a geared traction machine can give almost the same high-quality, accurate, smooth ride as a gearless installation.

Figure 3 Diagram of a Geared Traction Elevator motor.

5.3.5 Counterweight Counter weight is made of cut steel plates stacked in a frame attached to opposite ends of the cables which are fastened to the car. It is guided vertically in the shaft by two guide rails typically set into the back wall of the shaft. Its weight equals that of the empty car plus 40% of the rated live load.

Figure 4 The Geared Traction Motor in PJ Trade Centre's lift motor room.

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It serves several purposes: to provide adequate traction at the sheave for car

lifting, to reduce the size of the traction machine, and to reduce power demand and energy cost. o

Higher initial cost due to strengthen the overhead machine room floor, which

must carry the additional structural load of the counter weight.

5.3.6 Shaft The shaft or hoistway is a vertical passageway for the car and counterweights. The walls on either side are equipped with the car guide rails and certain mechanical and electrical auxiliaries of the control apparatus. The bottom of the shaft is known as the pit and it contains the car and counterweight buffer. The top is basically a structural platform which supports the elevator machines. The elevator machine room normally occupies one or two levels and is usually placed directly above the shaft. It is where the traction machine and solid-state controls that supplies energy to the elevator machine and control equipment are placed and is designed for quiet, vibration-free operation.

5.4 SAFETY DEVICES

The main brake of an elevator is mounted directly on the shaft. The lift is firstly slowed by dynamic braking of the motor after which the brake then operates to clamp the brake drum, thus holding the car still at a floor. A dual safety device is utilized to stop the car automatically in the event of over-speed: • A centrifugal governor or an electronic speed control sensor cutes the power of the traction motor and sets the brake in case of limited over-speed. • If over-speeding continues, governor activates two safety rail clams, which are mounted at the bottom of the car and one on either side.

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Oil or spring buffers are usually placed in the pit, not for the purpose of stopping a falling car but to bring it to a somewhat cushioned stop if it over-travels the lower terminal.

5.5 ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM

Early elevators were operated by elevator operators using a motor controller via a projecting handle. This required a lot of skill from the elevator operators to accurately position the elevators. Nowadays, elevators use solid state microprocessor-based controls which are the industry standard. The modern elevator including PJ Trade Centre elevators has several sets of control systems to ensure safety and efficiency.

5.5.1 Elevator Car Controls

An elevator car and all its part’s movements are controlled by two different interactive systems that provide a unified control system. This applies to PJ Trade Centre’s elevators too, the two systems are as follows: • Drive Control System Ø Also known as motion control system, it determines car acceleration rate, velocity, braking, leveling and regenerative braking as well as door motion. PJ Trade Centre uses a Variable Voltage DC Motor Control known as Ward Leonard System to control car acceleration and deceleration by restraining the speed of the traction elevator machine’s motor. • Operating Control System Ø Determines the when and where of the physical motion of a car and its doors. This system handles the operation of the car doors and integration with car buttons, lanterns, and passenger-operated devices into the overall and indicative system.

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5.5.2 General Controls System

A typical modern passenger elevator will incorporate the following general control systems: • Overload sensor – prevents car from moving until excess load is removed. May trigger an alarm or audio prompt. • Electric fans or air conditioning units – enhance ventilation and comfort. • Control panel with various buttons: Ø Call buttons for floor selection Ø Door open and close buttons Ø Alarm button or switch • Set of locked doors on each floor to prevent unintentional access into elevator shaft. • “Nudge” function – closes doors at a reduced speed and sound a buzzer should the doors be kept deliberately open for too long. • Emergency intercom for communication with the elevator controllers. • Some elevators might have: Ø Elevator telephone Ø Hold button – for loading freight. Ø Call cancellation – destination floor may be deselected. Ø One or more additional sets of doors. Ø Security cameras. • Other controls which are generally inaccessible to public are: Ø Fireman’s service, phase II key switch Ø Elevator enabling/disabling switch Ø Inspector’s switch

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5.5.6 EXTERNAL CONTROL Elevators are typically controlled externally by a call box, which has directional buttons at each stop. This system is also known as or part of the Destination Control Systems, the elevator responds to calls according to the location/floor of the button pressed. In destination control systems, the operators can monitor and accordingly personalize and suit the response of the elevator car’s movements according to traffic flow or executive requests.

