armifacsmEG,f uAsmjyyGJ
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rfwGif *kPfjyKcif;usif;onf/
xkwfa0rIrSwfwrf; jrefrmusL;ypfpmpOf uAsmyk'fa& xkwfa0jcif; xkwfa0umv tkyfa& pkpnf;ol pmtkyftjyiftqif twGif;yef;csD
; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
cspfwJYuAsm (1) 69 yk'f yxrtBudrf 2008 ckESpf? Mo*wfv uefYowfrxm; armifydk udkxuf rkwfokef
pmtkyftnTef; zdkifESifY xkwfa0 xm;aomaMumifY uGefysLwm? vufudkifzkef; ponfwdkYwGif Adobe Reader ESifY zGifYzwfEdkifonf/
rmwdum rS uAsmemrnfudk ESdyfygu? oufqdkif&m uAsmodkY a&muf½SdoGm;rnf jzpfNyD;/ uAsmtqkH;rS ]armifacsmEG,f} qdkonfY emrnfudk ESdyfygu ]rmwdum} odkY jyefa&mufvmygrnf/ puúLqdk'frSm A5 jzpfNyD;? Adobe Reader rS y&ifYxkwfvdkygu? A4 wpf½Gufvsif 2 rsufESm (Multi pages per sheet) xm;í xkwfyg/ pm½Gufudktv,frS jzwfNyD; uAsmpmtkyft½G,f pmtkyf csKyfEdkifygonf/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
2
rmwdum (u) rsufESmzHk;&nfnTef;csuf
7
(c) uAsmq&meJYyifv,f"m;jy
8
01/ vlBudKufenf;wJhaumif
11
02/ Mu,fjymav;eJY xrif;pm;NyD;wJhaemuf
18
03/ ukd,fvufoefYpifxm;wJhaeY
23
04/ yef;oD;
24
05/ yifrSnfhaw;
25
06/ ½kyf½Sif
27
07/ rpOf;pm;jcif;aowåm
28
08/ c&D;vrf;
30
09/ ig;
32
10/ uefemAm½dk&JYabmvHk;awG
33
11/ acgif;xJu 0dnmOf
34
12/ rpöwmcsmvD cifAsm;udk usKyfqGwfvdkufNyD
37
13/ jzL;
39
14/ *sHK;eD
40
15/ zsHzrf;orm;
44
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
3
16/ yef;csD
47
17/ pdwftefzwf
48
18/ toHxGufnHhnHheJY uHMur®m
50
19/ rsuf&nfppfppfawG
52
20/ t&dyfa`cGopfyif
55
21/ &efolrJhaom aeY&ufrsm;
57
22/ rrwif&JU ausmif;uav;
59
23/ rif;rkef;wJhaeY[m igtrSefw&m;udk awGU&SdwJhaeYjzpfw,f
61
24/ urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yuf
63
25/ aywdk;
65
26/ a&xJjrdKY
69
27/ NrdKUopfrdk;
71
28/ *Dw
73
29/ pufcsKyform; &efukef
74
30/ jynf
80
31/ wefzdk;
81
32/ rkqdk;
82
33/ aMuuGJrIta&mif
83
34/ taiGUysHaeU&ufrsm;
85
35/ aeUa[mif;rsm;
86
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
4
36/ aEGOD; opfoD;opfrsm;
88
37/ nDrav;rrjrifY
90
38/ igaeaumif;oGm;NyDyef;uav;a&
101
39/ jzpfcJYw,f
102
40/ cspfvSpGmaom avmu"Hw&m;
106
41/ [dkw,ff
108
42/ 0wfrIeful;Mu
109
43/ jrdKYwpfjrdKYu 0Sufxm;wJYzJcsyfrsm;
111
44/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn
113
45/ arQmfvifYjcif;xrif;odk;rsm;
117
46/ av;onfawmf0DvQHwJvf\jrm;csufrsm;
122
47/ qwfoGm;
124
48/ opömyef;rsm;eJU arv
129
49/ rpöwm'AvsLuvuf&JYrSwfwrf;t&
132
50/ armifacsmEG,ftwk
134
51/ ESvHk;om;xJudk a&roGefygeJY
137
52/ tdrf
139
53/ bk&m;ocifu aMuGtefrupm;cJYbl; igwdkYawGu aMuGtefupm;cJYw,f
140
54/ oufrJYoufao
141
55/ acguf½SmiSufuav;rsm;
143
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
5
56/ tenf;vdktrsm;pm;ajc
144
57/ tcGefawmfrJh &moDOwk
147
58/ &xm;
155
59/ aq;ppfcHwJhn
164
60/ ighukd usm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYu
166
61/ csefyD,H 'gayr,fh csefyD,H
168
62/ ewfwkdYckd;0Sufjcif;cH&wJh uAsm
170
63/ Murf;ydk;rsm;wJhtdyf&m
180
64/ txufwef;uswJha&
195
65/ ajrBuD;ay:rSm
204
66/ armifacsmEG,f&JUvufaqmif
105
67/ vufwpfbufwnf; ynm&SdaewJh naecif; 206 68/ ppftwGif;u uGJuGmoGm;wJY oli,fcsif;nDtpfudkwawG jyefawGUwJYaeY
207
69/ NyD;ygNyD
225
(*) aus;Zl;rSwfwrf;
229
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
6
rsufESmzHk;&nfnTef;csuf vlYb0rSm yifv,f"m;jywpfa,mufvdk uAsm &wemuGsef;udk &SmazGcJY uAsm&wemawG tajrmuftrsm; wl;azmfcJY? csefxm;cJYNyD;? aemuf 15 b0 uAsm&wem &SmyHkawmfc&D; qufzGifYaeOD;r,fY q&marmifacsmEG,f ... odkY
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
7
uAsmq&meJYyifv,f"m;jy urÇmajray:u wpfae&m&mrSm wpfpkHwpfck[m tNrJrSm;,Gif; aecJhygvdrfhr,f/ oabFmysufwpfpif; ay:u tdrfrufawGukd uRefawmfu pmemzkdYodcJhw,f/ tJ'DtwGufwm uRefawmf&JY aysmf&Tifjcif;awG[m aomifwifoabFmwpfpif; jzpfcJh&w,f/ ajrmufjrm; vSpGmaom rSm;,Gif;cGifhrsm;&SdcJhwJhtwGuf? uRefawmfu? armifacsmEG,fu? touf&Sifjcif;w&m;ukd txl;yJ aus;Zl;wif &SdygaMumif; azmfjyvkdufyg&ap/ bmwpfckrS tqifrajywmukda&m ? uHqkd;rI tBudrfBudrfusa&muf &wmukda&m? a&m*gykd;rTm;awG xlxyfodyfonf; aecJhwmukda&m? wpdrfhpdrfh wajrUajrUemusif NyD; qmavmif ae&wmukda&m ? ukd,fu cspfvkdufNyD; jyeftcspfcHcGifh&wm ukda&m trkef;cHvkduf &wmukda&m ? tpp pkaygif;jzpfwnf ysuf,Gif;aewJh 'Db0 wkdwkd qkdwmav;ukd txl;vIdufvSJpGm auseyfvSygw,f/ (vlom; wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf El;nHhjcif; NydKifyGJr&SdcJhwm ukdawmh uRefawmfu &,foGrf;aoG;vdk ygw,f/) aysmfcsifwJhtcsdefrSm vlwpfa,muf &oifhwJh ukd,fwm avmufyJ tcGifh&vkdvSygw,f/ tJ'Dvkdqkdjzifh ckvuf&Sd cE¨mukd,feJY b0 ukda&m? touf½Sifjcif; w&m;ukda&m? vlawG&JUuyfyg;ykd; qkdwm ukda&m? uRefawmfu 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om BudKqkdvkduf ygaMumif; / t&uf? w&m;"r®? trSm;t,Gif;? umr*kPf? &efol? rdwfaqG? trSefw&m;? &kd;om;rI? cspfjcif;arwåm? uRef;opf? NrdKU&Gm? EkdifiH? aerif;BuD; ? vrif;jzLjzL? ckdjyma&mif Mu,fuav;rsm;eJY? jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
8
aiGpHyg,f aq;ayghvdyfuav;rsm;ukdvnf; txl;yJ aus;Zl;wif &SdvSygw,f/ q,fhajcmuf(16)atmifp tav;csdef&SdwJh vlom;&JY tonf;ESvkH;[m wpfaeYukd tBudrfaygif;wpfodef; wdwd ckefcsuf½Sdw,fvkdY aq;bufqkdif&m usrf;awGuqkdw,f/ vlwpf a,muf&JY wpfaeYwm ESvkH;ckefcsuf[m tBudrfwpfodef; ckefcsuf &Sdygw,f qkdwJh txufyg qkdvkdcsufukd uRefawmf vufcH ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh uRefawmfh tvkdt&awmh tBudrf wpfodef;wdwd ckefcsuf[m xdcsufwpfcsuf rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ tckduf"mwf wpfck rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ ckdufxdcsuf wpfcsufr&Ekdifbl;? NyD;awmh xdcsuf wpfcsuf[mvJ arSmfom;"mwf rap;uyfEkdif? ryg0ifEkdifjyefbl;/ tzdwftpOf &Sdovkd arSmfom;txltyg;vJ uGJoGm;Ekdif ygao;w,f/ xm;ygawmh? xdcsuf wpfcsufvJ jzpfcJhNyD/ tckduf "mwfvJ jzpfcJhNyD? arSmfom;vJ yg0ifcJhNyDqkd&ifawmh tJ'g[m tEkynmyJ?uAsmyJ? tppf&wemyJaygh? eD0gjympdrf;awG uGJEkdifyg&Jh? ta&mifuGJjym;rIuawmh olYwefzkd; trsdK;tpm; vkdufaygh/ &Sdygap/ “vlqkdwm bk&m;ocifu udk,fhukd bmay;vkdufw,f qkdwm odzkdYvkdw,fvkdY uRefawmf cH,lxm;w,f/ bk&m;ocifu uRefawmhfukd tJh'gay;cJhw,f/ uAsm/” uRefawmfu ao;ao;rTm;rTm; b0wkdwkdav;rSmyif ukdvHbwfpf jzpfcsifw,f/ e,fopfy,fopfawG &SmazGcsifw,f/ uRef;opf ajropfawGukd pdwf0ifpm; w,f/ vlom;wpfa,muf[m b,favmuf 0yftm; aysmf&Tifvif;xdefEkdif ovJ/ uRefawmfu r'rfusL&Dvnf; jzpfvkdufcsifao;w,f/ NyD;awmh tuf'Dqif? NyD;awmh rkdufu,ftif*svkdjzL&kdemwD? NyD;awmh uAsmq&m tkdrmc&rfvnf; ygw,faygh/ olwkdYvkdyJ 0kdifrl;rl;? eu©wfaA'rSm jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
9
uRrf;usifol? NyD;awmh jyu©'defopfawG bmawG wDxGifcsifw,f/ urÇmausmf tqkdawmf wpfa,mufu olYoDcsif;t,fvfbrfukd a[m'Dvkd emrnfay;cJhw,f/ yifv,f"m;jy eJY uAsmq&m ... wJh/ nDrQjcif;wpfckukd olY&JU½Iaxmifhuae qGJjyxm;wJh 'DoDcsif;rSm olYqkdvkdcsufu yifv,f"m;jyawGuvnf; &wemuRef;ukd ½SmazG cJhMuw,f/ uAsmq&mawGuvnf; &wemuRef;ukd ½SmazGcJhMuwJh olawGjzpfygw,f....wJh/ urÇmajrBuD;&JY &ifacgif;xJukd teuf&Idif;qkH;wl;qGvmwJh ajrwl; orm;[m olYvufxJu oHwl½Gif; wpfcsuf twl;rSm;&if ? awGUxm;wJh ausmufrsuf &wem yJY½GJUNyD; wefzkd;qkH;&IH;Ekdifovkd wpfcsuf rSm;,Gif;jyef&ifvnf; ajrBuD;awG ukd,fay:NydKusNyD; toufqkH;&IH; Ekdifygw,f/ wu,fawmh uAsmq&mqkdwm ukdvHbwfpfvnf;jzpf? r'rfusL&D vnf;jzpf? rmukdeDvkdvnf; aqmif;wGif;tdrfrufawGeJY urÇmukd qufoG,fEkdifol? urÇmajrukd vif;xdefapoleJY tkdrmc&rfvkd 0kdifrl;rl; eJY ESvkH;ckefcsuf wpfodef; xJu xGufvmwJh ckefxdcsuf wpfcsufukd arSmfoufoGif;NyD; xdckdufcsufeJY urÇmeJY vlom;qDukd ay;ykdYvkdufwmu ck ... oifhvufolMuG,frSm 0wfqifxm;wJh jrvufpGyf uav;ygyJ / / armifacsmEG,f (1985? armifacsmEG,ftwk uAsmpmtkyfrS trSmpm ) jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
10
vlBudKufenf;wJhaumif aps;xJrSm udk,fxnfjynfhjynfh t&om½Sd½Sd a&csdKig;oavmufBuD;u 18usyfwJh / emrnfvnf;zsif; tqDtom;vnf;zsif;wJh izsif;u 28usyf aps;wJh / 'geJY qdkif&Sifudk ar;Munfhrdw,f / bmjzpfvdkYrsm; t&omvnf;½Sd udk,fxnfvnf;jynfhwJh a&csdKig;oavmufu aps;enf;ae&wmvJvdkY / vlBudKufenf;vdkYwJh / ig;zsif;uawmh vlBudKufrsm;vdkY aps;BuD;w,fwJh /
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
11
[kwfuJh armifacsmEG,f[m vlBudKufenf;wJhaumif / rdkuf½kdif; xGm;usdKif;vScsnf&JU rwfwyfpmawmif rzlrvHkeJYaumif wHk;vHk;pm a0vma0;vdkY cE¨mudk,feJY aumifav/ b,fvdkvJ qkdawmhum tifrwef oef;rsm;wJh rdef;racgif;ay: oef;awG w½G½G wpdpd yGwufaeovdkrsdK;av uAsmawGu olUudk,fay:rSm/ taygpm; &ufpawmh&ifhawGu tvum;&wJh qm'g;[if;csdK&nfawGeJY olUb0udk rwnfaqmufvdkbl;wJh/ 'gayr,fh cuf&yHkrsm; pm;yJGay:rSm onf[if;csdK&nfwpfcGufyJ ylylaEG;aEG; &Sdavwm/ EGrf;yg;wJh atmufajc vlwef;pm;awGeJY 'l;wifaygifwif wpfwef;wnf; aeayr,fh bHkqefwJh tdrfomrsdK;us oif;u rBudKufjyefbl;wJh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
12
t&ufjzLudk ,Ofaus;rI jr§ifhaomufwwfao; ZdrfcH&aumif;rSef; odwwfao; toHk;cs aomuf&rnfrSef; odwwfao; rl;vm&if xuzdkY b,fawmhrS rarhwwfwJhaumifav b0rSm oHtrwfuvnf; jzpfcJhcsifao;owJh/ pum;ajym&mrSm txufwef;usatmif awmf0ifatmif ajymwwf ajymEdkifayr,fh olwpfzufvludk trSefwu,f ajymcJhwmeJY oljyefajymjywJhtcg ydkajymwwfwJh ÚmOfuvnf; &Sdao;/ yg;wJhae&mrSm jcifaxmifZmxuf yg;ayr,fh wu,fhvufawGUrSm rusifhoHk;jzpfvdkY vlawGu xlw,fvdkY txifcH&NrJ aumifav/ wpfcgwpf&Hawmhvnf; *spfum;ay:rSm aygifom;tvS ay:vGifatmif tcsdK;usus xdkifwwfwJh t½G,f&Sd&Sd t&m&Sduawmf wpfa,mufvdkav tJonfh uAsmq&mqdkwJh aumif[m aexdkifwwfao;w,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
13
olUaoG;aMumxJrSm N*dK[fawG uAsmqdkwJh ygyN*dK[fawG pl;0ifpD;0ifvdkY armifacsmEG,f qdkwJhaumif[m urÇmywf vrf;aMumif;xJrSm aewmvdkY Muuf&iftkyfavmufom&SdwJh olU&iftHkudk aumhaumhjywwfao;/ aoG;pdrf; wpfaygufaygufeJY wnfaqmufcJh&wJh olUb0c&D; *D,mukef vDAmukefarmif;ESifcJh olUb0udk om;a&wpfjym;pm,l cif;usif;Munfhvdkuf&if NrdKUwpfNrdKU wnfEdkifw,f jrpfwpfjrpf pD;qif;oGm;Edkifay&JU/ 'Daumifu tonf;u cyfi,fi,f&,fvdkY olUarG;ordcifu cPcP vlMum;xJ ajymcH&wJhaumifaygh b0udk &ifckefovdk t&if;twdkif;aecJh/ emusifwJhtcg ratmfbJ aysmf½TifwJhtcg &,farmzdkY aemufruscJhbl; olUtwd'ku©udk wpfzufvlu od&SdvufcHayr,fh olu olU'ku©tay: udk,fazmhazmh aewwfvGef;vdkY wpf0ufulnDpmemrIom &&SdcJholaygh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
14
ukodkvfuH vdkufyHkuvnf; yg;pyfeJY ulnDNyD; vufrygwJh rdwfaqG aygjynfhvSwJhaumifayyJ/ cHk;x urÇmajrBuD; tckd;taiGU opfudkif;eJY tJonfopfudkif;ay:u a,mifudkif;jynfwnfem jrpfeJYurÇmOD;udk wl;qGvmwJhvuf trSefw&m;uawmh vlawGvdkygyJ atmifp enf;enf;&,fyg omrefvleJY rwlwJht&mqdkvdkY 'gawGyJ olUrSm ½Sd&JU/ usefwmawGuawmh omrefvlawGaqmifMuOf;EdkifwJhpGrf;&nf olUrSm cyfenf;enf;&,f Oyrm NrdKUrsufESmzHk; olaX;rjzpfcJhzl;bl; t&m½Sd rjzpfcJhzl;bl;aygh/ wpfckckudkjrif&if oGm;a&wrsm;rsm;eJY jzpfwmrsdK;udk odyf½GH½SmwJhaumif i,fi,fu [dk0g'onf0g'awGudk enf;enf;jrnf;prf;zl;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
15
ckawmh r*Fvmw&m;eJY tnDav ig;tykyfpm;&ayr,fh jA[®pdk&fw&m; vufudkifxm;vdkY b,folawGrsm; ig;ykyfpm;&vdkY jA[®pdk&fw&m; vufudkifxm;EdkifcJhvdkYvnf;/ tqkwfraumif; touf&SL>yefawGu raumif;vSayr,fh ajratmif;ESpfcsdKU0dkifaumif;udk BudKufao; Am*sDeD;,m;aumif;wJh pD;u&ufudk BudKufao; t&ufuav;axGaxGeJY olUrdwfaqGoli,fcsif;awGtay: olUaygif;oif;aexdkifcJhyHku r,m;wpfa,mufvdkav/ bmompum;trsdK;rsdK; ajymif;rajymwwfvdkY zdeyftrsdK;rsdK; ajymif;rpD;wwfvdkY cPcP tjypfwifcH&wJhaumifaygh udk,fhom;t&G,f nDt&G,faumifawGu vdrfwmnmwmudk vdrfwmrSef;ododeJY cHNyD; om,maewwfwJhaumifav/ taygif;toif; oli,fcsif;awGtay: vifudkvkyfauR;wJh r,m;aumif;vdk aygif;cJhayr,fh ESpfaygif;av;q,fvHk;vHk; olUb0 olUcE©mtay:us raumif;cJhwJholav rvnfr0,feJY taetxdkifrwwfbl;vdkY &ifbwfqJGBudK;eJY aumifawG&JU ta0zefcH&vSaygh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
16
olUuHvdkufyHkuvnf; vlygru ewfygrkef;atmif ajymwwfwJh yg;pyfBuD;eJY taqGcifyGef; jzpfcJh&ao; tJonfyg;pyfBuD;&JU pum;yifv,frSm toufav;q,fem; uyfaewmawmif taetxdkif rwwfao;bl;vdkY a&epfepf ae&ao;/ wu,fawmh 'g olUrdarG;wdkif; zarG;wdkif;yg olUEl;nHhodrfarGUrIyg olU,Ofaus;wJh aoG;aMumyg ewfqdk;wdkYyg;pyfrSm yvyfcH&wJh olUudk,fydkiftwGif;om;yg/ armifacsmEG,f (1989? [efopfr*他Zif; trSwf - 1)
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
17
Mu,fjymav;eJY xrif;pm;NyD;wJhaemuf [kd; cyfa0;a0; BuD;aumifp0ifp toHav;rSm jyefp&mtdrf r&Sd&Smygbl; tar&,f urÇmajrBuD;ay:rSm tukokdvfyef;awGa0ykHuvnf; tzl;ay: tnTefYwufvkdY wyfrufp&mygvm; tar oHo&mav;aw;csif;awGu pDpD yk&pfuav;vkd om;ujrnfvkdYaygh wpfcgwpf&Hawmh tar&,f om;b0[m ajraiGYysH nav;wpfn jzpfcJh&w,f / om;av olYukd,fykdif toD;awG nGwftdav;vHaeatmif xrf;ykd;xm;&ayr,fh aysmf&SmwJh ukefxrf;orm; ovJyifuav;ukd tm;usrdw,f / tar&,f avawGxefaeavav om;rSm aMuuGJ&avavygyJ rkd;OD;tusapmr,fqkdwmvnf; wu,fawmh avmu"Hw&m;ygvm; tdyfp&mr&SdwJh nawGrSm rkd;awGodyf&GmwmyJ tar&,f / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
18
tarSmifeJY pdkpGwf rkd;a&awG &TJ&TJepfvkdY toHawGawmif ikwfaecJhygNyD tar / qkH;&IH;rI opf&GufawG r&IrvSeJY uHqkd;rkd;arSmif awmifukef;ay:rSm om;b0&Jh tykdif;tpawGwJhvm; om;jiif;qefw,f tar tar rodbl;vm; tarhom;u uAsmq&mav tar&JU/ wu,fawmhvnf; tar&,f uAsmq&mqkdwm 'PfcHBudK;av;wpfacsmif;ygAsm / tar&,f a[m'D urÇmavmuBuD;rSm tarhom; uAsmq&mjzpfvmwm tjypf&Sdygovm; tar om;&Jh tcspfrSmav a[m'D urÇmBuD;epfcJh&ifawmif ppfjzpfzkdY raocsmawmhygbl; tar&,f / ckawmh wjcm;olawG rjrifrdwJh toHuav;ukd acgif;tkH;tdyfrdvkdY tMuifemtrJhqkH; qkv'fukd om;&cJhygw,f / tarrodbl;vm; vlawG&Jh tNyHK;rSm ukefaps;EIef;awGygw,f tar&Jh / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
19
{nfhcef;eJY tusÐaumif;rS qufqHwwfwJhvlawG&Jh oabmxm;ukd om; wl;wl;cg;cg; rkef;w,ftar / tar&,f wjcm;olawG twGufawmh t&m&m[m vufwpfypfpm&,fyg / om;rSmawmh ,lZemoef;aygif;rsm;pGm a0;uGmvkdY om;av a&a&mxm;wJh n&,fvkdY r&cJhzl;bl; / om;&Jh ] bD; } uav;[mav b,favmufawmif yg;vSyfaeovJqkdawmh qHjcnfrQifav;wpfrQif eif;rd&ifawmif bD;u xaygufoGm;Ekdifygw,f tar / tvQHnD;nD; rD;awmufrD;vQHBuD;xJ aeYpOf ckefckefcsae&wJh b0c&D; tcrJhnawG odyfNyD; odyfonf;vGef;vS tar&,f vGwfvGwfuRwfuRwfBuD; uefoGif;cH& usaemf b,favmufrSm;,Gif;rdvkdYvJ tar tqkwfu Muyfckd;pGJrD;zkdacsmif acsmif;qkd;vkdufwkdif; acsmif;qkd;vkdufwkdif; &ifacgif;BuD;xJ rD;x xawmufwmjrif& tar&,f twGif;vlrrm wpfa,mufyg / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
20
'gayr,fh opfom;bwfpfum;tkdtkdBuD; ckdpD;vkdY uAsmq&m rm,maumhpuD;qkdwJh vlvnf;ygw,fav vleJYoleJY rwlwJhvlvkdY vlawGolawG ajymcH&wJh om;rdwfaqGaygh b,favmufawmif aMumufrufzG,f&mNydKvJcJhygovJ b,fawmhrsm;rS or®a'0awGvufxJ a&mufrSmwJhvJ wpfa,mufukd wpfa,muf ar;&if;aygh rsufaphwpfrSdwf vQyfwpfjyuftwGif;rSm aomrN*dK[fawG acsmif;aumjzpfoGm; b0ukd jzpfnSpfMunfhvkdufawmh vdar®mfoD;uav;rSm tcsdK&nf usefao;w,f tkd . . . tonf;ESvkH;xJrSm yef;awG t&rf;yGifhwmyJ tar&,f / ukwftusÐ0wfcsifwJh aqmif;&moD&,f rD;vQHuif;rJhwJh rD;vif;zkdBuD;&,f ESif;pufawGukd taocHaomufcsifwJh jrufyifuav;&,f vrif;ukd jynfhjynfh00 wkduf&kdufrjrifcsifwJh tNyHK;&,f taetxkdifrwwfwJh a&yef;wkdifuav;&,f rkdufwGif;eufeuf uAsmay: tcspf&,f rMumcP vlvdrfcH&wJh &ifxJu Mu,fjymav;&,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
21
eu©wfrdrd aysmfcsif&SmwJh taysmfav;&,f om;vufz0g;xJrSm uspfuspfygatmifqkyfxm;vkdY wqwfqwfwkefaewJh om;b0av;&,f tarhom;rSm ykdifqkdifygw,f / xrif;ppfppf pm;csifw,f tar&,f tdrfeHYarT;wJh tdyf&mppfppfrSm tdyfcsifw,f ajcaxmufawGukd rD;zkdtaiGYay;csifw,f Arm y&aq;oefYoefY aomufcsifw,f NyD;awmh a[m'Dvkd tarhrsufvkH;ta&mifukd rGwfodyfygw,f awayavvGifhNyD; jyefvmwJhom;ukd u½kPmoufNrJoufwJh tarhtMunfhav tar&,f tarhqdyfurf; ruyfwm MumNyDjzpfwJh om;oabFmav tar&Jh / usaemf &kd;om;cJhygw,f tar þokdYyif yJhwifygvdrfhr,f / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
22
ukd,fvufoefYpifxm;wJhaeY 'DrSm pmr[kwfwJh pmwpfapmif atmfoHwpfck yifv,feufeufxJu vlawGrjrifomwJh yifv,feufeufxJuvmwm 'g[m owif;ykdYcsufwpfck okdYr[kwf &wemuRef;&Sd&m jynTefajrykHwpfck tdrfrufwpfaxmifnawG ygw,f tNrJpdrf;opfawmwpfck ygw,f q,fb0pm tarmrD;ckd; ygw,f a½Tom;rD;vQHwpfckvnf; ygw,f a&uefav;wpfuefom awmifhwwJh ief;jzLwpfaumif&Jh qE´tylawG ygw,f wpf0ufrIdwufcH&wJh EkysdKrIawGygw,f vufcHyg bmwpfckrS rjyefMum;&ifaeyg bmwpfckrS aqmifusOf;ray;&ifaeyg acwåavmufawmh em;qifMunfhvkdufprf;yg oifh&JU vlYtjzpfukd tHhMoxdwfvefYzG,f&m oif ... ... awGY&Sd&rSm jzpfygw,f/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
23
yef;oD; wpfaeYrSm ig[m igYudk,fig ig;½SOfYpl;wdk;ovdk taotcsm trdt& xdk;pdkufzrf;MunfYvdkufawmY ig[m vlenf;enf;om wefzdk;odjyD;pm;oHk;wJY yef;oD;jzpfaew,f/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
24
