NUS LANDSCAPE: LANDSCAPES OF NECESSITY - RE-ENVISIONING PRODUCTIVE URBAN LANDSCAPES

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Landscapes of Necessity

Re-envisioning Productive Urban Landscapes A Community-Based Design Studio in Yelahanka, Bangalore, India 2019

Master of Landscape Architecture Programme Department of Architecture School of Design and Environment National University of Singapore 4 Architecture Drive Singapore 117566 Tel: +65 65163452 www.arch.nus.sg Editor Jessica Ann Diehl akijac@nus.edu.sg ISBN 978-981-14-1878-5 Š Individual Contributors, 2019 As a studio product, which is not censored, this publication may contain mistakes or deficiencies. Editor and contributors do not warrant or assume any legal responsibility for the publication’s contents. All opinions expressed in the book are of the contributors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National University of Singapore.

Studio Tutor Jessica A. Diehl Studio Team Vinamra Agarwal Bao Lixia Chen Beifei Dong Yitong Jiang Jiahang Eingeel Jafar Khan Li Ziheng Toh Zi Gui Shanika Tuinder Yu Xi Radha Waykool

introduction

Disrupted and disconnected urban ecosystems (water, agriculture, flora and fauna) resulting from rapid urbanization have detrimental impacts on the health and wellbeing of urban citizens; particularly disadvantaged social groups. This studio developed an appreciation for design skills in landscape architecture within the city-scale context of Bangalore, one of the most rapidly urbanizing cities in India. Greater Bangalore is the administrative, cultural, commercial, industrial, and knowledge capital of the state of Karnataka. It is currently the fifth largest metropolis in India with a population of about 7 million, with a population density that increased from 10,732 to 13,392 persons per sq. km between 2001 and 2011. Rapid urbanization pushes urban infrastructure to its limits and often causes increased social inequity, but there is also increasing pressure on rural landscapes to supply the city with resources and food. This studio focused on designing productive urban landscapes—multifunctional landscapes that grow food in the city. Bangalore is increasingly food insecure. Despite the history as a “Garden City”, few crops are grown within the urban boundary— most are grown in the surrounding hinterlands of Karnataka or imported from long distances. Historically, Karnataka has been a productive agricultural state, but changing climate patterns are

causing longer and more severe drought conditions. Students will design food producing landscapes in north Bangalore. The key issues are: food accessibility and quality; associated environmental issues (e.g. water quality, waste recycling, environmental pollution); consumption patterns and food culture; participatory design and landscape stewardship. The site selected for the design intervention was a typical, unplanned formal settlement in Yelahanka district. A residential and mixed-use neighborhood, Yelahanka supports a diverse population in terms of income, education, and religion. The physical environment lacks adequate waste treatment, is severly water-scarce but is in the process of upgrading to a piped water system, and has little tree cover. Students travelled to the site 26 January to 4 February 2019 to conduct fieldwork. Through a community-engaged process, new design strategies were The Resource Centres on Urban developed that integrate productive landscapes into the built, ecological Agriculture & Food Security (RUAF) and social urban systems with the aim of envisioning better work, live, and play environments. The students considered interdisciplinary requirements from planning guidelines, architecture design, engineering limitations; and developed an understanding of existing natural land and urban systems. Through the project site, they faced complex urban design issues in order to derive innovative design solutions using principles of ecology and sustainability.

Productive Landscapes:

“the growing of plants and the raising of animals within and around cities; it includes producing food for personal and/or commercial consumption.”

timeline Preliminary research Data collection Field booklet

Team building Onsite measurement Onsite mapping Community survey Sharing session

Week 1 Introduction

Week 3 Site visits

Lecture 01 | Blue-Green Infrastructure Lecture 02 | Food landscapes Lecture 03 | Site measurement & tools Lecture 04 | Community participation Community-Engagement Workshop

Site modelling Data analysis & Mapping Techniques & Case studies Project narrative

Week 4-7 Issue & vision Lecture 05 | BGI in Bangalore Lecture 06 | Urban farming in Bangalore Jakkur Lake Walk IIS Campus forest walk Organic Terrace Garden Tour

Innovation & systems research

Week 8 Mid review

Visioning Workshop SWOT Analysis

Week 9-13 Design development

Individual Consultation Peer Review

Week 14 Final review

Table of Contents 04 Introduction 06 Studio Team 12 Site Context 13 Historic Timeline 14 Landuse & Planning 20 Structure & Infrastructure 22 Economics & Social Demography 24 Culture & Community 28 Greenspace & Biodiversity 34 Water & Ecology 40 Community Survey & Results 42 Synthesis & Visioning Workshop 43 Glimpses of the Site 45 Proposals 46 therapeutic gardens | jiang jiahang 50 empowering the women of yelakanka | shanika tuinder 91 Credits

54 edible schoolyard | yu xi 58 productive landscapes for women’s empowerment | bao lixia 62 energy recycling system | chen beifei 66 intergenerational center for learning | vinamra agarwal 70 food travels | zi gui 74 re-weave: cultural revival | eingeel jafar khan 78 continuous productive urban landscape | dong yitong 82 informal textile industry | li ziheng 86 interlake | radha wayakool

STUDIO TEAM

My experience of Yelahanka was very positive. It is a community with many layers that we were lucky enough to uncover through site exploration. The community members were also extremely open and welcoming throughout the process which made the whole investigation very enjoyable. -------- Shanika

The most impressive part for me was the innocent smiles form kids in Yelahanka, which affected me deeply and swept away any negative impression about India. They affectionately called me “Sister”, asked my name, and invited me to play with them by the lake··· ··· all these things will become treasured memories forever. Wherever you are in the world, even if you don’t speak the language, a smile is always the most powerful way to communicate. ------ Bao Lixia The most interesting thing I met in Yelahanka was to communicate with the local people through translation. Although I could not understand their conversation directly, I could guess the answer from their expressions and emotions. I was impressed by the friendliness and simplicity of the local people. 6

------ Chen Beifei

Yelahanka is a culturally orientated community. The people are cheerful and always willing to help. Now I have a better outlook of the community through the survey held in the town, and it helped me to understand social issues to design better for the community. ------ Vinamra

The experience in Yelahanka was wonderful, and I became very interested in the local production model. The textile industry, as a pillar industry in the region, has exerted a great negative impact on the environment. However, due to historical reasons, such industry cannot be directly removed, and it is very interesting to find a balance between the protection and development. ------ Li Ziheng

7

India is a country with beautiful culture and ancient civilization. You will never know where her charm is without getting close to it. Yelahanka is the beginning of my understanding of India. From the colorful houses, the exquisite patterns drawn on the doorway because of religion, the flowers in front of every window, and the smiles on people’s faces can we see the beauty of the city. ------ Yu Xi

This trip to India will affect my future design thinking, and the biggest influence of Yelahanka on me is to let me know another way of life in this world. Different areas should have different landscape design forms with more local characteristics. For landscape architects, how to discover local features and create unique landscapes is a big challenge. ------ Dong Yitong

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Our trip to Yelahanka has been an interesting and inspiring experience. I am grateful for the hospitality of the people, who went all the way to help us with our work and made us feel at home. I will also miss the impromptu chai breaks we had while walking around Yelahanka. ------ Zi Gui

Visiting Bangalore, one of the metro cities in my home country India, with my classmates for our studio project brought a revelation to me. Understanding the complexity of the Indian culture and our dependency on the ecological system for economic reasons was an exciting experience. Interacting with the community made me fathom the rooted bonds humans have built by interweaving culture and ecosystems and how are they are diminishing with time, with barriers created by us. In this process of learning, I realized how as designers we could be instrumental in creating solutions to integrate culture and ecosystem. ------ Radha

I have never thought I would go to Yelahanka before. This was a wonderful journey, from the bright colored houses, special religious culture, and the smiles on people’s faces, I can feel the charm of the city. And I’m also thinking about the regional and uniqueness in landscape, for landscape architects, this is a challenge. ------ Jiang Jiahang Yelahanka, with its web of relationships that bind its physical land, culture and community, gave me an in-depth understanding of the human tenacity to shape the landscape, whether it is rightly or wrongly done. My interactions with the community brought to light their deep association with various layers of their cultural ecosystem and the subsequent loss of it. I gained knowledge of how as designers we need to remember to design with the people and not for the people, integrating solutions with their lifestyle and embedded habits. ------ Eingeel

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10

analysis

Site context Bangalore Yelahanka

Bangalore

12

historic timeline

HISTORY OF URBANIZATION BANGALORE

bangalore

The fort and Pettah is surrounded by agriculture and green spaces. There is a distinct separation between green space and urban space. Kempe Gowda I founded Bangalore by building a fort with 4 gates and Pettah, the old centre of commerce. Tanks provide water and social gathering spaces.

The British cantonment, which is the new centre of administration and commerce, was set up east of the fort after Tippu Sultan’s defeat and colonisation. Cubbon Park was built as a buffer space between the new and old centres.

The buffer zone is 1.5km wide. Other notable colonial developments include the general bazaar, parade square and batteries.

Decentralised new settlements such as Malleswaram are planned. Also note the existence of Hebbal as a small rural settlement, and Hebbal tank which provides water.

More small rural settlements appear. Better linkage between rural and urban areas with new roads New planned settlements provide new homes for the rapidly growing population. India gains independence from Britain in 1941. Rapid urbanisation begins as the Scientific Policy Statement establishes technology as a major driver for economic growth in 1956.

Rapid loss of vegetation until 2019.

In the 1970s, urban areas start to encroach rural areas. Farmers are faced with competing landuse and urban pollution problems.

Urban development reaches Hebbal and Yelahanka.

The IT boom results in new settlements such as Electronics City.

Urban sprawl has led to loss of vegetation and water bodies across Bangalore. Afforestation movements from groundup were organised to counter the rapid loss of green cover.

2003 map showing where IT industries are concentrated. Smaller IT industry clusters are observed in other urban areas, not just in the CBD area. The Indian economy transforms to become more market-oriented. The agglomeration of IT industries becomes the unofficial new CBD.

General urbanisation pattern: rapid expansion regardless of direction, but mostly concentrated along major roads which converge to the centre.

13

landuse & planning

Yelahanka

District Scale

14

500m

Yelahanka Immediate Context

Site Scale

15

landuse & planning Bangalore

Revised Masterplan 2015

Green Space Per Inhabitant

2.01m²/ p in 2003

Agricultural Area & Residential Area

Green Space

Sensitive Area 16

Created by: Dong Yitong

Yelahanka 1000m Source: Bangalore Development Authority

1000m

2031

2011 (Existing)

Source: Bangalore Development Authority

17

landuse & planning Yelahanka

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Social Interactions

Neglected Space

PERCEIVED

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Carpark

Underconstructed

Perceived, conceived & lived spaces A single space can be interpreted in three ways: CONCEIVED - Planned, formal spaces PERCEIVED - Observed, informal spaces LIVED - Social, Intangible spaces Fenced private land Neglected space appropriated by cow