Figure 5 Elevator master external controls a nd surveillance in PJ Trade Centre.

5.6 SPECIAL OPERATION SYSTEMS

• Anti-Crime Protection Ø The anti-crime protection(ACP) feature forces each car to stop at a pre-defined landing and open its doors. This allows security personnel at the landing to visually inspect passengers. • Inspection Service Ø This mode is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. • Fire Service Ø Usually split into two modes: phase one and phase two. o Phase one – activated by a corresponding smoke sensor or heat sensor located inside the building.

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Once activated, the elevator will go into nudging mode to inform everyone that it is leaving the floor. Once it has left, it will go to the fire-recall floor where it will stop with its doors open. It will stop responding to calls until the fire service key switch has been switched to bypass after the alarms are reset. Ø Phase two – Activation can only be done via a key switch located inside the elevator on a centralized control panel. This particular mode was created for firefighter access for rescuing purposes. The switch has three positions; off, on and hold. The car will only respond to manual controls by the firefighters i.e. when the elevator reaches the desired floor its doors will not open unless prompted by the firefighter. This is to prevent fire and heat from entering the elevators and harming the firefighter should it be of close proximity to the elevator doors. • Emergency Power Operation Ø Emergency power systems allow elevator use in the event of an electrical blackout or power outage and prevent the trapping of people in elevations. o PJ Trade Centre uses traction elevators and when power is lost in a traction elevator system, initially all elevator movements will be halted. Occupants of the elevators will be informed via indication light or audio announcement of the elevator’s return to lobby shortly. Upon the successful return of all cars the system will automatically select several cars for use in normal operations. Should the system detect that is it running low on emergency power, it will direct the running cars to the lobby or nearest floor, open the doors and shut down.

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5.7 LOCATION •

PJ Trade Centre’s lift motor room is located at the topmost floor.

•

Two of PJ Trade Centre’s blocks

has 6 elevators while Block C has 7. 4 types of lifts are available in this building namely carpark lift, bomba lift, passenger lift and disabled lift. For our case study we are focusing on tower B which is only served by carpark, passenger and bomba lifts.

• Passenger lifts serve from ground level up to the 21st floor, while car park lifts serve from basement 7 up until ground floor. This is to protect the security and Figure 6 Position of passenger lift and lift motor room in PJ Trade privacy of the residents and Centre. occupants. Lift Motor Room Passenger Lift

Figure 7 Lift motor room at PJ Trade Centre.

Figure 8 Location of elevators on PJ Trade Centre's floor plan.

5.8 UBBL

Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, clause 151 states that;

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• Where openings to lift shafts are not connected to protected lobbies, such lift shafts shall be provided with vents of not less than 0.09sqm per lift located at the top of the shaft. Where the vent does not discharge directly to the open air the lift shafts shall be vented to the exterior through a duct of the required FRP as for the lift shafts. Clause 152 states that: • Every opening in a lift shaft or lift entrance shall not open into a protected lobby unless other suitable means of protection to the opening to the satisfaction of the local authority is provided. These requirements shall not apply to open type industrial and other special buildings as may be approved by the D.G.F.S. • Landing doors shall have a FRP of not less than half the FRP of the hoist way structure with a minimum FRP of half hour. • No glass shall be used for in landing doors except for vsion in which case any vision panel shall be glazed with wired safety glass, and shall not be more than 0.0161sqm and the total area of one or more vision panels in any landing door shall not be more than sqm. • Each clear panel opening shall reject a sphere 150mm in diameter. • Provision shall be made for the opening of all landing doors by means of an emergency key irrespective of the position of the lift car.