yifrSnfhaw; vlwpfa,muf&JU t"dyÜg,fukd vm vm rpGufzufeJY ukd,fht"dyÜg,feJY ukd,fae qkH;½IH;cJhw,fqkdwmyJ aocsmyavhap / vlwpfa,mufa,mufukd vufoD;eJY xkd;zkdYqkdwmu ukd,fhrSm ar;½kd;½Sd&w,f wJh ? ighvufoD;awGu rif;qDoufa&mufzkdY ighrSm ar;½kd;½Sdw,f / ckawmh rif;rSm ar;½kd;r&SdbJ rifh vufoD;awG ightay: vmvmoufa&mufaewm trSefw&m;a& rif; w&m;vGefvGef;NyD / b0rSm av; ig; ajcmufck rvkdygbl; ESpfckyJ cspfolppfppfeJY &efolppfppf 'D ESpfckyJ / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
25
vlpdrf;eHYawGeJY touf&Sifae&wJh oli,fcsif; armifprf;at;a& NrdKUawGukd rmMuL&Drqif&ygbl; bmaMumifhvJqkdawmh NrdKUawGukd,fwkdifu rmMuL&DeJY vkyfxm;vkdYyJ / a[m[kd pm;yGJeHygwfwpfrSm ukd,fhb0ukd,f ususee pD&ifcsufcs tckdiftrmxkdifaewJh igh oli,fcsif;atmifcsdrfh[m xGef;um;wJh NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUaygh / yGefyD;vkd acsmf&nfawGatmufa&mufcJh&ayr,fhvJ ] azmfa0; } qkdwJh uAsmq&m[m xGef;um;wJh NrdKUBuD;wpfNrdKUaygh / b,fol[m urÇmajrwpfckvkH;vkH; qkH;&IH;cJhzl;ovJ urÇmajrwpfckvkH; qkH;&IH;olom urÇmukd jyef&ayvdrfh / abmvkH;orm; rm&m'kdem[m *kd;awGukd arSmfeJYoGif;cJhwmayghuGm / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
26
&kyf&Sif tonf;ESvHk;udk tvnfxGufrdvdkufawmY udk,fYtdrfrSm udk,faep&mr&dSwmMuHK& ocFsKdif;ukef;udk acgif;tHk;tdyfwJYnu nudkrkef;w,fvdkY pum;qdk EIwfqufjyD; n[mnu Edkufuvyfudk xGufoGm;jyD/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
27
rpOf;pm;jcif;aowåm urÇmajray:rSm ukd,fhukdcspfwJhvl[m abmvkH;toif;wpfoif;pmavmufrS ½Sd&JYvm; rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ b,fol[m yef;oD;wpfvkH;ukd pm;NyD; e,lwefvkd awG;ac:rdygovJ rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ oDcsif;wpfyk'fukd em;axmif&if; b,fol[m urÇmopfapr,fh oDtkd&D&zl;vkdYvJ rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ wpfukd,fvkH; wpfb0vkH; pkwf,l ukd,fhukdrao&kH arG;jrLxm;wJhvlawG &SdaeNyD rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ rnfolrqkdaygh t&mtm;vkH;ukd rpGrf;aqmifekdifbl; wpfckck vGJacsmfaewJhtaMumif; ajymjycsifw,f rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
28
urÇmay:rSm b,ft&mukdrqkd nmvkdY&ayr,fh tpmtdrfukd nmvkdYr&wJhtaMumif; ajymjycsifw,f rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ vlwkdif;vlwkdif;&JU &ifxJrSm yifv,f&Sdw,f vlawG[m 'Dyifv,fukd us,fjyefYatmif euf½Idif;vSyatmif rpD;qif;wwfMubl; rpOf;pm;awmhygbl; .. .. wJh/ rpOf;pm;jcif;aowåmwpfvkH;&SdcJhw,f bmukdrS rpOf;pm;awmhygbl;wJh *sif;abmif;bDtdwfxJukd vufEIduf rpOf;pm;jcif; aowåm[m .. ... avcRefNyD;aeav&JU .. .. .. / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
29
c&D;vrf; (1) iSufuav;a& wkdUvnf; rif;vkdyJ avukdqefysHolawGygyJ / (2) a½T0g;yif0g;½kH&dyfav;atmuf uRefawmfa&mufcJUw,f / a½Ta&mif0if;0gaewJU 0g;yifawG ukdMunfU&if; uRefawmfvnf; tJ'Dvkd &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; a½T0g;yifuav; NzpfcsifcJUygw,f/ Nzpfrsm;Nzpfaeovm; uRefawmfUukd,f uRefawmf prf;oyfcJUygw,f / a½T0g;yifuav;[m uAsmq&m Nzpfaewm uRefawmf awGU&Sd&ygw,f / (3) uRefawmfwkdU[m uRefawmfwkdU&JU tonf;ESvkH;awGukd xdef;odrf;cJU&ygw,f/ 0rf;enf;zG,f tcsuftvufawGcsnf;ygyJ / uRefawmf wkdU&JU aeUpOf aeUpOf &ufrsm;[m 'Pf&meJU&ufrsm;csnf;ygyJ/ cspfNcif;arwåm&JU [kdbufrSm bmrsm;&SdygovJ / uRefawmfwkdU[m bkwfvkdvnf; wtDtDeJU tDcJU&ygw,f / uRefawmfwkdU[m csKd;uav;vkdvnf; wul;ul;atmfNrnfcJU&ygw,f/ uRefawmfwkdU[m uRefawmfwkdU b0ukd pl;xkd;pkdufysKd;cJU&ygw,f qkH;Nzwfcsufcs&ef cufcJwJUtcsuftvuftaMumif; aNrmufrsm;pGm uRefawmfwkdU&&SdcJUygw,f / pl;&Seuf½Idif;rIwpfckay:rSm uRefawmfwkdU &yfcJUrdNyefao;w,f / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
30
uRefawmfwkdU[m uRefawmfwkdU b0awGukd ausmufpdrf;uGrfovkd uGrfaecJU&Nyefygao;w,f/ vef;vef;qef;qef; yef;uav;awG yGifUvef; / 'gukdvnf; uRefawmfwkdU MunfU½I MunfEl;cJU&ygao;w,f / aeUwkdif; aeUwkdif; uRefawmfwkdU euf½Idif;cJUMu&ygw,f / aeUwkdif; aeUwkdif; uRefawmfwkdU vIdif;xcJU&ygw,f / Nrufukdwpfyifcsif; qGJwuf&wJU awmifwufvrf;ukd uRefawmfwkdU a&G;cs,frdcJUMuygw,f/ (4) uav;b0u awmvrf;auGUuav;rSm aqG;zG,fyef;rsm; vTrf;cJUygNyD/ ta0;&yfukdarQmfMunfUvkdufawmU taetxm;rSm;wJU oufwH wHwm;atmufrSm uRefawmfwkdU &JU touf&SifNcif;awG[m rD;ckdNymaiGUwpfaiGUvkd aysmufNy,fNyD; yg;vsm;oGm;cJUygNyD / yifv,fNymat; rSm aNcaq;yg&ap a½TaeNcnfa& / ywåNrm;wdrftkyfukd qkyfukdifyg&ap a½TaeNcnfa& / iSufarG;awmtkyfukd vIyfupm;yg&ap a½TaeNcnfa& / csnfBudK;rSm oDvmcJU NznfBudK;rSm aNyygvSnfU wkdUtdrf&m b,frSm½Sdw,f ykdYcJUyguAsmav;awG&,f / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
31
ig; wpfb0vHk;vdkvdk ig;&,fvdkY wpfaumifwpfavrS rrd Munfh rdr,fhrdawmh pju0VmBuD; tay:qGJwifvdkufawmh ighig;rQm;wH[m udkif;nGwfNyD; oufwefY jzpfoGm; ighudk jyefrQm;cJhaygh/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
32
uefemAm½dk&JYabmvHk;awG igwdkY[m tvSqHk; xdk;azmufrIawGeJY wpfzuftoif;udk xdk;azmufEdkifcJhMuw,f/ rdrd&& uefcsufawGeJY wpfzuftoif;&JU xkd;ppfawGudk ckcHEdkifcJhMuw,f/ wcsdefvHk; wpfzuftoif;udk zdupm;EdkifcJhMuw,f 'gayr,fh ... wpfzuftoif;&JU axmifhuefabmawG[m aMumufcref;vdvd wpfzuftoif;&JU axmifhjzwfabmawG vQyfwpfjyuf xdk;ppfawGuvnf; tonf;udk at;at;oGm;&atmifygyJ igwdkYawG b0eJY&if;NyD; taotvJ upm;cJh&w,f xdk;ppft&Sif cHppft&SifawGeJY trsKd;rsKd;ajymif;vJNyD; tvJvJtNydKNydK upm;cJh&w,f tck ... tcsdefydk upm;&vdkY a&eufydkif;udk a&mufcJhNyD/ “uefemAm½dka& rif;taumif;qHk; upm;cJhayr,fh rif; *dk;r&cJhbl; r[kwfvm; at; ... igwdkYvnf; rif;vdkyJ *dk;r&cJhMubl;av olwyg;&JU ajcBudKajcMum;u abmvHk;awG igwdkYawG jzpfcJhMuvdkYaerSmyguGm” / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
armifacsmEG,f 33
acgif;xJu 0dnmOf acgif;xJrSm 0dnmOfwckyJ vHk;vHk;&Sdw,f acgif;xJrSm tavmif;r&Sdbl; tavmif;u aojcif;w&m;eJY pm;aomufaeav&JU/ MuufuifawG 'defcJawG Edkif;csif; 'ef;bvuf tref;nuf b&ef'D urÇmausmf pD;u&ufawGeJY 0dkif;aumif;vdkY/ olwdkYtyg;rSm pm;yGJxdk; 96 a,mufuvnf; vdkav;ao;r&Sdatmif jyKpkvdkYaygh/ aojcif;w&m;u a[m'Dvdk pum;pajymw,f “a[m'DavmuBuD;rSm jrufavQmvdk vif;a`rGvdk vrf;avQmufwJh olawGudk igodyftxifao;w,f” tavmif;u 'Dpum;udk axmufcHw,f “[kwfw,f ... 'DaumifawGu b0wpfavQmufvHk;vHk;csnf; um,da`E´r&SdwJh aumifpm;awG
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
34
NyD;awmhvnf; a&SUckESpfb0 aemufckESpfb0 tEkynmr&wJh aumifawG tEkynmonfa,mifa,mif aumifpm;awG wu,fajymwm a&SUckESpfb0 aemufckESpfb0 tEkynmr&wm odyfaocsmwJh aumifpm;awG” tavmif;u t&ufcGufudk armhcsvdkufwJhtcg aojcif;w&m;u ajymw,f “[kwfw,f ... tJ'DaumifawG[m ykpGefajcmufokyfavmufrS pm;raumif;wJh aumifawGyguGm bk&m;ocifu olwdkYOD;aESmufudk ESpfZGef;avmuf cyf,lNyD;rS vlYb0 vTwfvdkufwm 'gawG 'if;wdkYu odwJhaumifawG r[kwfbl; [m; [m; [m; ... pm;yGJxdk;awGuyg 0dkif;&,fvdkufMuvdkY wcef;vHk; toHawGvQHNyD; tcef;BuD; yGifhoGm;av&JU/ tavmif;u ... “[kwfw,f 'DieJawGu twkawGudk vdkufvdkufwkae&wJh ieJawGuG olwdkYrSm trSm;trSef rvdkbl; aoG;ylaewJh tcsdefrSm udkufr,f NyD;awmh vdkcsifwm tukefylqmwwfwJh aumifawGuG”
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
35
odvm; [kwfvm; tmav;vSsmav;eJY tavmif;a&m aojcif;w&m;yg rl;aeMuNyD aojcif;w&m;u rl;&if aoG;qdk;w,fav “bmvJ rif;u ighudk ylqmwJh aumifvdkY ajymwmvm; a[m [dkrSm 0dnmOf½Sdw,f rif;ubmvJ” tJ'Dvdkuae aojcif;w&m;eJY tavmif; &efjzpfMuw,f tavmif;u aojcif;w&m;udk vufoD;eJY xdk;ypfvdkufw,f ½THUap;ajr aysmhzwfBuD;xJ aojcif;w&m; xdk;usoGm;w,f tavmif;u &ifhusufol rsufESmeJY aojcif;w&m;udk vufydkufNyD; pdrf;pdrf;Munfhae 'DtcsdefrSm acgif;xJu 0dnmOf ckefxvm t&ufwvHk;udk azmufNyD;aomuf a[h ... 'gawGtm;vHk;[m ('Dtjzpftysuftm;vHk;udk qdkvdkcsif[ef) aomMumaeYu aomufxm;wJh vufuseft&ufawG r[kwfbl;vdkY ajymvdkufw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm tavmif;a&m aojcif;w&m;yg aoqHk;oGm;ygava&m/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
36
rpรถwmcsmvD cifAsm;udk usKyfqGwfvdkufNyD rpรถwmcsmvD cifAsm;udk usKyfqGwfvdkufNyD/ xyfajymyg&ap rpรถwmcsmvD cifAsm;udk usKyfqGwfvkdufNyD/ 'DrSm usKyftqGwfcH rpรถwmcsmvD awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m cifAsm;ay:rSm wnfrSDNyD; usKyfqGwfcGifh&vdkufawmh cifAsm;[m awmfawmfrsm;rsm; qGwfxm;wJhvlvdkY usKyfodvdkuf&/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
37
usefwcsKdU awmfawmfrsm;[mvnf; cifAsm;tqGwfcHzdkY apmifhaeMurSef; usKyfodxm;wmxuf ydkodvdkuf& usKyfrodcsifwmawGudkvnf; odvkduf& 'DrSm ... rpรถwmcsmvD cifAsm;[m 'Dvdk rqGwfwwfcifuwnf;u vlvnfvkyfenf;udk t&ifwwfcJh cifAsm;[m oifpkef; r[kwfbl; cifAsm;[m 0rf;wGif;pkef;qdkwm usKyfodvdkuf&rIu oHwHk;oHcJawG jzpfcJhaygh/ 'DrSm ... rpรถwmcsmvD oHwHk;oHcJawGrSm aoG;om;r&Sdbl; cifAsm;&JU cl;qGwfxm;rI cifAsm;&JU qGwfzsef;xm;rIawGudk usKyfqGwfvdkufNyD xyfajymvdkufyg&ap rpรถwmcsmvD cifAsm;udk usKyfqGwfvdkufNyD/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
38
jzL; y#doaE¨ wm;aq;pm;NyD; 0zD;olrdef;rvdk ta0;aNy;um;MuD;awG cspfrIwpfckckqD pkefpkefoGm;Mu ukefpnftopftopfawGqD qefqefoGm;Mu axG;ayGUvdkufprf;yg axG;ayGUvdkufprf;yg qdkqdkNyD; &xm; 0ifcsvm NrdKUawGudk jzL;csvdkufygaygY jzL; .. / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
39
*sHK;eD *sKH;eD igt&ufrl; jyefvmwdkif; jyefvmwdkif; ight&ufeHYudk rif;BudKqdkaeus? vlawG[m olwdkYaomufwJh a&udk olwdkYESmacgif;½HIUaeus? vlawG[m olwdkYaqmufwJh taqmufttHkudk olwdkYonf;nnf;rcHEdkifMubl; rif; ight&ufeHYudk ysLysLiSmiSm vufcHaeus? t&uform; ighudk todtrSwfjyKaeus/ *sKH;eD ig pdwftcefYroifh&ifav rif;udk,fay: ighajcaxmufawG a&mufaeus? igha'gou bmrSrqdkifwJh rif;udk,fay: ighajcaxmufawG a&mufaeus? emvGef;vdkY rif;atmfvdkuf&ifawmif rif; ighajcaxmufawGudk tm;emaeus/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
40
*sKH;eD rif;tiftm;ukefoHk;NyD; ckefaygufajy;0ifvm tjrJwrf; ighudkBudKwm wm0eft&vdkY rif;pdwfrSm rxm;r&Sdwm igjrif& ig&cJhw,f/ *sKH;eD ig rif;udk tom;aumif;aumif; rauGß;cJhbl; wpfcgwpf&Hawmh ighpdwfaumif;0ifaerI[m acsmuvufuav;awGtjzpf rif;pm;&ygw,f/ *sKH;eD igrSwfrdw,f rif;ajrBuD;udk wl;wl;NyD; aqmhwwfwmav igodyfMunfEl;wJh ½Icif;av;aygh igu rif;a½SUudkausmfNyD; cJvHk;av;awG ypfw,fav/ *sKH;eD avw[l;[l; xefaewkef;u rifhEIwfoD;udk a&SUypfNyD; wtl;tl; wtktkeJY rif;tl;jrL;aewm igwkwfeJY vkduf½dkufawmh rif;aMumuf[efaqmifNyD; xGufajy;wm
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
41
*sKH;eD rif;udk,f 00zD;zD;BuD;BuD;eJY ighudk aqmifhaqmifh wdk;a0SYaeusav igvufazsmufwpfzspfwD;vdkuf&if rif;vdkufvdkuf [D[Daeus? igu rmefrJvdkufwJhtcg rif;vQmBuD;eJY ighudk jrefjrefvsufw,f igu vdkvm;wJhtcg rif;ausmawGudk yGwfyGwfay;aeus/ *sKH;eD ig tckcg tJvdkrsKd; rmefrJt&omcHcsifw,f/ *sKH;eD rif;rsufvHk;rSm igharw책mudk rGwfodyfaMumif; jyaeusta&mif igtck 'gudk rif;vdkrGwfodyf&NyD/ *sKH;eD rif;rSm tonf;ESvHk;&Sdwm igodygNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
42
*sKHH;eD ig b,favmuf&ufpufovJuGm rkefYyJoa&pmav; rif;udk auGß;wmawmif rkefYuav; rif;udk ajr§mufjy NyD; ... zkefxJypfcsvdkufwm zkefxJusaewJh rkefYuav;udk rif; pdwfrmerxm;bJ rif;EIwfoD;eJY xdk;[yfypfvdkufwm (wu,fawmh arwåmqdkwm zkefxJu rkefYuav;ygvm;vdkY ig rodvdkufcJhbl;uG,f)/ *sKH;eD rif; aeaumif;&JUvm;uG,f/ *sKH;eD tdyf&may:rSm bmrSrvIyfEkdifwJh rif;ocif aemufqHk;xGufoufeJYaygh rif;udk EIwfqufcsif&JU ighaemufqHk;xGufoufeJY yg *sKH;eD&,f / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
43
zsHzrf;orm; bmrSr[kwfygbl; bmrSr[kwfwJh tvum;aumifyg b0rSm rjzpfcsifwmawG cyfrsm;rsm;eJYaumifyg zdkY('f)um;ukrÜPDydkif&Sifvnf; rjzpfcsifbl; oAspfjcHydkif&Sifvnf; rjzpfcsifbl; a*gufoD;orm; tm;Edk;yg;rm;vnf; rjzpfcsifbl; 0g&ifbDwDvnf; rjzpfcsifbl; jzpfcsifwmu wpfckwnf;&,fyg zsHzrf;orm;yJ jzpfcsifw,f 'geJYyJ zsHawGudkzrf;zdkY vdkuf&SmcJhw,f zsHawGu b,fae&mawGrSm b,fvdkusufpm;MuovJ zsHawG&JU toGm;tvmawGu b,ftcsdefawGrSm b,fvdkwJhvJ ... ck ... olwdkYawGu vDAmyl;toif;eJY refcsufpwmtoif;awGrSm 0ifupm;aeMuw,fqdkyJ [kwfvm; ... 'gqdk&ifoGm;r,f oGm;zrf;r,f r&SdMuawmhbl;wJh tvef&SD;,m; ajcaxmufudk0,fNyD; xGufoGm;MuNyD ... wJh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
44
'gqdk&if b&mZD;u aumfzDcif;awGrSm usufpm;aeMuwmjzpfrSm a[m ... r&SdMujyefbl; ajrxJyifv,fbufudk xGufoGm;MuNyDwJh tJ'DrSm ... uma&AD,ef ig;OausmfawG pm;aomufvdkYwJh/ a[m ... r[kwfjyefbl;wJh a[mfw,fumvDzdk;eD;,m;rSm a[mfw,fumvDzdk;eD;,m;oDcsif;eJY uckefaeMujyefNyDwJh/ Munfh ... r&Sdjyefbl; cufyD? owif;xGufvmwmu abhpfabmvHk; oGm;upm;aeMujyefNyDwJh/ a[m ... r[kwf&jyefbl; Edkif&m*g a&wHcGefqDoGm;NyD; a&wHcGeftvSudk ½Ipm;&if; 'if;wdkY ZdrfcHaeMujyefNyDwJh vdkufoGm;awmh vef'efZl;&pfrSm a&ToGm;0,fMuw,f ... wJh a[m ... r[kwf&jyefbl;wJh 'if;wdkYu ruf'dkemeJY yvl;yvJ jzpfaeMujyefowJh cufNyD umpyg;a&mheJYvJ csufupm;jyefNyDwJh cufNyD 'DaumifawG awmfawmfzsHuswJh aumifawGygvm; at;av ... 'DaumifwpfawGu zsHawGyJudk; jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
45
'geJYigav vdkufarm&Smarm tarmausmydk;tdwfeJY &xm;pD;NyD; NrdKUjyefcJhw,f/ [m ... Munhfprf; awGUNyD awGUNyD 'ufxdudk awGUawmhwmyJudk; Munfhprf; ... awGUr,fhawGUawmh acgif;arG;pkwfzGm;eJY v,fa0;ysOf;rem;u aysmfbG,fBuHcif;xJrSm Zyf Zyf Zyf Zyf *wf *wf *wf *wfeJY bJawG rpifeif;ovdkeif;NyD; EIwfoD;cRefcRefuav;ay:rSm abmvHk;udk ajrยงmufajrยงmufNyD; upm;vdkY tm; yg; yg; 'Dvkdyg zsHzrf;orm; atmifjrifcJhw,fqdkwm ajymjywmyg/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
46
yef;csD ightlawGu acG;vdk oH&SnfqGJtlvdkY ightpmtdrfu ppfvrf;aMumif;uswJh ½Gmav;wpf½Gmvdk/ ighausmufuyfawGu wAGrf;AGrf; a&awGvQHvdkY/ ightqkwfawGu zGwfcsuf zGwfcsufeJY rD;cdk;wtltl b,fvdkrS pm;oHk;vdkY r&awmh/ ight½dk;tqpfawG *GßKdif;xm;wJh *GßKdif;ewfawGjyKef;aygh ighcE¨m wmbkdtif*sif ol&Jaumif;BuD;av ... ol&Jaumif;BuD;wJh b,fvdkrS qkwHqdyfawG rarSsmfrSef; bmqkwHqdyfawGrS r&cJhwJh ol&Jaumif;BuD;aygh/ ig b,fawmhrS vufeufrcsEdkifbl;wJh bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh ighrSm csp&m vufeufr&SdvdkYyguG,fwJh / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
47
pdwftefzwf “usm;” rD;jcpfudk wtm;BuD; zdjcpfypfvdkufw,f vufzuf&nfcGufxJu urÇmBuD;udk igodyfpdwfrawGUbl;/ owdxm;Mu xrif;yef;uefxJu trSefw&m; ig pm;ypfvkdufNyD/ wpfjcrf;u rSnfh½Trf;t&om&SdNyD; wpfjcrf;u pdrf;aeao;wJh urÇmBuD;[m igyHkMurf;avmif;xm;wJh yef;yk½kyfuav;aygh/ 0dnmOfawGudk zdeyfvkyfNyD; pD;ypfr,f vlawGrsufESmay:u urÇmBuD;udk igr,Hkbl;/ tirf;r& aomufjcif;rsKd;eJY vrif;udk igaomufypfvdkufNyD aw;*Dwtm;vHk;udk igaomufypfvkdufNyD rkefwdkif;awGudk igaomufypfvkdufNyD urÇmBuD;udkvnf; igaomufypfvkdufNyD avxJrSm uAsmqefqef 0JaewJh Am'H½GufawGudkvnf; igaomufypfvdkufNyDaygh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
48
a[m[dku cHkzdeyf wcGyfcGyfeJY vrf;avQmufvmwm ightm½Hkaygh/ awGUvm; tyifay:rSm ñGwfatmifoD;aewJh 0if;zefYzefY vdar®mfoD;awGuvnf; ightm½Hkaygh/ [dkuwåDyg jrufcif;av;&,f [dkaumifrav; qdk;xm;wJh EIwfcrf;eD&,f ightm½HkawGaygh/ ig ighvufxJrSm ighb0av;udk uspfuspfygatmif qkyfxm;NyD; ig OD;aESmufu xGufcJhNyD ESvHk;om;tdrfu xGufcJhNyD tm½HkuzD;u xGufcJhNyD tcspfa& ... ESvHk;om;udkav xbDtqifvSvSav; &ufay;r,f avmu"Hw&m;awGudkawmh zefcGufxJrSm t&ufeJYa&mNyD; “udkudk” armhxnfhvdkufNyDuGm / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
49
toHxGufnHhnHheJY uHMur®m wnfNidrfwJh aeYeHawGr[kwf pdwåum&uN*dK[fqdkwJh ieJuvnf; acs;us&maysmf bmawGudkrsm; tcsif;csif; ac:xl;aeMuwmvJ bmvJ yGJawmfawGudk xm;cJh&rSmvm; bmvJ *sufvef'efudk xm;cJh&rSmvm; bmvJ teEåol&d,&JU uAsmudk xm;cJh&rSmvm; bmvJ rsuf&nfppfppfawGudk xm;cJh&rSmvm; oGm;prf;yg? aojcif;w&m;uvGJNyD; bmrSrqef;wJh 'DurÇmavmuqdkwJh aowåmBuD;xJrSm vlYb0qdkwmuvnf; Munfhav ... O(tk)uaeyJ aygufzGm; aygufzGm; taygufuaeyJ aygufzGm; aygufzGm; tnpftaMu;awGeJY tkdif;temBuD;yg wD½IyfaxG; 0ufpmusif;xJ 0ufawGaysmf tm;vHk;[m wGefYvdrf½IyfaxG;NyD; aumufauGU npfayaysmf½Tif oHa0* 0wfaumif;pm;vSeJY jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
50
aojcif;w&m;uvGJNyD; bmrSrqef;wJh 'DurÇmavmuqdkwJh aowåmBuD;xJrSm OD;aESmufudk azmufcsay;vkdufayr,fh bmrSr& rdrdudk,frdrd vdrfnmwJh yHkzrf;Mu ,kwfrmMu ,kwfrmjcif;udk oifMum;Mu t&mtm;vHk; wGefYvdrfaumufauGUNyD; tkwfta&ma&m ausmufta&ma&m eHeHapmfapmfawGcsnf;yJ xdkifae&if; 'Hk;ajy;xm;&ovdkarm armNyD&if; armae& tarmBuD;eJY b0udk rat;cJvGef;atmif yHkjyK&wmudku ESpfaygif;av;q,favmuf Mumr,f tonf;ESvHk;eJY EIwfcrf;uvnf; rdkifav;q,favmuf a0;uGmw,f vGwfvGwfvyfvyfBuD;udkyJ rwfwyfu NydKNydKvJvdkufvmae avmu"H 'ef;avmharGU&may: uHMur®mawG taysmfr,m;eJY aESmMuvdkYrdkY aomwm½HkawG om;pyfcH& b0jynfwnfemawGom 'gpGrf;Edkif&JU ta&cGHawG zsm;a,mif;cHvdkuf&NyD tem*wfwpfckckudk &rvm;vdkY Edk;Mum;ae&Smol tdk;rJh tdrfrJh nae&DuGßef;uav;a& / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
51
rsuf&nfppfppfawG igwdkYt&dyfawG wdkwdkvmcJh a[m'D urÇmajray: t&dyfuav;wpf&dyf zdwfpOfrSmawmif MunfMunfvifvif rpD;cJh&acsbl; ½HI;vdkufwm/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