Overgrown weeds, unplanned greenery

Private land used for car parking

LIVED

Industrial field occupied by informal homes & structures

Informal town gathering space

18

Informal connection between two planned roads

Truck parking and cow resting area

Old rest stop underused, and used by bike as sheltered parking

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------Religious

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cow Shed

Informal Industries

Private Land Commercial

CONCEIVED

Private land used for commercial storage

Private cow shed, leftover space for construction debris

LIVED

Industrial Public Space

-------------------------------------------------

Gathering space under holy tree

Worker’s chat and rest space in between work

------------------------------------------------

Storage Space

PERCEIVED

19

Structure & Infrastructure

Building Map

Permeability of surface

Bangalore

Bangalore Road Map

Created by Jiang Jiahang & Manasi Prabhudesai

Created by Yang Xiaowen & Tang Mengjiao

Waste Management in Bangalore

Created by: Chen Beifei

Created by: Jiang Jiahang

20

Created by Yang Xiaowen & Tang Mengjiao

Clinincs and Hospitals

Schools with Walking Distance

Building Density Map

Yelahanka

Created by: Yu Xi

Waste Management in Yelahanka

Created by: Chen Beifei

Created by: Jiang Jiahang

Water Management in Yelahanka

Created by: Jiang Jiahang& Chen Beifei

Created by: Bao Lixia

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Rate of crime against woman

Population density in Bangalore

Social Demography & Economics

2001

Social Demography

50.00% 45.00%

Demography in Bangalore Bangalore

2001

2011

Population Actual Population Male Female Population Growth

65.37 6,537,124 3,426,599 3,110,525 35.09%

96.22 9,621,551 5,022,661 4,598,890 47.18%

Area Sq. Km Density/km2 Proportion to Karnataka Population Sex Ratio (Per 1000) Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Age) Average Literacy Male Literacy Female Literacy Total Child Population (0-6 Age) Male Population (0-6 Age) Female Population (0-6 Age) Literates Male Literates Female Literates Child Proportion (0-6 Age) Boys Proportion (0-6 Age) Girls Proportion (0-6 Age)

2,196 2,985 12.37% 908 943 82.96 87.92 77.48 772,540 397,648 374,892 4,782,565 2,663,055 2,119,510 11.82% 11.60% 12.05%

2,196 4,381 15.75% 916 944 87.67 91.01 84.01 1,052,837 541,656 511,181 7,512,276 4,078,041 3,434,235 10.94% 10.78% 11.12%

35.00% 30.00%

29.80%

31.30%

25.00%

15.00%

33.10%

30.70% 27.40%

18.10%

5.00% 0.00% 2010

2011

2012

2013

100.00% 90.00% 80.00% 70.00% 60.00%

68.70% 66.00%

69.50% 69.30%

16000000

30.00%

14000000 12000000

20.00%

10000000 8000000

2000000 2020

Bengaluru Female 27.10% 22% 2001

28% 27.70% 2011

0.00%

2040

5.00%

Growth Rate (%) 0.07

0.00%

0.06 0.05

5.00%

Bengaluru north Male (Yelahanka) 87.90% 86.40%

86.80% 84.50%

0.04

Bengaluru Male Bengaluru Female

0.02

5.00%

0.01

19601 1960

980 1980

2000

2020

0.00%

2040

Created by: Dong Yitong

22

Bengaluru north Female (Yelahanka)

0.00%

0.03

0 1940

Bengaluru north Female (Yelahanka)

Male and female literacy rates in 2001 and 2011 (Bengaluru North and Bengaluru)

Population growth between 2001 to 2011 2000

Bengaluru north Male (Yelahanka)

Bengaluru Male

40.00%

1980

2014

Male and Female work participation rates in 2001 and 2011 (Bengaluru North and Bengaluru)

2011

18000000

1960

India

10.00%

20000000

4000000

Bangalore

18.90%

50.00%

6000000

43.50%

22.50%

20.00%

Population

0 1940

41.40%

40.00%

Created by: Dong Yitong

73% 72.40% 2001

74% 71.30% 2011

Created by: Bao Lixia

India Textile Industry

Economics India’s Textile market size (US$ billion)

Occupation in Yelahanka

Textile&Clothing 35%

Employee 18%

Labor Work 14%

Karnataka Contributes to 20% of the garment production taking place in the country USD 1.56 billion Valued 35% of the country’s raw silk production takes place in Karnataka 11% of the country’s total wool production

Bangalore 168 private training centres and 144 skill development centres International brands like Tommy Hilfiger, Allen Solly, Nike, Adidas, etc. treat the city as their sourcing hub

The city has around 386,00

manufacturing units in the textile industry that are engaged at

the unorganized and the organized level

More than 4,32,00 provides the silk.

people are engaged in sericulture in city and its surrounding, who

Farmer 5% Retailing 28%

Data From Questionaires Created by: Li Ziheng

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Christian festivals

culture & community Religious festivals in India Hindu festivals

Makar Sankranti

Customs: Bath, fly kites, feast, burnfire, dance / Landscape space: rivers and lakes, open space

Vara Mahalakshmi

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: indoor space

Muslim festivals

Karaga festival

Customs: Water, Dance, Music Landscape space: waterfronts

Vijayadashami

Customs: carry clay statues into water, burn / Landscape space: river or ocean front

Good Friday Customs: fasting, carry the cross Landscape space: open space

Easter Customs: light candles, pray beside the graves / Landscape space: restricted space

All Souls Day Customs: prayer for the dead Landscape space: restricted space

Christmas Customs: light candles, pray, share sweets / Landscape space: open space

Harvest festivals Customs: feature feasting Landscape space: open space

Ganesh Chaturthi

Customs: worship clay status in water, feast / Landscape space: rivers and lakes

Groundnut Festival

Customs: celebrates the first groundnut crop Landscape space: open space

Calendar of religious festivals in Bangalore Religions

Festivals

Jan Feb Mar Apr May

Jun

Jul Agu

Sep Oct Nov Dec

Makar Sankranti Karaga festival

Hindu

Ganesh Chaturthi Vara Mahalakshmi Vijayadashami Groundnut Festival

Muslim

Mawlid an-Nab Eid al-Fitr Eid al-Adha Good Friday

Mawlid an-Nab

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: open space

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Eid al-Fitr

Customs: fasting Landscape space: open space

Eid al-Adha

Customs: ceremony Landscape space: open space

Sources: https://www.holidify.com/pages/festivals-in-bangalore-483.html and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_holidays

Christian

Easter Harvest festivals All Souls Day Christmas

Source: http://www.indyatour.com/india/festivals/major-christian-festivals-in-india

People and their Activities according to Time 5:00 a.m.

6:00 a.m.

Adult Male

7:00 a.m.

8:00 a.m.

Adult female

yelahanka

9:00 a.m.

10:00 a.m. 11:00 a.m.

12:00 p.m. 1:00 p.m.

2:00 p.m.

3:00 p.m.

4:00 p.m.

5:00 p.m.

6:00 p.m.

7:00 p.m.

8:00 p.m.

9:00 p.m.

10:00 p.m.

Children

Reading <hanuman chalisa and bhagvat gita>

Do worship at outdoor 'temple'

Gather and talking

Do worship

Work Go to market

Water taking Housewify working at home Go to market Walk by the lake

Gather and talking

Gather and talking

Waste collection Water taking Drawing rangoli pattern

A Housewife's Day

5:00 a.m. Housewives usually get up at 5:30-6:00 a.m.

Do worship

Go to school Market Stop at least four times every week

Get off school

Temple Spend at least one-hour doing religion-related stuff every day

8:00 a.m They prepare breakfast, take their children to school, do cleaning, or take water between 6:00a.m.-7:00a.m. Then they go home to do prey and have breakfast usually between 7:30-8:00 a.m.

Home and doorway More than 80% of the time is spent at home

11:00 a.m. Between 8:0011:00 a.m., they do housework (cleaning,washing······)

3:00 p.m. Then they have lunch and may have a while to have a rest between 11:00 a.m.-3:00 p.m.. Some of them sewing at home for extra income.

Water collection spot Every household spends more than one hour every day collecting or waiting for water for the household without a well or sunken. Women have the main responsibility to collect water.

6:00 p.m. They may stop by the market on the way of picking up their children and go to collecte water after 3:00 p.m. Mothers need to take care of children and prepare dinner between 4:00-6:00 p.m.

The proportion of housewives:73%

8:00 p.m. They pray at home or go to the temple before dinner at 6:30-8:30 p.m.

10:00 p.m. Between 7:30-9:00 p.m., they have dinner and may wait for their husband go back home. Go to bed around 10:00 p.m. after cleaning the house.

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Weaving colored silk threads into saree

culture & community

Coloring raw silk

Yelahanka

Semi-dried raw silk ready for reeling

Weaving Ecosystem Raw silk supplied from Devanahalli

Making punchcards for saree design

Drying and Reeling of colored silk threads

Religious Ecosystem Outdoor Temple

Barber shop

Banana leaves & coconut vendor

Mango

Shop selling miscellaneous stuff involved with prayer rituals

Tea shop and gathering space beneath a tree

Flower garland vendor

Banana

Flower Farms

Vegetable farms Religious household plants

Coconut

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Herbs

Paddy Fields

Agricultural Ecosystem Created by: Eingeel Jafar Khan

Yelahanka

Weaving Ecosystem

Temple Ecosystem

Saree Weaving informal industry

Railway station

Agricultural Ecosystem

Outdoor temples

Agriculture Land

Religious buildings

Empty Land

Railway station

Bus Stop

Railway station

Bus Stop

Bus Stop

Created by: Eingeel Jafar Khan

27

Green & Biodiversity

bangalore

0 0.751.5

3

4.5

Vegetation Density

Vegetation Map

6 Kilometers

Flora Hotspots 1. National University Nagabhavi, Ward 128

5.

2.

1.

This plot is planted with 414 medicinal plants consisting of 173 species of trees, 82 shrubs, 92 herbs and 42 climbers. 2. Bangalore Palace, Ward 35

4.

Bangalore palace ground has rich and varied vegetative growth in many pockets.

3.

3. Lalbagh, Ward 143

6.

Legend

Botanical Garden. There are 1854 species of 673 genera and 890 cultivars of plants. There are many heritage trees here.

Polygons VegDensity Vegetation Density In Wards 0.002300 - 0.082200

Vegetation Non Vegetation

0.082201 - 0.163100

20km

4. Cubbon Park, Ward 111

0.260301 - 0.402200

Legend

https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/five-research-charts-show-how-bengalurugradually-becoming-unliveable-city-36278

20km

20km

0.163101 - 0.260300

0.402201 - 1.495500

Polygons

VegDensity http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/water/paper/Green_Space_in_Bengaluru/

results.html 0.002300 - 0.082200 0.082201 - 0.163100 0.163101 - 0.260300

https://www.karnataka.gov.in/empri/Pages/State-ofEnvironment-Report-Bangalore-2008-EMPRI-2009-09. pdf?fbclid=IwAR0reslhmWnfbkjRKpAY7P8Arp1qAac7IOj_eEC_ rtnU5IkRCcDVRkYMqZU

0.260301 - 0.402200 0.402201 - 1.495500

Forest 2%

Urban Forest Areas

Forst Ratio: Bangalore Rural and Ramnagar District

Forest Ratio: Urban Bangalore Forest (2%)

Bangalore (16%)

Forest (17%)

Forest 17%

Bangalore 16%

FOREST STATISTICS

Anekal (1%) Anekal 1%

14,78,412

Kaggalipura (59%)

K.R. Puram 12%

K.R Puram (12%)

Kaggalipura 59%

Other (98%) Urban Area 98%

The geographic area of Bangalore Urban district is 217,410 ha, out of which the forest area is 4,198 ha.

Other 83%

Other (83%)

The geographic area of Bangalore Rural and Ramanagar districts is 5,85,431 ha, out of which the forest constitutes 1,01,117 ha.

Yelahanka 12%

Yelahanka (12%)

Bangalore has an average vegetation density of

Forest area comprises mainly scrub and grasslands with miscellaneous species. Eucalyptus and Acacia auriculiformes are found over most of the area.

https://www.karnataka.gov.in/empri/Pages/State-of-Environment-Report-Bangalore-2008-EMPRI-2009-09.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0reslhmWnfbkjRKpAY7P8Arp1qAac7IOj_eEC_rtnU5IkRCcDVRkYMqZU

28

The total number of trees in Bangalore is

14%

The park has 6,000 plants belonging to 68 genera and 96 species. 5. Kalkere, Ward 26 This plot is a rare collection of Ficus species including 40 species of shrubs and climbers. There are also 17 nitrogen fixing tree species. 6. Doresanipalya, Ward 187 Eleven bamboo species brought from Arunachal Pradesh were planted in April 1991

The green cover for a healthy city is

30% The recommended number of trees per person living in the city is

1.15

http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/ pubs/ETR/ETR75/summary.html Created by: Shanika Tuinder

yelahanka Landscape Transect

Urban Centre

Medium Density

Industry + Slum

Yelahanka Lake

Rural Residential

The urban centre, New Town in Yelahanka is much more developed than its surrounding area. There is better infrastructure and more wealth. The vegetation in this area is much more dense. There are many large trees that form a canopy over the main streets and more green spaces.