5.9 ANALYSIS

The mechanical transportation system in PJ Trade Centre is applicable for the function of the building as a semi residential, commercial centre and office spaces. It is well designed to adapt and suit its occupant’s lifestyle, needs and safety and is projected accordingly to provide optimum service to the occupants.

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6.0 MECHANICAL VENTILATION & AIRCONDITIONING SYSTEM

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6.1 LITERATURE REVIEW HVAC is known as Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning System that serves the main purpose of maintaining good indoor quality with adequate ventilation to provide comfort and ventilation for the users without harm the environments. Ventilation is simply defined as the process of changing air in an enclosed space. A proportion of air within the enclosed space should be continuously withdrawn and replaced by fresh air.

MECHANICAL VENTILATION Mechanical ventilation system is a system used to circulate fresh air using ducts and fans rather than relying on airflow through small holes or crack’s in a home’s wall, roof or windows. Moreover, this mechanical ventilation system has been used widely since the early of twentieth century, fan assisted movement of air has largely superseded the unreliable natural system. These are the components of the mechanical ventilation system:1. Fans: Provide the motive power for air movement by imparting static energy or pressure and kinetic energy or velocity. A fan’s capacity for air movement depends on its characteristics such as type, size, shape, number of blades and speed. Besides that, there are four categories of fan suitable for air movement in ventilation systems, which are cross-flow, propeller, axial flow and centrifugal. 2. Filters:

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Filters are used to remove suspended particles, contaminants and odours. The filters are usually installed at the inlet grille. 3. Ductworks: The function of the ductwork is to channel outside air towards the room or the air from the room towards the outside. It is usually produced in circular, square or rectangular cross-sections in several different materials. 4.Fire dampers The fire damper also needed in case there is a fire occurrence, which is to avoid the fire from spreading from one room to another. It is usually placed at the compartment wall. 5. Diffusers The diffusers range from simple perforated plated and grilles to the more complex and efficient coned air distributors. The grille and diffuser are located at the edge of the ductwork where the air can easily released into the room.

AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM The definition of air-conditioning system is to control the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement and heat radiation with mechanical means, to achieve human thermal comfort. The air temperature should be between 19 and 23 degree Celsius and relative humidity within the 40-60% band. There are four types of air-conditioning system: Â

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1. Room Air-Conditioner (Window Unit) This Room Air Conditioner is the simplest form of airconditioning system and suitable only for a small room. It is usually installed at window openings or wall. More over, it can be divided into two compartments, which are the room side (evaporator) and the outdoor side (condenser) that separated by an insulated partition. 2. Split Unit Air-Conditioning System Split unit air-conditioning system are one-to-one systems consisting of one evaporator (fan coil) unit connected to an external condensing unit. Both the indoor and outdoor units are connected through copper tubing and electrical cabling. Besides, it is the most popular type of air-condition nowadays as it is silent in operation, has elegant looks, and no need to make a whole in the wall. 3. Packaged Unit Air-Conditioning System The packaged air conditioners are used for the cooling capacities that available in the fixed rated capacities of 3, 5, 7, 10 and 15 tons. As the name implies, in the packaged air conditioners all the important components of the air conditioners are enclose in a single casing like window AC. Thus the compressor, cooling coil, air handling unit and the air filter are all housed in a single casing and assembled at the factory location. Depending on the type of the cooling system used in these systems, the packaged air conditioners

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are divided into two types, which are ones with water-cooled condenser, and the ones with air-cooled condensers. http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/906-central-air-conditioningplants/

4.Centralized or Plant Air-Conditioning System Central air conditioning plants are used for application in big buildings with commercial and offices uses where very high cooling loads are required. It has the same limitation of the same air quality being delivered throughout the building. The temperature of each element can controlled with zoned thermostats.