52
avmuBuD;rSm olYae&meJYol pm;&r,fh tpm;tpm &SdMu&rSmudkyJ olYae&m olYtpm &SdMuwmudkyJ ckawmh ... 'DrSm ighaygifrkefYawGudk vmvmNyD; vkaeMu b,folawGwkef; ... b,fN*dK[fu N*dK[fom;awGwJhwkef; b,facsmifu xGufxGufvmaewJh eDwdtqHk;trawGwJhwkef; b,fvdkuHZmwm0wfpHkawGwkef; b,fbHkuvmwJh ewfom;awGwJhwkef; b,fvdkraumif;qdk;0g;awGwJhwkef;/ bmvJ Ouúvm[dk;rm;u tdk;rJhtdrfrJhawGvm a[mfvefu EdkYcsuform;awGvm; bmvJ paumhwvefu t&ufcsuform;awGvm; bmvJ tr&yl&u &ufuef;orm;awGvm; bmvJ ig;wefacsmif;u ig;zrf;orm;awGvm; bmvJ rusD;yifoHk;cGu qm;csuform;awGvm; ighrSmjzifh qHk;½HI;vdkuf&wJh ighaygifrkefYawG/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
53
r[kwfbl; b,fewfa'0wmrS vmrvkbl; r[kwfbl; b,fN*dK[fom;rS vmrvkbl; r[kwfbl; b,fpkef; Nydwåm wapä zkwfbDvl;rS vmrvkbl; vlvlcsif;om vmvk,ufaeMuwm/ 'DtrI 'DtrIom aq;om;a&;jc,f pDuHk;vdkY&&if 'DtrIom qifzdkeDvnfqGJjzpfcJh&if igqHk;½HI;cJh& ighaygifrkefYawG [kkwfw,f igqHk;½HI;cJh& ighaygifrkefYawG tvkcH&wJh ighaygifrkefYawG igbmvdkYrsm; ESarsmay;awmhrSmvJav/ ckawmhjzifh igh wl&moDrSm rD;vmvmawmufawmufaew,f ckawmhjzifh igh uef&moDrSm MumawG vmvmaygufaew,f ckawmhjzifh igh od[f&moDrSm jcaoFhvmvma[mufa[mufaew,f vSvdkufwm okckrES,fajrmufvdkufwm ighaygifrkefYawG aysmufNyD;&if; aysmufaysmufaeawmh&JU / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
54
t&dyfa`cGopfyif t&dyfa`cGopfyif[m urÇmay:rSm wpfyifwnf;&Sdw,f t&dyfa`cGopfyif[m opf&dyfawG ra`cGbl; t&dyfawGom a`cGa`cGcsay;aew,f ola`cGcswJh t&dyfxJrSm qef;opfwJh aeY&ufawGygw,f yef;opfa0a0 reufcif;awGygw,f ½Tef;vuf0if;ywJh opfoD;awGygw,f jyefusrdk;pufawGygw,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
55
bmjzpfvdkYrsm; olu t&dyfawG a`cGvdkufwdkif; tJ'gawGu yg0ifae&wmvJ igpOf;pm; ighrSm pOf;pm;jcif;blwm qdkufuyfuyfaerd ighrSm xx ysH0Jaerd ighrSm oDcsif;xx atmf[pfqdkrd bmjzpfvdkYygvdrfh igpOf;pm; igawG;Munfh igodcsifrd xl;qef;vS&JU 'Dt&dyfa`cGopfyiftaMumif; oluawmh bmodbmomyJJ t&dyfawGyJ a`cGa`cGcsay;ae igpl;prf; igraeEdkifawmhbl; 'geJY ig[m t&dyfa`cGopfyifqDoGm;um oGm;udkifwG,fMunhfrd igodvdkuf&NyD olYwudk,fvHk;rSm BuD;aygif;wuf 'Pf&mawGcsnf; Edkif;csif; urÇmay:rSm 'Pf&m& opfyifawGavmufvSwm 'Pf&m& opfyifyJ&Sd aMomf ... 'gaMumifh olu t&dyfawG a`cGay;Edkifwmudk; / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
56
&efolrJhaom aeY&ufrsm; reuf rsufESmopfzdkYjyifwdkif; oGm;wdkufwHay:rSm vGJacsmfrIudk awGU& arT;&eHYawG aMuuGJ &moDOwku ajcjywfvufjywf taetxm; t&ufqkdifrSmawmif vlyg;owJh ‘EGm; aq;vdyfwpfvdyfeJY ckcHxm;&if cHomr,f xifw,f/ aoGUajcmufajcmuf opf&dyfpdrf; ... wJh 'g[m ysufacsmfrIwpfckyg rGwfrGwfodyfodyf jiif;qef&JU ajrmufjrm;pGm vrfacsmfNyD;cJhygNyD/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
57
we*FaEGrsm; tzefwvJvJ we*FaEGrsm; emwm&Snf we*FaEGrsm; ap;ESJolom tpD;teif;rsm; nnf;nLoHrsm; ½Tifvef;0rf;ajrmufMuygap/ 'DvdkeJY uGef;cdk vGrf;cJh umva&MunfwpfpufrSm touf&SLoHawG taiGUysH toufcGufxJ b0udk a&cHMunfhaomtcg touf½SifcGifhuvGJNyD; tm;vHk; zdwfpifuGJ&ScJhayNyD/ nDrav; rrjrifha& ... wdkYESvHk;om;awGeJYom xkqpfcJhMuwmayghuG,f (wdkYESvHk;om;awGeJYom wdkYacwfudk xkqpfcJhMuwmayghuG,f) aocsmvGef;wmu rNrJwJh tedpöw&m;u NrJvGef; wdkYawG ½HI;vGef;vSw,fuG,f/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
58
rrwif&JU ausmif;uav; aewazG;azG; avwazG;azG; rrwif&JU ausmif;uav;/ oJwazG;azG; zHkwazG;azG; rrwif&JU ausmif;uav;/ rrwif&JU ausmif;uav;rSm xef;yifawGuvnf; vufydkufNyD; wef;pD&yfvdkY wpfb0vHk;yJ rrwifausmif;u rxGufawmhbl;wJh? wpfoufvHk;yJ rrwif&JU ausmif;rSm ausmif;wufrwJh/ xef;oD;awGuvnf; t`yGwfvdkuf tckdifvdkuf oD;vdkY? rrwif&JU ausmif;rSmvnf; ausmif;om;awGu t`yGwfvkduf tcdkifvdkuf oD;vdkY? ,muGufuav; wpfuGufuvnf; rrwif&JU ausmif;rSm ausmif;wufvdkY ajryJeJY yJpOf;iHkawGuvnf; rrwif&JU ausmif;rSm ausmif;vmwufvdkY? [dkawmifbufu a*gif;eDawmifuvnf; rrwifausmif;udk wufcsif&uf rwuf&vdkY wpfb0vHk; wpfoufvHk; aqG;ae&ygNyD ... wJh/ rrwif&JU ausmif;uav;udk vSrf;arQmfai;vdkY/ ykyÜg;awmifBuD;uawmh rrwif&JU ausmif;xGufBuD;aygh rrwif&JU ausmif;om;a[mif;BuD;aygh jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
59
ckvnf; rrwifausmif;udk ai;Munfh wpfb0vHk; yDwdawGeJY rrwifausmif;uav;udk NrdefNrdefBuD;ai;vdkY/ rrwif ausmif;vm&if olrsm;rdef;uav;awGvdk a½TawG aiGawG zdwfvufaeatmif 0wfpm;rvmbl;/ apwem&,f 0goem&,f tepfem&,f emoHk;emudk zdwfvuf½Tef;awmufaeatmif 0wfpm;vmw,f/ rrwif[m ausmif;tkyfq&mrBuD;aygh rrwifu vifr,l om;rarG; tem*wfopfawGudk arG;w,f pmusufoH pmtHoH wnHnHawGudk arG;w,f ta0;ajy; toHopfawGudk arG;w,f/ rrwif&JU ausmif;uav; ajrmufbufrSm ocsKØif;xJu tkwf*lawG[m ta0;ajy; um;*dwfxJrSm um;awG wef;pD*dwfxkd;ovdkyJ rrwifausmif;uav;rSmawmh ta0;ajy;aw;oHawG aqmhupm; aysmfyg;vdkYaygh / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
60
rif;rkef;wJhaeY[m igtrSefw&m;udk awGU&SdwJhaeYjzpfw,f rif;&ufpufrSI[m urÇmrSm r&SdcJhygbl; ig[m emusifusKd;aMuNyD; tdyf&may:rSm tvl;vl; tvdSrfhvdSrfh bmrSvnf; rawG;ac:Edkif bmrSvnf; rcHpm;ay;Edkif yGJawmfawGeJY uif;a0;vdkY jyusroGm;½Hk toufaiGUaiGUuav;eJY rif;yufpufvdkufwmuG,fvdkYawmifrS ighrSm toHrxGufEdkifcJhygbl;/ aexGufae0ifcsdefawGvnf; ighrSm rodawmhyg ... ightEkynm t&if;tjrpfuav;vnf; b,fqDb,f0,frSmvJ igrodawmhyg ... ightbd"r®mawGvnf; ighrSm rqkyfrd rudkifrdawmhyg/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
61
ig[m ‘0drkwåd udkom ai;arSsmf&if; cyfrQif;rQif; touf&SLcJh&w,f we*FaEGwpf&uf xifyg&JU pMu0VmBuD;&,f qdkufqdkufNrdKufNrdKufBuD; ighqDa&mufvmw,f tifrwef ylaEG;vSwJh olYvufBuD;eJY vufqGJEIwfqufw,f yef;oD; cs,f&Dyef;eJY a½Ta&mifuavmifwHwpfacsmif; vufaqmifay;w,f/ NyD;awmh ... “rdwfaqGBuD; c&D;opfxGufawmhwJh” tJ'Dvdk ajymtNyD;rSm pGwfzm;vSnf;uav;pD;um xGufoGm;awmhw,f/ ig[m yef;oD; cs,f&Dyef; a½Ta&mifuavmifwHeJY igha&mifuavmifwHeJY ightrSefw&m;0wfpHkudk 0wfqifum / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
62
urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yuf reufvif;NyDqdkawmh ... urÇmBuD;eJYtwl tdyf&mx urÇmBuD;eJYtwl rsufESmopf urÇmBuD;eJYtwl vrf;avQmufxGufcJhw,faygh/ urÇmBuD;u reufcif;udkMunfh urÇmBuD;u olYurÇmBuD;udk olMunhf iguawmh urÇmBuD;udkaum olYurÇmBuD;udkaum Munfh&if;aygh/ urÇmBuD;u reufcif;twGuf aumfzDwpfcGufwJh/ urÇmBuD;u aumfzDaomufw,f/ iguawmh urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yufaygh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
63
urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yufudk pD;u&ufwpfvdyfeJY pwif igwdkYawG atmifjrifaysmf½Tif &,farmzdkY toHxGufcyfnHhnHheJY uHMur®m wpfaeYxufwpfaeY opfvGifvmwJh opfopfvGifvGif 'Pf&mawG b,favmuf pkaqmif;rdNyDvJ? b0u pD;u&ufcdk;aiGUawG yGwfoyfrd&if; [kwfw,f ... igwdkYwawG ... urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yufawG aomufoifhw,f 'DvdkrsKd; ... urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yuf aomufw,fqdkwm odyfaumif;jrwfwJh tcsuftvufwpfckvdkY igwdkYawG odcJhwmtwGufvnf; urÇmBuD;u aus;Zl;wifrqHk; &SdaerSmyg/ [kwfw,f .../ urÇmBuD;twGuf armeif;yufawG aomuf&r,f bmaMumifhvJ odvm; igwdkYawG[m taumif;qHk; tcsuftvufawGodwJh trsKd;aumif;om;awGjzpfvdkY 'gayr,fh trsKd;aumif;awG[m trsKd;aumif;½HkuvGJNyD; bmrSrusefawmhbl;qdkwm urÇmBuD; rodapeJY/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
64
aywdk; b,fuav;wpfa,mufqDu uscJhrSef;rodwJh tusxnf *g0efyGyGBuD;eJY tJ'D tusxnf *g0efBuD;udk xyfrHpyf[yf zmax;xm;ao; tJ'D tqDtai:rwnfhwJh *g0efyGyGBuD; 0wfvdkY aywdk;/ EIwfcrf;wpfjcm; aq;wpfjcm; taygpm; EIwfcrf;eDeDBuD;vnf; eDeD&J&JBuD; qdk;xm;cH&ao; aywdk;/ taygpm;aygif'gvnf; rsufESmay: wzkef;zkef; ½dkufcHxm;& vlyHktv,frSm rsufESmBuD; azG;zHkvdkY aywdk;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
65
qHyift&Snf r&SdvdkYomaygh EdkYrdkYqdk aumhprufwpfawG? b,f&Du&drf;awG wavSBuD; vdrf;cH&OD;rSm usdcGßJcGßJBuD;eJY aeOD;rSm 'gayr,fh (rvGwfygbl;) ckvnf; b,foufomvdkYvJ acgif;&rf;yef;½dkif;yGifhBuD; wum;um; acgif;rSm yefxm;jcif;cH&ao; aywdk; arsmufuav; aywdk;/ arsmufqdkwmeJY vHkavmufcJh&JUom;eJY aywdk;vdkY emrnfrSnfhjcif;vnf; cH&ao;wJh aywdk; aywdk; arsmufuav; aywdk;/ olYarsmufq&mu BudrfvHk;av; wpfcsuf0ifh [Jh aywdk; a&SU*Gßrf;(uGßrf;)qdk&if aywdk;crsm a&SU*Gßrf;/ [Jh aywdk; aemuf*Gßrf;qdk&if aywdk;crsm aemuf*Gßrf;awG woGifoGif xdk;vdkuf&
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
66
[Jh aywdk; a&SU*Gßrf;qdk&if aywdk;crsm a&SU*Gßrf;awG woGifoGif xdk;vdkuf&/ arsmufq&mu BudrfvHk;uav; 0ifh0ifhjyvdkufwdkif; arsmufuav; aywdk;crsm *g0efBuD; wzm;zm; aygif'gBuD; wazG;azG; EIwfcrf;eDBuD; w&J&J yef;yGifheDBuD; wum;um;eJY vlv,facgifBuD;rSm tNrD;aigufawmufeJY aywdk;crsm uckef& *Gßrf;awG *Gßrf;awG xdk;xdk;jy& oli,fcsif; vDuDa& .. igwdkYawGrvJ qdkMuygpdkY avmu"H arsmufq&mu Budrfuav; 0ifhjyvdkufwJhtcg aywdk;yJ r[kwfbl;vm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
67
'gayr,fh wdkYawG aywdk;vdkyJ uHaumif;w,f wdkYu ½IarSsmfaeMu&w,f aywdk;crsm ausmay:uswJh BudrfcsufurS oufomvdrfhOD;r,fhvdkY rodcJh&Smbl;udk;/ ckawmh .. tNrD;aigufawmufBuD;eJY crsmrSm *g0efBuD; wzm;zm; EIwfcrf;eDBuD; w&J&J aygif'gBuD; wazG;azG;eJY vlv,facgifBuD;rSm aywdk; arsmufuav; aywdk;/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
68
a&xJjrdKY a[m'DrSm NrdKUav;wpfNrdKUav ... uAsmq&m rmvmar jrifroGm;cJhbl;wJhNrdKU NrdKUav;wpfNrdKUav ... olYv,fuGif;&ifbwfxJrSmu aomfubk&m;&,f olYESvHk;om;&ifbwfxJ .. 0if0ifacGUwwfwJh ajrmufjyefav&,f tJ'Dajrmufjyefavu ayGUayGUvmwJh pyg;yifysKduav;&JU udk,feHYav;&,f vrkyif tkyfuav;eJY cspfBudK;oG,faeol o½GwfoGyf acsmif;uav;&,f t&ufrrl;ol t&ufcsufpuf½Hkuav;&,f ZmwfyGJuovdk ujyaeol qefpufuav;awG&,f b00rf;pm azG½Smarmol avSarsmav;awG&,f arT;&eHY uefx½dkufwm oeyfcg;puf½Hkuav;&,f a[m Mumqefpuf½Hkuav;uvnf; &yf½SdvdkY pyg;&,f? A½T&,f? ig;&,f? Mumqef&,f oeyfcg;&,f? a&&,f raMuygapvifhvdkY qkawmif;&if; twGwfeJY arT;a& a&xJNrdKUuav;[m &ifxJNrdKU jzpfcJhaygh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
69
twGwfeJY arT;a& MunfhuG,f ... NrdKUnaumif;uifxJ ESpfopfBudKaw;awG oDumxGef;vif;vdkY NyD; ESpfopfaw;awG aumfzDvmaomufMu c&pörwf tBudKnvdk a0qmvSyvdkY b,fvdkrS rxifrSwfbJ Aif;epfNrdKU t&omrsKd;&cJh& a&eJY y#doaE¨jyKaom NrdKUav; acsmif;aygufuav;u acsmif;aygufuav;xJ0ifum NrdKUtvSudk NrdKUuacsmif;Munhfae&aom a&xJNrdKUygvm; / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
70
NrdKUopfrdk; iSufawGu avxJrSm em;aeMu uefpGef;yifawGu a&xJrSm em;aeMu aqmufNyD;p wdkufawGvdkvdk aqmufvufp tdrfuav;awGvdkvdk rdIewdk ueazmhawGvnf; pDNyD; ayghayghyg;yg; pum;awG qdkMuvdkY “b,fvkdrS ratmufarheJYaemf udk,fht&yf udk,fhtajcrdkY rpGefYvTwfEdkifbl;” wJh uefoif;½dk;uae ajreDvrf;jzpfoGm;wJh uefoif;½dk; ajreDvrf;awGuav i,fb0awGudk vGrf;&if;eJYaysmf uefpGef;cif;eJY tzGJUav;zGJUaexdkif rdIewdk ueazmh b0uae b0rajymif;vJbJ aexdkifumarSsmfMunfh tvSysufcJhayr,fh tvSrzsufatmifaygh/ b0ysufcJhayr,fh b0rzsufatmifaygh/ aumifrav; armif;vmwJh qD'ifum;u "mwfqDeHYav; &SL½Iduf&if;av NrdKUopfjzpfap NrdKUopfrSm [dkwkef;u vla[mif; vlaumif; av½dkif;awGudk vSrf;EIwfquf&if; 0if;yaep b0awG NrdKUopfjzpfzdkY topfpufpufNrdKUawG NrdKUjzpfzdkY
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
71
rdk;uav ... topfpufpufNrdKUrSm rdk;uav ... olYv,fuGufawG NrdKUjzpfoGm;wm olrodayr,fh rdk;uav ... olYv,fuGufawG ola&ay;zdkYyJ olod? rdk;uav ... olYb0wpfavSsmufvHk; jrwfEdk;cJhwJh v,fuGufawG ola&ay;r,fh olYjrwfEdk;rIu a&awGurf;zdkYyJ 'Dtodwpfckwnf; olYrSm&Sd? cPcP½Gm awmfMum&if;½Gm awmfaeMum½Gm wjAef;jAef;½Gm uGefu&pfazsmfpufwpfckvdk wtkef;tkef; toHay; ½Gmcs? rdk;uav ... topfpufpufNrdKUrSm tnmzkefvHk;BuD;awGvdk wvdyfvdyfeJY vSdrfhvSdrfhNyD;½Gm / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
72
*Dw vrf;ab;rSm at;at;aq;aq; tdyfaewJYacG; &kwfw&ufBuD; um;Nzwfeif;cH& aNcaxmufESpfacsmif;oGifoGifusdK; em;vGef;vdkY crsmrSm b,fvdkatmf&rSef;rod olUtouf&SL a&iifyHk;uav; a&wGif;eufeufMuD;xJ iifiifaewm Nrif&/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
73
pufcsKyform; &efukef reufrdk;vif;NyDqdkwmeJYyJ vlawGuawmh olwdkYtvkyf olwdkY'ku©awG cg;xpfcGifus? acgif;ay:u cHawmif;xJxnfhus? a[m ... cHawmif;xJJu ig;t&Sifvwfvwfwpfaumif um;ay: xGufus? cg;xpfcGifay:u uav;uidk aumifrav;awGu ckefa&Smif vlBuD;awGu &,fMu vrf; 50 rSm ... ig;u um;ay:u qif;rvdkY xifyg&JU a*:uD&yfuGufu vmMuwmawGav vef'efta&SUydkif;uvnf; jzpfEdkifayao;&JU “udkudkuav ... reufrsufESmopf a&rdk;oefYpifNyD;&if udkumudkvm wpfAl;aomufr,f tJ'grS tmcHwGif;uae MumndKeHYoif;aer,f” “NyD;&if *Gwfarmeif;udwf pm;r,f” “urÇmBuD;twGufyg udkudkYtwGuf r[kwfygbl;” [m; [m; [m; ... 'DvdktwGJuav;uvnf; NrdKUawmfudk pdkajyapovdkayghav yef;uav;awGuawmh aysmfvdkYayghav rMumcif ocifrqDa&mufr,f? rMumcif bk&m;ocifqDrSm qnf;uyf&r,f? jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
74
. . . uawmh aysmfw,f vdyfpmay;xm;aemf aemufvnf; qHkMu&atmif wD;wdk;uav;rsm; pum;awGzGJUMuvdkYom aysmfMu&Sm/ ½kef;xm; ½kef;xm; ½Hk;orm;a& ½kef;xm;&rSmyJ ½Hk;orm;awGvnf;yg&JU/ 'g &efukefav NrdKUBuD;om; &efukefav? uzD;qdkifawG zGifhukefMuNyD pufcsKyform; &efukefvnf; olYpufacgif;udk zGifhaygh? raeYnu tyfxnfav;udk b,fvdkn§yfr,f b,fvdk csKyfoDr,f b,fvdk bDwifazmufr,f? b,fvdk Zmem;uGyfr,f? pufcsKyform;&efukef pOf;pm;NyD; vlawGuyJ ulpOf;pm;ovdkvdk pOf;pm;NyD;&if; pOf;pm; pdwful;'DZdkif;&&if &ifxJaysmf a&SUu eufpfaumfzDudk wpfiHkiHk vef'efpD;u&ufudk wpfudkufcJ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
75
qdkifa&SUu jzwfoGm;MuwJh acwfvli,f tysKduav;awGudkMunfh vufzuf&nfoHk;cGufAsKdUvdkY atmfvdkufwJh pm;yGJxdk; acwfvli,fuav;&JU toHrSm &efukefrsufvHk;yGifhNyD;us,fokOf; atmf ... NrdKUBuD;udk pm;yGJxdk;ae&NyDayghuG,f/ ta&mifpHk taoG;pHk tom;pHk toHpHk &efukef? &efukef[m &efukefrSmyJ arG;w,f &efukef[m &efukefrSmyJ BuD;w,f &efukef[m urÇmhNrdKUBuD;awGeJY &ifabmifwef;NyD; &yfwnfw,f &efukef[m aoG;BuD;w,f olYudk,fol NrdKUBuD;om;vdkY tjrJwrf; cH,lw,f rD;oD;t0gawG rD;oD;tjymawG rD;oD;tjzLawG rD;oD;teDawG[m vlawGvdkY &efukefu cH,lw,f aeYa&m na&m xGef;vif;w,f oloabmusw,f &efukefu olY&ifbwfBuD;xJ vlrD;oD;awG vmxGef;vif;jzma0wmudk yDwdjzpfw,f? oabmusw,f? wkefcgr,f rdk;cgr,f &efukefrdk;[m jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
76
&efukefvdk om,moGm;r,f &efukefrSm aqmif;r&Sdbl; &efukefrSm aEGr&Sdbl; &efukefrSm rdk;yJ&Sdw,f &efukefrSm rdk; rEåav;rSm aEG jynfrSmaqmif;vdkY qdkMuw,f r[kwfvm; wu,fyJ &efukefrdk;uawmh rl,mrm,mawGrsm;w,f ½GmwmawmifrS OmPfeDOmPfeufawG OmPfjymOmPf0gawGrsm;w,f rdk;rSrdk; &efukeft&om[m rdk;rSrdk;ygyJ/ odygw,f &efukef Nidygw,f &efukef&,f Adkufacgufxlxl 0wfaumif;pm;vSawG qdkifxJ0ifvmMujyefNyD? a&mifpHkumvmaygh? bJom;zwf? qdwfom;zwfawG rSmpm;Mu rkefYbl;av;xJxnfh acwfvli,f ausmif;om;av;awG ckefaygufvdkY? “arar q&mrzdkY rkefY0,foGm;&tHk;r,fav at; at; om;” ... “*Gwfwarmeif; udwfwpfvHk;qdk vHkavmufygNyD” jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
77
'grSr[kwf attefwDudwf wpfvHk;vHk;ayghav “arar 0,fcJhNyD om;wdkYa&” wJh atmifjrifwJh avoHrSm &efukefNrdKUBuD;vnf; wHcg;zGifhNyD *sdrf; *sdrf; ... *sdrf; *sdrf; *sKH; *sKH; *sKH; *sKH; ... &xm;OMorIwfoHvnf; csvmjyefNyD NrdKUBuD;xJ NrdKUBuD;udk 0,fcJhwJh rD;&xm;awG ta0;&yfu wifvmwJh rD;&xm;oHawG ukrÜPDwHcg;zGifhoHawG aps;awG? aps;awGrSmvJ aps;onf aps;0,fawG iSuftkyf qiftkyfawG NydKqif;vmovdk NydKqif;vmMu *syefzdeyf aemufNrD;jywfeJY ukefxrf;orm; tajy;tvTm; pnfyifwHjrufvSnf;orm; tajy;tvTm; eufuwdkifawG tusÐawG txnfawG? bGwfzdeyfawG uwåDygpawG? cuf&if;eJY ZGef;awG yef;uefawG? ydwfom;a&mifpHkawG toHawG jrefvmMuNyD t½kyfawG jrefvmMuNyD vl\xif&Sm;rIawG jrefvmMuNyD
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
78
‘atmifaZ,s xGufcGmr,f ‘AE¨Kv qdkufuyfr,f vlawG vlawG tajy;tvTm; yef;qdk;wef;qdyfurf;rSm csDwufvmMu ajy;qif;oGm;Mu 0rf;pmqDuyfyGJ 0rf;pmajy;NydKifyGJ yifv,ful; oabFmBuD;awG &yfwcsKdU 0ifvmckwfarmif;wcsKdU wnfNidrfvdkY? 'DvdkeJY &efukefpufcsKyform; wpfaeukef w*sKef;*sKef;csKyf wpfaeukef wukef;ukef;csKyf a[m ... nae&D rdk;csKyfpjyKvmNyD rmusL&DrD;awG xGef;um; um;rD;a&mifpHkawG xGef;um; t&ufbm;awG usL;&ifhzGifhoD EdkufuvyfawG zl;yGifhwifhNyD uJ ... NrdKUBuD;om; pufcsKyform;&efukefa& nNrdKUBuD;udk bDwifazmufvdkufygawmh EdkYrdkYqdk rif;udk tarSmufaomufoGm;ayvdrfhr,f a[m ... a½TayguúHudk ta&mufjyefr,f bwfpfum;udk &J&Jwdk;pD; bwfpfum;udk rD;zdkBuD;vdkvHIum &efukefa& ... wmh wmaemf wJh / / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
armifacsmEG,f 79
jynf v0ef;xJ yGJMunhfavSuav; avSmfcwf0ifoGm; vrf;a½G;rSm;oljrpf ESpfxyfoabFmNrdKUuav;ay: em;cJhaygh/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
80