The main landscape typology in old Yelahanka is Medium Density. The vegetation is very sparse. Limited to a few trees lining the streets in an otherwise concrete jungle. There are very few green spaces and people do not have gardens.

The industrial area and slum area are the grey space in this image. They are seperated by a green belt but have no vegetation themselves. The industrial area is completely built up and very polluted. The slum area is very small and densely packed, there is no space for vegetation.

The edge condition of Yelahanka lake varies from East to West. East there is little vegetation due to the built development. On the West there is agricultural land which has much more greenery. Planting has been done around the lake in an attempt to improve this condition.

The rural residential area of Yelahanka has a much higher green density. This is not only due to the agricultural plantations of ragi, beans etc. There are also more trees between the houses and the agricultural land. Concrete and green space are inversely proportional.

Agricultural Area

The agricultural area of Yelahanka has the highest density of trees and the most green space. The area is not inhabited, reflected through the lack of concrete space. The high level of flora attracts wild species. Here, snakes and peacocks can be observed. Created by: Shanika Tuinder

29

Green & Biodiversity

yelahanka

Flora Species List 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

Sample

Scientific Name

Common Name

Size (hxw) m

Habitat

Native/ Exotic

Medicinal

Edible Fruit

1 2 3

Cocos nucifera Ficus religiosa Mangifera indica

Coconut tree Peepal tree Mango tree

30x10 30x20 30x4

Tropical Tropical Tropical

Native Native Native

Used for antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant etc. Used to treat asthma, diabetes, diarrhea, epilepsy, gastric etc. Bark, leaves, stems and unripe fruit- antibiotic, used in Ayuvedic medicine.

Yes No Yes

6 7 8

Artocarpus heterophyllus Musa Grevillea robusta

Jackfruit tree Banana plant Silver Oak

30x15 3 40x15

Tropical Tropical Subtropical

Native Native Exotic

Used as an anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-cancer. Used as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and for its anti-cancer properties No

Yes Yes No

4 5

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Punica granatum Azadirachta indica

Tamarindus indica Eucalyptus regnans Prunus dulcis

Manilkara zapota Melaleuca citrina Vachellia nilotica Adenanthera pavonina Millettia pinnata

Cassia fistula Tectona grandis Aegle marmelos Trachelospermum jasminoides

Pomegranate Neem tree

8 20x20

Tamarind tree Eucalyptus tree Badam tree

20 50x10 10

Sapota tree Red Crimson Babul Red Lucky Seed Ganuga

Golden Rain tree Teak tree Bael Jasmine Vine

20 3x2 20 25 20

15 40 12 5

Subtropical Subtropical

Native Native

Tropical Tropical Tropical

Native Exotic Exotic

Tropical Tropical Tropical Tropical

Native Native Native Native

Tropical Subtropical Tropical Tropical Tropical

Exotic Exotic Native Native Native

An ingredient in traditional Ayuvedic medicine and remedies. Used as a anthelmintic, antifungal, antidiabetic, contraceptive, and sedative.

Seed, leaf, fruit pulp and skin have high phenolic content and antioxidants. Used for asthma, bronchitis, plaque and gingivitis, head lice, toe nail fungus. Indian almond leaves have traditionally been used for stomach problems. Used as anti-diabetic, antioxidant and hypocholesterolemic. No. The bark, gum, leaves and pods are used in various traditional medicines. Used to treat diarrhea and inflammation Used as antiseptic, also prevents pests.

In Ayurveda it is known as a "disease killer". The fruit pulp is a purgative. Flower oil: Hair growth treat Scabies, Eczema, Ringworms and Inflammation. Fruit helps in curing diseases like diarrhoea and cholera. Jasmine has been used for liver disease, abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Yes No

Yes No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No Created by: Shanika Tuinder

30

yelahanka YELAHANKA FAUNA MAPBiodiversity Hotspots

Fauna Map

Flora Map YELAHANKA FLORA MAP 4.

KEY KEY

2. 5.

800m

Mango Silver Oak Eucalyptus Coconut Peepal Neem Tamarind Jackfruit Banana Sapota Jasmine Banga Bael Fig Ganuga Pomegranate Gusgusea Dhupadarmama Badam Golden Rain Red Bottlebrush Religious Peepal

Religious Trees 1.

2.

4.

5.

3.

The vegetation in Yelahanka is very sparse. The vegetation is mostly characterised by trees instead of shrubs and groundcover. Trees are dotted down the sides of streets. In the fringes of Yelahanka there are small pockets of wild vegetation in un-concreted areas. The little vegetation that there is in Yelahanka is a mixture of native and exotic species. Many of the trees observed on site can be used for medicinal purposes or harvested for their fruit. The Peepal tree is considered as the most sacred tree among the Hindus . For this reason many of the worship sites in Yelahanka were built around a Peepal tree, or a Peepal tree was planted.

Dog Cow Goat Chicken Cat Sheep Turkey Rat Pig Peacock Snake Hawk

KEY Mango Silver Oak Eucalyptus Coconut Banyan Neem Tamarind Jack fruit Banana Sapota Jasmine Banga tree Unknown Fig Ganuga Tree Pomegranate Gusgusea Dhupadarmama Badam Golden Shower Banyan Religious Common species Red bottlebrush

YELAHANKA FAUNA MAP

2.

5.

3.

800m

1.

2.

4.

5.

KEY KEY

Dog Dog Cow Cow Goat Goat Chicken Chicken Cat Cat Sheep Sheep Turkey Turkey Rat Rat Pig Pig Peacock Peacock Snake Snake Hawk Hawk

3.

In Yelahanka there are many animals around but practically all fauna is domestic not wild. Cows and goats are all owned by someone and milked morning and night. During the day they are allowed to roam free in the streets so they can eat. Chickens, turkey, and sheep are raised in the same way until they reach a certain weight and are sold for their meat. These animals all roam the streets and tend to congregate around dumping grounds to eat the rubbish. The wild animals observed such as snakes, peacocks, and hawks were found in the rural agricultural area of the outer site where there are less people and more vegetation.

KEY

800m

1.

2.

4.

5.

Lake Margin Planting Open Space Vegetation Normal Trees Religious Trees

3.

There are a number of important biological areas within Yelahanka that need to be protected in the design process. These spots include the new lakeside planting, existing patches of wild vegetation, public open lots, the small amount of trees that already exist in Yelahanka. and the religious trees. It is important that these areas are maintained for envionmental, sentimental, recreational, and religious purposes. Created by: Shanika Tuinder

31

Green & Biodiversity

YeLahanka

Green Space Typology

Patch Matrix

250m

32

The site is a small fragment as a patch which forms the urban matrix. It exists in close proximity to green spaces like surrounding agriculture land, whose main crops are coconut and ragi, and many vacant lands, with low levels of qualities. On a larger scale, a few important green spaces come into the picture: agriculture land accounts for the largest area, around which vacant land is scattered. There is a clear distinction in development between the old and new urban areas. The red dotted line in the figure divides it into two parts: the relatively welldeveloped area to the west, and undeveloped area to the east. The Yelahanka site is part of the east area. Parks are all located in the west area, with natural ways linked with each other, and vacant land with no functions is relatively less.

Hydrology Parks Agriculture Land Vacant Land BBNP Functional Land Owned By Government Functional Land Owned By Individual Natural Ways Boundary

250m

Central BBNP (Roadside) Local BBNP (Roadside) Temple courtyard Local BBNP (Lakeside) Residential + Open Space Residential + Commercial Graveyard + School + BBNP Temple Yard + BBNP Vacant Land Vacant Land (Lakeside) Farmland + Livestock Farmland + Residential Vacant Land + Slam Vacant Land (Roadside) Roadside Belt Residential Residential + Street Trees Residential Garden Roadside Commercial Reginal By The Railway

21 types of green spaces are selected strategically based on the amount of density of the green spaces in Yelahanka. The green spaces represent a range of landscape typologies. The green spaces in the north of the site are large and continuous, while the green spaces in the south of the site are small and fragmented, separated by buildings and streets. Green spaces in the south are mainly residential spaces owned by the individual and commercial and reginal spaces owned by government. Most of the spaces have funtions, while spaces in the north are mainly non-functional places, apart from farmland. Created by: Chai Tianqi

4 Local BBMP Lakeside

9 Vacant Land

5 Residential+ Open space

10 Vacant Land (Lakeside)

1 Central BBMP

6 Residential+ Commercial

11 Farmland+ Livestock

2 Local BBMP

7 Graveyard+ School

12 Farmland + residential

3 Temple Courtyard

8 Temple Yard

13 Vacant land+ Slum

Green Vacant land Assessment

Productivity Recreation

Wildlife

Accesibility

Spaciousness

Disturbance

Groundcover Canopy Density

Created by: Chai Tianqi

33

water & ecology

bangalore

Story of Lakes in Bangalore Manmmade water tanks for Socio-Economic Purpose Kempe Gowda

Sultanate of Bijapur

1600

1700

Mughal

Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan

British East India

1800

1900

The Bound Hedge of the Cusba of Bangalore (1800)

Republic of India

2000

2019

Bangalore city map, circa 1924 from "Murray's 1924 Handbook" with the pete and Cantonment areas clearly visible

A cascading water system is interlinked to conserve as much as water possible for communities. High bunds to store water became the system for Bangalore and made it a city of lakes. Character of lakes changed with time and operation

34

Source:: https://scroll.in/article/855516/history-shows-that-it-was-nature-that-helped-bangalore-grow-and-now-the-city-is-destroying-it http://muscicapa.blogspot.com/2014/04/a-not-so-great-hedge.html https://issuu.com/biometrust/docs/bangalore_lakes_-_biome_dec_2016

Created by: Radha Wayakool

bangalore

Watershed for Bangalore

Evolution of city with lakes

Hebbal Valley Vhriswawati Valley

Koramangala Challaghata Valley

750

990

YR :1792

YR :1888

YR : 2015

Bantkondanahalli Lake Amanikere, Singanayakanahall

Yellamallappa Chetty Lake Series Yellamallappa Chetty lake series Name of the Lake - Area (ha)

Yelahanka Doddakere Kattigenahalli Lake

Gramadakere, Allalasandra

Kodigehalli Lake

Jakkur Lake Rachenahalli Lake

Amruthahalli Lake Ramapura Lake

Chikkamaranahalli Lake

Seegehalli Lake Kacharakanahalli Lake

Basavanapura Lake

Farms/ Paddy Fields/ Settlements

Past

Present

1 .Bantkondanahalli Lake- 42 2 .Amanikere, Singanayakanahall - 178 3. Yelahanka Doddakere - 135.68 4 .Kattigenahalli Lake - 2.5 5 .Kogilu Lake - 180 6 .Gramadakere, Allalasandra - 16.84 7 .Jakkur Lake- 50 8 .Amruthahalli Lake -9.35 9 .Rachenahalli Lake- 60 10 .Kodigehalli Lake- 21 11 .Chikkamaranahalli Lake -10 12 .Kacharakanahalli Lake -22.57 13 .Kalkere Lake -75 14 .Ramapura Lake -5 15 .Basavanapura Lake -56.6 16 .Seegehalli Lake -5 17 .Yellamallappa Chetty Lake -110

Built/ Underconstruction

Source: BENGALURU WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE PROJECT (PHASE 3) : Final Report http://wgbis.ces.iisc.ernet.in/energy/paper/saket_biofuel/ https://www.newslaundry.com/uploads/2017/10/7-1.jpg

Topography before Lake Series

Cascading Lake System Created by: Radha Wayakool

35

water & ecology

yelahanka

NGT-National Green Tribunal, India no construction rules: a lake buffer zone of 75m and 50m for primary, 35m for secondary, and 25m for tertiary stormwater drain.