6.2 PROLOGUE Currently, both Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system are one of the alternatives to provide thus become one of the main source to provide air circulation, air humidity, air quality and control the air temperature inside of the building. PJ Trade Centre applied the concept towards greeneries and uses more of natural ventilation in order to minimize the usage of mechanical air conditioning system in the building. Generally in PJ Trade Centre, there are two types of air-conditioning system they are used, which are Split Air-Conditioning System and Centralized System. Tower B (Bata) uses the Split Air-Conditioning System while Tower A and C used the Centralized System. It is Â

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because Tower A and C are under one owner (Gamuda) unlike Tower B which is under one owner. Therefore, there are different opinions in approaching the usage of the Air-Conditioning System in PJ Trade Centre. As we are doing the Tower B, we will focus more on Split Air-Conditioning system in this report. As for Mechanical Ventilation System, the building covered most of the components that we learned in class. It is really important aspect to insert mechanical ventilation especially in the basement room, kitchen and toilet. The main purpose of mechanical ventilation is to cool individual room, fireproof and filter small substances. Moreover, it is to preserve oxygen content (maintained 21% of air volume) and to remove carbon dioxide. Since we are do research on Tower B only, some of the data necessarily need to gather in order to help us in achieving building services foundation as well as approaching it in greeneries way.

6.3 INTRODUCTIONS AND FUNCTION Both Mechanical Ventilation and Air Conditioning system are one of the main important source in providing the air circulation, air quality, air humidity and also controlling the air temperature inside of the building. Requirements on air conditioning and mechanical ventilation systems if they are installed should be ‘reasonably efficient’ based on the Building Regulations impose requirements.

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In PJ Trade Centre Building, they use minimal of mechanical air conditioning system for every building since their concept is mainly towards greeneries and maximize on using natural ventilation.

6.4

COMPONENTS

SYSTEM

INVOLVED

MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEM 6.4.1 Ducting System Nowadays, it is a trend not to hide ducting systems, as it can be quite aesthetically pleasing. In PJ Trade Centre, ducting systems are designed to be exposed and visible. The function of ductwork is to channel outside air towards the room or the air from the room towards the outside. These are the components that can be found in duct system which are diffusers, return air grilles, and fire dampers. All ducting system in PJTC is usually insulated to reduce heat loss and reduce installation cost. Besides that, the ductworks in PJTC branches from AHU and to the allocated space especially basement parking. Moreover, a loud noise could be heard when the operator been switched on. The ducts that they use are rectangular shapes and size range is 1m x 1.5m. At the back of AHU (Air Handling Unit), there is a few Axial Fan to exhaust the air from AHU via ducting. It consists of several aerofoil cross sections blades mounted on a motor driven central shaft.

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Axial fan in the ductwork where it can develop high-pressure and is used for moving air through long sections of ductwork.

Ductwork at the basement

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6.4.2 Extract Ventilation In PJTC, the extract ventilation has been set up in the fire pump room equipped with ductwork that attached to the extract fan in order to accommodate the room with fresh air. It is also acts as to prevent cross-flow of odours, smoke and noise through the extract fan.

Extract ventilation in Fire Room The Process of Extract Ventilation System in Fire Room

Source: Building Services, Technology and Design Book by Roger Greeno

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Example of diagram below shows on how the smoke escapes through the extract ventilation

Source: Building Services, Technology and Design Book by Roger Greeno

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Location of centrifugal fan, fire damper and circular ductwork

6.4.3 Pressurization and Exhaust System for Fire Protection A pressurization system is a system intended to prevent smoke leaking passed closed doors into stairs by injecting clean air into the stair enclosure such that the pressure in the stair is greater than the adjacent fire compartment. Then, if the stair door is opened, the system intended to maintain a flow of air through the open doorway to oppose smoke flow and prevent contamination of the stair enclosure. In PJTC, this could be seen that the system is applied mostly in protected stairways area.