wefzdk; jyefrvmwJh ajc&mawGay: vmaewm b,folawGvJ topfawGvm; ... trdkuftrSm; vdkufpm;olawGvm; .../ 'DrSm ... trSm;awG rsm;jym;xlxyfvGef; 'DrSm ... tBudKufcsif; rwlnDMuzl; vufcHw,f? b0csif; rwlnDMubl; vufcHw,f? a~uG;NrDawGeJY av;vHydwifaevGef; vufcHw,f? av;awmfudk igwifNyD; ypfcsvdkuf&rSmu tNrdKufw&m;ayyJudk;/ ighbufu ightbd"r®mt& ig[m vGwfvGwfuGßwfuGßwfBuD; ½HI;cJh&awmh vGwfvGwfuGßwfuGßwfBuD;yJ Edkifcsifw,f/ trSefwu,fyJ igypfcsvdkufygw,f tNrdKufw&m; / / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
81
rkqdk; ykpämr[kwfbJ tajzazmfvdkY igr&cJh? rkqdk;armif;wpf0uf armif;wifxm;NyD; om;aumifudk ig&Sm? igawGY? igypfcsvdkufw,f ighwpfudk,fvHk; 'Pf&mawGcsnf; Edkif;csif; ememusifusiftvS igawGY? tBuD;tus,f igpdk;&drfrd ighaoewfrSm usnfqefr½SdrSmudkbJ/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
82
aMuuGJrIta&mif cE¨mudk,frsm; ayghyg;a&;u pwif ‘rdk;a0;a& ... NyD;rSyJ urÇmBuD;udk cspfcifaMumif; ajymMuwmaygh/ igwdkYawG apmcJhMuw,f igwdkYawG apmNyD; aemufuscJh&w,f/ 'gaMumifhyJ 'DZmwfudk igwdkYawG ucJhMu& igwdkYawG[m jyZmwfxJu qufwifvdk tdrfawGrSm aecJhMu& igwdkYawG[m cspfolYtoHawGudk xdefcsefcJhwJh uHw&m;vnf; w&m;pD&ifcJh&/ ta&;BuD;w,f wpfa,mufwpfa,muf t&om&SdzdkYuvnf; ta&;BuD;ay&JU wdkYawG wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf t&om&SdcJhMuw,f r[kwfvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
83
wdkYawG wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf cspfcJhMuw,fqdkwm trSefw&m;awmif enf;enf;yg;yg; &dyfpm;rdoGm;NyDav/ wdkYawG[m &moDqdk;oGrf;vrf;ru ysHusrdk;awGaygh 'Dvkdr[kwfbl;vm;/ ‘rdk;a0;a& ... igwdkYawG tm;vHk;[m wpfcsyfarSmufzJ0dkif;rSm .. igwdkYtm;vHk;&JU zJawGu wjcm;tdrfawGrSm xGufukefMuNyD igwdkYzJawG[m qef;zJawG r[kwfMuawmhbl; wpfcsyfarSmuf upm;&mrSm vkduf&JzdkYxuf ajy;&Jwm owådyg ‘rdk;a0;a& ... igwdkYawG ajy;MupdkY&JU ckavmufqdk ‘armifjynfhrif;wpfa,muf ESif;awGa0aea&maygh / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
84
taiGUysHaeU&ufrsm; tmcdrd'doDtdk&D[m oGm;wpfacsmif;tNzpfa&muf&Sdvmw,f/ a&csdefvGwfaewJUpmyGJcHkwpfcHkckefvdkU/ tvGefw&m t&om&SdcJUwmu arQmfvifUae&wm rSeforQaygU/ cspfvSpGmaom avmu"Hw&m;a& ... Nzpfcsifwdkif; rNzpf&wmudkyJcspfae&ygw,f/ touf&SLoHawGxJrSm yef;yGifUawG&Sdw,f touf&SLoH[m yef;yGifUNzpfw,f ql;&Sd? t&omcsOfpl;pl; tap;vnf;xGuf usD;aygif;wufaewJU tdyfrufwpfck touf&SLoHyef;yGifUxJrSm &dSaeav&JU/ armifacsmEG,f (a&mifNyef? 2001 Mo*kwf)
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
85
aeUa[mif;rsm; vGrf;p&maeU&ufawGcsnf;ygvm; xkxnfeJUtwHk;tcJawG ypfxnfUcH&/ udk,fudkq,fcJU&wm ESpfaygif;oHk;q,f wcufwcJMuD;yg &moDqdk;oGrf; vrf;rMuD;ygvm; &moDopf yef;opfwa0a0 igwdkUwpfawGvrf;rSm Zvyf cwåm tifMuif;0geD awmf0ifydawmuf aygufyGifUeDeD&J&J aEGudkaomufMuNyD; tonf;at;NrMu oli,fcsif; ]azmfa0;}a& tdkcJvS emcJUMu bk&m;wdkiftvGrf;awGeJU b0[m aNy;vrf;NzpfNyD; avmuMuD;[m tarmaNyaomufzdkU a&wpfaygufavmufyg oEÅdokcavNynf aer0ifcJUygbl;tar/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
86
tar&,f avmuMuD;u om;&JUwHcg;udkzGifUray;cJUbl; &eHUarT;NyD; tyGifUa0aMuGwJU ca&yifNrpfurf;yg;av;rSm xdkifcJU&wmvnf; ESpfoHk;q,fyg tar&,f uRefawmfU&JU ESpfoHk;q,f[mvnf; t½IH;awGcsnf;ygyJ uRefawmf a&mufatmifoGm;cJUygw,ftar NzpfNyD;om;tNypfawG aysmufysufvGef;cJU trSefudkzefwD;cJUayr,fUvnf; urÇmMuD;rSm bmrSvnf;vGrf;p&mr&SdawmUygbl; wu,fawmUvnf; [kwfygw,f b0qdkwm avxJuzkefrIefUav;ygyJ ckawmU.. tcGHuzD;rSm tarUom;[m rdkufvHk;BuD;BuD;opfoD;awG a0a0qmqmoD;vdkU/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
87
aEGOD;opfoD;opfrsm; ighoDcsif;av;eJYom ighavSuav; igavSmfcJh? ightoufuav; igxGef,ufcJh? ighOpömxkyfuav; b,frvJ iga&mufcJh? &rSa&mufw,f igodcJh ighOpömxkyfuav; &Sdyg&JU b,frvJ ig&cJh a&mufrS&w,f igodcJh? ig&cJh tJ'g t½IH;vm; t½IH;udk cH,lw,f 'g[m ighrD;vQH igckefqif; igh,mcif;awG ylvSonf 'g[m ighrD;vQH igckefqif; tqHk;awG qifhqifh&vGef;cJh igh,mcif;awG ylvScsnfh igxGef,ufcJh &vnf;&w,f a&mufvnf;a&mufw,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
88
aygufyGifheD&J 'dkif;ueJayhg aEGudk &J&JzGifhvdkufNyD 'g[m ighrD;vQH 'g[m ighOpömxkyf 'g[m igh,mcif; ighaEGjywif;rSm a½T&nfa½Ttqif;awG vif;awmhr,f/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
89
nDrav;rrjrifY (u) ajrmufuRef;oltwkvum&D&JY wpfpvnf0if xrif;tdk;av;[m &[EÅm tyg;500udk qGrf;uyfvSLEdkifowJYuG ... nDrav;rrjrifY&JY a½Tom;oHa,mZOfuvnf; udk,fYb0wpfckvHk;udk usef;rma0qmatmif uAsmq&mjzpfatmif jznfYpGrf;ay;EdkifcJYygw,f/ nDrav;rrjrifYa& rjrJwJYtedpöw&m;uNrJvGef; wdkYawGarmifESrvdkaeMur,fuG,f/ oli,fcsif;okcrdefa& rif;u y@dwvrf;rSmaew,f rif;uokcrdefvrf;rSmaew,fqdkawmY igYtwGuf tifemAGefpD&,f tonf;aq; vifAdkvif&,f tifemAGefpD&,f 0,fzdkY jrefrmusyfaiGwpfaomif; tjrefay;yguG,f.../
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
90
nDav; armifjynfYrif;a& rif;&JYaemufqHk;j'yfpifxJu Zmwfvdkuf[migaygYuGm aemufqHk;vufusef t&ufwpfcGufudkjiif;qdk oDcsif;qdkjyD; jyefcJYw,f rif;[m emrnfeJYvdkufatmif jynfYjyD; emrnfeJYvdkufatmif jynfYolyguGm ckawmY Ouúvm[dk;rm;rSmaemf/ aiGMum,Hu ZdrfcHwdkufMuD;eJY oli,fcsif;udkausmfvdIifa& uAsmtif*sifeD,m&if;rSm cifAsm;u urÇmjcm;&JYtoif;0ifwpfOD;yg/ igYwlav; vlqef;a& rif;uawmY armfawmfqdkifu,fav;wpfpD; pkefqefvdkY yJcl;eJYyk*H pkefcsnfqefcsnf rif; yef;awGbmawG qufcJY&JYvm; Mount ykyÜm;&JY ae0ifcsdefawG odyfvSwmyJuG,f/ awmifqDrSmrdk;awGndKY&if armifzDvm&,f igYudkyJcl;udkydkYyguG,f a&xJjrdKYuav;u nDav; armifoufjidrf&,f rif;&JY u&if&Gmu bk&m;ausmif;rSm acgif;avmif;oHvnf; rMum;&MumjyD rif;nDrav;eJY orD;av;a&m aeaumif;&JUvm;uGm aomfubk&m;MuD;vnf; zl;csifw,f 0g;c,frbk&m;MuD;eJYjyefravmYjrpfrSm a&csdK;csifw,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
91
vrkoD;av;eJY awmt&ufav;udkvnf; qE´jyif;jyif;½Sdw,f jyefravmYjrpf&JY ae0ifcsdefav;udk &Ipm;csifw,f a,musfm;csif;tcspfeJY a,mufsm;csif;tcspf&dScJYw,fqdk&if tJ'DAdkif;&yfpfydk;udk igt&ifawGY&dSwmyguG,f/ rHk&Gmuwifudkudka& rif; t&ifvdktcspfawG igYtay: &dSao;&JYvm; igvmcJYr,fuG,f/ rHk&Gmu tnmom;av; rif;aqGESpfa& rif;&JY qlyg½kzfum;av;eJY igYudk rHka½G;aMu;rHkudk ydkYyguG,f tJ'DrSm q&mBuD;rdIif;&JY awmfvSefuAsmawG &dSw,fuGJY awmfvSefuAsmq&mMuD; awmfvSefaomuAsmawG tyGifYqef; acsmif;eHab;rSm atmifcsrf;omZD;oD;av;bmav; pm;&if; olrsm;raumif;aMumif; udk,fYraumif;aMumif; urÇmBuD;raumif;aMumif;awG ajymMuwmaygYuGm/ teD;pcef;u nDav; jrwfay:OD;a& rif;&JY *E¨rmyef;jcHxJrSm *pfwmwpfvHk;eJY rm,maumYpuD&JY uAsmawG½Gwf&if; uAsmq&muG,fvGef&if uAsmeJY uAsmeJY o&P*Hkwif&w,fqdkwm igajymcJYw,fav rif;aumif;aumif;rSwfrdrSmyg/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
92
'kX0wDjrpfurf;eHab;u MuGufezm;awmifMuD;&JY ae0ifcsdefu odyfvSwmyJuG,f uifr&mrif;av; armifpdk;&JY MuGufezm;awmifMuD;&JY ae0ifcsdefawGudk rif;&JtvSqHk;&dkufcsufeJY &dkufcJYw,faemf igaumif;aumif;rSwfrdygw,f ae0ifcsdefwdrfawmufvdkY ysdKaMumufygwJY 'DtcsdefqdkoDum vSnf;,OfaMumYav;armif;vdkY awmolrav;&JY &ifodrfYwkefoHrSm wdkY&JY aomwm&kHrSm vGwfvyfjidrf;apcJYw,faemf/ udkoef;xGef; rHk½Gm rD;&xm;vrf;eHab;u vufzufqdkif uaz;qdkifav;rSm &JcJYbd tpOftvmeJY tvHvTifYxl cifAsm;vufeufrcsao;bl;r[kwfvm; usKyf *kPf,lwm ukef;abmifolykef *VKefq&mpH ik,ifAefx&GdKif; twdkif;rodwJYwdkufyGJrSm cifAsm;yg0ifcJYw,faemf Adkvfatmifausmf tdk...[,f&Dwef pD;tefyGufyGuf oifYaoG;pufonf acwfopfqDudk a&mf&nfEdkifapownf;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
93
rD;vdkylMuG igY&if0u wocJYwJY igY&if0u wocJYwJY uAsm tdk... *dsK;jzL&,f ulygYoHawG vlYajr vSyapavmY igY&if0u wocJYwJY uAsm atmYZ0pf tusOf;pcef;u nDoli,fcsif; wifat;MuL armifrdIif;vGifa& cifAsm;&JYcspfol nDrav;cifrdk;ausmf &GufaMuGawmtkyfeJY rdacsmif;&Jokóefav;u apmifYaew,fav cifAsm; vGrf;olYyef;acGcszdkY jynfudkvmcJYygOD; ESvHk;eJYwnfaqmufcJY&wmu acwf&,f urÇmMuD;&,fyg 'gayr,fY urÇmMuD;u jym;ygw,fAsm/ yifv,fa&jyif tjrifYay oHk;aomif;ausmfu nDav;rl;rl;&,f rif;tEkynmarSmfawG atmifcJYjyDuGm rif;yxrausmfawGvnf; &cJYjyDuG,f oli,fcsif;rif;opf&,f &S,fvDxGm;&,f uGsefawmfwdkYwpfawG *pfwmav;wpfvHk;eJY uGsefawmfwdkYawG *pfwmwD; aw;qdkMur,fAsm þtdrfawmfrSm aumif;jcif;r*FvmjynfYapownf; þtdrfawmfrSm jidrfoufjcif;vnf; &dSygapaygY aysmf&Gifjcif;vnf; &dSygapaygY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
94
awmiforeftif;u avnif;&,fu aqmf tpfudkBuD; udkav;tif;0*kPf&nf&,f armifaygufpnf ref;wuúodkvf&,f tdkifAifaemY&,f uGsefawmfwdkYwawG awmiforeftif;rSm ig;aMumfeJY xrif;pm;Mur,f jyD;&if a[m'Dvdk aw;oDMur,fAsm a[m'Dvdk aw;oDMur,fAsm “igonf rSefaom pyspfEG,fyifjzpfonf igYcrnf;awmfonf O,smOfrSL;jzpfzl;jyD; toD;roD;aom tcuf½dSorSs ckwfrnfwnf; toD;oD;aom tcufwdkYomwnfapawmfrlownf;” oHk;BudrfoHk;cg qdkNyD;oumv ig;aMumfeJY tif;ab;rSm xrif;aMumf avG;MuwmaygYAsm/ oli,fcsif;okcrdefa& oDcsif;&JU vay:u bD,mqdkifudkoGm;Mur,f tJ'DrSm awmt&uf ig;ykvif; awmifqdwfom;ig;aumif ig;uif? 'defcJ? MuufuifeJY uAsmawG &Gwfzwfo&ZÑm,fMur,f aysmfw,fAsm
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
95
nDrav;rrjrifY&,f armifESrvdk aeMur,fuG,f ac:r,faemf tpfudkeJYnDrawGudk ac:r,f nDeJYnDrawGudkac:r,f tm;vHk;yJaysmfMur,f jidrf;csrf;a&; jidrf;csrf;a&;yGJawmf ac:r,f ac:r,f aysmfr,f aysmfr,f tm;vHk;yJ aysmfMur,f jidrf;csrf;a&; jidrf;csrf;a&;yGJawmf tpfudkwdkYa& t&yfuwdkYa& bk&m;'umygcifAsm; oem;rnSmwmrvkyfvdkufygeJY bk&m;'umygcifAsm; 'ku©dweJY emwm&SnfygcifAsm; roem;rnSmrwm rvkyfvdkufygeJY awmifpG,f aeuG,f&ifuG,f a½T"m;qGJum owfr,fwJY wu,fygyJAsm vlYb0MuD; tMuD;tus,frkef;p&m usKyfjzifY tvGefrkef;oAsm tm*sef;qdkwJY oGm;tazG;om;eJY igYuav;av;a& rif;[mav ewfom;av;ygyJuG,f nDrav;rrjrifYa& rjrJwJY tedpöw&m;ujrJvGef; wdkYawG &IHvGef;vSw,fuG,f nDrav;rrjrifYa& av;pm;ygw,f *kPf,lygw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
96
(c) igzGJYqdkpygoDwJYuAsmav;awGom oDqdkyg okcpmaywdkufu nDav;armifoD[a& rif;[m auo&mZmyg igYuAsmav;awGudk rQa0cHpm;Muyg jrdKYopfu wdk;aESmifrdk;av;&,f armifpGrf;om&,f aumif;[ef rdk;aomufMu,f&,f igwdkYawG tdrfa&SYrif;xef;awmrSm A,maMumfpm;oHk;&if ab;b,mawG ausmf&rSmaygY emusifwm'Pf&maygY 'Pf&mqdkwm uAsm 'Pf&mqdkwm opömw&m; 'Pf&mqdkwm cspfjcif;arwåm avmuMuD;udkawmY Oayu©ma&ydkifeufxJrSm ig;ref;pmauGs;wmaygY t0dZÆmqdkwm tifrwef cGeftm;&dSav&JY olwdkYwpfawG qmavmifaeMujyD/ yJcl;jra& jruav;&JY ½Id;jyjyw,fvdkY rjzpfacsbl; ysdK;csorQ[mvnf; ydk;usvdkYaeacsaygY ydk;usvdkYaeacsaygY jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
97
uAsm 'DvefaomrwfwdkY uefrfwmuavmYwdkY q,fA,f,myvyfwdkY wuf'f[lcsfwdkY a[;rwfa&SeDwdkY atmf'ifwdkY rif;uvnf;uGm a,musfm;{uefppfppf jzpfvsufom;eJYrsm; zifav;&w,f *seftHY'if;Am;a& rif;&JY cspfaomjrpfMuD;a&m usef;usef;rmrmyJr[kwfvm; iguawmY qDrD;cGufavmuf&dSwJY wdkif;i,fuav;u uAsmq&myg ol&owådMuD;rm;vSpGm aeylavylrSm ajcylcH&if; txl;xl;qef;jym;aom uAsmawGpyfvdkYaygY Aif;epfjrdKYom; ukefonfMuD;a& rif;eJYig jyZmwfoGm;MunfYMuwmaygY/ ysOf;rem;om; uAsmq&mav; udkoufa& 0DvsHvif;a& cifAsm;pmawGzwfzdkY usKyf jynfudkvmOD;r,f usaemfYudk ESpftpdwfavmuf axmufyHYcJYwJY cifAsm;udk usKyf&JYjruRef;wuúoDvmMuD;vnf; ESpf&Spfq,f t&G,fa&mufcJYygjyDAsm/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
98
nDrav; rrjrifYa& armifESrvdkaeMur,f tEkynmiSufuav; ysHawmYr,f rysHEdkifao; nDrav; nDrav;&,f awmyGJav;rSm aqG;&OD;r,f &SifOwårausmf a½Tpufawmfawmvm; &wkbk&if ewfoQifaemif jynfe0a'; ESrvufavQmY aeavawmY[k cspfcGifYrMuHK ndSK;i,f&HkrQ iSufoGifyHsMuGrwwfaomfwJY rjyefEdkifao; nDrav;&,f rjyefEdkifao; awmyGJav;rSm aqG;&OD;r,fuG,f yvdyfjrdKY ajrGbk&m;yGJrSm (jrdwf) bdwfjrdKYnDi,fuAsmq&mav; &Jbkef;acgifa& rif;uawmY bdwftusqHk; rMumrwifrSmawmY rMumcifrSmawmY rif;&JYr*Fvmzdwfpm&,f igzwf&rSmyguGm/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
99
om;av;udk tm;ay;ygOD;uG,f uefYvefYumMuD;&,f aeygOD; uvdkY aumif;aewkef; ½Gmpm;MuD;&,f wD;vdkufygOD; qdkvdkYaumif;aewkef; rdk;rdk;cspfvdkYvm; rdk;rdk;vSvdkYvm; nDav;rdk; usef;rmygap... arwåmjzifY armifacsmEG,f .../ at;uGm rif;wdkYnDtpfudkeJY at;apwDbk&m;yGJrSm ucJYwmawGa&m? a&Tpnf;cHkbk&m;yGJrSm ucJYwmawGa&m jyefvnfvGrf;armrdygw,f/ rif;wdkYvnf; aumif;cJYygw,f? igvnf;aumif;cJYygw,f/ ckvdk uGJuGmae&wmvnf; MumvSjyDaygYaemf/ cspfjcif;arwåmawG pD;vsufomwnf;yguGm/ aw;oDiSufawG oDjrJyguG,f/ yef;opfav;awG opfjrJyguG,f/ yef;qdkwm aMuGwmuudku yGifYjcif;yg/ One flower flow down flower blossom aygYav/yef;awG yef;awG t&rf; t&rf;yJ yGifYaeMuw,f nDrav;rrjrifY&,f/ tdrfrSm ausmif;rSm vrf;rSm nDrav;emrnfeJY t&rf; t&rf;udk yGifYaeMuw,fuG,f/ udk,fYtonf;udk tmx&maqmif;½dkufMunfYawmY yef;yGifYav;emrnfu nDrav;rrjrifYwJY ... / armifacsmEG,f (acwå-pdwåZaq;&Hk) ( [efopfr*¾Zif; ? 2002 atmufwdkbm )
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
100
igaeaumif;oGm;NyDyef;uav;a& aNrmufNyefav woGifoGifrSm oZif&eHUawGwoif;oif;eJY a[rEÅ &moD[m urÇmaNrudk qdkufuyfvdkY ig t&kPfaomufvdkY vGwfaNrmufcJYNyD ppfaNy;'ku©onfvdkvJ xrif;rpm;Edkifyg "g;udkzGifYxm;rnf acG;aNcykykay:rSm b0udk rwnfaqmufvdkyg okwdom,moHeJY eHeufcif;iSufuav;awG igYudkBudKvifYNyD a&mifeDonf ½Tef;vufawmufypGmNzifY igY&JUarwåmNynfYaom&iftHkudk cdkvHIcJYacsNyD igYwefcdk; tEkynmarSmfopfwdkYxHwGif aysmf½TifMunfEl;MuukefNyD ig\tMuifemxHyg;wGif yef;wkdYtpGrf;ukefyGifYcJYMuNyD ief;wdkYaysmf&m a&uefomonf igYxHwGif wnfacsNyD/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
101
jzpfcJYw,f tJ'g[m rdcifjrwf&JY om;tdrfxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m emrftvkyfudkvkyfwJY jynfjrdKYuav;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m Mud,mtvkyfudkvkyfwJY jzL;jrdKYuav;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m npmaysmufnwpfn&JY qmavmifrIrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m tdrfajy;wpfa,muf&JY aMuuGJ&jcif;xJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m ocFg&w&m;&JY avnif;cHrIxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m ppfwpfZifem&DvufwHxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m rmudkeD&JY aqmif;wGif;tdyfrufxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m zD&SefEGm;wpfaumif&JY ZD;tdrfxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
102
tJ'g[m yifpifpm;t&m&dSwpfOD;&JY cs,f&Dom;wkwfaumufxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m jrif;arG;nSyform;&JY uwfaus;xJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m oGm;awGwpfacsmif;rS r&dSawmYwJY oGm;q&m0efrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m a&OD;a&zsm;jrdKYuav;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m i&HUacgif;wdkvdk acgif;&dSjyD; ykuGuGaumifwpfaumif&JY i,fxdyfay:rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m ESpfxyfoabFmeJYwlwJY jrdKYav;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m wpfawmvHk; wpfawmifvHk; csufaMuG;wJY o'¨gw&m;xJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m vJrdIYawG tefxGufaewJY acgif;tHk;aygufwpfvHk;xJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m EdkifiHa&;r&dSwJY arG;jrLa&;ig;awGrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
103
jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYw,f pMu0VmudkrSsm;wJY yg;pyfMuD;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ jzpfcJYw,f cspfjcif;arw책m&JY acsmif;em;urf;pyfrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ jzpfcJYw,f ,E책&m;vdkYac:wJY wdkufMuufz&JY ZvkwfMuD;xJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ jzpfcJYw,f bdef;pm;wpfOD;&JY ajzmifYcsufxJrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m jzpfcJYw,f [kwfw,f jzpfcJYw,f/ atmf'ufqmrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ tJ'g[m jzpfcJYw,f vljzpfjyD; wdkufuyfyef;yifwpfyifvdkvdk jyD;awmY yef;vnf;ryGifYwJY aumifwpfaumifrSm jzpfcJYw,f avmuMuD;rSm aiGr&dSwmavmuf atmufwef;uswmr&dSbl; tJ'g[m jzpfcJYw,f/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
104
Aef*dk;eJY avmf&umwdkY&JY tdyfruf[m jzpfcJYw,f rSm;,Gif;aeus aeYpOfpifwifjyZmwfawG[m jzpfcJYw,f? tJ'g[m pOf;eDwkH;ay:u eefYaMumqGJwJYig; toufvufvTwfvdkuf&jcif;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ a&wm&Snfjcif; jrdKYuav;u awmjyZmwfuav;rSm jzpfcJYw,f/ a&Tvdar速mfoD; zdeyfuav;wpf&H&JY &,farmoHrSm jzpfcJYw,f/ jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYwmawG[m ysufcJYw,f ysufcJYwmawG[m jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYw,f ysufcJYwmawG[m jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYw,f jzpfcJYw,f ysufcJYwmawG[m jzpfcJYw,f/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
105