Yelahanka Lake

Allalasandra Lake

Yelahanka Lake

Jakkur Lake

Allalasandra Lake

Jakkur Lake

Encroachment Present: BBMP’s 30M Buffer for Lake Source http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/67411279.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst

36

Required by NGT: Min 75M Buffer for Lake 0m

500m

1500m

Created by: Radha Wayakool

Timeline

yelahanka

Memory Trace

Details of the Lake

Degraded Lake Side

Fruit Orchards Farms Farms Paddy Fields

Fruit Orchards

Fruit Orchards

Farms

2004 150 Acres

Forest

After Lake Development Proposal

Fruit Orchards

Paddy Fields

Paddy Fields

Paddy Fields

Farms

2012 234 Acres

Farms

After Lake Development Completion

Corn Marigold

Sapota Mulberries Grapes

Coconut Guava Mango

Scale of Lake: Approx. 6km Periphery

Ragi

Depth 4.5 M Avg.

Rice

Average annual rainfall Primary rainy season: June – September (South-West Monsoon) Secondary rainy season: November – December (North-East Monsoon)

335.27 Acres

Sorghum

What did the local people used to grow?

859 MM

2018 335.27 Acres

Farms

Created by: Radha Wayakool

37

water & ecology

yelahanka

Water Quality

Pollution Source

Lake Development

Future Entry Point Dhobi Ghat International School

Existing Informal Entry to the lakeside

One Entry Only

Legend 980 μs / pH 8.0 890 μs / pH 8.0 860 μs / pH 6.5 800 μs / pH 6.0

Types of Soil Red gravelly loam soils Lateritic soils Saline and sodic in patches Non-saline

Legend Extreme High Medium Low Negligible

6km Perimeter Pathway Length

Legend Developed Underdevelopment Undeveloped Access Point

Created by: Radha Wayakool

38

yelahanka

Partners for Activities

Memories

Community Farms Revival of traditions

Farming Residents of Yelahanka Old town Routine

Recreation

5%

5%

5%

Se cu rity

Co w fo o d availab ility

O rgan ic fo o d availab ility

Ho u sin g p ro b le m

M o sq u ito

Morning : 5am to 9am Evening : 4am to 7pm

Access to Lake

3%

He alth issu e s

Traffic

Jo b o p p o rtu n i e s

Pollution

Drain age issu s

Restriction

Gre e n availab ility

Better Education

W aste issu e

Waste Management

Po llu o n

Temple is a social node

TraďŹƒc issu s

More Recreational Space

Issues

Trees and Greens Community Work Opportunities

W ate r issu e s

Unmanaged life

Aspiration of being a farmer

Th e lack o f o p e n scap e fo r le isu re ac vi e s

Opinions about the lake and water in Yelahanka

12%

5% 10%

53%

27%

Housework Shopping Temple School Lake

9% 41%

Lake Temple Surrounding Local Park No time Cinema

17%

No Entry Morning

Evening

71%

37%

Created by: Radha Wayakool

39

community survey

Through formal surveys and informal conversations, we gathered local information from 68 Yelahanka residents. One-quarter were small business owners, one-qarter were housewives, and one-quarter were laborers. Half were female, half were under 40 years of age, and many (n=59) were Hindu.

SITE SURVEY_ YELAHANKA (RESIDENTS) 1.

What is the source of your food? (Tick Multiple)*

i. iii. v.

Self-Grow Roving Carts Other_______________

2.

Do you have a garden and what do you grow there? (If Yes,then)*

i. iii.

Vegetable________________ Crops___________________

3.

Where do you go for recreation? (Mark in Map)*

ii. iv.

ii. iv.

Grocery Store Mandis

Fruits________________ Others_______________

___________________________________________________________________________________ 4.

Where do you go for your daily routine? (Tick Multiple)*

i. iii. v.

Work Shopping School

5.

In your opinion which of these is a priority concern about waste in the area? (Tick one)*

i. iii.

Littering of waste Effect on environment

6.

How does you treat your household waste?

ii. iv. vi.

ii. iv.

Market Worship Others________________

Effect on human health Others________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

7.

What would you like to have in your community? (Tick Multiple)*

i. iii. v.

Home Garden Collective farming Food forests

ii. iv. vi.

Community Garden for socializing Individual market farms Others____________

Reason:______________________________________________________________________________________

8.

What do you think is the most important issue in this community? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9.

How has the place changed over time? How was it used to be? ___________________________________________________________________________________________

i. Occupation:______________ Date______________

40

ii. Religion:__________

ii. Gender:________

iv. Age:_______________ Time______________

community survey results Yelahanka’s Community Vision

Employment

Gender Male (50%)

Housewives (25%)

Mosquitoes (2%)

Poor Infrastructure (5%) Availability of Organic Food (4%)

Lack of Vegetation (5%) Water Availability (18%)

Work Opportunities (2%)

Other (75%)

Female (50%)

Lack of Parks/ Open Spaces (14%)

No Children’s Play Area (15%)

Source of Food in Yelahanka

Grocery Store (30%)

Market (55%)

garden type preference

Individual Farms (34%)

Home Garden (25%)

Pollution (6%) Traffic Problems (12%) Drainage (4%)

Waste Management (13%)

Collective Farming (12%) Roving Cart (12%) Self Grown (3%)

Social Community Gardens (25%)

Food Forest (4%)

The results of the community survey indicate that the key issues that the community in Yelahanka want to be addressed included: water availability, lack of open parks and green spaces, waste management, traffic problems, and lack of children’s play areas. Other issues of lower priority were: pollution, drainage, work opportunities, organic food shortage, mosquitoes, lack of vegetation, and poor infrastructure. Created by: Shanika Tuinder

41

synthesis

visioning workshop A visioning workshop was held in the studio to better understand the context of Yelahanka. Each student took part in this activity and shared ideas on the board. Later, everyone voted for the most important issues and strengths in Yelahanka. Some of the important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats are listed below to better understand the context.

EXternal

Internal

42

Strengths

Weaknesses

• People are willing to participate in agricultural activities • Lakeside ecology and habitat for plant and animal species • Lake front development • Surrounding land near the lake is fertile • Existing connection between people and religion

• • • •

Less availability of water for daily use Usage of the lake (limited access) Lack of urban greening Lack of public open recreational spaces and children’s play spaces

Scanned by CamScanner

Opportunities

Threats

• Government land as potential development site • Channelizing lake water for productive landscape • Rooftops could be utilized to grow fruits and vegetables • Potential for re-using organic waste and greywater

• Urban encroachment of the open spaces • Water and soil pollution: low water quality, leading to soil pollution • No government support • Young people moving out to pursue better job opportunities

Scanned by CamScanner

glimpses of the site... Environmental condition

Water Scarcity

Vancant Lots

Typical Street

Pollution

Dwelling diversity

Cultural diversity

43

44

Proposals

Jiang Jiahang Therapeutic gardens as part of regional hospital to improve human well-being in Bangalore peri-urban areas Human health is one of the most important issues in Bangalore. It is mainly caused by unhealthy diets and living habits, pollution, food safety, and other environmental issues. As Yelahanka is periurban, health services are worse than the city center, and the health issues are more serious. The environment around hospitals and clinics is very poor, which is bad for the rehabilitation of patients. Despite evidence that exposure to greenery is beneficial to persons’ mental and physical health, the existing green spaces all have low quality. I want to create a therapeutic garden, combining medical therapy with horticultural therapy. It will provide patients with a healing environment, while providing residents with a high-quality green open space. In the future, therapeutic gardens can be part of regional hospitals in Bangalore peri-urban areas, improving human health and well-being.

Therapeutic Garden Design Principals A therapeutic garden is defined as the use of prescribed nature-related activities to aid recovery. Study findings have shown benefits such as the reduction of chronic pain and lessening of stress. LAYOUT

Soft Boundary

GARDEN STRUCTURES Garden Entrance

Circulation Path

Zone

Visibility

Wheelchair Accessibility

Amenities

Shade

Sensory Attributes

Local Cultural Memory

Plant labels

Individual Site Analysis

PLANTING Mature Trees

Concept Plan - Functions

46

Site Hospital & clinic Commercial buildings Residential buildings Temple School

The selected site is an empty land opposite the largest hospital (General Hospital) in Yelahanka Old Town. Other hospitals and clinics distribute densely in the area that will provide a nearby healing garden for the patients

Restorative Zone Activity Zone Connection Zone Main Psth

Tool Box Identify different users’ age groups and the extent of their illnesses to better design for their needs: CHRONIC Reduce stress and encourage a sense of well-being for long-term health care patients

DIGESTIVE & DIARRHEAL DISEASES Make residents have awareness of food safety, and learn to grow organic food by themselves

DISABLED & INJURED PATIENTS Auxiliary patients rehabilitation and promote equal use, making therapy seem like a respite

SENSORY GARDEN

OUTDOOR CLASSROOM FOR EDUCATION

WHEELCHAIR-FRIENDLY

MEDICINAL GARDEN

EDIBLE GARDEN

REHABILITATION EXERCISE SPACE

INTERGENERATIONAL SOCIAL SPACE

WASTE COMPOST

RAISED BEDS FOR PLANTING & TOUCHING

Jiang Jiahang

Concept Plan

Existing Trees

SENSORY GARDEN

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES FOR KIDS

Soft Boundary

RECREATIONAL FACILITIES FOR KIDS

Garden Entrance Secondary Pathway Sensory Attributes Paving Connection

CHILDREN’S HEALTH Provide a vibrant activity space for sick children, and also use it as an educational space.

47

Jiang Jiahang Master Plan

1 Restorative sensory garden 2 Rehabilitation exercise space 3 Small plaza 4 Edile garden 5 Shared tables for tasting 6 Waste compost display & education 7 Active sensory garden for kids 8 Water tank 9 Outdoor classroom 10 intergenerational social space 11 Crossing 12 Medicinal garden 13 toilet 14 rainwater catchment (roof) 15 Rain garden

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Planting Design

Irrigation & Soil

Zone 2 - Active Sensory Garden for Kids

Zone 1 - Restorative Sensory Garden

Jiang Jiahang

Zone 3 - Edible Garden

49

Shanika Tuinder

Empowering the WOMEN OF YELAHANKA This project is about reflecting the vibrancy and personality of the community in Yelahanka. Site investigation revealed that although many people in the community are happy, there are issues that need to be resolved. This project aimed to address some of the issues brought to light by providing work and socializing opportunities for women, open space, greenery, a produce market, and children’s play areas. The final design intertwines agriculture back into the city and provides opportunities for people in the community to socialize, buy organic food, play, and enjoy the natural environment. The long term vision is that this intervention will spark the creation of more productive landscapes that will eventually weave agriculture back into the urban fabric of India’s cities.

Community Vision

Womens Current Contribution to India’s Agriculture

Female (32%)

Availability of Organic Food (4%) Work Opportunities (2%)

Places of Congregation

50

Traffic Problems (12%)

Lack of Vegetation (5%)

Water Availability (18%)

Pollution (6%) Drainage (4%)

Increase of

30%

Of yields per household

2 - 4%

Increase in India’s annual Agricultural Output

Waste Management (13%)

Biodiversity + Agriculture

Site Yelahanka Lake Open Space Vegetation Religious Trees

“If women farmers had equal access to land ownership, credit, farming equipment and new technologies.....”