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Pressurization consists of three components, which are Supply Air (to transfer the air into specific spaces), Pressure Relief (to prevent from exceed pressure) and Air Release (air and smoke are released from the adjacent fire area). Due to all these components, it forms a positive pressure difference to prevent smoke enter lobbies and staircase area. The supply air fan from exhaust louvers distance should be 5 m distance and 5 m distance to the wall. This is to ensure the possibility of smoke shift into the supply airshaft. In PJTC they are also install sets of motor fans purposely to suck air into the stairwell that placed in the basement.

Fire damper at the emergency staircase area.

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Ductwork to channel the smoke during fire event

Centrifugal Fan on rooftop

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Location of propeller fan and fire damper in water system room on rooftop

6.5 TYPES AND FUNCTION OF AIR-CONDITIONING SYSTEM Definition of air-condition is the mechanical used to control the temperature, humidity, air cleanliness and air movement and heat radiation thus helps to achieve human thermal comfort inside of the building. The function of the air-conditioning is to remove the heat from the air inside the room and release this collected heat into the air outdoors. Furthermore, there are four types of air-

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conditioning system which are room air conditioner (window unit), split unit air conditioning system, packaged unit air-conditioning system and centralized or plant air-conditioning system In this report, we will focus more on air-conditioning in Tower B which is the type of air-condition used is split unit air-conditioning system. Meanwhile, for Tower A, Tower C and Tower D used centralized air conditioning system. The reason of Tower B used split unit air-conditioning system is because a few owners own the tower. So they decided to install this split unit air-conditioning to be fair in paying bills.

6.5.1 Split Unit Air-Conditioning System Split unit air-conditioner is the most popular type of air-condition nowadays due to it silent in operation, elegant looks and no need to make a whole in the wall. The meaning of split air-condition is the condenser (outdoor unit) is separated from the indoor unit thus the term ‘split’ is applied. The compressor (outdoor unit) is placed outside of the room. Some models come with multiple indoor units that will use one compressor, which is known as multi split airconditioning system.

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Outdoor unit

Source:

Indoor unit

http://www.purennatural.com/products/ams120hr-12000btu-ductless-

split-single-zone/

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There is no supply of fresh air to renew the existing indoor air for ductless split unit system. It is function by recycle and recirculate the existing indoor air and normally it is used for small room area. These are the indoor unit types that we noticed they used in Tower B

6.6 COMPONENTS OF THE SPLIT UNIT AIR CONDITINING SYSTEM A split air conditioner contains two separate components sections, one outdoors and one indoor. The outdoor section is a compressor that initiates the cooling process while the indoor component is an evaporator and fan. The two sections are connected with a set of electrical wires and tubing used to transport air between the two sections. Split air-conditioners can be considered as one of the most energy-efficient cooling solution because they are able to eliminate the needs of the ducts. This is because transport air through duct will cause the energy loss up to 30%. These are a few components of split unit air-conditioning system, which are:-

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The green area is showing the area that used split unit air-conditioning system

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6.6.1 Indoor Unit

Ceiling mounted type

Wall mounted type

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We have seen that the indoor unit is been placed at the location where the air can be easily distributed evenly throughout the room. The wall mounted indoor unit should be located not too close to the roof or ceiling that is preferably about 2.4m from the floor.

6.6.2 Outdoor Unit Meanwhile, for the outdoor unit, it is placed in the open space preferably on the terrace so that air can flow freely over the compressor and condenser. Besides, the surface on which the outdoor unit is to be installed should be rigid enough to avoid its vibration. There should not be any obstacles in front of the outdoor unit that would block the passage of hot air to the open space.

Outdoor unit The outdoor unit contains the important parts of the split AC like compressor, condenser, and expansion valve.

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6.6.3 Compressor The compressor is most important part of the any air conditioner. It compresses the refrigerant (low temperature) and increases its to high pressure before sending it to the condenser by external power.

Source: http://www.slideshare.net/NurulAdha2/air-cond

6.6.4 Condenser The condenser used in the outdoor unit of split air conditioners is the coiled copper tubing with one or more rows depending on the size of the air conditioning unit and the compressor. The high temperature and high pressure refrigerant (low temperature) from the compressor comes in the condenser where it has to give up the heat. The tubing is made up of copper since it rate of conduction of heat is high. The condenser is also covered with the aluminum fins so that the heat from the refrigerant can be removed at faster rate.