cspfvSpGmaom avmu"Hw&m; oif'gawGodygp cspfvSpGmaom urÇmBuD;cifAsm; b0c&D;[m wpfoD;pm;v,f{u r[kwfcJYyg oifeJYuREkfyfwdkY[m jcifeJYjzKwf r[kwfcJYyg wpfu,fawmYvnf; jcifeJYjzKwfudk oifwdkYuREkfyfwdkY umuG,f&efom&dSay&JY/ rdk;vmysuf avvmysuf tdyfrufawGrvdk yluefyGifYaMuaom 'ku©awGomvdk&JY omrSaer,fqdkwJY tavtvGifY tzdwftpif"mwfawGrvdk oefYpifxm;wJY temw&avxefoHawGvdk&JY/ udk,fvufpxa&m cyfrsm;rsm;eJYvlawGrvdk vIyf&Sm;aygufuGJaewJY aAmfvfuefEdkawGvdk&JY 0rf;eJYaveJYruGJwJY avmutjrifawGrvdk oHk;&moD ta0;ajy;um;awGvdk&JY/ &efr[kwf rdwfr[kwfawGrvdk topfcsyfcRwf 'Pf&mawGomvdk&JY/ tkwfta&ma&m ausmufta&ma&mawGrvdk ZAÁL&mZfa½Tom;ppfppf aEG&moDawGvdk&JU/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
106
ukAayt&SnftnTef;eJY vlYb0awGrvdk yifudkobm0udk rxdef0SufwwfwJY oJeJY&Syf&Syf jrdKYuav;awGvdkw,f/ b0ifvnf;rjrifY tvSpDjc,f&mrSmvnf; tjrJwrf;atmifjrifwJY obm0tEkynm&SifawGvdk&JY cspfvSpGmaom avmu"Hw&m;a& avmuMuD;[m MoXm&dujzpfjyD; b0[m okckrjzpfav&JY tcspfa& 'dkYawG emwm&Snfa&m*grSmom om,mvdkufMuygpdkY urÇmMuD;cifAsm; oifaumif;cJYaomfvnf; uREkfyfwdkY qdk;cJYygw,f &dk;om;cGifY r&dSawmYyg/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
107
[dkw,ff vwfvwfqwfqwfudkufzJYNyD;p z&JoD;t0gvdk ‘“v” ES,f tcsdK&nfawGwpufpuf&TJus tapYawGuawmY tjzLpMu,fawG A&AyGMuJ ydk;om;tdtdwdrfwdkufawG pdwfavvGifYMu qifjcifwHkiSufawG igYcE¨mudk,fxJu ysHxGufukefMu olwdkYawmifyH&dkufcwfoH[m ajrGwGefoHawG jzpfoGm;MujyD; EdkufuvyfwpfckrSm ajcvGwfvufvGwf rl;,pfuckefaeolawGvdk uckefaeMu b0udk tuÐscRwfovdk cRwfcsvdkYr&wJYn b0udk ajctdwfpGyfovdk pGwfcsvdkYr&wJYn nunudk jyefrdsKvdkY r&wJYn tJ'DnawG[m [dkw,fxJ ckefayguf0ifoGm;wJYtcg [dkw,fawGu vufvGwfxGufajy;vm nawG[m [dkw,fjzpfcJYw,f/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
108
0wfrIeful;Mu 0rf;enf;rIeJYom usef;rmcJY& qifjcifwkHrI rdkufc&dkpukyfxJ b0[m pm;oHk;yifwpfyifwJY avmufwpfzGm;zGm;eJYav/ b,frSmvJ a&Ttouf&SLoHawG wkH;vHk;ywfacgufvJus pMu0Vm av;vHydusvm “tufpfuavwm” awGrSm tpmtdrfr½dS igwdkYawGrSm½dScJYw,f/ urÇmajr[ufwufyGifY uyfoHk;yg; pwdkifyif&cJY tom;awG tzwfvdkuf tzwfvdkuf uGmus ig;onfrAef;xJu ig;ajyrawGvdk Mu,fwHcGefawG wzsyfzsyfxckef eAfaMumeJYaoG;om;awG b,fuGefysLwmrSm&dScJYovJ igwdkYawGrSm &dScJYw,f/ 0wfrIeful;Mu txl;0wfrIeful;Mu tJ'D yspfyspfESpfESpfnawGeJY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
109
0wfrIeful;Mu tJ'D t&SifvwfvwfMuD;eJY/ txl;0wfrIeful;Mu tJ'D aumif;uifvSwJYaeYawGeJY/ 0wfrIeful;Mu tJ'D aoG;avjrefqefwJY jrdKYBuD;awGeJY/ 0wfrIeful;Mu txl;0wfrIeful;Mu vmcJYjyD uzdkY jrdKY&GmwdkY uzdkYvmcJYMujyD/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
110
NrdKYwpfNrdKYu 0Sufxm;wJYzJcsyfrsm; aoG;qHk;aewJYrdef;rvdk qdkif;bkwfeJY vlnHYawG&,f tJ'gawGudkawmY vSr,fxifvdkY jrdKY[m olYudk,fol tpGrf;ukefjc,foxm;av&JY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
111
jrdKY[m a[m'DzJcsyfawmY 0Sufxm;av&JY/ jrdKY[m 0if&dk;pGef;rSm wpfudk,fxJ [dkw,fpmoGm;oGm;pm;wwfwJY tMuifemw&m;yHk oHwHk;wpfwHk;udk 0Sufxm;w,f/ jrdKY[m vrif;eJY{nfYcHwwfwJY &yfuGufwckudkvnf; 0Sufxm;w,f/ jrdKY[m pum;ajymwwfp Mu,fuav;wpfyGifYudkvnf; 0Sufxm;w,f/ jrdKY[m vlom;ppfppfjzpf&ufeJY ukvm;tkwfwpfaumifvdk pkaqmif;xm;wJY a&awGvJ&dS olYtzdkY&m bdkYwpfvHk;vnf;yg&dS ta0;jrif vnfyif;½SnfMuD;vJ&dS jyD;awmY urÇmausmfaus;pGyfyHkjyifudkvJ ydkifqdkifwJY pm;yGJcHkwpfvHk;udkvJ 0Sufxm;w,f/ jrdKY[m tJ'gaMumifYyJ urÇmykoGm;wJY aeYwpfaeYudk udk,f0efaqmifxm;&jyDqdkwm rod&SmcJYbl;aygY/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
112
tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m aumif;uif[dkw,frSm tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m qlyguwf armfawmfqdkifu,fpD;vmw,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m taMuom;tuFsD0wfvmw,f/ njzpfvsufeJY rsufrSefeufwyfvmw,f/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
113
tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m EIwfcrf;eDeD qdk;vmw,f/ pHy,fwifrSJY twkvJwyfvmw,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m aumifav;u ouúvyfOD;xkyfaqmif;jyD; aumifrav;u rsufawmifaumYwk wyfvmw,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m rdk;uae aqmif;[efaqmifaew,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu bD,mrSmaomufjyD; wpfa,mufu tcsdK&nfpkyfaew,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu rsufvHk;vSefvSefMunfYwJYtcg wpfa,mufu em;&Gufudk&GufukefzGifYwwfw,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu vrif;udkrsdKrsdKcsjyD; wpfa,mufu tvif;ylyludk aomufaomufaew,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu t&rf;ESvkH;ckefcsifjyD; wpfa,mufu ajczsm;vufzsm;awG at;pufaew,f/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
114
tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu olY&ifckefoHudk txdwfwvefY MunfYaejyD; wpfa,mufu touf&SLrSefzdkY renf;MudK;pm;ae&w,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m AdkufqmaerSmpdk;vdkYwJY MuufOacgufqGJaMumf rSmpm;w,f/ wpfa,mufu olY&JY vlMudKufrsm;vSwJY wpf0uftjyHK;udk jyHK;jyHK;jyaew,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu ouúvyfOD;xkyfudk qGJqGJcsaejyD; acgif;armY armYaew,f/ wpfa,mufu jyKwfaewJY &SyftuFsDMu,foD;udk wyfaew,f/ tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m aumifav;u pD;u&ufukefoGm;vkYd pdwfnpfaejyD aumifrav;u EIwfcrf;eDysufoGm;vdkY pdwftdkufaew,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
115
tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m wpfa,mufu rD;&xm;eJYjyefzdkY pdwful;jyD; wpfa,mufu ta0;ajy;um;eJY jyefzdkYpDpOfxm;w,f/ 'DvdkeJY tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m xGufoGm;wJYrD;&xm;u jyefauGYvmjyD; pD;oGm;wJY ta0;ajy;um;rSm jyefa&mufvmw,f/ 'DvdkeJY tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m a&cJjrpftaMumif;udkarY wdrf&dyf*Grf;qdkifawGudkarY ta0;ajy;wwfwJY urÇmBuD;udk arYypfjyD; tcspftaMumif;ajymwJYn[m [dkw,frSmyJ ajcypfvufypf tdyfypfvdkufygawmYw,f/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
116
arSsmfvifYjcif;xrif;odk;rsm; naecif;awG[m 'DurÇmay:ujrdKY&GmawGudk b,fvdkrsm; usa&mufcJYygovJ/ a[m'Dvdkrsm; wpfae&m&mrSmawmY usa&mufcJYr,f xifwmyJ i&SOfYaoG;a&mif aumif;uifvrf;rSm ief;arG;a&mif abmif;bD jrif;acs;a&mifbdeyf wdrfom;a&mif &SyftuÐsaumif;0wfvkYd naecif;[m avnif;cHxGufaer,f/ tJ'DrSm avnSif;uvnf; ESif;qDcif;awGxJ vl;vddSrfYvmcJYvdkY ESif;qDeHYawGeJY udk,fvufESD;aESmcJYvdkYrdkY naecif;[m arT;jyD;aeygvdrfYr,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
117
'grSr[kwf&ifvJ zefuvyfxJrSm 0dkifykvif;xJrSm naecif;[m wpfudk,fvHk; qif;pdrfjyD; pnf;pdrf,pfrl; aysmfyg;aewmvJ urÇmajr wpfae&mu jrdKYwpfjrdKYrSm &dSjzpfwefaumif;av&JY/ 'DrSm a[m'DrSm &efukeftpGef irdk;&dyfacsmif;pyfem;u xm;yg v,fuGif;awG 0dkif;&Hxm;vdkYrdkY v,fuGif;awGeJY &efukefrSmaygY/ 7ay? 10ay tcef;wpfckxJrSm naecif;[m... vlqefcsifae&Smygw,f/ 'Dtcef;rSm naecif;rSm 0rf;pmoabFm[mvJ qdkufuyfrvmcJYao;ygbl;/ 'DrSmawmY naecif;[m txdtcdkuftust&IH;rsm;pGmeJY olqif;&Jom; jzpfcJY&Sm&JY/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
118
'Dnaecif; tvif;0yftm;ydefydefrSm olYEdkYydefuav;udk vDq,fjyD; EdkYwdkufaewJY uav;tar toufi,fi,f t&G,ftdktdk vlom;ta&mift0grSdefrdSef wpfvTmjyD;wpfvTmaygY 'Drdef;rom;&JYrsufESmrSm arQmfvifYjcif; ta&jym;awGuGmus 'DvdkrsdK; arQmfvifYjcif;udk naecif;udk apmifYarQmfjcif;udk qmavmifjcif;udk b0udkrsdKrsdKcscJY&vGef;vdkY apmifYarQmfjcif; em&DawGom c&D;xGufoGm;r,fqdk&if ckavmufqdk e,l;a,mufjrdKY a&mufavmufNyDvdkY 'DvdkrsdK; awG;rdavovm; om;onftar tbGm;tdkrav; vrf;rarSsmf olYrsufESmudk cg,rf;vdkufum olYuav;awGudk vSrf;MunfYrd&JY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
119
tcef;axmifY zsmMurf;pkwfpkwfrSm zsm;emaewJYuav; apmifNcHKvdkY/ wu,fawmY uav;a&m apmifyg zsm;emaecJYygjyD/ xrif;qmvGef;wJYuav; wpftDtDeJY 'DwufvdkY? 'DrSm/ olYvufvmwdk;wJYaoG;u olYuav;awG olY&ifcGifrSm olYrsufpdatmufrSmayr,fY olYuav;awGeJY oleJY urf;a0;aewmjrif& olYoufjyif; rD;oabFm[m rD;cdk;wtltleJY xGufcGmoGm;awmY&JY/ 'DrSm olYtouf&Sifjcif;tay: cyfjyif;jyif; &dkufxm;wJY oHuspfql;udk EIwfzdkYvkyfvdkufawmY “tdrfuxGufoGm;wJY tdrfom;[m todkufuxGufoGm;wJY iSufaygYav” wJY? iSufcwform;eJY awGYvdkYrsm; toufygoGm;avovm; rsufvHk;wpfzufwnf;eJYyJ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
120
tdrfjyefvmavrvm; vufusdK;jyD; jyefvmrvm; ajcwpfzufwnf;eJYrsm; tdrfjyefvmrvm;/ olYESvHk;om;udk tJ'Dvdk oGm;yGwfoyfrd&Smw,f/ aemufqHk; taumif;qHk; uav;tar olqif;&Jom;&JYr,m; 'DvdkawG;rd½Smw,f tla[mif;avmif;eJYaygY 'DYxufaumif;wJYnpmrsdK; r&dSawmYygbl;wJY/ pm;a&&du©mawG rygvm&ifvJ aeygapawmY (rdarG;wdkif; zarG;wdkif;) aumif;rGefacsmarmpGm tdrfjyefvm&ifbJ awmfygNyD... wJY? tJ'DvdkeJY arQmfvifYjcif;[m xrif;todk;rsm;om jzpfcJYygw,f/ 'Dxrif;todk;rsm;yJ csOfjcif;jyif;pGm jzpfrdygowJY taqGcifyGef;aumif; naea&/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
121
av;onfawmf0DvQHwJvf\jrm;csufrsm; vmjyDa[Y igvmjyDa[Y urÇmajrBuD; oD;ap ... yGifYap/ (1) tcspfa& rif;udk vrif;BuD;eJY rvJEdkifygbl;uG,f obm0w&m;uvJ ausmufom;zGJYpnf;vdkY odyfonf;vScsnf&JU/ trdIufawGuvJ todkufzGJYaexdkifvdkY ausm&dk;rJY owå0gawGuvJ toHcufrmvGef;vS&JU ocFg&w&m;uvnf; toHxufjrefpGmysH0JvdkY aiGaMu;uvJ aoG;udk tav;cdk;vScsnf&JU touf"mwfuvJ wyfrufp&m aumif;vScsnf&JU "mwfBuD;av;yg;uvJ aoG;om;aomif;usef;vScsnf&JU wPSmuvnf; tnSmjzpfvdkY a&m*gydk;rTm;awGuvnf; cGeftm;BuD;rm;vSyg&JU/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
122
b0uvnf; t&omMuG,f0vGef;vSygw,f yvkwfwkwfav;uvnf; pdwfvIyf&Sm;ap&JU/ (2) tcspfa& urÇmBuD;udk qnf;yl;MupdkY&JY av;onfawmf0DvQHwJ(vf)&JYjrm;csufrsm; rvGJcJYyg/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
123
qwfoGm; us,fjyefYwJh &iftkyfum;um;eJY tom;eDeD ,mawmrsm;u rD;cdk;vHk; awmpdrf; acsmif;eufeJY arSmfom;jynfhodyf avawG olYtqkyfBuD;xJ &IoGif;ypfvdkufwJh 'D jrifhcsnfedrfhcsnf touf½I jrifuGif;xJ vufwH&Snf&SnfBuD; xdk;oGif;vdkufovdk &xm; 0ifvmNyD 'g qwfoGm;aygh/ eDajyajy 0gusHusH refusnf;yGifh ao;nSufnSufuav;awG tkwfuef ttdktrif;BuD;xJ wpdrfhpdrfh wvdrfhvdrfh taES;aES; t&mtm;vHk; xGm;usdKif; 0zD; cdkifNzD;vGef;vSwJh "mwfwpfrsdK; xGef;um;wJh 'Dt&yfrSm 'g b,folpyfwJh uAsmwJhvJ 'g[m qwfoGm;aygh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
124
wpfcguaygh aus;awmom; wpfa,muf[m NrdKUuaeNhyD; NrdKUtqefqHk; udkif;wpfudkif; ,lvm olY,mcif;xJ BuJcsvdkufwJhtcg NrdKUudkif;qdkwJh &GmBuD;wpf&Gm jzpfvmcJh 'D t&yfrSm/ 'Drav rlvu 'g[m qwfwpfaumif&JU oGm;aygh/ ckawmh NrdKUqefqef NrdKUtusÐeJY qwfoGm; uav;tarwpfa,muf&JU EdkYydefeJYwlwJh bwfoD;awG rrSefruefvif;wwfwJh ae&m ausmrSm trm½GwfBuD;vdk ta0;ajy; um;vrf;r cg;rSm rD;&xm;oHvrf; cg;ywfywfvdkY AdkufxJrSm NrdKU&JU acGß;cHtuÐseJYwlwJh bD;vd,ufcHkwpfcHk ckefvdkY NrdKU[efaqmifygav qwfoGm;a&/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
125
oifwdkYjrifzl;p oifwdkYpdwfawG twpfvdkuf twpfvdkuf cE¨mudk,fay:u uGmus opfndKvHk; xGm;xGm;BuD;awGtay: xGm;vdkY xGm;vdkY xGm;oGm;aerSm 'g qwfoGm;aygh/ ajrtausm wpfrsdK;"mwfeJY zGGHYxGm; arSmfom;txnfwpfrsdK;eJY tqiftaoG;us urÇmvHk;0ef;BuD;udkawmifrS xnfhxkyf ypfvdkufEdkifwJh tifzuf um;um;BuD;awG om;ayguf&m t&yf opfndKvHk; xGm;xGm;BuD;awG tdyfarGYus&m t&yf ajrGayG; 00wkwfwkwf zD;zD;BuD;awG pnfum;&m t&yf tvif;a&mif azmazmoDoD&wJh 'Dt&yfrSm arSmfom;avawG vif;vif;csif;csif; zdwfvQHwJh 'Dt&yfrSm tmumo"mwfawG t&nf½Tef;vSwJh 'Dt&yfrSm ckwfom;wHk;BuD; wpfwHk;u ½Gmtjzpf touf&SifaewJh 'Dt&yfrSm ,mrD;cdk;vHk;awGeJY awmpdrf;awG rdwfvdkufaewwfwJh jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
126
'Dt&yfrSm ydompD; ig;wefBuD;awG toHxGuf yGufusaewJh 'Dt&yfrSm avmu"Hw&m;xufjyif;wJh t&ufudk rcspfu csufwJh 'Dt&ufrSm 'DqwfoGm; wpfacsmif;ay:rSm tom;eDeD awmuif;BuD;awG[m ZmwfvdkufBuD;awG jzpfw,f wmuif;BuD;awG[m olwdkYtom;jyifudk yyfMum;tufapwJh pl;½S½S avylyludk cspfMuw,f/ awmuif;BuD;awG[m oGm;xd&if aigufceJjrnfoHxGufwJh tom;jrnfoHudk ydkifqdkifwJh ql;yifawGudk cspfMuw,f/ awmuif;BuD;awG[m olwdkYcE¨mudk,fxnfawGudk &Sm;ESpfvdk pl;aeatmif cGßefMu olwdkYu ,mcif;vdkYac:wJh olwdkYb0awGudk aoG;aMumif; t&pf&pfxatmif xGef,ufMu 'gaMumifhyJ olwdkYb0 ,mcif;awG[m eD&JaeMuwmaygh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
127
awmuif;BuD;awG[m olwdkY&,foHawGudk BuJyufypfvdkufwJhtcgwdkif; ESrf;cif;BuD;awG jzpfvmw,f/ awmuif;BuD;awG[m olwdkYudk,fBuD;u acGß;oD;acGß;aygufawGudk ajryJawmifhxGm;xGm;BuD;awGtjzpf pdkufMuw,f awmuif;BuD;awG[m olwdkYajcvufawGudk jzwfawmuf ajrBuD;xJ xdk;xnfhvdkufwJhtcg tcsdK&nf ½Tef;vJhvJh BuHcif;BuD;awG jzpfvmw,f/ cgom;csuf awm0ufom;[if; avmu"Hw&m;xuf jyif;wJh rcspf&JU t&uf awmuif;BuD;awG[m tJ'DuEÅm& &iftHkBuD;udk pdkYum aysmfMu bmrqdk arSmfxaevGef; qwfoGm;wpfacsmif;ay:u 'Dt&yf 'DqyfoGm;qdkwJh t&yf[m taMuudk pkefovdkvdkeJY tnmudk qefqefoGm;wwfwJh c&D;oGm; ydk;Zmcif; ajrom;wpfckaygh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
armifacsmEG,f 128
opömyef;rsm;eJU arv wpfb0 uAsmq&m r[kwfcJhwm aocsmNyD/ bmwckrS r&SdawmhwJharvrSm aemufxyf bmrqkday;vkduf&jyefwJh arvrSm tqifrajyrSKawG tpDtpOf usevGef;wJh arvrSm tvum;&wJh naecif;uawmif raxrJhjrif jyKcH&wJh arvrSm 'ku©awGtqkyfvkduf tqkyfvkduf yGifhtm;aumif;wJh arvrSm tm;BuD;zkefxwJh avylxJ tESHUjym;pDyGcsifwkdif; yGae vGifhaewJh vJrIdUawGvkd arvrSm tqkyfyGyG nawG &ol arvrSm ovdyfzwfvkdU vrif;BuD;ukd jrifrdolarvrSm jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
129
tyfwzsm; axmufp&m rvyfatmifbJ 'Pf&mtjynfhcE¨meJU arvrSm arvaygif;rsm;pGm jyefvnf pkpnf;rdol arvrSm tcsdefrSeftwGif; vlemtjzpf wifykdUcH&ol arvrSm tyfzsm;wckay:a&mufcJhayr,fvnf; jyefvnf usef;rmcGifh r&SdawmhwJh arvrSm touf½Sifwcsuf r½Sifwcsuf arvrSm arvu arvudk taoomjyef&vkdufwJharvrSmaygh/ acsmf&nfyl usdcGßJcGßJ aeUvnfpmawG iref;awmif ql;Murf;jyifawG qmaw;&D;,ef; jrufyif&SnfvufawG vltjzpf o&kyfaqmif&ol arv avmub&dwfoGm;ay: wGm;oGm;owå0g jzpf&ol arv waeUxJ oabFm tBudrf w&m arSmuf&wJh arv awmtvSL wckrSm vlcsif;wkdufrdvkdU rawmfrq yef;uef xJzdwfuswJh tom;wkH; tusav;awmifrSrpm;&olarv reufvif;&if ukd,fh tokb udkcsNyD; NrdKUBuD; xJxGufcGmoGm;ol arv olwyg;&JU tokbrSm tpm;vkdufikd&wJh ikdcsif;onfr arv
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
130
olUuav;awGudk rkefU0,f rauGß ;EkdifvkdU olUvufarmif;aoG;awG azmufwkduf&&Smol arv aeUjyefwkd;awG0uftl pkyfcH&olarv b0&JUbufx&D tkd;awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;zsufqD;cH&ol arv tifrwef taMuG&JwJh ikyifawG tay: olU touf&SLaiGUuav; oGm;wifxm;rdwJh arvaygh/ arvxJuae tonf;ESvkH;udk qwfceJqGJxkwfNyd; zJorm;wa,muf zJcsyfudkqGJxkwf vuf0g;xJxnfh jzef;ceJ &kdufcsvkdufovkdrsKd; ½kdufcsMunfhvkdufwJhtcg arv&moD [efaqmifaewJh arvudkom awGU&wJharvaygh? jzLwaumifvkd cgcsvdkufvkdU jzLpl;awGtukef uGmusoGm;r,fh jzLb0 a&mufNyD/ arv&m cgcsvkdufyg qdk&ifawmif tBudrf 2 odef; 4aomif;cgrS wBudrfomolU'ku©jzLql;rsm; uGmusEkdifr,fharvaygh/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
131
rpรถwm'AvsLuvuf&JYrSwfwrf;t& b0[m aq;qdk;yef;&dkufydwfom;wpfpwJY ... rpรถwm'AvsLuvuf&JYrSwfwrf;t&/ vlawG&JYtxifao;rIudkcH,lyg ('g[m vljzpfaMumif;odatmif MudK;pm;cJYwmvdkY ajymjyvdkY&ao;)/ tJvdk...udk,fYtay: txifay;rIawGudkay;acs jyD&if udk,f&oifYwm udk,fjyef,lcJYEdkifMuzdkYyJ/ tcsdKYvlawG vlrkef;cH&wmudku olYtwGuf udk,f&oifYwm aiGawGaomufaomufvJ &apcJYowJY? rpรถwm'AvsLuvuf&JYrSwfwrf;t&/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
132
udk,fYtdrfu wefzdk;t&dSqHk;ypönf; 'Dypönf;rS a&G;jyD; twdtus trdt& cdk;oGm;Edkifol 'Dolcdk; 'if;udk twdtus aus;Zl;Oyum& wif&dS&r,f odMu udk,fY*kPfodu©mjrifYrm;atmif jrSifYwifay;w,fvdkYaygY? rpöwm'AvsLuvuf&JYrSwfwrf;t&/ ESif;qD[m aomufvdkYaumif;w,f vrif;[m aq;pyfaumif;w,f EGm;[m aq;pyfjyif;jyif;eJY aomufvdkYaumif;w,f/ vrf;rawG[m oifcef;pmawGjzpfw,f oifcef;pmawG[m vrf;rawGjzpfw,f rpöwm'AvsLuvuf[m csnfrQifeJYtxnfudk rSwfwrf;wifcJYw,faygY/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
133
armifacsmEG,ftwk armifacsmEG,ftwku ajymw,f oef;av;q,ftwGuf xGef,ufcJYygw,fwJY udk,fYtwårSudk,f raocsmwJY armifacsmEG,ftwkuav ... olwpfyg; csrf;oma&;twGufyg0ifcJYygw,fwJY armifacsmEG,ftwkuav... rsufvSnfYq&m&JY bif udkrS 0,fr,fwJY ... armifacsmEG,ftwkuav wpfbufom;udk 'ku©ay;yHkaygY crsmrSm 'Dbifav;eJY vlpk&&Smwmudk 'DbifudkrS0,fzdkY MudK;pm;aeav&JY .../ armifacsmEG,ftwkuajymw,f tvrÜm,fq&m&JY ajrGudk0,fr,fwJY 'DajrGav; jyjyjyD;pm;&wJY wpfbufom;udkrSav/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
134
armifacsmEG,ftwkuajymw,f olrsm;wdkufwJY a&cJpdrfbD,mudk olYcGufxJ t&ifxnfYay; olYudk tvsifaomufapjcif;eJY ajrSmufpm;&r,fwJY .../ armifacsmEG,ftwkuajymw,f igwdkY[m atoifjrdKYom;wpfOD;vdk awG;ac:&r,f qdkua&;wD;r[kwfcJYwm aocsmzdkYvdkw,fwJY .../ armifacsmEG,ftwkuajymw,f *dk;vf'if;*dwfwHwm;MuD;ay:uae urÇmavmuMuD;udk &IarSsmfMunfY&r,fwJY/ armifacsmEG,ftwkuajymw,f rufa'gem;vJ 'kv’bwpfckeJYyJ a*:bmacsmYvJ 'kv’bwpfckeJYyJ vef'efa'gif;eif;om;vJ 'kv’bwpfckeJYyJ/ awmr&Gmom;vJ 'kv’bwpfckeJYyJ vlYb0avmuf rSm;,Gif;cGifY&dSwm b,f&dSrvJ ...wJY/ vlnHYa&G;&r,fYae&mrSm awmf&r,fvdkY armifacsmEG,ftwkuajymw,f ...