Lack of Parks/ Open Spaces (14%)

No Children’s Play Area (15%) Male (68%)

Site Lake Schools Ind Hindu Temple Out Hindu Temple Church Shri SumathiNatha Jain Temple Mosque

Poor Infrastructure (5%)

The Opportunity

Water

Site Bore Well Agricultural Well Water Tank Past Water Wells Religious/ Cultural Activities Storm-water Drain Slope

SCALE @ A3 1: 30000

SHANIKA TUINDER MASTER PLAN

student name

SCALE @ A3 1:1000 CONTOURS 1M SPACING

= Ecological Corridor

= Fields

= Children’s Play Area

= Produce Market

= Community Garden

= Pocket Park

= Peepal Tree /Public Park 51

Shanika Tuinder Access + Walking Distance

Topography + Vegetation

Drainage Systems

350 m 4 mins

Schools + Temples

900

100 m 1.5 mins

400 m 5 mins

20 m 0.5 mins

910

= Access points on site (8)

= Bore Well

= Distance (meters) + walking time (min)

= Trees

= Drainage

= School

= Green space

= Indoor Hindu Temple

= Contours (0.1m spacing)

= Outdoor Hindu Temple SCALE @ A3 1:12000

Key

Section One

Section Two

A

B

B’ A’

A’

A KEY 1:6000 @A3 SECTIONS 1:200 @A3

52

FARMING

PATH

CIVIC SPACE

PRODUCE MARKET

B’

B

KIDS PLAY AREA

PATH

SOCIAL POCKET PARKS

Children’s Play Area

Produce Market

Social Pocket Park

SHANIKA TUINDER

Gravel Bed (300mm) Drain (10mm) Planting Media (500mm) Gravel Bed (300mm)

Loose Gravel Pathway

Rain Garden

Soil

Playground

Planting Media (500mm)

Grass Pre-cast Concrete Planters Linear Drain (10x20mm)

Tile Pavers + Mortar Concrete Slab Soil

Linear Drain Gravel Bed (300mm)

Planting Media (500mm) Steel Plate (2000x2000mm)

53

Yu Xi Edible Schoolyard in Yelahanka The students in Yelahanka are facing three main problems: (1) they do not have a good source of food, (2) insufficient space for activities, and (3) limited awareness of food safety and environmental protection. To solve these problems, I propose to build productive landscape in schools, creating the “edible schoolyard,” which can produce healthy vegetables and fruits, provide places for children to play, and raise people’s awareness of environmental protection. The design concept is to choose different kinds of activity units and divide them into three main zones: Farm to Table Zone, Outdoor Activity Zone, and Outdoor Study Zone. These zones together can become a system that helps schools at different scales to achieve the three goals.

54

Yu Xi

The site I chose is the biggest primary school in Yelahanka. I hope it can become an example for other schools. The typologies illustrate that schools with different scales of schoolyards can also choose different kinds of activity units from the three zones. Each zone will have a connection with the other zone(s) and will work as a system. Farm to Table Zone is the core zone of the Edible Schoolyard. The main concept is aimed to teach children how the life cycle operates from the fresh vegetables and fruits planted in Gardens to the Lunch Program, and then to the Compost Station. The water cycle will also be added into the whole system.

55

Yu Xi

56

MASTER PLAN

Yu Xi

57

Bao Lixia

Productive Landscape-Drive Approach as a Framework for Women’s Empowerment India ranks high globally for abuse of women, a serious human rights’ violation. Even though the Indian government promulgated a series of regulations to protect women in 2001, discrimination and crime against women still widely exists in education, marriage, work, and sex, especially in public spaces. Discrimination against women in Indian society makes them afraid to go outdoors.

Four Safe Space Principles for Women

Location is accessible The safe space should be located in an area that is conveniently accessible to women and girls. Near places woman go frequently such as the market, temple, and school.

Between home

Next to market

Next to school

Next to temple

Next to water point

My landscape planning strategies make use of the existing community spaces to create safer community spaces for women. The productive Women/girl-only / dominant space landscape-drive approach is a framework for women empowerment Evidence suggests that the establishment of by providing new employment opportunities for housewives, women- and/or girl-only spaces help to reduce rebuilding social networks, as well as re-education opportunities. The plan is to design venues with different functions around the main activity spaces of women. On the one hand, it proposes transforming 200+ currently vacant lots adjacent to houses into productive land for housewives. On the other hand, it involves transforming more than 20 vacant lots along the street into women-only places for social contact, consulting, and re-education. Replicating this framework on an urban scale and implementing it as a women’s rights strategy could have a significant positive impact on women’s rights as well as promoting gender equity in India as a whole.

Positive Cycle SOCIAL EMPOWERMENT New Women Social Network

EDUCATION EMPOWERMENT Women Reeducation Opportunity

risks and prevent further harm during acute emergency responses And, if the space cannot garantee women- and/ or girl-only, at least it is a women-led space.

Farming

New Job Opportunity

58

Social

Playing with kid

Individual counsulting

Learning

Location is private but visible The space should have a privacy fence or wall to ensure privacy and s a f e t y. G i r l / w o m a n groups should be visible, but avoid to being visible to men as much as possible.

Block out sight

Block out sight

Monitor

Block out sight

Create a sense of ownership Create a sense of ownership, rather than perceiving it run by an external group. Services should correspond to their life cycle as well as provide woman / girls-target facilities.

Women's storyboards

Combine with woman's daily life cycle

The whole productive pocket gardens are going to cover over 1,000 households, which accounts for more than 60% of households.

Productive LandscapeDrive Approach

ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT

Market

Productive Pocket Garden with 15m Buffer

Provide girls-target facilities

Women plan, implement, and maintain it

Make the main women's re-education and consulting center available for every woman within 5 minutes walking distance from their homes.

Yelahanka is going to be divided into 7 parts according to women's market locations and 3 minute walking maps, which means the products within one 3 minute distance can be collected in one market for selling together.

Women Market and Gallery Line

Women’s Re-education Center within 5 min Walk

Bao Lixia Methodology TYPE ONE

TYPE TWO

TYPE THREE

TYPE FOUR

Social Function Space for small group of women

Space for big group of women

Agriculturerelated Facilities Irrigation system

Productive Function

Decompsed box

Plant on the ground

Water purification system

Rainwater harvest system

Irrigation system

Decompsed box

Plant on the raised bed Plant on the pergola

Vertical growing

Children playground

Plant on the ground

Vertical growing

Make handicraft

Raise chicken

Make handicraft

Raise chicken

Productive pocket garden

Education

Other Function Trading

Vertical green to block out sight

Women-only space Women-dominant space

Women safe strategies Women education/Consutant center

Vertical green to block out sight

Women market

59

Bao Lixia Master Plan of Productive Pocket Garden

Design Block Market

Private home garden

Private under construction land

Temple

Visual Analysis 5

16

18

2

15

Walkway Analysis

1 6

9

17

3

14 13

10

11 12

8

Water flow

4 7

Block Master Plan

19 1

1 2

3 1 Women's market

3

2 Education center

4

2

5

3 Productive pocket garden

6 7

Entrance Door Housework space Sink Vertical planting Pergola Raised bed

8 9 11 12 13 14 15

Potted plant Ground plant Greywater purification box Chicken coop Decomposed box Foot pump Drip irrigation pipe

16 17 18 19

Function Analysis

Pond Social space Children's playground Home

10

Ash gourd

All year around

Tomato

All year around

Bitter melon

Eggplant

Ladyfinger

Cucumber

Snake gourd

Guava

Pomegranate

Sapota

Banana

Bael

All year around

Dec-Apr.

All year around

Mar.-Jun

All year around

All year around

All year around

All year around

All year around

All year around

Corn

Grape

Cauliflower

Ashwanga

All year around

All year around

Aug.-Dec,

All year round

Jasmine

Marigold

Papaya

Cumin

All year around

All year around

All year around

Dec-Apr.

Hibiscus

Rose

Fennel

Holy Basil

All year around

Mar.-Jun

All year around

All year around

Harvesting season Rosemary

All year around

60

Coriander

All year around

Gymnema Sylvestre All year around

Mint

All year around

Stevia

All year around

Castor

All year around

Lemon grass All year around

Shatavari

All year around

Economic use

Medicine use

Religion use

Bao Lixia Women-dominant market

Women-dominant market Bamboo

Weaving of coconut fronds

has been used traditionally in construction

is an ancient

Indian craft. Coconut tree fronds are used in basket-making and roof-thatching. Very few tools and raw materials are required for this natural product. Coconut palm leaves are available abundantly in the Yelahanka.

in ancient days. It entails low transportation costs, labor costs, ease of construction and building aesthetics with a soulful ambiance.

Dry season

Wet season

GREYWATER REUSE

Average grey water per household:1635L*94%*4=6148L/month Average grey water per household after purification:6148L*60%=3689L/month Per household grey water can support agriculture area:23m2

Growing fruits brings income/save expenses up to R$450/m2/Year Growing vegetable brings income/saves expenses up to R$370/m2/Year Growing flower brings income R$520/m2/Year

Temporary Storage

Handicraft Vendor

Fruits Vendor

Gender equity market VALVE FOR SUNNY DAY VALVE FOR RAIN DAY

A coconutchip biofilter can help purify greywater. Kitchen sink water flows through the system, leaving food and grease behind. Chickens eat food particles in the upper coconutchip layers. When the drainage slows, the top layer of woodchips are replaced, old chips go in a compost bin where worms, centipedes, ants, bacteria, and other soil critters decompose food particles further. Bugs reproduce in the drum, provideing high-protein food for the chickens, and, after the woodchips decompose, provide fertilizer for plants.

Drip irrigations systems are typically 90% efficient, as compared to sprinkler systems which are 75% efficient. Water savings can be as high as 50% and crop yields can be increased by up to 40%.A lowcost drip system is available at a cost less than 150 INR and can cover a plot of 20 m2 for household scale.

Market day

Gallery day

Gallery day

Market day

This is an adaptation of an ancient method of irrigation. It uses the porous nature of clay pots to allow osmotic pressure to suck the water into the soil where it is needed. People use beautiful fired pots called Olla with a narrow neck buried in the soil.

Other Considerations: Discrimination against women in Indian society is a process rooted in Indian religious culture, which has been continuously extended and strengthened in the long history. It is a severe and complex social problem. My approach is a political approach to planning and design. My project cannot realize women to be as free as men in the community, but it can bring women into spaces where they didn't exist before or felt they had no right to exist. In order to achieve the maximum benefits of the project, there are several additional recommendations in the design and implementation process: 1. Women participate in the whole process of project design, decision-making, construction and maintenance; 2. Family-based mobilization activities within the community to ensure the broad participation of women; 3. Active participation of local women's rights organizations; 4. Government policies and laws safeguarding women's rights should be constantly improved.

•Easy Setup •Local Construction •Flexible Installation •Simple Transport

Women-only re-education center Rainwater Harvest System Outdoor Class

•Pest control •Crop propagation •Crop cultivation •Guidance of irrigation and compost system

Water tank

Indoor Class

•Literacy education •Information & awareness-raising •Individual consulting •Agriculture loan

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Chen Beifei

Revive regional vitality by merging different functional blocks and establishing an energy recycling system Issues 1. In Bangalore, the construction of the city separates human activities from the natural environment. 2. Human resources move to the city center, and cities replace natural resources. 3. All the energy-flows in the existing site are one-way directional and isolated, and the energy has been lost throughout the process.

space more powerful. The reduction in transportation costs between research, production, processing, and retail will help to build a better local economy. On the one hand, an energy recylcing system can improve the way of urban life, redefine the existing landscape and diversify it. On the other hand, the actual feeling brought by the well-circulated urban ecological environment can arouse people’s motivation to think and change. By creating a new, ever-changing landscape model, the landscape is productive and at the same time integrates people into the site.

dynamic characteristics is a flexible machine with strong resistance to change. In contrast, a single use, the passive landscape is resource consumption, but contemporary production landscapes can generate resources.