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Source: http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/45044-parts-of-the-split-aircondioners-outdoor-unit/#imgn_3

6.6.5 Evaporator The evaporator helps to absorbs the heat taken from the surrounding and replaced it with cooled air

6.6.6 Capillary tube The capillary tube is a simple refrigerant liquid metering device that regulates the flow of refrigerant from the incoming high-pressure side (from the compressor or condenser) into the low-pressure side (in the cooling coil)

6.6.7 Expansion valve The expansion valve is usually copper capillary tubing with several rounds of coils. In the split air conditioners of bigger capacities thermostatic expansion valve is used which is operated electronically automatically. Â

The

high

pressure

and

medium

temperature 137 Â

refrigerant leaves the condenser and enters the expansion valve, where its temperature and pressure drops suddenly.

6.7 OPERATION OF SYSTEM The split unit air conditioner pumps heat from outside and change it to cooling when it goes inside through the refrigeration cycle. The refrigerant will undergoes the phase changes, pressure changes and temperature changes when the refrigeration cycle is occurred.

Source: http://www.central-air-conditioner-andrefrigeration.com/basic-refrigeration-cycle.html

In the article entitled “How Does a Split Air Conditioner Work?’ explains about the process of the split air-conditioner. The process is start with the compressor that is controlled via a thermostat inside. As the thermostat detects warm air, it activates the compressor

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outdoors. The compressor circulates a refrigerant gas, increasing the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant as it compresses it through a series of pipes. The refrigerant than moves to the condenser for further processing. In the condenser, a cooling system removes heat from the highpressure gas and the gas changes phase and becomes a liquid. This chilled liquid is pushed through tubing indoors until it reaches the evaporator system. Inside the building, the evaporator fan collects warm air and passes it through a chamber containing the chilled liquid refrigerant. The fan system then serves to blow this now-cooled air back into the room, lowering the overall temperature of the space. If the thermostat still detects air that is warmer than desirable, the process continues, and the refrigerant and any excess heat that remains in the system are passed back outdoors to the compressor in order to begin the cycle anew. http://www.doityourself.com/stry/how-does-a-split-air-conditionerwork#b

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6.8 UBBL REQUIREMENTS AND REGULATION Under UBBL 1984 Section 41: Mechanical Ventilation and AirConditioning 1) Where permanent mechanical ventilation or air-conditioning is intended, the relevant building by-laws relating to natural ventilation, natural lighting and heights of rooms may be waived at the discretion of the local authority. 2) Any application for the waiver of the relevant by-laws shall only be considered if in addition to the permanent air conditioning system there is provided alternative approved means of ventilating the air-conditioned enclosure, such that within halfan-hour of the air-conditioning system failing, not less that the stipulated volume of fresh air specified hereinafter shall be introduced into the enclosure during the period when the airconditioning is not functioning. 3) The provisions of the Third Schedule to these By-laws shall apply to buildings, which are mechanically ventilated or airconditioned. 4) Where permanent mechanical ventilation in respect of lavatories, water closets bathrooms or corridors is provided for and maintained in accordance with the requirements of the Third schedule to these By-laws, the provisions of these Bylaws, relating to natural ventilation and natural lighting shall not apply to such lavatories, water closets, bathrooms or corridors. Â

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6.9 CONCLUSION In conclusion, mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning become one of the important systems thus contribute in achieving thermal comfort in the building. It is well designed to meet the client requirement and also need to ensure the comforts for the users. Nevertheless, the cooling and ventilation system in PJ Trade Centre is well planned and suits with the Malaysiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s climate too.