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
135
armifacsmEG,ftppf[m olcspfZeD;onf nDrav;rrjrifYrSm (wpfu,fawmY nDrav;ygyJ 'gayr,fY olYudk uAsmq&mjzpfapcJYolrdkY nDrav;rrjrifYvdk olu *kPf&nfjrSifYac:cJYwmyg) EIwfcJY&wJYoGm;wpfacsmif; jyefpdkufay;&OD;r,fvdkY aeYpOfaeYpOf xdodae&ol owdw& tm;pdkufae&ol tcspfudk oGm;wpfacsmif;tay: yHkae&olrSsom jzpfav&JY .../ wpfu,fawmY armifacsmEG,ftwk[m vljzpfjyD; armifacsmEG,ftppf[m vlr[kwfbl;vdkY rajymvdkufMuygeJY/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
136
ESvHk;om;xJudk a&roGefygeJY (1) tuGufusus? t&ufrl;cJYolygvdkY rMumcP? ajymwwfwmudkvufcHMu olvJwdkYvdk avudkqef ysHwwfcJYMuwmyJav tawmifyHr&dSwm wpfckyJ ESvHk;om;xJudk a&roGefygeJY 'DnawG[m olcdk;nawGvm; wefaqmifrkef;vjynfYntdrfxJ olcdk;awG qif;csvmwwfovm; olcdk;awGvJ r,fZvDzl;okwfvdk aq;zuf0ifrSmyg eu©wfwm&m pHkaewmyJ[m tcsdefwdkif; tcsdefwdkif; tnGefYcsdK;cH& tdyf&wJYnqdk&if ESpfoHk;q,fyJ&dSao;w,f b0rSm wynfYwyef;qdkvJ avmu"Hw&m;yJ&dSao;w,f/ tif*sifudkifwJYtcgowdxm;zdkYu oHwHk;oHcJawGrSm aoG;om;r&dSawmY [ufwufMuD;yGifYoGm; udpör&dSbl;vdkY rajymeJYav ESvHk;om;xJudk a&roGefygeJY jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
137
tPÖ0gudk tvkyftauGs;jyKolyg rif;om;MuD;atmifarmif;[m acwfay:r[kwfawmYbl; cifAsm;tdrfudk usKyfwdkYvHk;0raomufcJYbl;av rukef&ifxm;cJYyg cifAsm;0dnmOfcGufudk? rukef&ifxm;cJYyg nudkawmYukefatmif 00vifvif pm;ypfvdkufyg ESvHk;om;xJudk a&roGefygeJY/ (2) vlaumif;a&m vl&l;ygem;rvnfbl; 'gayr,fY 'golMudKwifpOf;pm;xGef,ufcJYwmaygY 'gawmYaocsmw,f 'DpMu0VmMuD;xJrSm ol0ifa&mufpmjy&wJYtcef;u t&nftaiGY pD;qif;zdwfvQHjyD; tm;yg;w& ,k,ydkufaxG;jcif;awGygyJ twluzdkY olac:wJYtcg yufyfpDtawGYxl;av;eJYolarGYaewm awGY&rSmyJ/ ESvHk;om;xJudk a&roGefygeJY/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
138
tdrf yvwfpwpftMunfom;ay: wdrfawGa&;qGJcsvdkufjyD; wdrftdrfuav;aqmufum0ifvdkufrd b,fvdkrS jyefxGufr&awmYbl;/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
139
bk&m;ocifu aMuGtefrupm;cJYbl;? igwdkYawGu aMuGtefupm;cJYw,f upm;0dkif;rSm xdk;csvdkufwJYavmif;aMu;u b0&,fyg .../ avmif;upm;0dkif;qdkwm pdwful;rSefrSefeJY OmPfupm;zdkYygyJ uHw&m;uawmY olYbmomol pD;qif;aeayvdrfY uHeJYOmPf xyfrd&if igwdkYb0awG vwfqwfayvdrfY igwdkYwawGuHudk aMuGtefupm;cJYMuw,f/ igwdkYwawG pdkufrdwJY pdwfpdkufuGufawG[m pHuGuftrSefawGyg/ aygYaygYoGrf;oGrf;trIawGvnf; rjyKcJYMuygbl;/ igwdkYawGu pdwfroefYvdkY rxdk;cJYwmawG[m igwdkY&JY tEdkifaMuG;awGyg/ Zmwf ... tJ'Du pcJYMuwmaygY tJ'DaeYu rdk;ausmfol[m [dkw,fumvDzdk;eD;,m;udk xGufoGm;Edkifwm wpfckyJ ckawmY igwdkYtHqGJxJrSm bmrSr&dSawmYbl;/ / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
140
oufrJYoufao toHawG *sD;wufcJY wdkYtouf&SLoHawG taiGYysH udk,fYtoufudkyJ cGufeJYcsifYaomuf& avysdKYavtef avqefemeJYqdkufuyf& qdyfurf;r&dSwJY t&yfrSmav wdkYcE¨mudk,fawGudk usHKYjyD;&if;usHKYay;& wdkYcE¨mudk,fawGudk uspfjyD;&if;uspfay;& 'gawGudk rif;arYcJYvdkYyJ*Gsefa& rif;qD 'Dpmo0Pf yg;vdkufyg&JY/ oli,fcsif;*Gsefa& oufig;q,fvrf;xdyfrSm odef;ig;q,fudk ckxdkifjyD; aygYyg;pGm idknnf;Edkifola& rif;usef;rma&;aumif;oGm;atmifaygY rmpD'D;um;udkpD;yg 0g&Sifwefyef;oD;udkpm;yg abbmvDa[;(vf)rSm tdrf0,fyg jyD;awmYvrf;udk rif;emrnfay;yg qifom;a&eJY csKyfxm;wJYzdeyfudkpD;yg Aef*dk;eJY*RefvifEGefqD zkef;qufyg "m;udkab;rSmxm;jyD; [dk;rm;&JUuAsmudkzwfyg vwfqwfrIt½Sifvwfvwfudk 0wfqifyg nBuD;awGay: vrf;avSsmufyg jyifopfu uwfudkbdef;&JU*lrSm ESif;qDyef;eJY t&ufykvif;vufaqmifay;yg ql;awGudk 'Pf&meJYvdkuf&Smyg ig;zrf;avSav;ay:u aw;oHudkem;qifyg jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
141
*Gsefa& &yfaewJYem&DMuD;udk MunfYraeygeJYawmY abbDusL;rD;zdkMuD;ay:rSm rif;tom;awGrif;uifjyD; jrdefa&,Sufa& pm;ygawmY/ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
142
acguf½SmiSufuav;rsm; oDcsif;a[mif;awGaMumifY urÇma[mif;cJY&w,f raeYuvnf; 'gyJ 'DuaeYvnf; 'gyJ 'gyJ a[mif;jyD;&if; a[mif;aeawmYw,f tumtuG,fr&dSbJ [if;vif; twif;tusyf pD;eif;cH& avmuBuD;udkavYvmMunfYawmY bmrSef;rodawmYbl; b0udk wpfppD vdkufvdkufprf;& 'Davmufawmif ½IH;&jyDvm; aygufuGJcsifw,f rsdKodyfay;vdkuf& temqHk; 'Pf&mygyJ/ pdwfESvHk; acsmufcsm;zG,f&mygvm; 0efpnfpvnfawG av;av;vHvH xrf;ydk;cJY& bmawGrSef;rod vdktyfwmxuf ydkrdkvSyom,mvm 'Db0rSm igaygif;&wJY t&mawGrSeforSsraumif; igraygif;&wJY t&mrSeforSsomaumif;cJY aysmfp&maeY&ufawG aysmufqHk;cJY aeY&ufwdkif; ndSK;i,fcJY&w,f oknrSm bmrSr&dS pyg;ydk; aumufydk; toD;tESHydk;awG azmufcsnf&ufcJY avcsdKavat;awG t&dSeft[kefjyif;jyif; igYc&D;pOfrSm OmPfaMumifY 'ku©a&muf&onfwJY/ / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
143
tenf;vdktrsm;pm;ajc pdwfudkwl;qGcJY? wpfb0vHk;vHk; tzl;&,f? tnGefY&,fvdkYrwuf tdyfrufawGruf&wmawmif rajzmifYwef;cJY? b,fvdkoHo,vrf;awGursm; auGYaumufcJYygovJ &ifrSm &xm;rqdkufwmMumjyD/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
144
wdkYawG a0;cJYMuw,f wdkYawG a0;cJYMuw,f tajy;tvTm; a0;cJYMu&w,f/ igwdkYtvGrf;awG csif;csif;eD&JatmifyJ wdkYawG a0;cJYMu&w,f? wdkYawG wnfaqmufcJYMuygw,f udk,fudk,fudk MunfndKEdkifavmufxdomyg? wdkYawG wnfaqmufcJYMuygw,f 'DwnfaqmufrIawG[m arSmufarSmufrSm;rSm;awGygvm; 'D ... wnfaqmufrIawG[m pGef;pGef;xif;xif; tzdwftpOfawGygvm; 'D ... wnfaqmufrI[m ysufysuf,Gif;,Gif;awGygvm; 'DwnfaqmufrI[m jrifYjrifYrm;rm; pGefYpm;rIawGvm; 'gaMumifYyJjzpf&r,f igwdkYawG tEkynmwyfOD;u uAsmq&m jzpfcJYMu&wm/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
145
igwdkYawG a0;cJYMu&w,f vwfvwfqwfqwfMuD;udkyJ a0;cJYMu? teD;uyf ta0;awGeJY a0;a0;aecJYMu? wpfa,mufwpfa,muf cspfjyD;om; b,fvdkaMumifYrsm; igwdkYawGa0;cJYMu&? igwdkYawG a0;jyD;&if; a0;a0;vmaeMujyD wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf qmavmif wpfa,mufudkwpfa,muf iwf&if;? wpfa,mufuwpfa,mufudk qmavmif&if; wpfa,mufuwpfa,mufudkvGrf;? igwdkYawGrSm bmompum;uGJjym;jcm;em;rIawGr&dS igwdkYawGrSm tom;a&mif jcm;em;rIawGr&dS igwdkYawGrSm wdkif;jynfjrdKY&Gm EdkifiHjcm;em;rIr&dS igwdkYawGrSm aoG;om;awGom &dScJYMu? igwdkYawG jrwfEdk;zG,f tcsdefawG jrwfEdk;rdqJ tvGrf;&,f tvGrf;qDvmcJYygawmY oHwrefenf;eJYawmY b,fvdkrS rajz&Sif;Edkifygbl;/ / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
146
tcGefawmfrJh &moDOwk (1) vlUb0wpfckvHk;udk ½Ir0zdeyfvdk pD;xm;vdkufw,f/ cyfacsmacsmvSvSaumifrav;eJU qufqH&ovdkyJy [efyefvnf;us t&omvnf;&Sd vlUb0[m onfavmufawmh t&om&SdrSaygh/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
147
rif;[m0dkift&ufwpfykvif;ygyJ tNidrfhrif;orD;av; ]ESif;} &JU tEkynmvnf;&Sd vdifcGeftm;vnf;&Sd 'gudkrS igrodwwf&if r[kwfao;ygbl;uG,fh aygifrkefUzkwfpm;wwfwm[m r[kwfao;ygbl;uG,fh Opรถm"e cl;pm;wm[m r[kwfao;ygbl;uG,fh &ufaumf'gcvkyfzGifhwm[m 'gawG[m pdwf&JU ]tif;em;uRwf} awGyguG,fh aumfzDwpfcGufeJU tcspfudk qifjcifrMunfh&if aumfzDwpfcGufeJU rif;orD; ]ESif;} udk qifjcifrMunfh&if aysmf&Tif rI[m vifaumif;om;aumif;&awmhrSmr[kwfbl; aumfzDwpfcGufeJU tcspfudk qifjcifMunfh&atmif armifwdkU&JU/ aysmf&TifrIawG rkefvmOvkyfaeavaygh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
148
(2) pdwf"gwfusanmif;a&m*gudk tueJU aysmhajymif;ygapuG,fh touf"gwfudk wyfqifNyD; ysH0JMu yef;csDum;udk em;qif *Dw udk Munfh½I uAsmwpfyk'f[m roefa&awGudk tvkyfrvkyfygapeJUuG,f tm&HkudkazgufcGJyg aygufuGJoGm;ygap rpm;&uf&if tdyfrufawG avmufwufukefrSmaygh/ 'efcGufydefajcmufajcmufeJU a&aomufcGifhray;MuygeJU ol[mvJ vlwpfa,mufygyJuG,fh 0dkifwpfcGufavmufyJjzpfjzpf pwdkifeJU aomufygapuG,fh/ *sufuvif;udkMunfh&wm xrif;awmh qmwmaygh 'gayr,fh £x¬d,udk rSD0Jyg urÇmBuD;&JU qGJiiftm;udk jyefqGJiifxm;rSjzpfayr,f/ b0vGifjyifrSm &ifckefoHawGopfawmfoD;jzpfcJh&if/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
149
ppfqdkwm tonf;wpfjcm; tlwpfjcm;eJU zGJrQom jzpfoGm;ayvdrfhr,f/ (3) xdjcif;ig;yg;[m *Dw&JU oHrPdBudK;acsmif;awGjzpf&JU [m0dkiftDeHeufcif;rsm;zdkU ESif;xJu v,fuGif;rsm;zdkU oDcsif;[pfyg pdwfawGtufppfjzpfaeaygh yife,fpvif[m ESvHk;aoG;&yfcJhaygh/ wwd,urÇm[m zdeyfrSrygbJuG,f Munfhprf;aysmhpdpdeJU yufusdvm;uG,f rmqwfqwfeJU ausmufcJhn§yfrkefUwpfckvm;uG,f r[kwfbl; ... r[kwfbl;xifw,f okawoepmwrf;wpfckygwJh r[kwfbl; ... r[kwfbl; ]]*Ref'if;Am;}}&JU oDcsif;wpfyk'fvm;uG,f r[kwfbl; ... r[kwf avmufbl; tcspf½l;ol ]]*sL;vd,uf}} r[kwfygbl; Ouúvm[dk;rm;u *sHKcif;awGyg jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
150
r[kwfygbl;uG,fh ]]tmqlvm}}&JU EIwfcrf;om;yg/ r[kwfbl;a[h ... r[kwfbl; ql;r&SdwJh bdef;yGifhtavmif;yg tdk ... bmyJjzpfjzpfyg avmuudk zsm;a,mif;zdkUyJvdkw,f raumif;rIrSm epfemacsaygh pdwf&JU odyfonf;rIudk odyÜHynm tHrwkEdkifygbl;uG,fh/ (4) tajrmufusnfqH[m yef;tdk;tjzpfeJUyJ t&kd;xkwfawmhr,fwJhtcspfa& wdkUawG ausmufp&pfjzpfzdkUrvdkawmhbl;uG,fh/ b0&JUjywif;aygufudk zGifhvdkufyg/ e,l;a,mufNrdKUBuD;vrf;avsmufaecJhNyD ydawmufawG 0pfvpfpvpfusif;acsaygh/ ]]a'pDausmf0if;}}eJU ]]qpf'eDwHwm;}} pD;qif;oGm;aeaygh../ oDtdk&D taowpfckeJU vlUajrudk rayusHygapeJUuG,fh *E¨rmyef;wpfyGifhavmufrS tcspfeJUtvSudk oabmraygufMuolwdkU&JU jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
151
avmu&JU twGif;ydkif;ususrSm avmu"Hw&m;[m uAsmeJUarxkefrSD0JcJhaygh bJom;rkefUyJ acgif;xJ&SdMu rkom;usrf;eJU npfnrf;rIxkqpfMu avmu&Sd&SdorQ tyGifhtcdkiftoD;awG[m (opfawmu&wJh opfom;eJU opfawm) olwdkUeJUqdkifw,fqdkwm rodMuacsbl;/ umvoHk;yg;r½SdwJh udwfrkefUudkpm;MuNyD; udwfrkefUvdkyJ tpm;cHMueJU tEkynmwpf&yfudkawmhjzifh qHyifrnSyfcJhMuygeJU uG,fwdkU&JU avmu"gwf[m MunfvifpGm uyfNidcJhacsaygh tJonfrSm / (5) oDcsif;qdkMuarmifwdkU&JU wifwif0if;rSm vifr&Sdao;ygbl;uG,fh vdyfjymvSvSeJU tdyf&mcJhMuyguG,fh urÇmBuD;udk topfjyefpwifMu&atmif/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
152
Opöm"eawGeJU b0udk rykyfodk;ygapeJUuG,fh atmf*ifcvkwfawGeJU ykwfwvkwfa&uefav;[m trSefyJ om,mygay&JU/ pyspfwpfckdifawmh oifwdkUigwdkU oD;EdkifMuwmyJ b0&JU tqif;[m xrif;r[kwfacsbl;/ rykyfodk;atmif aq;pD&ifMu aysmf½TifrIawG a&a&mw,f/ MunfvifrIudk ajcaq;Mu uav;awGaomufwJh a&rSm aiGawGaMu;awGrygapeJU urÇmBuD;[m rSefrSefvnfywfaew,f/ vkdtyf&ifxyfvkyf r[kwfwmawG[m ykyfodk;w,f/ [kwfwmawG[m odk;om;r[kwfacsbl; ydk;awGb,favmufukefukef armifyHkapmif;wwf&r,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
153
(6) tjrwfqHk;w&m;rsm; uyfoHk;yg;ausmf&Hkwifr[kwf jrif&JU r[kwfvm;rdwfaqG a&GUvm;rI pGrf;tifawG jrifuGif;us,fjzpfcJhaygh/ udkvHbwf(pf) om urÇmBuD;us,fw,fvdkU r,lqcJh&if e,l;a,mufNrdKUBuD; vSycJhrSm r[kwfacsbl;/ vlom;eJU urÇmBuD;cifAsm; armifacsmEG,fudk csdKNrdefzG,ftcsdefrsm;taMumif; tdyfrufcGifh ay;awmfrlyg/ 20 &mpk aemufqHk;ywfrSm EdkifiHausmfrif;orD;wpfa,mufeJU vufxyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ armifacsmEG,f 1977 wGifa&;onf (yifv,fr*¾Zif; trSwf 2? 1993 azazmf0g&D)
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
154
&xm; tjrJwrf; aemufusol em&DtdkBuD;vdkU tjrJwrf; aemufusaeol em&DtdkBuD;udk wifaqmifum &xm;xGufcJhjyD/ ukefabmifacwfblwmudk xm;cJh? txD;usef&Jwdkufudk xm;cJh? csnfrQifeJU &ufxm;wJh tr&yl&jrdKUudk xm;cJh? avawGeJU tdrfaxmif&ufom;usol awmiforeftif;udk xm;cJh? jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
155
om;ysufusol oajywef;udk xm;cJh? ppfyifBuD;udkif;jyD; wHwm;jzpfaewmudk xm;cJh? &xm;vmcJhNyD/ avmuDaMumif;orm;av; &xm;av &xm;oGm;rSmu jrpfarmifESH opömxm;wJht&yf? tJonfrSmu ae[mvJ rsufjzLvefvdkU? tJonfrSmu wcsKdUjrpfawG[mvnf; tem;,lvdkUaygh/ tJonfrSmu awmifcdk;eJUwdrfawG vifcef;r,m;cef; taetxdkifawGuvnf; &Sd? tJonfrSmu v[mjyif awmifwef;eJUjrLawG vlvdkolvdk taetxdkifawGuvnf;&Sd? tJonfrSmu atmifjrifpGm qkwfcGmjcif;eJU urÇmausmfcJh tckawmh rkqdk;rav;b0a&muf&ol urÇmausmf vD'dkvrf;rvnf;&Sd? jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
156
tJonfrSmu urÇmhajr &ifbwfxJu tonf;ESvHk;[m tpdrf;a&mif taoG;tom;&Sd ocif&Sm ocif&Sm;wJh &wemawG bmawGjzpf tJonf &wemawGu tysKdazmf0ifMu tysKdaoG;<uMu &nf;pm;oemxm;Mu (urÇmeJUvlom;eJUaygh) jyD; vif,lMu om;arG;Mu a>rawG wGif;0ifajzmifhovdk avsmceJ? aMumifawG ayghyg;ovdk ayghyg;Mu? qifawGvdk cGeftm;Av jynfh0Muwmvnf; &Sdoaygh? tJonfrSm avmu"Hw&m;uvnf; *syfckwfykqdk;,ufaeordkU &xm;[m tJonfudk cspfw,faygh? &xm;u tJonfudk pGJvrf;w,faygh? &xm;u tJonfrSm aysmfw,faygh?
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
157
&xm;&ifacgif;xJ b,fvdk &moDOwk a&mufaeovJ vlawG vlawG rodMuacsbl;/ &xm;tay: Adkvfuspdk;rdk;jyD; udk,fvdk&mc&D; a&mufzdkUyJ pdwfawG apmaeMu &xm;vmcJhNyDav/ &xm;ay:rSm AHkoHawGxJ uRHuscJhol vli,fwpfa,mufvnf;yg&Sd? tJonfvli,fu jzm;a,mif;cJhvdkUrdkU q&m0efb0 arhcJh&ol aumifrav;wpfa,mufvnf;yg&Sd &xm;wGJwpfwGJvHk; aigufirf;olvnf; yg&Sd? EGm;yGJjyef t&ufrl;awmom; pum;wazmifazmifvnf; yg&Sd? jrdKUwpfjrdKUvHk; 0,fcsrf; pm;aomufcJholvnf;yg&Sd q,fb0ajymif;vJ opömr&Edkifolvnf;yg½Sd jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
158
t&ufraomufvkduf&wJh jrdKUwpfjrdKUvnf;yg&Sd? ]]aiGudk a&csKd;csrS a&m*gaysmufw,fAs}} vdkUajymjyD; trSefwu,f evefxvmolvnf;yg&Sd? um;vnf;r&Sd tdrfvnf;r&Sd tusÐvnf;r&Sd r&Sdolvnf;yg&Sd raumif;rajymcsifayr,fh ajymvdkufrdyg&JU oHk;vifajymif;wJh rdef;rvnf;yg&Sd? oHk;ausmif;ajymif;wJh &[ef;vnf; yg&Sdoaygh/ b,fawm0if0if b,fawmifwufwuf ta&mifrajymif;bl;qdkwJh uif;vdyfacsmvnf;yg&Sd udk,fusKd;pGefUol olqif;&Jom;av;vnf;yg&Sd a'oxGuf &moDpmav;awGvnf;yg&Sd urÇmoHk; bmompum; ajymwwf&HkeJU tEkynm&NyDvdkU b0ifajrmufaewJholvnf;yg&Sd jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
159
aMu;pm;b0rSm El0JaeoleJU olU&JUudk,feHUvnf;yg&Sd rkqdk;jcHKu r,m;eJU uGJaeolvnf;yg&Sd EGm;cdk; bdef;pm;eJU bk&m;wumvnf; yg&SdcJhw,faygh &xm;vmcJhjyD/ a&epfaewJh ausmufcJ&JU woGifoGifrsuf&nfvnf;yg&Sd cg;awmif;usKduf jyKwfuswJh acsmwdkifwuform;vnf; yg&Sd &xm;[m ukefonfavrSefawGudkvnf; o,faqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m a&Tbdkjrif;aygufpawGudkvnf; o,faqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m Muufjcif;eJU Muufjcif;xJu MuufawGudkvnf; o,faqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m oJuEÅm& toGifajymif; aexdkifwJh jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
160
yifv,fudkvJ o,faqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m jrdKUt&uf awmt&ufawGudk tm;ay; aomufoHk;cJh& o,faqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m ntaetxdkifeJU aeUawGudk o,faqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m oljzwfausmf eif;rdorQ wHwm;awGudkvnf; oljyefwifaqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m olMunfhrdorQ &IarQmfcif;awG tJonf &IarQmfcif;awG&JU udk,f&nf udk,faoG;awGudkyg oljyefwifaqmifcJh& &xm;[m olUacgif;ay:u udavomwdrfwdkufawGudkvnf; wifaqmifvmcJh& jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
161
&xm;[m olUatmufu odrfi,fpdwfarG;wJh acsmif;aygufpawGudkvnf; wifaqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m olUab;0J,mu avmuygv awmifwef;awGudkvnf; wifaqmifvmcJh& &xm;[m avmuDaMumif;orm;qdkawmh rdkif;reif;rdatmifvnf; crsmrSm owduxm;&ao;oaygh 'gayr,fh &xm;vmcJhygw,f/ onfvdkeJU &xm;[m &kyf&nfoem;urm;jrdKUawG csKdif;acR;apmfeHwJh tdk;tdrfwdkufwmawG toHaumif;wJh awmtkyfawG tjrJpdrf;awmeJU &Gufa<uawm udk,fvufESD;aESmMu a'oawG zm;wdkU&JU Mo*wfpwm v,fuGif;awG opfckwform; vufpGrf;jy awmajymifajymifawG aygifrkefUrD;uifxm;ovdk jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
162
jrdKUawG rkefUavayGvdk &GmawG &xm;[m bPfpma&;wpfa,muf aiGawGa&wGufovdk wpfjrdKUjyD;wpfjrdKU a&wGuf wpfawmifjyD;wpfawmif a&wGuf tm;vHk;udk a&wGuf &xm;c&D;qufcJhw,faygh/ onfvdkeJU &xm;[m ebm;qdkwJh tyfezm;aygufuav;wpfaygufrSm rsufESmopfjyD;wJhaemuf a&SUc&D;qufr,fvdkU a&xdwJhaMumif tarT;cgovdk olUudk,fudk vIyfcgvdkufcsdefrSm ESpfoHk;q,fvHk;vHk; aysmufqHk;aewJh jrdKUwpfjrdKU bD;vSdrfhp &xm;ay: zswfceJ ckefwufvdkufyg &xm;ay: &xm;ygvmcJhwmudkyJ &xm;ay: &xm;wifcJh&wmudkyJ &xm; pdwfysufcJhw,f &xm;vmcJYNyD/ / armifacsmEG,f (1990) jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
163
aq;ppfcHwJhn n aemufb0rsm;pGm;rSm nrjzpfawmhwm aocsmaMumif; oufaojyvkdufwJh n “'efwD” &JU rsuf&nfawG pif;pif;aoay;vkduf&wJh n OD;aESmufwpfjcrf;u wHcg;qDay;vkduf&wJh n rsufvkH;wpfzufu tm½kHpkdufrIukd a&mif;pm;&NyD; rsufvkH;wpfvkH;u t½IH;twGuf ykHay;vkduf&wJh nvnf;jzpf&Jh/ cE¨mukd,fwpf0ufu NrdKUBuD;xJ ckefaygufaeNyD; wjcm; cE¨mukd,fwpfcku olYrdef;rqD oGm;tdyfwJhnaygh/ vlawG 'DvkdyJ jzpfysufaeMuNrJyg wpfpuúefY wpfpuúefYtwGif;xJrSm a&muf&Sdaecsdef wpfpuúefYu vGJ&ifaygh ukd,fvkd&ma&mufaewJh wpfpuúefYawGrsm;vSaygh / pD;u&ufav; wpfvdyfavmufukd wpfnvkH; apmifhpm;cJh&ygw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
164
oHNydKifaw;awG a&pD;tm;aumif;wJh naygh 'Dnukd jzwf&awmh b0qkdwm vGrf;zdkYtm;aumif;cJhwmaygh / uRefawmf a,muf,ufcwf& ukd,fhESvkH;om;ukd rD;NrdKufcJhygw,f tar b,fol[m ukd,fhESvkH;om;ukd,f rD;NrdKufcJhNyD; 'DrD;ukd vIH&JcJhygovJ? uRefawmfuawmh &J&ifhayghyg;pGmaygh tar 'DnrSmrS uRefawmfu a&'D,kdowådawGMuGwJhn jzpfvkdYaygh / vnfvSD;cH& ajrGwpfaumifvkd em&DoHacsmif;acgufoHawG tpGrf;ukef wGefYvdrfvkdY jrifcJh&zl;NyD aoaumif;aygif;vJb0yg tar&,f wpfpufrS t&omcH&ufp&m raumif;ygbl; rpmemwwf&ifvnf odMuygap od&ifyJ tarhom;u NyD;ygNyDwJh / rdrdukd,frS eH½kd;rsm; wHwm;tjzpf cif;usif; vrf;zGJYpnf;cJhygw,f 'Dc&D;om ESpfvkdcJh &vkdaomb0rsm; vrf;z,fay;Muyg / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
165
ighukd usm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYu ajym&&if wpfb0vkH;ukefr,f olYwpfukd,fvkH;rSm ol0wfvmwJh tuÐsyJaumif;w,f ½IarQmfcif;awGygvkdYrkdY ... olYvuf olYajc olYcE¨m olYpdwf"mwfawGuawmh xm;vkdufygawmh tm;vkH;tysuftpD;csnf;yJ 0yfa½SmhykdYxm;um;vkdaygh ighukdusm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYu 'Db0rSm b,fwkef;urS aumif;cJhwmvnf; r&Sd b,folYtay:rSvnf; aumif;cJhwmr&Sd vayguf ESpfaygufwifauR;cJholukda&m tdrfwpfvkH;vkH; ay;aeay;olukda&m aumif;cJhwmr&Sd olYpdwfeJY ighrsufESmukd iSm;iSm;NyD;ajymao; olYraumif;wmukd jznfhjznfhNyD; aygif;ae&olvkdYrod ighukd usm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYu ighukd usm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYuaygh jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
166
olarmufrmvkdufykHu ... vlYb0qkdwm jcukef;rSmae&ovkd cPcP a&GUa&GUae&r,f ra½GU&if jcpm;cH&r,f 'gukd 'if;rodbl; 'gukd rodjcif;BuD;wJh 'if;ukd jcukef;omykdYxm;vkduf ighukd usm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYu ... tJ'DaeYu tJ'DaeYuaygh ighukd usm;wHqdyfbD,m rwkdufwJhaeYuaygh w&m;&kH;rSm trIrBuD; BuD;atmif qGJcsvkd rsufESmrsdK;eJY vrf;xJukd 0ifvmw,f ... tJ'DaeYu tJ'DaeYuaygh ighukd usm;wHqdyf bD,m rwkdufwJhaeYuaygh tJ'DieJ[m ckyJ N*dK[fwpfcku ysufusvmolvkdvkd tckyJ av,mOfysHwufawmhrvkdvkd tckyJ vufxyfawmhr,fh owkdYom;vkdvkd tckyJ tpnf;ta0;rSm tqkH;tjzwfay;&awmhr,fholvkdvkd pwkdifawG *kdufawGzrf;NyD; vrf;xJukdxGufoGm;av&Jh ... olb,fvrf;rSm aew,fqkdwm olukd,fwkdifrodwJhaumifav .../ armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