In the overall design, I include municipal ecological facilities such as green infrastructure, public green spaces, food processing, and distribution centers. It creates a closed loop that reconnects the energy, food, water, ecological and economic systems that were initially separated. In addition to planting strategies, recycling strategies include energy production and waste management. The energy flow is divided into four parts: manufacturing, transportation, The mixed-use of land and the change of land structure enable us consumption and recycling. They are arranged in the form of blocks, Based on the above analysis of the problem and related to the to respond to future challenges by creating an elastic venue that causing interactions to create a circular energy flow. topic of urban agriculture, I believe that it is necessary to establish will not be damaged by future changes. A productive place with a demonstration area with good energy flow and practical benefits. Productive landscapes are based on a mix of uses that support each other to create a harmonious space. I want to get rid of the separation of the landscape and imagine a combination of all methods, in the Ideal Situation city, where the current partition is very much present. This change will reduce the distance for the cycle to be completed and make the - collaborative site - ecological circular system - increase interest in argriculture - new technology - new job oppotunities - resilience - self-sufficient

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At the same time, it gives meaning to the entertainment and education of the whole region. Through the introduction of high-tech agricultural science and technology, it stimulates people’s curiosity and exploration psychology. Through the establishment of community farms, farm restaurants, and agricultural products markets, it attracts the participation of ordinary families and infiltrates the ecological education into people’s In daily leisure activities.

Chen Beifei Master plan

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Chen Beifei Farm land area: 50,730 m2 Total output: 10,661 kg/year India major crops output data: rice: 2,800 kg/ha wheat: 2,400 kg/ha coarse cereals: 2,600 kg/ha pulses: 730 kg/ha Greenhouse area: 4,920 m2; 15 kg/m2/year Total output: 75,000 kg/year

Pasture capibility: 11,680 m2 cow: 300 area: 2,000 m2 meat: 31,200 kg milk: 183,724 tons/year sheep/goat: 200 area: 300 m2 meat: 2,400 kg milk: 3.285 tons/ year poultry: 700 area: 300 m2 meat: 910 kg eggs: 161,000/year India livestock ratio: cow:sheep (goat):pig:poultry=3:2:0.1:7

Public space: 10 hectares Comfort per capita green are: 9 m2 Capacity of human: 10,000 Community garden area: 6,500 m2 Aquaponic system area: 7,500 m2

India’s per capita food needs include 158kg/year crops, 68kg/year vegetables, 5kg/year meat, 3kg/year eggs, and 108kg/year milk. The restaurant capacity: 100 people, area of market: 1500m2, number of shops: 50.

Key map

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1

2

Chen Beifei

65

AGE vinamra agarwal

Intergenerational CENTER FOR LEARNING Old Yelahanka is one of the oldest towns in Bangalore. It was the agricultural hub, but due to urbanization, it has transformed into a high-density urban fabric. First, this has led to a generational gap in the society as the younger population migrates to other cities for economic benefits and opportunities leaving the older generation. Second, due to the scarcity of agricultural land, people have to import food from nearby towns and cities to fulfill their needs.

Age distribution

Strategies related to the proposed intervention include: • Center for learning infused with agricultural technologies such as traditional farming, aquaponics, hydroponics, rooftop and vertical farming, and animal husbandry • Yelahanka ‘Haat’ - Communal recreational spaces for events, food festivals and much more

Possible solutions-integrating

24%

36%

During the community survey, the data suggested that many people were interested in agricultural activities but due to the scarcity of land, lack of awareness, and insufficient funds they are unable to participate in agriculture-related occupations. Various studies have shown the benefits of intergenerational learning: 10-30 YEAR children and elderly work better together to create a cohesive learning environment. There is a need to educate and make people aware Design matrix of new agricultural technologies that require less space and have a high yield, as well as blur the generational gap in the society. ‘To connect inter-generation by cohesive learning through the integration of different farming methods and recreation.’

Decrease in agricultural land

40%

31-60 YEAR

61 & ABOVE E DU C AT IO N

P AS S IVE R E C R E AT IO N

INT E R G E NE R AT IO N P AR T IC IP AT IO N

AQ U AP O NIC S

NO T E S

INTEGRATING BOTH

HY DR O P O NIC S T R ADIT IO NAL F AR M ANIMAL HU S B ANDR Y

FISH, MILK & EGGS

C O MMU NIT Y G AR DE NS

COMMUNITY WELLBEING

E DIB L E G AR DE N DYE INDUSTRY

F L O W E R G AR DE N F R U IT G AR DE N P L ANT T HE P ADDY

RESTORE THE HERITAGE

F IS H P O ND

NATURAL AQUAPONICS

R O O F T O P F AR M

FUTURE FARM

Y E L AHANK A ‘HAAT ’

SELLING OF SURPLUS

Intergenerational activities Intergenerational activities increase cooperation and interaction across generations. It involves sharing of skills, knowledge and experience between old and young. In the table shown, there are a few of the activities which young and old people like to do and how these activities can be integrated with the spaces. This type of program will help establish a connection between generations creating a cohesive learning environment.

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AC T IVE R E C R E AT IO N

Y O UNG

INTE GR ATING

OLD

RUNNING

PATHWAYS

WALKING

CATCHING

FARM WITH BUTTERFLY CATCHING PLANTS

GARDENING

LEARNING

EDIBLE GARDEN + CULINARY EDUCATION

TEACHING

PLAY

RECREATION + SITTING SPACE

RELAX

UP AND DOWN

ACTIVITY SPACE FOR BOTH

SIMPLE EXERCISE

NOISY

BUFFER SPACES

QUIET

EVENING

MULTI-USE SPACES

DAY

EAT

EDIBLE GARDENS

COOK

ACTIVE RECREATION

RECRETIONAL ZONES

PASSIVE RECREATION

BUTTERFLIES

vinamra agarwal Traditional versus Aquaponics

Traditional farming is a linear, soil-based agricultural system which requires a lot of resources for output. It requires a lot of land to produce vegetable and crops. This agricultural system is the most economical way to grow, but in the future due to the lack of land because of urbanization, traditional farming will not be an ideal system to grow food products. Aquaponics is an innovative closed-loop farming system which helps to grow vegetables and fishes cohesively. This system requires six times less space and 90% less water to grow vegetables. An aquaponic system can be expensive to set up, but the cost can be recovered overtime. Aquaponics is the future of farming in urban areas as it is a portable option to grow food.

Proposed site

POTENTIAL SITE 1

Easy Accessibility High contour Level (+3000 from lake water level) Access to Lakefront Natural habitat - Pond and vegetation Walkable to School

SITE AREA : 17400 SQ.M (4.3 ACRE) POND AREA : 600 SQ.M (1080 M3) 67

vinamra agarwal

1 : INTERGENERATIONAL LEARNING DETAIL 1:DETAIL INTERGENERATIONAL LEARNING PLAN Plan

CONCEPT

Vegetables

Herb & spice

RE-LEARN • • • •

New Technologies Importance of food Growing symbiotic systems Community engagement

REAP • • • •

Food Flowers Extensive knowledge Economic benefits

RESTITUTE • • • •

Ginger

Turmeric

Parsley

Basil

Tomato

Broccoli

Cabbage

Onions

Chili

Rosemary

Kokam

Curry Leaf

Peas

Potato

Spinach

Beans

PB\ GINGER PB\ TURMERIC PARSLEY, BASIL, MINT COMPOST MANURE

Give back to nature Biodiversity Self-sustained ecosystems Interdependent systems

PB\ CURRY LEAVES CHILI, CORRIANDER, KOKAM

LAKE LAKEFRONT PATHWAY

F\ MARIGOLD

STAGE

RESTING SPACE W/ ACTIVITIES

CULINARY CLASS COMPOST BOX SAPLING PLANT

F\ BLACK-EYED SUSAN, DAHLIA, SUNFLOWER, INDIGO

PB\ POTATO PB\ CORN PB\ BEANS PB\ ONION, CARROT

PB\ ROSE PB\ ROSEmary DIY GROUND RESTING SPACE W/ ACTIVITIES dye Flowers

INTERGENERATIONAL CENTER FOR LEARNING Master plan

PB\ TOMATO PB\ BROCCOLI, PEAS

Indigo

Dahlia

Rose

Sunflower

Zone (Detail B) RestingResting Zone (Detail 2)

Marigold

DIY GROUND

Black-eyed susan

DETAIL 1: INTERGENERATIONAL LEARNING SECTION Section

Plant the Paddy Plant the Paddy

Path 3500

Green 5200

Path 2400

Gazebo 6000

Learning Zone 9000

Play Zone 4200

Class Area 12500

Lakefront 6400

Lake

Pond Pond

Traditional Farm Husbandry | ANIMAL HUSBANDRY Traditional Farm | Animal Intergenerational Learning Farm Intergenerational Learning Farm (Detail 1) (Detail A) Lakefront Lakefront PathwayPathway Proposed Building Proposed Building • Labs • Labs • conference | CLASSROOMS • Conference roomsrooms | Classrooms • Roof top farm (aquaponics) • Roof top farm (aquaponics)

Recreational learning zone

Pedestrian Entrance Pedestrian Entrance ExistingExisting School School

DETAIL 1: INTERGENERATIONAL LEARNING PERSPECTIVE Recreational Zone Zone Recreational

Community Community GardenGarden

Perspective Edible Garden Resting | Reading

Play with plants Dye plants| Butterfly Garden

Potted Plants

Culinary Class

Compost Manure

Commercial Aquaponics Commercial Aquaponics Vehicular EntranceEntrance Vehicular ParkingPARKING Yelahanka ‘Haat’ ‘Haat’ Yelahanka • Farmer’s MarketMARKET • FARMER’S Festivals • Food • FOOD FESTIVALS • Recreational Activities • RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES • Nursery • NURSERY • OPEN-AIR AMPHITHEATER • Open-air Amphitheater Rail

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Rail

7

Lakefront Pathway

Lake

DETAIL 2 : RESTING ZONE | PLANT THE PADDY

vinamra agarwal

Integrated farming system

DETAIL 2: RESTING ZONE | PLANT THE PADDY PLAN

Plan

Integrated farming system FRUIT PEELS USED TO MAKE COMPOST AND FLOWERS USED TO MAKE DYES

MANGO TREES STONE PATHWAY

OUTDOOR AQUAPONIC SYSTEM TO GROW PADDY CROP

TRADITIONAL FARM COMPOST

LIVESTOCK (ORGANIC FERTILIERS)

COMMERCIAL AQUAPONICS (ORGANIC FISH FEED FROM FARM) COMPOST

manure

ROOFTOP GREENHOUSE FARM (AQUAPONIC SYSTEM) COMPOST

PROD

APPLE TREES Mango Tree

LAKE

RESTING SPACE

• • • • • • • •

LAKEFRONT MULBERRY TREE

PADDY FIELDS

BIOTOPES

Apple Tree

FISH POND

CLEANSING WETLAND ELEVATED PATHWAY PADDY FIELDS

Veg He Ric Flo Fru Mil Eg Ma

Mulberry Tree

PEDESTRIAN PATH

Paddy Crop

DETAIL 2: RESTING ZONE | PLANT THE PADDY SECTION Section

11

Biotope Rail 9000

Path 3500

Cart Path 3500 1500

Green 5200

Path 2400

Gazebo 6000

Pathway 7200

Learning Zone 9000

Path

Cleansing Wetland 2000 3000

Fish Pond 12200

Play Zone 4200

Class Area 12500

Elevated Bridge 2400

1500

Paddy 5150

Paddy 5150

Lakefront 6200

Lake

Lake

Lakefront 6400

Yelahanka 2030

Yelahanka 2030 Paddy crops - Outdoor Aquaponics System

Fruit Garden Dye Garden

Edible Garden

Dye Flowers Herb Garden Recreational Space

Community Garden

Aquaponic Farm Animal Husbandry | Traditional Farm

Edible Garden

Intergenerational Center for learning

12

Stakeholders Government

BBMP

Politicians

Policy makers

NGO

Local leaders

School

Teachers

Donors

Foundations

Corporate donors

Producer

Community

Students

Ag Organizations

Farmer’s Market

Quality Control Board

Nutritionist

Businessman

Community Students

Parents Parents

Farmers

Community Food System Food Labs

Researchers INDUSTRIAL AREA

69

16

The rise in organic home gardening is an act of taking back control of Bangalore urbanites’ food intake, bypassing commercial agriculture. (Images sourced from “Oota From Your Thota� Facebook page.) Site selection

Calendar of crops & recreational programs Inserting relevant programs in between crop cycles enables the offering of both crops and programs to vary throughout the year. So visitors get varied experiences and surprises with every visit.