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7.0 SANITARY AND SEWERAGE SYSTEMS

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7.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter will cover on the sewerage and sanitary system in general and also the system that is used in the case study building, PJ Trade Centre. The system on the case study will be focusing on Tower B; how the drainage system works throughout the building to the manhole. The sewerage and sanitary system at PJ Trade Centre will be on the study of the sanitary system components, drainage, irrigation and filtration systems.

7.2 LITERATURE REVIEW Sanitation systems are often forgotten components of a domestic plumbing system, yet they are vital to ensure that we have a clean and safe environment to live in. Generally, the most contact we have with a sanitation system is pulling out a plug in a wash hand basin or flushing a WC. Luckily, most systems are well designed and simple in their application, therefore very little can go wrong, however, occasionally problems can occur.

Sewerage refers to the

infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and screening chambers of the amalgamated sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the ingress to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment.

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Diagram 7.2.1 The typical drainage system in a commercial / industrial building.

7.3 CASE STUDY PJ Trade Centre consists of 21 floors above ground, 7 basements below ground level. The building has a few sewerage system features which are collection, conveyance and disposal. Wash

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closets are located similarly on each floor to enable a direct stack system that is both more cost and space efficient. Wastewater from every level goes through several stages of collection and conveyance through the one-pipe system which leads directly to the existing sewers and nearest manhole.

7.3.1 SANITARY & SEWERAGE SYSTEM COMPONENTS

With a total combined number of 28 floors, PJ Trade Centre is categorized as a high-rise building. These buildings are too tall to be supplied throughout using just the normal pressure in the public water mains and have particular needs such as pressure booster systems in the design of their sanitary drainage and venting systems. Pressure may also cause complications as the combined pressure supplied by pressure booster systems may cause the total pressure at the bottom to exceed the allowable safety level as regulated by code and materials. PJ Trade Centre utilizes the one-pipe system and pressure-reducing valves on each level to solve this problem.

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7.3.1a ONE-PIPE SYTEM A plumbing system in

which

from

waste sinks,

bathrooms

and

washbasins

are

collected together into pipe,

one

main

which

connected directly to

the

city’s

drainage

system.

The

system

depends on gravity Figure : Diagram of One-‐Pipe System.

to move the water downwards for distribution. Gully traps and waste

pipes are not used however all traps for sanitary appliances are completely ventilated for preservation of the water seal.

7.3.1b BOOSTER PUMPS A booster pump increases the pressure of a fluid similar to a gas compressor; in this case it increases the pressure of water for sanitary purposes in the multi-storey PJ Trade Centre. Booster pumps set installations consist of multiple staged pumps or variable speed

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pumps, which draw water directly from a gravity storage tank or the public water main. Discharge pressure regulating valves to maintain a constant water supply pressure.

Figure : Booster pump in PJ Trade Centre's Water Tank & Pump Room.

7.3.1c DRAINAGE AND VENTING Because PJ Trade Centre is a high-rise building and its sanitary drainage system discharges to the public sewer using gravity, the fixture drain traps are vented to prevent their water trap seal from being compromised. With the motive force in the drainage process being gravity, air is very critical to the drainage process because without air the drainage would range from erratic to nonexistent. The water seal is also important to maintain performance and prevent the

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equipment from being damaged. Surface water runoff are led into channels that drain straight into the city’s sewers and manholes.

7.4 IRRIGATION SYSTEM PJ Trade Centre also has an additional irrigation system that harvests rainwater for reuse. As part of its green building system, the centre utilizes a lot of greenery to reduce heat gain and incorporates rainwater-harvesting systems on its rooftops, which collect water to be stored for irrigation purposes. Rainwater is flows from the “sky gardens” on the rooftop into the irrigation tank, which after filtration, flows through two pumps that distribute the water to the plaza where it will be used for watering plants. Any excess water will be distributed back to the water supply tank for use in sanitation.

SKY GARDEN

rainwater

WATER SUPPLY

IRRIGATION TANK

PLAZA

PUMP

Figure : Rainwater harvesting process.