167
csefyD,H 'gayr,fh csefyD,H csefyD,H 'DrSm csefyD,H jrefjrefvmyg csefyD,H jrefjrefoGm;yg csefyD,H csefyD,H 'gayr,fh csefyD,H / csefyD,H 'gawGu 'Dvkd&Sdw,f [kd[mawGu [kdvkd&Sdw,f [kdvrf;awGukd roGm;eJY [kd[mawGukd rpm;eJY csefyD,H 'gayr,fh csefyD,H / emewfoD;xJrSm 0DpuDawG&Sdw,f vrf; 40 xdyfrSm *Refrkd;a&&Sdw,f Akdvfatmifausmfvrf;xdyfrSm oli,fcsif; qkd;wkdifyif&Sdw,f csefcJhrSmvm; csefyD,H qefcJhrSmvm; csefyD,H ,HcJhrSmvm; csefyD,H 'Dae&mrSm 'D[mxm; [kdae&mrSm [kd[mxm; csefyD,H 'gayr,fh csefyD,H /
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
168
csefyD,H vIdif;BuD;w,f tylBuD;w,f &ifylw,f toHav;awGusefao;w,f csefyD,H csefyD,H 'gayr,fh csefyD,H / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
169
ewfwkdYckd;0Sufjcif;cH&wJh uAsm vnfacsmif;xJrSm [if;eHYawG&aew,f [if;eHawG&aewJh vnfacsmif;BuD; crsmrSm [ifaumif;aMuG;aumif;eJY raygif;&&SmolyguGm [if;eHYawGom & &aewJh vnfacsmif;BuD;xJ urÇmBuD;wpfckvkH; vkH;wkdufBuD;jyKwfusvm aeygOD; aeygOD; tJ'D...topfuav;ukdav rD;rndSvkdufygeJYOD;uG,f ? pdwfukdcsJUxGifxm; pm;yGJckHawGukd rsufESmopfay;vkduf tEkynmr&cif vlvnfvkyfenf; t&if&aewJhaumifpm;awG rsdK;yGm;aeav&Jh pD;u&ufwpfvdyfawmifrS wpfzufom;tay: wkdufvkdufzkdY o'´gruswJhaumifawGav vufzuf&nfwpfcGufom wkdufckdif;Munfhygvm; 'if; ... pif;pif;awmif aooGm;OD;r,f/ 0,fxm;vkduf 0,fxm;vkduf tJ'D qm;ief&nfawG[mav 0,fxm; odrf;qnf;&r,fh t&mawGyguG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
170
tJ'D topfuav;ukdav rD;rndSvkdufygeJYOD;uG,f uAsmtay:rSmav igu om;zGm;cef;a&mufrdef;r vifukd pdwfemovkdrsdK; em&Jh / 'gayr,fh tcsdefwefawmh xef;yifukd jyefarmhMunfhNrJ MunfhwJh t&ufrl;orm;vkdav/ rD;zkday;Muyg rD;ykHBuD; ighukday;Muyg tvQHnD;nD; rD;awmufrD;vQH rD;ykHBuD; tJ'DrD;ykHBuD; ighukday;Muyg 'DrD;ykHBuD;xJ ig ckefqif;vkdufyg&ap ig ckefqif;vkdufyg&ap ig ckefqif;vkdufyg&ap ,kefrif;ZmwfrSmawmh tJ'Dvkd rD;zkdBuD;xJ ,kefuav; ... ckefqif;vkdufwJh tcg tJ'D tvQHnD;nD; rD;ykHBuD;[m y'kr速mMumyGifhBuD; jzpfoGm;owJh /
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
171
'DrSmjzifh ... Zmwfu emvkdufavjcif; vmprf;ygOD;uG,f ighESvkH;om; bm;tdrfukd b,folu vmvmNyD; u&kdif; u&kdif;aewmwJhwkef; bmwJh igu ighuav;av;awGukd jrufcif;aumif;aumif; ykdYvkduf&rwJhvm; xkxnfhvkdufprf;yg ajcmufaygifwlBuD; wpfvufeJY ightonf;ESvkH;ukdav ususee ayay:wifNyD; xkxnfhvkdufprf;yg tJ'D ajcmufaygifwl wpfvuf[m igh&JU reufpmwpfeyfygyJuG,f / bmvJ ... b0[m yvyfajcmufvkH;ckwf tif*sifwpfvkH;wJhvm; b0[m axmywfokwfxm;wJh aygifrkefYwpfcsyfwJhvm; r[kwfcJhygbl; r[kwfcJh&ygbl;uG,f uAsmq&mjzpfatmif&,fvkdY r[kwfcJh&ygbl;uG,f raeEkdifvGef;wJh arG;&myg ighce¨mukd,fu taMumykd ud&d,mBuD;aMumifhomyg jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
172
'gBuD; ckwf ckwf csypfvkdufwmyg 'gBuD; vSD; vSD; ukwfzJhypfvkdufwmyg rvkyfvkdufygeJY tJ'D topfuav;ukdav rD; rndSvkdufygeJYOD;uG,f aeygOD; b,fvkd b0awG rD;ckd;wtltl xGufaevdkY ighjrpfe'Dav; &yf &yfoGm;&wmwJhwkef; / aeygOD; b,fvkdwHcg;awG w*sdrf;*sdrf; aqmifhaqmifhydwfaevdkY igh cspfjcif;arw¬mav; acsmif;aum jzpf&wmwJhwkef; / aeygOD; b,fvkd Avaumif;aumif;aomrN*dK[fawGu 0dwfawG wtkef;tkef;r raeMuvkdY igh xrif;tkd;av;crsm ryGufwyGuf jzpfae&wmwJhwkef; / aeygOD; b,fvkd yom'awGu AGufaygufatmif yom'aeMuvkdY ighopfyifav; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omr&Sd jzpfae&wmwJhwkef; /
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
173
0,fxm;vkduf 0,fxm;vkduf tJ'D qm;ief&nfawG[mav 0,fxm; odrf;qnf;&r,fh t&mawGyguG,f / uav;csDxm;wJh n tqmavmifaewJh n nydwfom;ay:u n wppfppfcHae&wJh n tEkynm ukd,fav;vuf0efeJY nyguG,f / crsmrSm vTpifvToGm;ay: a&mufcJh&ygNyD wpfppD vTpmrIefYawGtjzpfeJY jyefxGufvm& ol[m ... yxrwef;pm; uAsmq&mwpfa,mufygyJuG,f/ urÇmOD;rSm yvmwl;ig;awG &SdcJhowJhvm; aeygOD; &SdcJh&ifawmif trnfrJhaerSmyguG,f/ vlYtjzpfqkdwmukd aoaocsmcsm nSpfcsMunfhvkdufawmh yk&pfuav;urS rsufaphuav; jyL;aMumifjyvkdufEkdifao;&Jh vlYtjzpfrSmjzifh EGm;EkdYukd;vD a&ukd;vDeJY EGm;EkdY r[kwfawmhovkdav jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
174
yk&pfuav;avmufawmifrS cGeftm;r&SdcJhygvm;uG,f/ tJ'D ... rsufESmaygufqkd;qkd;yvyfukd jzKwfvkdufygawmh/ Mu,fuav;a& ukd,fhtoHukd,frMunfEl;Ekdifygbl;uG,f igh&ifacgif;u toHvkH;BuD;BuD; tpkdiftcJBuD;ayr,fh EkvGef;vkdY *Grf;eJYukdif&awmhrvkdvkd EkvGef;vkdY rsdKcsypfvkdufrdwmyg rsdKcsvkdufrSyJ wpfb0qkdwmeJY r0EkdifatmifbJukd; Mu,fuav;a& ... pdrfhaeatmif wpfukd,fvkH; qif;pdrfvkdufzkdYuvnf; rma&ausma& ausmufom;jyifBuD;jzpfvkdY ighukd,fig jyefjyefjrifae&wmuvJ rkd;aygufuav; wpfaygufo@mefygvm;uG,f 'gawmif tawmifyH wpfpkHavmuf iwfrGwfqmavmifae&SmwJh ykd;wkH;vkH; rkd;aygufuav;yg rif; &ifacgif;xJu pdrfhus *½kPma&uefav;xJ pdrfvkdufyg&apvm;uG,f / jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
175
rD;rSdwfvkduf rD;rSdwfvkduf rD;rSdwfcsvkdufprf;yg a[m'DrSm pdwfysm;tkH pdwfysm;tkHBuD; wpftkHaygh yGJawmfxJ aq;a&;tvSawG jc,foNyD; w&pyfvnfywfaewJh &[wfBuD;vkdav atmfoH aysmfoH tonf;at;oH rD; wxdefxdefeJYaygh cspfolvkdvkd t&dyfwpfckygvm;uG,f tawG;tjrif 0kdif,mBudK;wpfavSsmuf tm½kHrD;oD;awG vif;xdefvmvdrfhr,f aomufcsypfvkdufprf;ygawmhuG,f/ tJ'D ... rsufESmaygufqkd;qkd; yvyfukd jzKwfcsypfvkdufygawmh ? wpfom;arG; wpfaoG;vSp uav;tarvkd naecif;xJ t&kd;ay: ta&wif aeY&ufawGa&mufvm rD;usD;cJ&J&Jay: wGefYvdrf &ifukdcGJjyayr,fh bmrqkd vGJcJh&wJholygwJhuG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
176
oli,fcsif; vDuDa& rkd;BuD; ronf;rxefcif aveDMurf;awG rzrf;pm;cif tJ'D ... trdk;tumatmuf tcsdefrSDa&mufapcsif&Jh rD;rndSvkdufygeJYOD;uG,f / oli,fcsif; vDuDa& rif; tJ'Dpm&Guf ighukday;NyD; ightonf;ay:rSmom a&;csvkdufprf;yguG,f / 'DrSm ... b,fol[m b0wpfckvkH; tEkynmay: ykHatmcJhygovJ b,fol[m w'D;'D;armif;aewJh vrf;BudwfpufBuD;atmuf acgif;xkd;0ifay;NyD; uAsma&;cJhovJ udkvrfbwfpf qkdua&;wD; 'Dvefawmrwfpf rif; ... trSwf&aeOD;rSmyguGm /
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
177
MoZmoD; um;eif;NyD; a&yufxm;ovkdav aysmfNyJ NyJNyJvHvkdY NyJNyJvHaewJh 'DtoHuav;ukdav rif; cg;Mum;u o'´gw&m; "m;ajrSmifeJY aqmifhxkd;pkdufcsvkdufprf;yg udwfajcmufuav; wpfcsyfavmufawmh vljzpfcJhwm aocsmatmif 0g;vkdufcsifygao;w,fuG,f / olYb0wkdifuDu raumif;bl; t&rf;ukd taiGYysHvG,fw,f tJ'D topfuav;ukdav qm;iefa&eJY a&mNyD; rD;ndSvkdufygawmhuG,f / jrpfa&BuD;ovkdpD;wJh ajrmufjyefavxJ armeif;yuf raomuf&ao;wJh uwkefu&if t&ufrl;orm;vkdav ightouf av;q,fjynfharG;aeY[m aiGpaMu;puav; enf;enf;awmif;zkdY ighqD a&mufvmcJh OD;OD;zsm;zsm;aygufwJh jrufawmifrS cl;cyfaußG;p&m r&SdwJhaumifyguGm /
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
178
jrpfa&BuD;ovkd pD;vSwJh ajrmufjyefavxJ ightoufav;q,fjynfharG;aeY[m igh tonf;ESvkH;ukd qGJxkwf igh vufurf;ay;NyD; ajymvkdufwmuuG,f oufav;q,f yef;csDaq;a&; ig [kdta0;BuD;u vmcJhwmyg ememMunf;Munf; rD;awGzkd ighb0ig tzefwvJvJ jyefjyefrsdKcs ig[m vrf;rBuD;wpfckjzpfNyD; oifwkdYtm;vkH;[m vrf;avSsmufolawGrSsom jzpfw,f...wJh / tkduG,f pum;vmajymraeygeJYawmh b0ukd yGJawmfvkdawG;ac: ig[m tEkynmarSmfq&m&,fvkdY aojcif;w&m;ukd ndIUiifxm; pdwfukdausmif;xm;cJhwm ESpfaygif; av;q,fawmif MumcJhygaygh/ / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
179
Murf;ydk;rsm;wJhtdyf&m trSefrawmh urÇmBuD;om,maysmf&TifbG,faumif;atmif vlqefNyD; odyf,Ofaus;wJh pdwful;aumif;olawGu wnfaqmufxm;wmjzpfw,f/ armifacsmEG,f[m tJonftpm;xJujzpfav&JY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
180
a&ndSpdrf;ykwf zHk;vTrf;tkyfwJh tkwfwHwdkif;ay:u y'dkif;yGifhav oifhudk zsm;a,mif;aecJhaygh yef;yGifhxJu 0wf&nfav;udk olwdkYuGyfrsufcJhvdkY oifeJYig vma&mufap;uyfNidwG,fcJhMu&JY/ pdkxdkif;qawG rIdwuf rIday:rSm yufusd[m wGm;oGm;&JY aES;wmjrefwmu udpör&Sdbl;av oGm;roGm;u udpö&Sday&JU/ urÇmavmuBuD;udk ,k,ol[m armifacsmEG,f azmfa0; atmifcsdrfheJY okcrdefvIdifwdkYjzpfMu&JY/ urÇmBuD;eJYpdrf;ol[mvJ olwdkYyJjzpfMuw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
181
a&cJawGt&nfaysmf&ef ighudkac:yg armifacsmEG,fudkac:yg azmfa0;udkac:yg/ rylao;wJha& ql&ef ighudkac:yg azmfa0;udkac:yg armifacsmEG,fudkac:yg/ b,folYudkrS rw&m;rajymygbl;Asm uRefawmf xrif;pm;wwfygw,f uRefawmfwdkY xrif;pm;wwfygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkY &ifxJrSm [m0dkif,DuRef;av; &Sdygw,f vl&Tef;&Sdygw,f *Refud&Sdygw,f uRefawmfwdkY&ifxJrSm wifeDqif&JY ausmufrsuf&GJrsm; &Sdygw,f/ wdkYawG[m a&'D,rfowÅKudk &SmazGawGY&Sdol jzpf&JY r'rfusL&Djzpf&JY t,f'Dqifjzpf&JY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
182
wdkYawG[m ta&mif;tqif;&JYtoHudk pdkufysKd;Edkifoljzpf&JY yDumqdkjzpf&JU Aif*dk;jzpf&JU/ wdkYawG[m t&m0w¦KawG&JY tvsm;av;zuf xkav;zufudk prf;oyfrdolawGjzpf&JY [D&muwyf(pf)jzpf&JY rmh(ufpf)jzpf&JY/ wdkYawG[m oHawG cJawGudk awmifyHawG wyfqifEdkifMuolawGjzpf&JY ADodkAifjzpf&JY &Idyifjzpf&JY/ tqdyf&SdwJhajrGyif [if;wpfcGufjzpfae&m tqdyfr&SdwJhvif;ajrG [if;ESpfcGufjzpfavayghckcg/ ausmif;ajy;zl;vm; tdrfajy;zl;vm; &nf;pm;eJYuJGzl;vm; jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
183
zJ&IH;zl;vm; *sifwdkufzl;vm; vlrdkufawGeJY &dkufzl;vm; aq;&Izl;vm; t&ufaomufzl;vm; yjcKyftdrfa&mufzl;vm; taygifqdkifa&mufzl;vm; oif[mvlrdkY tylwpfckxJawmh rvdktyfwef&m/ uefa&udkaomufyg zefuvyfxJua&udkaomufyg urÇmxJrSm b,fvdkzl;yGifhrSmvJ tdrfqdkwm zJxkyfav;wpfxkyf&SdrS aysmfp&maumif;ayraygh/ rdwfaqG? bk&m;ocif vli,feJY tEkynm twlaeygap urÇmBuD;udk aysmf&Tifygap/ aumfzDa&mifaerif;BuD;xJrSm jrpf[m ysif;&dpGm pD;qif;vdkY b,fawmhrS a[mif;vdrfhr,fr[kwfwJh jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
184
tcspfoDcsif;av;udk em;axmifyg 15-ESpfom;u oDqdkvdkYaeavrSm/ rGefwDudka&vufMum;av;rSm &TifaysmfaysmfzJ0dkif;av; oGm;usif;yzdkY urÇmBuD;[m a&Ttdka&mifawmtkyfwpfckvdkY uREfkyfwdkY ,lqEIwfqufxm;cJhMupdkY vmav/ ]]vDeif}}udk oifrnmcJhzl; r[kwfvm;/ oif ]]acs}}udk rnmcJhzl; r[kwfvm; uREfkyfodygw,f aEG;axG;rI[m aps;BuD; a0;uGm oifuAsmvJpyfwwf&JY r[kwfvm;/ oif ]]0ifpwefcsmcsD}}udk vdrfnmcJhwmawmh&Sdygap/ qHyifb,fcJGcJG tonf;a&mifudkif;aewJh armifacsmEG,f pGwfpdkxdkif;rIdif;vSay&JY/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
185
urÇmxJrSm armifacsmEG,f acsmif;aumav; rjzpfcsifyg/ AvmpnfawGu w,fNyD;jrnfaeMuoudk; urÇmBuD;uvJ emrusef;bl; r[kwfvm;/ aiG&Smjcif;twwf rwwfwmeJY rwwfcsifwmESpfck ESpfckvHk; arG;jrLa&; ratmifjrifyg rumtdkNrdKYu trSwfudk; ]]b,fvdk'laq;vf}}rSm ]]rm*&uf}}[m aexdkifygw,f oD&dacwå&mjynfu awmifay:vrf;auGYrSm uRefawmfwdkY[maexdkifvdkY rumtdkNrdKYuolESifh rdwfaqGjzpfcsifygawmhonf/ uRefawmf abmh'dkifvifudk odygw,f pdkif;xD;qdkifudk odygw,f rGefwDudk a&vufMum;av;udk odygw,f ]]onfudGKif'Gef}}udk odygw,f oHrPdol&Jaumif;udk odygw,f tEkjrLudk odygw,f a*:'D,ufudk odygw,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
186
rmulwmudk odygw,f cifoef;Ekudk odygw,f yk'fr320udk odygw,f ndKEkdudk odygw,f/ uRefawmf[m Mu,fawGudk a&wGufzl;av&JY vlom;'ku©udk ig;rQm;cJhay&JY/ urÇmxJrSm uRefawmf odwmawG trsm;BuD;yg yJGpm;av;armifbwifheJY bdef;pm;iydefudkvJ odcJhyg&JY 'gayr,fh uRefawmf trsm;BuD;udkyJ r&cJhygvm;/ trsm;BuD;udk odNyD; wpfckrS r&bl;qdk&if abmh'dkifvifudk rodyg&apeJY pdkif;xD;qdkifudk rodyg&apeJY rodyg&apeJY rodyg&apeJY odNyD;om;eJY rod&ao;wJhtm;vHk;udk rodyg&apeJY cifoef;EkudkvJ rodyg&apeJYvm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
187
ig rm&fewfudk,HkcJhaygh ydk;udkufavwJh opf&GufavmufrS wefzdk;r&Sd Oy"d&kyfraumif;avcJh pdwful;aumif;ol&JY aysmf&TifzG,fvlom;urÇm uRJykcHk;xcJhaygh tm;vHk;[m/ 24em&DwdkY w&m;rJh aumufuspf idkaMuG; opömrJh 24em&DwdkY aomu'ku©wdkYom ,ufzJGYcJhavaygh/ urÇmxJu opfoD;awG rpm;csifawmhbl; urÇmxJua&udk raomufcsifawmhbl; arSmifrSef;rod arSmifarSmifvmw,f arSmifrSef;odawmh ydkNyD;arSmifw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
188
urÇmxJu tcsKdqHk;opfoD;udk aomufyg&ap/ urÇmxJu tarT;qHk;yef;udk pm;yg&ap/ urÇmxJu toefYpifqHk;a&udk &SLyg&ap/ tom,mqHk;&moDOwk[m wdkYawGjzpfzdkY&Sdawmh&JY vdkufcJhawmh jreE´m&,f tqdk;qHk;&moDOwk[m wdkYawGjzpfcJhNyDav/ w&m;rapmifhwJhewfudk BudrfwdkYavaygh ighuAsm/ b0[mjruf&dkif;xl vlawG[m pnf;pdrf"eudkom vk,lzdkYpOf;pm;MuNyD; 'ku©aomuawGudkawmh vk,lzdkY enf;enf;rS rBudK;pm;Mubl;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
189
ighaocGufrSm wufwufajymifaeNyD urÇmavmuBuD;uawmh zdk;axmif *sKd;axmif&if NidrfaeawmhwmyJ/ b0udkokawoevkyfyg ajrmif;uykyfwm ajrmif;xJuswJh a&Tykyfwm r[kwfbl; wdkYawG[m uAsmq&myJ ajrmif;uykyfwm/ ewfa&uefxJckefqif;r,fwJh b,fhES,f16ESpf jzpfEdkifrSmvJ uAsmEdkYpdkYacG;av;&,f/ tEkynmeJYvlom;odu©mudk tqdyfrcyfygeJY aea&mifjcnf&Sd&mt&yfrSm aeyg&ap uREfkyfonf oifhudk aysmf&Tifygap oif[m trwfavmif;ayvm; rsufpdwpfzufapmif;cJh&JY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
190
urÇmxJrSm qm;cyfwdkif; iefroGm;wJh t&mESpfck&Sdav&JY yifudk,fu iefaewJh yifv,fjzpfNyD; yifudk,fu rajymif;wJh trSefw&m;wdkYjzpf&JY/ ppfvdkvm;ol[m tefaum0yfbk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif; odk;ausmif;om;av;EdkAuf(pf) *sL;rav; tufpomeJY aygvfwdkY jzpfMuw,f/ urÇmxJrSm Nidrf;csrf;a&;cspfol[m [pfwvm wifEdka[umeJY rlqdkvdkeDwdkY jzpfMu&JY/ urÇmxJrSm pmoifausmif;[m ysif;bG,faumif;&JY yef;NcH[m csrf;ajrYbG,faumif;NyD; bk&m;&Sdcdk;ausmif;[m wnfNidrfvdkY tcsdef[m em&D'dkifcGufxJ tusOf;usvdkY
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
191
wdkYawG[m 'dkif,m&DxJ aexdkifMuw,f/ avmuBuD;rSm vljzpf&wmvJ wu,fawmh pdwfnpfzdkYaumif;&JY tdkemqpfjzpf&wmvJ pdwfnpfzdkYaumif;&JY/ epfqifjzpf&wmvJ pdwfnpfzdkYaumif;&JY/ jrefrmjynfrSm tyfcsKyfqdkifav;axmifEdkif&if oif[m vl&m0ifqefYrSm trSefyif 0efBuD;csKyf&mxl;rSef; atmufwef;pma&;av;eJYom auseyf&if ,ef;aygvfqwf oDtdk&Dudk 'ku©&SmvdkY oif rar;vdkygeJYawmh b,ft&mrSapmifhrae jzpfwmoGm;cJhNyD/ ,aeY aumif;uifrSm wdkYjrif&wJh Mu,fav;awG[m raeYujrif&wJhMu,fav;awG r[kwfbl;av/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
192
'ku©awGxJ pkef;pkef;jrKyfcJhavaygh tcspfuav;&,f ydkNyD;cspfMupdkY&JY wdkYwawG/ b0[m wdkYvufxJu rkefYav;yJjzpfw,f wdkYawG[m ZmwfvdkufawGjzpfNyD; urÇmBuD;[m zwfaumif;wJh[mtkyfwpftkyfjzpf&JY v&JY0dnmOf[m igh&ifckefoHjzpf&JY ysHoef;wJhiSuf&JY tmom&r®uftm;cGef[m ightdyfrufjzpf&JY/ rkefwdkif;[m igh&JYpsmefjzpfvdkYrdkY acwf[m ighuAsm&JY ADwmrif y&dkwdef; jzpfav&JY tcspfuav;&,f rif;rsuf&nfawG[m *lpwDemudk rodcJhbl;aemf *Ref 21 rSm zdeyfopfav;wpf&H0,fcJhw,f/ armifacsmEG,f 1975 ar 10 jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
193
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
194
txufwef;uswJha& tEkynm aEGOD;ayguf &moDudk rnmcsifbl;/ vIdif;ykwfcwfcH ausmufaqmifudk rnmcsifbl;/ tqkwf&JY tvkyfudk rnmcsifbl;/ opfoD;wpfvHk;oD;wdkif; oifwdkYtwGufjzpfw,f/ yef;wpfyGifhyGifhwdkif; oifwdkYtwGuf jzpfw,f/ tcspfa& npfnrf;wJh vrf;rrsm;eJY igh&JY usef;rma&;twGuf vufzuf&nfwpfcGufom opöm&SdcJhygapawmh q[m&udk tm[m&vdkYxifw,f/ (1) tJonfvdkeJY raysmf½TifwJh aumfzDwpfcGuftwGuf vufaqmifawG ay;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY tcspfa&; tqifrajywJh tcef;xJu aMu;rD;jcpfBuD;twGufvnf; opfoD;tcsdKawG ,laqmifcJhNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
195
tJonfvdkeJY ½l;oGyfaewJh aEGOD;avtwGufvnf; tdyfrufvSvSwpfpHk vHkNcHKpGm ay;ydkYvkdufNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY c&D;xGufoGm;wJh pD;u&ufrsm;eJYvnf; pmtjref qufoG,fcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY avuajcGcsoGm;wJh raocsmrIawGtwGuf oDcsif;vufaqmifydkYcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY ESif;r&SdwJh aqmif;twGufvnf; aumif;uifwpfckay;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY b0twGuf ZvaA' tcsuftvufawGvnf;qufvufpkaqmif;cJhNyD/ arara& jrpfawGudk uRefawmfpD;cJhaygh/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
196
(2) touftydkif;tjcm;awGvnf; euf&Idif;oGm;cJhNyD/ tyltat;avrdk; tcdk;taiGYta&GY tawGYtBuHK trIHtrTm; &l;oGyfpGm cl;qGwfcJhzl; El;nGwfpGmvnf; pGefYvTwfcJhzl;NyD/ &eftaxGaxGaMumifh XmefaMuGcJhNyD &eftaygif;aMumifh OmPfydkaumif;cJhNyD/ ab;Oyg'ftaxGaxGaMumifh touf"mwfvnf; ydkrdkvwfqwfcJhNyD/ vlqdkwm vl"mwfvdktyfwmyJ t&IH;tjrwf trkef;eJY arw책m"mwf tzdk"mwf tr"mwf vlawGrSm yifudkt&yif vdktyfcJhwm r[kwfvm; ausmu'Pf&mudk avmuwHxGmvdkY pJGrSwf pmwpftkyfvdk tomxkwfzwfoGm;&HkygyJav/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
197
tJonfvdkeJY a&csKd;csifwJh rdk;OwktwGuf &kyf&SifvufrSwf wpfapmifay;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY aumfzDraomufwwfwJh aMumuf&GHYrIrsm;twGufvnf; b&ef'DwpfcGuf 0,fcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY cspfol&JYterf;awGzdkY vrf;azmufay;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY 'Pf&m&cJhwJh uEร m&ESpfrsm;vnf; opรถmxm;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY trSefw&m;udkvnf; xrif;pm;zdwfcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY aeMumyGifhawGudkvnf; aeomcGifhay;vdkufNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY tqdyfeJY rdwfzJGYcJhwJh tdyfrufawGudkvnf; bdvyf&nf wdkufcJhNyD/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
198
tJonfvdkeJY vlYe,fy,f&JY tenftESpfrsm;twGufvnf; txnftopftqef;awG vufurf;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY vGwfvyfa&;uAsmtwGuf ajruGufwpfuGuf xGef,ufcJhNyD/ &efolrJh b0rSmvnf; ig uRefawmf raysmfwwfawmhyg? cspfolrJh b0rSmvnf; ig uRefawmf raewwfawmhyg? ydkvQHaoma& y&dkwdef;tptetavtvGifh pHvGefzdtm;tqifhqifhjzifh ightouf&IyGifhrsm; aumif;rGef cdkifrmpGmyif &ifarmcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY vlYb0udk ,kZeyifav;rSm tomcsdwf 'l;,m;wpfvdyfeJYvnf; tdyfaysmfwwfcJhNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
199
tJonfvdkeJY b0&JY0efaqmiftm; avmuBuD;udk O,smOftoGif wifaqmifoGm;EdkifcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY tvdkrjynfhrI ig tvdk&SdcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY emusifrIawGvnf; t&omjzpfcJhaygh/ tcspfa& uefa&udk iHkYudkif;aewJh uHhaumfudkif;wpfudkif;vdk aewwfcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY csKdayghus vufzuf&nfwpfcGufvdk touf&SifwwfcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY b0&JY'PfcHtm; *kPfow책d rsm; jrifhrm;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY pHy,fwpfyGifhvdk wu,fyGifhr,fqdk&if wifhw,fpGm yGifhEdkifcJhNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