’‹…‡ ‘—�†‹�‰

Yelahanka is a peri-urban town which serves as a gateway between the rural north and the urban south. This is an accessible location for Bangalore urbanites who seek a convenient getaway from the bustling city, and brings commercial agriculture closer to the urban centre.

Sowing

ƒ•Š ”‘’• šŠ‹„‹–‹‘�

Site analysis: effects of rapid urbanisation

ƒ”˜‡•–‹�‰

‹†nj ‡ƒ•‘Â?

‘„ƒ……‘

‹•—ƒŽ ”–‹•– ‡•‹†‡�…‹‡•

’‹—� š–”ƒ…–‹‘� ‡�‘�•–”ƒ–‹‘�

‘––‘�

—‰ƒ” ”‘…‡••‹�‰ ‡�‘�•–”ƒ–‹‘�

—�‰ ‡ƒ� ‘”•‡ ”ƒ� ”‹•–Ž‡ ”ƒ•• ��‡” Š‡ƒ– ƒ”Ž‡› ‹��ƒ�‘� Žƒ…� ‡’’‡” —‰ƒ”…ƒ�‡ ’‹—� ‘’’› �†‹‰‘

Spice ‘—�†‹�‰

ƒ�‹�‰ ‡�‘�•–”ƒ–‹‘�

This project provides an escape from hectic urban lifestyles to a gastronomic experience at the peri-urban town of Yelahanka. It is a place where the course of a meal is more than just a destination, but a cultural-historical journey. Crop cycles and recreational programs are closely integrated, so visitors can look forward to fresh experiences throughout the year as programs change with the seasonality of crops. This also enables history to be lively and relevant to Bangalore urbanites of today. The journey also acquaints them with a more accessible and trustworthy food preparation process, serving as a potential solution to the conflicting practices.

Strategies 1. Generate surprise by offering food and recreational programs that vary all year round. 2. Present these offerings as a gastronomic journey. 3. Make commercial food production more personal to Bangalore urbanites.

Farmer’s Market

Among Bangalore urbanites, organic home gardening is gaining popularity due to a growing distrust of commercial food production systems. Bangalore urbanites are also foodies who do not just take food for subsistence, but also indulge in the pleasures of dining out. However, these are conflicting practices, because organic home farming is an act of gaining control of food preparation, while gastronomy entrusts the preparation of food to others.

Rise in organic home gardening

ƒ––Ž‡ ‡––‹�‰ ‘‘

Food Travels: Integrating Trustworthy Food Intake with the Joys of Gastronomy

Toh Zi Gui

‡…”‡ƒ–‹‘�ƒŽ

Existing site conditions

70

‘™‹�‰

‹†nj ‡ƒ•‘Â?

ƒ”˜‡•–‹�‰

”‘‰”ƒ�•

–‡’™‡ŽŽ ĆŹ ’‡Â? ’ƒ…‡

‰”‹nj ‡•‡ƒ”…Š ƒ„

š‹•–‹�‰ ™ƒ�’ ‘ƒ”†™ƒŽ�

‡† ĆŹ ”‡ƒÂ?ˆƒ•–

Ž‘”ƒŽ ’ƒ

‘ƒ– ‹†‡ ĆŹ ‡Â?–ƒŽ

‡††‹�‰ ‡�—‡

Ž‘”ƒŽ ’ƒ

Š‡ƒ– ƒ‹œ‡ ‡”‘’‘�‹…• ›†”‘’‘�‹…•

Ž‘”ƒŽ ’ƒ

Urbanisation is a cycle of effects which is spinning out of control. Rapid rural-urban migration drives housing and infrastructure demand, leading to unsustainable outgrowth of the city. Urban pollution eventually encroaches rural lands, leading to growing distrust of commercial agricultural processes.

The site occupies leftover space between the town and the railway. The linear site emphasises the sense of journey undertaken by visitors. Existing site conditions include a railway station, leftover strip of land, small emtpy fields, a swamp, a lake, and a step-pool which is still under construction.

ƒ”‹‰‘Ž† ‘•‡ ‹„‹•…—• ƒ•�‹�‡ ƒ”�ƒ–‹‘� ‘…‘�—– —–�‡‰ ƒ�‰‘ Šƒ›‘–‡

Toh Zi Gui

Historic timeline

detail plan

detail plan Baking Demonstration

Marigold fields (1:200@a2)

Bristle Grass

Emmer Wheat

Marigold & Spa Pods

Mung Bean

Railway Station

Park Connector

Stables Horse Gram

Mango Plantation

Iron-age field (1:500@a2)

Masterplan

detail plan High-Tech Restaurant

Step Pool

High-tech restaurant & step pool (1:200@a2)

71

Toh Zi Gui The immersive process

Visitor’s experience map

Express Park Connector Route

72

Visitors generally start at the railway station, with Iron Age themed crops and programs. Every themed zone ends with a themed restaurant, where self-harvested crops are prepared spontaneously. Every exit from a restaurant reveals a new era further down the course of history. Therefore, the visitor experiences a total of six eras from past to a possible future, experiencing varied recreational activities depending on the time of the year, and taking in a 6-course meal in the process.

Toh Zi Gui Iron-age fields

Marigold fields and spa pods

sHIFTING sEASONS; sHIFTING cROPS

High-tech restaurant & step-pool/open space

sHIFTING pROGRAMS; sHIFTING eXPERIENCES

73

Eingeel Jafar Khan Re: weave - cultural revival of yelahanka old town through injecting tourism as a booster Strategy 1 Connecting the disjointed patch matrix system of Historically known as the city of gardens, lakes, and culture, Bangalore, while moving towards rapid urbanization, has been adopting a more Yelahanka through corridors of edible landscape along wth waste management global outlook. The multicultural Indian city has had a lifestyle deeply rooted in its religious context where in the places of worship became (AUGMENT ECOLOGY) the main nodes of social and economic activities. But amidst this shift, a question that needs pondering is whether Bangalore is losing touch with its cultural roots?

Strategy 2

Strategy 3

Creating active open spacesand small open spaces at various pause points for varied residents

Weaving the three cultural elements of Yelahanka together: Religious + Weavers + Agriculture ecosystems

(AUGMENT SOCIABILITY)

(AUGMENT ECONOMY THROUGH TOURISM)

The old town of Yelahanka in Bangalore is gearing towards the same kind of shift. Known for its surrounding foodscapes of paddy, rice, millet, guava and grapes among other crops, Yelahanka is also known as the Manchester of Bangalore. Being a traditional place for weavers, the silk handloom industry has been the lifeline of the people for over two centuries and is also presently carried out in the North areas of Kamakshamma layout, Agrahara layout, Kogilu and Chowdeshwari layout. Integrating these tangible and intangible facets of the cultural ecosystem of Yelahanka while ecologically and economically reviving the neighbourhood is the main challenge. The old inter-generation resident families of the place miss their connection with agriculture and the lakefront while the weavers complained of their long working hours inside the homes devoid of any recreational open space nearby for small work breaks. They Planting palette miss the olden ways of saree making where in parts of the weaving Agriculture process used to be carried out in semi-open and open lands and Food Religious (dyeing, drying and reeling threads). The community survey and onsite mapping also revealed that the religious places were the main hubs of social and economic activities, with most of the people going to them either once a day or frequently in a week--for worship, Mango Peepal for social gathering, or for buying merchandise from stalls nearby. Hence, it was evident that Yelahanka as a neighbourhood has all these three factors as the backbone of its socio-cultural-economic fabric.

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My design strategies are aimed at the ecological, cultural and economic revival of the place through augmenting biodiversity, socio-cultural relations, and local tourism; each building upon each other as part of a big system. For the first sphere of ecology, I aim to introduce the circular lifecycle design process wherein the source to end waste product is produced and utilized at site. The flower waste produced from the places of worship would be utilized in the dyeing process of the weaving industry along with other eco-dyeing crops grown in Yelahanka, and the coconut shell waste produced would be utilized in making craft products from the coir. Creating active open spaces and various pause points for residents and working weavers in conjunction with existing nodes of religious places is aimed at the second core sphere of culture and society. The last strategy of augmenting local tourism through weaving the three cultural elements of Yelahanka together, namely weavers, agriculture and the religious ecosystem is aimed at the third core sphere of economics.

Process

Dyeing

Brown

Fennel

Tamarind

Henna

Yellow

Turmeric

Mango Bark

Marigold

Coconut

Neem

Orange

Turmeric

Carrot

Marigold

Banana

Bael

Green

Guava

Chamomile

Nettle

Weavers + Religious hubs + Vacant lands

Giving functions based on 3 ecosystems and connecting them through a trail

Weaving Religious Agricultural

Ragi

Basil

Red

Hibiscus

Henna

Paddy

Jasmine

Purple

Grapes

Mulberry

Millet

Marigold

Blue

Indigo

Beetroot

Further diving the functions into detailed zones under each ecosystem

Eingeel Jafar Khan Masterplan

Legend

1. Parking and Service Centre 2. Gateway towards weaver settlement 3. Weaving History 4. Mulbery Plantation 5. Silk Rearing 6. Tea Break at Religious Centre 1 7. Jasmine flower Farm 8. Marigold and Hibiscus Farm 9. Flower waste centre at Religious Centre 2 10. Paddy, Millet and Ragi Farms 11. Grapes Farms

12. Vegetable Farms 13. Guava grove +Farm to Table 14. Central workshop for dyeing and weaving 15. Coconut+ Banana plantation + Coir Products Centre 16. Mango Orchard 17. Indigo Farms 18. Religious Centre 3 with ancient Kalyani 19. Herb Garden

15 16

13

17 11 18

12 10 14

19 9 8

3

4

6

7

5

2

1

10M

110M

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Wayfinding elements

Signage

detail plan

Break point 1 and flower waste centre

Trail Material: Permeable stone paving

Seating under Tree

Pergola for drying Dyed Raw Silk and Rain Shelter

Peepal Tree (Ficus religiosa) Permeable stone paving Flower Waste Centre

Mango Tree (Mangifera indica)

Planter with seating beneath tree

Existing Temple

Flower Farms (Jasmine, Marigold and Hibiscus)

Water well for dyeing raw silk

Signage

Breakout Point 1

Seating for interaction between weavers and visitors

Central workshop cum demonstration area Pergola for Drying cum Reeling of threads

Kalyani like open air theatre cum exhibition area

Weaving Workshop Block

Flower and Tea vendors

0

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Vendor Stall

detail plan

Legend

Eco- cultural Trail (colored permeable stone paving

Touch Smell See

Key Map

Seating along trail

Neem Tree (Azadirachta indica)

Touch See

Herb garden

Touch See

Taste Smell Hear See

Agricultural Plantations

See

Food Farms

Touch Smell See

Flower Waste Centre at Religious Centre 2

Hear

Taste Smell Hear See

Flower Farms

See

Tea-Snack break at Religious Centre 1

See

Silk Rearing

Mulbery Plantation

Hear

Weaving History

Weaver’s Settlement

Tourism will act as a booster to Yelahanka, pushing forward the revival process wherein the tourists from downtown and the larger region come to sensorially experience the inter-connected religiousweaving-agriculture ecosystem, and in turn be educated about the various processes involved.