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7.5 FILTRATION SYSTEMS

7.5.1 GREASE TRAPS The food court and restaurants of PJ Trade Centre are served by a separate drainage system than the sanitary system. Wastewaters from the kitchens flow through a grease trap where they are filtered before being released to the sewer for disposal. Grease traps are also known as grease interceptor, grease recovery device or grease converters, they are a plumbing device created to intercept most greases and solids before they enter a wastewater disposal system. Common wastewater contains small amounts of oil which form a floating scum layer upon entering septic tanks or treatment facilities. The scum layer is digested very slowly by microorganisms during the anaerobic process until it is nonexistent. However, kitchens and restaurants produce large amounts of oil during food production and this can overwhelm a septic tank or treatment facility, possibly causing contamination by inadvertently releasing untreated sewage into the environment. The oil and grease can also potentially cause blockages in drain pipes because of their tendency to solidify upon combination with other solids. The grease trap used in PJ Trade Centre is made from stainless steel and is located in a room roughly about 3x5m in size on the level directly below the food-court and restaurants. A contractor comes weekly to perform cleaning and maintenance of the grease trap via the cleanout vents. Â

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Figure Grease Trap in PJ Trade Centre.

Figure: Diagram of how a grease trap functions.

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7.5.2 GRATINGS A grating is any element that is a collection of essentially identical, parallel, regularly spaced and elongated. Gratings are essentially a filtration system taking the form of a perforated cover, they are fitted over any outlet holes designed to trap and prevent any significantly sized solids from entering the drainage system and potentially cause blockages. They are also used to prevent users from accidentally entering drainage holes and can also be used to filter air and are often used in vents. PJ Trade Centre uses gratings extensively in their filtration systems, toilets, compounds, etc. not just as a necessary system and precaution but also as part of the building design.

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Figure Above: A grating used to filter unwanted material from entering the irrigation tank. Right: decorative grating in building compound to allow surface water runoff.

7.6 UBBL REQUIREMENTS According to Malaysia Uniform Building By-Laws, section 123. (1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes, cables or conduits, the dimensions of such ducts or enclosure shall be – a. Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and the crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing

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b. Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes, stopcocks and other controls to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to each or all of the services accommodated. (2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably located to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.

Section 115 of the UBBL states that; All roofs of buildings shall be constructed as to drain effectively to suitable and sufficient channels, gutters, chutes or troughs which shall be provided in accordance with the requirements of these ByLaws for receiving and conveying all water which may fall on and from the roof.

7.7 ANALYSIS PJ Trade Centre is a great example of green building design and manages to incorporate the successful integration of its services systems and design quality for the most part. The sanitary and sewerage system is of a very simple and efficient design that saves cost and contributes to the environment. However, the building has a mostly open design which means that the elements easily penetrate into the extensive, sheltered outdoor areas, which include Â

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corridors and lobbies. The design may become a liability as improper drainage could easily occur in these areas, i.e. the brick paved walkway of the plaza creates an uneven surface where water collects between bricks and takes time to dry. Although drainage is provided on its perimeters and in close proximity, not all-surface runoff manages to drain into these outlets. Over time, this excess water can potentially increase maintenance costs in the form of algae prevention and furniture replacement (in lobbies), etc. They should revise the drainage system to allow for the successful execution of their design.

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8.0 CONCLUSION

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8.0 CONCLUSION. Based on the study of services in PJ Trade Centre, the kinds of services provided are already efficient and suitable for the building. Completing this report was never an easy job. It must be accurate and reliable. Therefore, the importance of teamwork is really needed in making a good communication throughout the project. Moreover, throughout this project we have learnt so much of how, what and which systems suites well with a particular building. Therefore, we have been exposed with the practiced of sustainable design on PJ Trade Centre, which they have encountered into it. In PJ Trade Centre, they really do focused on zoning-wise. Their building services were really well organized and most of it was at the basement level 7. The building and its services bonded with the landscape, which is aesthetically pleasing. Last but not least, it was a really successful project and site visits in terms of better understanding on building services, teamwork and time management skills.

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