200
tJonfvdkeJY t&omcsOfpl;pl; ql;zufaomfvnf; cl;&ufp&mrjrifwJh ql;yifwpfyifvdk ,Ofaus;pGm igaewwfcJhNyD/ tdk ... igtdyfcJhaom tdyfrufwdkY ig&dyfcJhaom t&dyfwdkY igrQm;cJhaom ig;udk igpm;cJh&acsNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY BuHKorQ zkefrxawmhyg b0udk t&om wpdrfhpdrfhcH yifv,fpifa&mfawGvdk aysmf&TifpGm ysH0JEdkifcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY toufoHk;q,fwpfqdkwJh cGufwpfckrSm vlYe,fy,f&JY xkxnfawG u,fvdk&DawG jzpfcJhNyD/ a&xk ajrxk avxkESifh aorIawGMum; r,m;eJYw&m; qm;cyfvdkYpm;awmhr,f aerIu yg;vSyfxlxyf vSyvScsnf&JY ig wyfoufcJhacsNyD/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
201
tcspfa& vlawGu wlwHqdyf axmywfudkvnf; udk;uG,fMuw,f/ b0vrf;c&D;[m 0rf;rD;eJY NyD;&rSmvm; iSufqdwfwJh opfpnf;wpfpnf;rSmawmif t"dyÜm,fawG odyfonf;cJhygw,f/ tJonfvdkeJY aendkcsdef bm; uav;rSm b0udk cyfyg;yg;vSD;&if; urÇmavmuBuD;udkvnf; t&ufeJY jrnf;wwfcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY tcsKd&Sm wrmawGYaomfvnf; *sKdum rygbJ a'gif;wwfcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY tidkt&,f ZmwfawGMum; csKdcsOfiefpyf t&om"mwfawGMum; b0udk tjrwfwEdk; xrf;ydk;cJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY tJvAwfurl;eJY jcL; aq;vdyfudkzGm&if; qdk;&Gm;wJh &moDOwkudkvnf; uAsmeJY jyKjyifwwfcJhNyD/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
202
tJonfvdkeJY txl;xl; tjym;jym;aom ql;Mum;rS vlvm;ajrmuf&ef odcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY aeYrsm;&JY tpdktajcmuf a&Tom;eJY aEGydawmufudk tysdKaygufvdk NidcJhNyD/ tJonfvdkeJY a[monf tdkZkef;"mwftvTmxJrSm rif;orD; csKdNyHK;uvnf; [dkwkef;uvdkygyJ tEkynm pHy,ftNyHK;awGeJY a[monf tmumvGifjyif rdk;tcHk;BuD;udkav &pfzJGYaESmifxHk;qJygvm; aoG;aMumxJudk wdkuf&kduf a&mufcJhNyD/ oli,fcsif;a& armifacsmEG,fa& urÇmBuD;a& vufzuf&nfwpfcGufrQyif wnfcif;{nfhrcHEdkifaom trSefw&m;xH vmvnfyg/ armifacsmEG,f 1998 rwfv 13 (aEGOD;r*¾Zif; trSwf - 1? 1998 ZGef) jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
203
ajrBuD;ay:rSm tm½HktvsifxJ pGJvef;rIoDtdk&DawG a&mufa&mufvm opfopfoGm;Mu? wpfa,mufwpfrsKd;pD rSm;cJhMuw,fwJh oHo&mudk cspfw,fwJh a½Tom;oHa,mZOfav;udk jrwfEdk;w,fwJh tcsdefwef&ifawmh udk,fhZmwdqD jyefMu&wmyJwJh? at; ... ighZmwd[m tvGrf;jzpfw,f/ jyZmwfqefqef ta&mift&dyfawG igtvGefrkef; jrHK;rdwJhig; touf&SifpOfrSm bmawG awG;ac:aerdrvJ igodcsifrd igudkf,fwdkif jrHK;rSm rdrSmyJ? vGwfvrf;udkom vdkcsifcJhrd? t&ifvdk b0qdk;xJudkyJ vGwfcsif&JU? 'g b0&JU tbd"r®myJ aocsm&JU? tdyfrufqefqefawG vma&mif;0,fraeeJY puúLav,mOfysHav;udk vufxJu vTwfcsvdkufNyD/ armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
204
armifacsmEG,f&JUvufaqmif eHygwfwpfukd One vkdUac:&if aerif;BuD;ukd Sun vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfESpfukd Two vkdUac:&if ighwkdUausmif;ukd School vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfokH;ukd Three vkdUac:&if aomhuav;ukd Key vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfav;ukd wHcg;rBuD;ukd
vkdUac:&if Door vkdUac:w,f/ Four
eHygwfig;ukd Five vkdUac:&if pGefuav;ukd Kite vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfajcmufudk Six vkdUac:&if a&uefBuD;ukd Lake vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfckESpfukd Seven vkdUac:&if pHy,fyef;av;ukd Jasmine vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwf&Spfukd Eight vkdUac:&if ykqdefBuD;ukd Axe vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfukd;ukd Nine vkdUac:&if aumif;uifBuD;udkd Sky vkdUac:w,f/ eHygwfwpfq,fukd Ten vkdUac:&if azmifwdefav;ukd Pen vkdUac:w,f/ armifacsmEG,f (pwkdifopf?2007?ZGefv) jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
205
vufwpfbufwnf; ynm&SdaewJh naecif; tJovdkeJY naecif;[m NrdKUBuD;udk [rfbm*grkefYvdk wpf0wpfjyJ rSmpm;/ tJovdkeJY naecif;[m NrdKUBuD;udk rDeDrwfuufawGrSm pdwfwdkif;us 0,fjcrf;/ tJovdkeJY naecif;[m NrdKUBuD;udk [dkw,fac:oGm; NyD;awmh NrdKUBuD;udk 0dkifawGbmawGwdkuf NyD;awmh NrdKUBuD;udk bJuifwpfjcrf;tjzpf rSmpm; NyD;awmh NrdKUBuD;udk rmbdk½dkpD;u&ufvdk rmefygygcJ/ tJovdkeJY naecif;[m aemufaz;vrf;Mum;eJYwlwJh olYtdrf&mqDjyefzdkY olYtefzwfyHkBuD;udk uGßwfuGßwftdwfxJxnfhNyD; NrdKUBuD;udk tiSm;um;tjzpf iSm;pD;oGm;NyDaygh/ / armifacsmEG,f jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
206
ppftwGif;u uGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif; nDtpfudkwpfawG jyefawGYwJYaeY armifacsmEG,f[k ac:onf ol usHK;xJu wufvmonf olYrSm tEkynmtuÐs ygygonf/ armifacsmEG,f[k ac: onf ol oHrPdvrf;u vmygonf olYrSm tEkynmtuÐs ygygonf/ þurÇmajrü uREkfyf xGef,uforQonf touf"mwfom;jzpfyg\/ uAsmjzifYpyf,SufcJYaom uREkfyf\ aeYaygif;rsm;pGm naygif;rsm;pGmtm; uAsmjzifY olaumif;jyKyg\/ t,lrSefoltwGuf t,lcHrvdk urÇmajrBuD;twGuf nwdkif;oDcsif;qdkcJYw,f/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
207
(1) ]uJ ckupNyD; wapäuzD;udk zGifYr,f} &Jabmfoli,fcsif;wdkY ]igwdkY[m ppftwGif;u uGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif; nDtudkwpfawG jzpfMu&JU} igwdkYawG &J&ifYajymifajrmufpGm wdkufyGJ0ifcJYMu&JU ½SdapawmY ol&Jaumif;rSwfwrf;r0ifbl; ½SdapawmY igwdkY[m ol&owåd½SdvdkY uAsmq&mjzpfcJYMuw,f uAsmq&mqdkwm t*wdrvdkufpm;Mubl; a[m MunfYygvm; uAsmq&m teEÅol&d, trwf[m uAsmwyk'feJY BudK;pifwufcJYwm rvSbl;vm; vTwfvS/ aojcif;w&m;qdkwm apmapmu vyfuD; vlpD,mEdk&,f bD,mbl;awGeJY ypfaygufvdkufawmY zefawG rSefawG uGJusoGm;Muw,fr[kwfvm; vTwfvSw,f/ aojcif;w&m;qdkwm &JabmfwdkY &J&JrSwfxm;Mu pm;yGJay:u zefcGufwpfvkH; orHwvif;ay: usuGJoavmufyJ ½Sdw,f vTwfvS/ jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
208
igwdkY&JU uAsmq&m armifacsmEG,f ajymwmuawmY aojcif;w&m;qdkwm av,mOfysHwpfpif;uae av,mOfysHwpfpif; ajymif;pD;oavmufyguGmwJY vTwfvS/ uJ .. aemufb0rSm aemufb0ul;&if aemufb0a&muf&ifvnf; uAsmq&mjzpfOD;rSm aocsmwJY igwdkY&JU opömwdkif w&m;½Sdw,f igwdkY[m vlwpfodef; wpfoef;rSmrS uAsmq&mwpfa,mufjzpfw,fqdkwJY 21 &mpkopf oDtdk&D½Sdw,f [kwfw,f .. [kwf .. [kwf 10 Budrf atmf[pfMu&JU uJ .. ck tcrf;tem;opfwpfck rusif;ycif igwdkY&JU ol&Jaumif;awGudk t&ifqkH; tav;jyKMu&atmif uJ tm;vkH;Nidrfoufyg 15 rdepf Nidrfoufay;yg/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
209
(2) (15 rdepfqdkwm igwdkY&JU aemuf 15 b0udk qdkvdkw,f) aemuf 15 b0 uAsmq&maygY/ [kwfw,f aemuf 15 b0xd igwdkY[m uAsmq&myJjzpf&r,f yxrqkH; igwdkY&JU uAsmq&m azmfa0; olYudktav;jyKMu 15 rdepfNidrf 'kwd, ajrcspfoludk olYudktav;jyKMu wwd, ppfawGaemifvwf 15 rdepfNidrf pwkw¬ .. armifpdrf;acgif uJ .. ½kd;jywfawmatmifcuf 15 rdepfNidrf uJ .. tm;vkH; oufomEdkifygNyD/ BudKufovdkaeEdkifygw,f BudKufovdkaygY/ a½S;OD;pGm ]a&mbif[k} u ol&JrsufESmzkH;udk pGyfvdkufw,f tm;vkH;rsufESmzkH;awG pGyfvdkufMu&JU tm;vkH; wapäawG? ol&JawG? bDvl;awG? zkwf NydwåmawG rSifpmawG jzpfoGm;Mu&JU/ a[mcef;BuD;wpfcef;vkH; rD;cdk;awG vIdiftlvm&JU tm;vkH; pD;u&ufawGaomufMu bD,mawG? 0dkifawG? 0DpuDawG aomufMueJY pum;awG wajzmif;ajzmif;xatmif ajymMuawmY&JU jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
210
tm;vkH; rD;awG rSdwfvdkufMu tm;vkH; uMur,f tm;vkH; tm;vkH; pdwfvGwfvyf udk,fvGwfvyf axmifYrD; rD;av;awGvif;vm tpdrf; teD tjym t0g a[Y .. toHwpfoH ay:vm vlYb0qdkwm avxJu za,mif;wdkifrD;av;yg tm;vkH; Candle in the Wind yJ 'gyJ .. 'gyJ .. 'gyJ tm;vkH; za,mif;wdkifrD;awG xGef;ndSMu oDcsif;qdkMur,f (oHNydKif)/ (3) ppftwGif;u uGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif; nDtpfudkwpfawG jyefawGYwJYaeY a[Y .. ppfoDcsif;awGqdkMu csDwufMur,f .. urÇmopfqD a[m .. opfukvm;tkwf[DoHawG jrif;[DoHawG armfawmfum;oHawG &[wf,mOfoHawG .. uAsmq&mawG vmMuNyDa[Y toHawGMum;ae&NyD jcaoFYa[mufoHawG usm;[def;oHawG qifESmrIwfoHawG uvJeufrIwfoHawG a0qmvdkY igwdkY uAsmq&mawG vmukefMuNyDa[Y BudKqdkvdkufMu&atmif
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
211
a[m .. Munf0if;awm? rdkCf;aZmf? aiG,HOD; rdk;a0;? udka½G;? 0if;jrifY? cufxefydkif;pdk;? aZmf0if;wifY? urÇmyk pwD;vf tp½Sdaom vli,fuAsmq&mawG wNyHKwrBuD;[m a[mcef;wGif; 0ifa&mufvmMu awGYqkHMuonfESifY wpfNydKifeuf a[; .. a[; .. a[; .. toHawG qlnHpGm wpfNydKifwnf; xGufvmMu&JU tkwfatmfaomif;wif;ygyJ ujAKef;u½kef;ygyJ a[m .. atmfMujyefNyD a[Y rufqdkydkaw;eD;,m;uvmwm a[Y igvnf; rufqdkuyJ [dkrSm rif;eJY igeJY rawGYcJYwmwpfckyJ a[Y igvnf; rufqdkydkaw;eD;,m;ppfajrjyifrSm uscJYwmyJuG tJ'DrSm vljzpfcJYwmyJ ckaoNyD; ck vl0ifpm;jyefjzpfwm wefygw,f t&m&mjzpfysufaewm wefygw,fuGm a[Y igu [dkEdkvlvlu vmwm igeJY twlwlaygYuGm a[Y igvnf;ygw,fuG a[; .. a[; .. a[;a[; awGYukefMujyDuGm/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
212
(4) a[Y igu tDwvDuvmwm tDwvDpyspfNcHuvmwm pyspf0dkifawGygw,f &JabmfawGtm;vkH;twGufyJ wdkYawGtm;vkH;u ppftwGif;u uGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif; nDtpfudkwpfawG wpfa,mufeJY wpfa,muf ypfcsvdkYr&bl; ajymjy&ifawmYvnf; vGrf;p&mBuD;uGm [m; .. [m; .. [m; [m; uJ ckawGYNyDyJ bmvkyfMurvJ igodwmuawmY avmuBuD;rSm t&ufuvGJNyD; bmrS aysmfp&maumif;wm r½Sdbl; a[Y aomufypfMu aomufypfMu a[YaumifawG igu a[mfvefu vmwm igYrSm EdkYqDawGygw,f aomufMu igwdkYawG EdkYiwfcJYMuw,f r[kwfvm; azmufom aomufMu a&mufcsif&m a&mufMuyap wdkYawG aeylcJYw,f 'gaMumifYyJ wdkYawGaerylbl;aygY a[Y igu 'g*sDvifu vmwm/ a[Y igu yef*syfu vmwm/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
213
(5) bmvJ b0qdkwm bmvJ pl;prf;aep&mrvdkbl; ig[m pyspfNcHtvkyform;av; 'g 0rf;enf;p&mvm; ig .. cspfoleJYawGYcsifwJYtcg igawGY&w,f igaysmfcsif&if aysmf&w,f igu aeaysmf aoaysmform;yJ ppftwGif;u oli,fcsif;awG aygifrkefYuav; wpfa,mufwpf0uf a&bl;av; wpfa,mufwpf0uf aq;vdyfav; wpfa,mufwpf0uf aorif;usnfqHawG wazsmufazsmufatmufrSm wdkYawG avQmufcJYwm bmjzpfvmvJ bmrSrxl;qef;bl; aeMu aoMuygyJuGm wdkYawG .. jyefrqkHjzpfMubl;xifwm ck jyefqkHMuw,f 'gaumif;w,f 'g taumif;qkH;qkvmbfyJ 'gaumif;w,f at; .. aumif;w,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
214
'gayr,fY igwdkYvnf;ajymyg&apOD; igu uGif;pvefrSm EGm;NcHydkif½Sif ig MopaMw;vs urf;ajcwpfae&mrSm uscJYwm tJ'DrSm vloGm;jzpf EGm;awGarG; EdkYpm;EGm;awGaygY igYrSm EGm;EdkYawG ygw,f tm;vkH;aomufypfMu 'g[m ewfqdk;&JU 0dkifyJ EGm;EdkY[m ewfqdk;&JU0dkifyJ ewfqdk;&JU 0dkifawGudk igwdkYyJ aomufMu&JU/ (6) aomufEdkifMuwm uAsmq&mqdkwm ewfqdk;0dkifawG aomufwJYolawG txufwef;pm;awG 'ku©eJY 'Pf&mawG[m igwdkY&JU ½IarQmfcif;awGyJuG igwdkYawG tvSMunfYaeusawGyJ [kwfw,f .. [kwfw,f [kwfw,f .. [kwfw,f [kwfw,f .. [kwfw,f tm;vkH; 0dkif;atmfMu tm;vkH;aysmfoGm;MuNyD
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
215
bmeJYwlovJqdkwm Oyrmuvnf; cyf½Sm;½Sm;ygyJ *&if; zmvl'gqdkifu a&cJwkH;BuD;vdk aysmfvdkY NyJvdkY atmfvdkY [pfvdkY cef;vkH;jynfY atmfoHawG aysmfp&mBuD; (ppftwGif;uuGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif;nDtpfudkawG cspfjcif;eJY tNrJyJ nDnmMuap) aw;oHazmufNyD; xGufvm 0dkifazmufovdk aw;oHazmufNyD;xGufvm tm;vkH; oDqdkMu bmeJYwlovJqdkawmY wDaumifawG taxG;vdkufBuD; ½IyfaxG;ovdkrsdK; ½IyfaxG;aysmf½TifMu aw;oH cP&yftoGm; a[Y .. igwdkYu aemfref'DrSm uscJYwmuG rif;wdkYeJYuGJuGmNyD; aemfref'DrSm igwdkY aoG;tvl;vl;eJY ususef&pfcJYwm/ (7) 0rf;renf;bl; rsuf&nfrusbl; b,ft&mrS tvum;r&bl; 'Pf&mawGvnf; tvum;r&bl; 'ku©awGvnf; tvum;r&bl; b,ft&mrS tvum;r&bl; b,ft&mrS tvum;r&bl; jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
216
'g igY oDtdk&DyJ ropfvm; .. opf½kHwifrubl; vSaew,f/ a[Y igu ykvJqdyfurf;rSm uscJYwm MunfYygvm;? igYoGm;awG acgaewm ig *syefuRef;pkwpfpkrSm vljzpfNyD; [dkufuk uAsmawGbmawG a&;aewm ckrS oli,fcsif; nDtpfudkawGeJY awGY&atmif a&mufvmwm ppftwGif;u oli,fcsif; nDtpfudkwpfawG cspfjcif;eJY nDnmap .. cspfjcif;eJY nDnmap .. olYtoHwdwfoGm;? olYaoG; olcsdefMunfYae aemufxyf toHay:vmjyef toHMoBuD;eJY a[Y igu ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;rSm uscJYwmuG ck ocGm;oD;awGygw,f pm;ypfMu .. igu ocGm;cif;ydkif½Sif a[Y .. igu½dk;r ½dk;prfrSm uscJYwm NrdKUr[kwfbl; a[Yaumif cufxef rif; rrSwfrdbl;vm; &efolY usnfqH wzGm;zGm;Mum;rSm igwdkYwpfawG a½SUwufcJYMuwmav/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
217
(8 ) a[Y igu [efa*&D ppfrsufESmu AkH;eif;rdwm wpfppDyJ udk,fYvla& tJ'Duae vljyefjzpfNyD; yg&D awm&yfydkif;av;rSm aecJY&wmaygY t&ufbm;u pm;yGJxdk;av;aygY tJ'DuaerS 'Da&mufcJY&wm wpfa,mufu xatmfw,f tm;vkH; cPNidrfay;Muyg uAsmq&mawGvmaeMuNyD opfukvm;tkyfoHawG Mum;&w,f jrif;[DoHawGMum;&w,f usm;opfoHawG .. jcaoFYa[mufoHawG Mum;ae&w,f a[m .. awmacG;tloHawG Mum;&w,f yifv,fvIdif;½dkufoHawG Mum;&w,f jcaoFYa[mufoHuawmY 'g aeaoG;OD; ac: tm&yfzufwD;yJ jzpfrSm 'DaumifBuD; jcaoFYeJY wax&mwnf;wlatmif a[mufwwfw,f a[m .. avSavSmfoHawG Mum;&jyefNyD 'g u'kHwifpdk;yJ jzpfrSm a[m ajrGwGefoHawG Mum;&jyefNyD 'g ajrGBuD; ac: aZmf0if;wifYyJ jzpfrSm rvGJygbl;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
218
(9) a[m wu,f0ifvmawmYvnf; oif;tkyfq&m t0wftpm;BuD;0wfvdkY ],laum} qdkwJY aumifBuD;&,f tmz&duAkHudk xkESufum qefvnf;r[kwf ajymif;vnf;r[kwf qefajymif;&,f [mMuL&DiaysmY ac: Munf0if;NrdKU&,f ig;oavmuf ESpfaumif yl;csnfxm;wJYtNyHK;eJY tcef;us,fBuD;xJ tm;vkH;vnf;a&mufa&m qefajymif;&JU tmz&duAkHoH Mum;&awmYwmyJ wcef;vkH; tmz&duAkHoHawG vTrf;rdk;oGm; oli,fcsif;nDtpfudkwpfawG ½dk;a[; nmoHawG AkHoHtvdkuf vdkufuMu tcef;BuD; 0uf0ufuGJrQ tawmfuvdkYarmawmY tm;vkH;ydkifoDcsif;av;udk wpfa,mufrusefoDqdkMu ]ppftwGif;u uGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif;nDtpfudkwpfawG cspfjcif;eJY nDnmMuap? ppftwGif;u uGJoGm;wJY oli,fcsif;nDtpfudkwpfawG cspfjcif;eJY nDnmMuap}/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
219
(10) xdkoDcsif;udk av;BudrfoHNydKifoDqdkNyD; a[Y a[Y oli,fcsif;nDtpfudkwpfawG Munf0if;NrdKU wdkYrSm 0ufaygif ESpfaygifygw,f bmbDusL;rD;zdk zdkMu&atmif NyD;&if 0ufaygif uifMu&atmif NyD;&if 'DrSm 0dkifawG trsm;BuD;½Sdw,f 0ufaygifeJY 0dkifeJY aomufMuwmaygY a[; .. wJY toHBuD; wpfpkwpfcJwnf;xGuf bmbDusL;rD;zdk zdkvdkufMuw,f rD;ykHBuD;ab;rSm Munf0if;NrdKUu olu yJcl;½dk;rrSm uscJYwmwJY ,laumBuD;u olvnf; yJcl;½dk;rrSmyJwJY ajrGBuD; ac: aZmf0if;wifYu ppfawmif;jrpf0Srf;rSm oifBuD; ac: pmoifBuD;uawmY tifzmwdkufyGJrSm tJ'DrSm vljzpfwm 'g*sDvifu vufzufcif;xJrSm aeaeNyD;rS ckrS 'Dudka&mufvm&wmwJY NyD;awmY oluajymao;w,f urÇmBuD;[m jym;w,fwJY a[m .. azmfa0;&,f 0wf½kHteDBuD;0wfNyD; azmfa0;0ifvm tm;vkH; 15 rdepf NidrfoufpGm tav;jyKMu/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
220
(11) igwdkY oli,fcsif;awG jyefqkHzdkYqdkwm b0toD;oD; wdkif;jynftoD;oD;u vmMu&wm 'gtwGuf igwdkYawG pdwfrysufcJYMubl; igwdkYrSm ewfawGawmif rjrifEdkifwJY cGeftm;awGtjynfY½Sdw,f uAsmq&m[m awmif0ef½kd;pGef;vnf; jzpfw,f uAsmq&m[m Owå&,mOfpGef;vnf; jzpfw,f uAsmq&m[m {0&ufawmifvnf; jzpfw,f uAsmq&m[m ajr0yfiSufuav;vdkvnf; aewwfw,f uAsmq&m[m owåKwGif; wl;olvnf; jzpfw,f uAsmq&m[m Mu,fuav;awGvdkvnf; rSdwfwkwfrSdwfwkwf aewwfw,f uAsmq&m[m ppfrkef;olvnf; jzpfw,f a0[ifrSm pmr&DiSufjzpfNyD; ajrjyifrSm auo&mZmvnf; jzpfw,f a&jyifrSm e*g;jzpfw,f uAsmq&m[m a&wGufr&wJY emrfawGjzpfw,f rjrifEdkifwJY pGrf;tif½SdolawGjzpfw,f vufckwfoHawG wpfcef;vkH; tkef;tkef;uRufuRufqlnHoGm;/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
221
(12) 0ufaygifeJY 0dkifawG tm;vkH;aomuf qdkcsifwJYoDcsif;awG toHeufBuD;awGeJY qdkMu BudK;wef;qGJNyD; [dkbufonfbuf cdkpD;Mu uif;rD;aumufaxmifNyD; vrf;avQmufol avQmufMu uRrf;xdk;olawGuvnf; a½SYuRrf; aemufuRrf;awG xdk;Mu qefajymif;u tmz&duAkHudkESufvdkufawmY tm;vkH; NrdKifoGm;NyD; uMujyefNyD AkHoHuvnf; r&yfrem;udk wD;vdkY tm;vkH;uvnf; r&yfrem;udk uMuvdkY aysmfp&mBuD;yg tcef;us,fBuD;xJrSm uAsmq&mawGcsnf;yJ uAsmq&m r[kwfwm wpfa,mufrS r½Sdbl; a[; .. uAsmq&mawGuG urÇmBuD;udk rsufjcnfrysuf apmifYMunfYaewm NyD;&if urÇmBuD;udk tuÐscsKyf0wfr,f wpfa,mufwpfcGef;pD atmf[pfMu tm;vkH;vnf; rl;ukefMuaygY 'gayr,fY wpfa,mufrS owdrvpfMuygbl; a[m .. aemufqkH; 0ifvm a&mufvmwmu a&mfAif[k ac: odef;Zuf olYrsufESmu vif;weJYwlw,f olYuAsmuvnf; vif;w&JU tw¬KyÜwådwJY/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
222
(13) 'DaumifBuD;0ifrl; tmz&duAkHoHeJYuckef atmfcsifwmawG atmf[pf cPaeawmY AkHoH&yfoGm; tJ'DrSm atmifcsdrfYtoHBuD;xGufvm ]a[Y .. uAsmq&mqdkwm igwpfa,mufwnf;yJ ½Sd&r,f} atmifcsdrfYMuD;u uAsmq&mawGudk aoewfeJYypfcsvdkufawmY tm;vkH; tdkufwiftrsdK;rsdK;eJY vJusoGm;Mu (olypfwmu a&aoewfeJY ypfwm) cPaeawmY tm;vkH; w[m;[m;&,fNyD; xvmMu uAsmq&mqdkwm b,fawmYrS raobl; odxm; .. raoaq;jrpf½Sdw,f r&yfem;wJY jrpfawGf½Sdw,f tJ'DvdkeJY tcef;us,fBuD;xJu xGufzdkYjyifawmY tcef;BuD;[m y'kr®mMumzufBuD;vdk tvdkvdkyGifYusoGm; olwdkYtm;vkH;rSm urÇmopf0wfpkHawG 0wfNyD;jzpfaewm tHYMozG,f awGY½Sdvdkuf&w,f/ armifacsmEG,f 13 ZGef 2001
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
223
NyD;ygNyD t&ufeJYpD;u&ufukd BudKufw,f nDrav;rrjrifhukd cspfw,f tvif;a&mifukd jrwfEkd;w,f uAsmeJY opömxm;w,f tqkH;t½IH;rsm;twGuf 0rf;renf;bl; raMuuGJbl; aemifwr&bl; c&D;Murf; b0Murf;awGukd Muifemw,f vJNydKaeolawGukd pmemw,f 'Pf&meJY&ufrsm;ukd vIdufvSJpGm awGYqkHw,f ,kHMunfcsuf&SdwJh ajcvSrf;awGukd &ifckefw,f trSm;awGeJY aomufpm;rl;,pfw,f ig;rQm;csdwfawGu tpmudk igr[wfbl; ighb0 ig;pmukdom ig[wfcJhw,f / / armifacsmEG,f
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
224
aus;Zl;rSwfwrf; armifacsmEG,fuAsmawG tay: ca&ZDjzpfwJY uGsefawmf[m tifwmeuf ay:rSm awGYorSs armifacsmEG,fuAsmawGudk vdkufvH &SmazG&if;? awmfawmfrsm;rsm; pkaqmif;rdvmawmY wjcm; armifacsmEG,f&JU uAsmy&dówfawGudk xkyfxkyf xnfxnf jyefjyD;a0iSay;csifvdkY? armifacsmEG,fuAsm jyyGJav;wckudk jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf ay:rSm cif;usif;jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D tm;xkwf rIav;&JU &v'f uawmY 'Dpmtkyfav;ygyJ/ 'DxJrSmygwJY uAsmawGudk rlvazmfjyay;cJYMuaom r*¾Zif;rsm;? jyefvnfazmfjyay;cJYaom vrf;tdkav; armf'efuAsm 0ufbfqdkuf? a'gufwmvGPf;aqG bavmYcf? ae;wpf jrefrmzdk&rf? y'kr®mzdk&rf? 0dkifattrfpDzdk&rf? jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rfwdkYrS armifacsmEG,f fan tm;vHk;udk txl; aus;Zl;wif½SdygaMumif; ajymMum;vdkygw,f/ armifacsmEG,f uAsmrsm;ESifY vdkufzufnDvSvdkY cGifYrawmif;bJ ,lokH;rdwJY yef;csDum;rsm;twGuf ]rkwfokef} udk aus;Zl;yg/
av;pm;pGmjzifY armifydk jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
225
armifacsmEG,f (1949 - 2002) 1949 - ckESpfrSm a[monf urÇmavmuBuD;udk zGJUqdk zwfMum;zdkY tarYom;tdrfuae urÇmYom;tdrfBuD;xJ a&mufcJYw,f/
jrefrmusL;ypfzdk&rf
226