Gateway to Settlement

tourism with its elements as a tool for revival

Farm to Table Restaurant

Sensorial Experience along the Trail

Eingeel Jafar Khan

10M 20M

Eco-dyeing Workshop

Water well for eco- Seating area Parking dyeing of raw silk for weavers

Retail Shops

Entrance Foyer

Admin Block

Visiting Weavers’ Housing

Eingeel Jafar Khan

Food Farms: Grapes Plantation during Fruiting Season

一䌀䔀 吀䠀刀伀唀䜀䠀 䜀刀䄀倀䔀匀 倀䰀䄀一吀䄀吀䤀伀一

䔀堀倀䔀刀䤀䔀一䌀䔀 吀䠀刀伀唀䜀䠀 倀䄀䐀䐀夀 䘀䄀刀䴀匀 䐀唀刀䤀一䜀 䠀䄀刀嘀䔀匀吀 匀䔀䄀匀伀一 Silk Rearing Centre with all

Flower Waste Centre at Religious Centre 2 with all stages of eco- dye process

圀䄀匀吀䔀 䴀䄀一䄀䜀䔀䴀䔀一吀 䄀吀 刀䔀䰀䤀䜀䤀伀唀匀 䌀䔀一吀刀䔀 ㈀

Annual Kargah Festival at Religious Centre 4 near lake and ancient Kalyani

Food Farms: Paddy Farms during Harvesting Season

stages of Sericulture

匀䤀䰀䬀 刀䔀䄀刀䤀一䜀 娀伀一䔀 Farm to Table Restaurant in midst of farms

77

Dong Yitong

Continuous Productive Urban Landscape (cpul) in Yelahanka Issue Statement

What is needed: Improve people's awareness. Restoration and protection of the ecosystem.

78

How to do it: Build green space system. Community garden as medium.

Linear park near the railway

Dong Yitong

1

Master Plan

Continuous: Linear park (for green space and community garden) Productive: Community gardens for residents

2

2

Linear park near the lake

3

1

Irrigation

Continuous: Linear park (lake water for irrigation) Productive: Community gardens for residents

Linear park along the road

3

4 4

Productive: Sunday market (promotion effect)

79

Current situation

Dong Yitong detail plan

Little fingers Phase 1: Full use of vacant land

Functional zone

Interconnectivity

Cow gathering area

80

Half-closed vacant land & connection

Small area vacant land

Half-closed vacant land near the street

Connection with linear park

Typical types of vacant land

1

Main S

treet

Dong Yitong

3

Use building facedes for vertical garden

Design process

Comm

unity

2

4

Phase 2: Green corridor

Feed the cows: Kind behavior

Phase 3: Green corridor & roof gardens

81

Li Ziheng

Orchard

Mainly responsible for supply of plant dyes; the garden primarily produces fruits and vegetables that can be made into vegetable dyes

Cotton Field

Flower Garden

Mainly provides cotton, so that visitors can have a better understanding of the raw materials of the fabric. The cotton produced here can be used in the workshop

Mainly responsible for supply of plant dyes, flowers such as tulips and morning glorys are very good natural dyes after treatment. At the same time, it can provide an excellent experience for tourists.

Central Workshop

An area for various textile activities. Visitors can learn about the extraction of vegetable dyes, the coloring of fabrics, and the making of fabrics. These paid activities can also promote and increase the income of local residents.

Herb Garden

Mainly responsible for supply of vegetable dyes. Many herbs have great potential for use in dyeing, which enables tourists to learn more medical knowledge while visiting.

Water Treatment 82

Mainly used to purify the pollutants produced in the process of dye production

Although Eco-Dyeing, the process of dye production will use a small amount of chemical agent to improve the color of the dye durability. The lightly polluted water needs to be treated.

Mulberry-base pond

Mulberry trees were planted in large Numbers to guarantee the production of silk, and fish were raised in the fishponds. Tourists could do all kinds of waterloving activities such as fishing.

4

Li Ziheng

3 5

1

6

11 2 10

9 7 1. Entrance 2. Shopping Area 3. Agriculture Walk 4. Orchard 5. Tea Garden 6. Muibberry-base Pond 7. Dock 8. Watching Tower 9. Textile-history Walk 10. Central Workshop 11. Purification Stream 12. Glass Cover Street 13. Flower Garden 14. Lake Walk 15. Herb Garen

8

15

12

13

N 14

40m

80m

120m

160m

83

Li Ziheng

Plant selection for dyeing

84

The choice of plants is very important. Apart from cotton and mulberry trees, which provide fabrics, other plants selected can be used for dyes. The roots, leaves, stems, fruits/peels, and petals of these plants can be used as natural dyes. Also, plants should be chosen for their agricultural qualities, such as apple trees: the fruits can be eaten and the flowers can be used as dyes, making them ideal for growing in fields.

Li Ziheng

85

radha waykool

Interlake - Amplifying The Strength Of Connection Between Community And Yelahanka Lake By Amalgmation Of Productive And Ecological Landscapes

Fences as a better social enclave Less Defensive

In between understanding the lake series developed throughout Bangalore, the system of lakes helped to know why and how they were built for rich landscape assisting socio-economic aspects. The primary purpose of the lake series faded away with the development of the lake city, creating barriers and destructing the lake series. Even though the authorities tried to keep the buffers for a revival of this lake series the sense of belonging to the lake has mostly diminished. That’s why the part of the design was redefining these boundaries and utilising them to nurture the whole lake series of Bangalore and set up an example to follow. Existing Chain Link Fence

Why Fence?

Aesthetics

Living Fence

Durability

Fin Fence

Maintainance

Though rapid urbanization was taking over such significant features in the town, Yelahanka lake and the stories told by the communities The BDA states that fencing is a crucial aspect in protection and preservation of water bodies. maintained to trace the importance of Yelahanka lake within the community, which inspired me to come up with an intervention that reframes the past by linking the city to the lake and surrounds. The lake served the community for cultural and economic reasons in the past, and the challenge was reintroducing the lost bond with a new expression to engage present and future generations. The strategies revolve around giving access, the original purpose by building and activating edges and sharing the resources to build community. 75M Buffer As A Green Corridor

Green Corridors

86

Instead of no construction bufferzones making the green buffer orridors providing guidelines for natural remediation techniques according to the context of the lake series

Available Green Buffer Enchroachment Bicycle Track Achievable Buffer

Accesibility Understanding the proposed landuse plan introducing entry points for better accesibility of fenced zones of the series. Proposing bicycle track connecting the lake series of bangalore for awareness as well as better connectivity to lake system

Production

Security

Interactive Fence

Remediative

Shared Fence

Policy building Green Buffer Enchroachment Bicycle Track Achievable Green Buffer For Productive Landscape

Sharing The Buffer Zones Proposing areas for transfers of ownership right to authority. Leasing the land in the buffer zone to public private partnership program where land can be distributed among communities creating opportunities to produce and maintain the buffer zone.

Past conditions : A Multi crop farming

radha waykool

1 Heal Heal With Nature: Remediate The Eco-Sociological Values Of The Lake

Activate Activating The Edge: Introducing Better Access And Identity To The Place

2

Build Build The Productive Landscape: Reframing The Past Of The System To Restructure The Present For Better And Sustainable Future

Share Fraction For Everyone: Managing The Produce For Social And Ecological Balance

Past conditions : B Urban influence Decline in farming activity

3 Circulation Path Proposed Entry Point Existing Entry Point

Accesibilty And Circulation

14 4

3

5 2

13 12

Community/Cultural Segment Ecological Segment Buffer Segment

6

Proposed phase 1 : D 5-6 Years Phytoremediation to extract contamination and improve soil quality for productivity Creating green buffers to purify the surface runoff from surroundings

Zoning

5 7

Proposed phase 2 : E 2-3 Years Post extraction process using the land for production

11 Legend 1.Constructed wetland 2.Kalyani with view points 3.Food forest with guilds 4.Farm pockets 5.Productive ghats 6.Fruit orchard 7.Activity zone 8.Information centre 9.Reserved vegetation 10.Flower zone and nursery 11.Jetty 12.Community zone 13.Linkway 14.Trail through food forest

Present conditions : C Unorganized development Encroachment Gated lake area High contaminated soil and ground water

8

10

Wetland

9

Multi Mechanism Buffer/Mat Sub Surface Wetland Degradation Bosque

Proposed phase 3 : F 1-2 Year Planting fast growing + nitrogen fixing trees to increase soil quality And again using for production

Extraction Plot Floating Islands

0M

150M

450M

Master Plan

Storm Water Filter +Living Fence

Remediation techniques

87

radha waykool

Program

1

Heal

2

Activate

Build

Share

3

8

Community Nodes Pavillions Community Kitchen Nursery Storage Productive Ghats Kalyani

13

Stakeholders

9

Yield Nodes Community Farm Shared Farm Pockets Flower Farms Floating Farms Productive Screens Nursery Seed Banks

Ecological Nodes Constructed Wetlands Remediative Buffers Strom Water Filter Living Fence

Ownership and Managnent of the tanks GOVERNMENT

Finance

Floral

Private Organisations

Policy Lake BBMP Development BDA Authority Forestry Department

NGOs

11

4

12

Residence

Land Availability Opportunities

Housing Board

COMMUNITY MEET UPS

10

COMMUNITY LEADERS

5

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT GROUP

PPP

COMMUNITY

SHIELDING THE LAKE SERIES BANGALORE

FISHERMEN

OWNERSHIP RIGHTS WITH SOCIAL CREDITS

FARMERS AND GRAZERS

Experience

7

FARM POCKETS

Aspiration

FARM LANDS

14 Skills

MANAGEMENT

CONSTRUCTION

Economy Generator

ACCESS TO FISHING

INVITING

Techniques

Companion Planting

INTRODUCING SOCIAL CREDITS

Engagement Enhancement

FOOD FOREST

Educational

LAKE MANAGEMENT COMMITEE 4-6 GUARDS 2 LAKE MANAGERS

KEY PLAN

7

6 Floating Farms

Legend 1. Community gathering space 2. Farm cafe 3. Farm box garden 4. Pavillions 5. Floral fragments 6. Vegetable patch 7. Shared farme space 0m

Detail Plan

2.5m

8. Community fruit orchard 9. Legumeous edge 10. Productive ghats 11. Floating farms 12. Aquatic vegetation zone 13. Water wheel 14. Linkway

7.5m

Material Palette

Framework For Floating Farms

Bamboo

88

Experiential Nodes Food Forest Trail Bird Watching Points Boardwalks Linkway Soft Green Edges Activity Zones

Within Lake Site Stage 1 5-6 Years Grow

Employment For Community Stage 2 1-2Years Build

Produce And Share Stage 3 1-2Years

Jute Rope

Compost

Cowdung

Jute

Productive Edge

Ecological edge

radha waykool

Interactive edge

Tool Box

D

F

E

A

I C

A

B

C

D

E

F

H

G

B

G

H

I

A

Pocket Farms Managed By Women Empowerment Group And Schools

B

Productive Ghats With Festive Flower Patch

C

Interactive Green Edge

D

Constructed Wetland

E

Spoteneous Vegetation Patch For Research

F

Transition Zone

G

Linkway To Connect The Opposite Edges And Settlements

H

Old Irrigation System For New Generation

I

Learning Hub

Kalyanis With New Purpose

Floating Farms As A Part Of Productive Landscape

89

Credits

Guest critics, Lecturers, & Consultants: Hwang Yun Hye, NUS Tan Puay Yok, NUS Herbert Dreiseitl, NUS guest lecturer Saurabh Gaidhani, 100 Resilient Cities Ryan Shubin, Rambol Studio Dreiseitl Helen Smith-Yao, STX Landscape Architects Henry Steed, ICN Design International We also acknolwedge the work of the students in Prof. Hwang’s studio, whom we teamed up with during the first two weeks of site analysis: Chan Wing Fai, Chen Nan, Dai Yuke, Isabel Villegas Molina, Hou Yanru, Liu Ye, Manasi Prabhudesai, Tang Mengjiao, Yang Xiaowen, Zhang Qinqin, Muhammad Rahmat Bin Khairudin, Mitali Kumar, and Elsa Sim Rui Jia A special thanks to: Dr. Annapura, Jalaposan Trust Aparna Rao, Sriganesh Rajendran, Rahul Paul, and Maithily Velangi, FICUS Rajendra Hedge, Biological Research Innovation Centre and Solutions LLP And to our knowledgable English-Kanada translators: David and Sumitra Bodapati Hithesh Shettigar, Karthik Gowda, and Nithyam Nachappa who made it possible for us to engage the residents of Yelahanka. Finally, a very special acknowledgement to the residents of Yelahanka, we were truly inspired by your community.

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