Endnotes 1
Michael Bassett and Luke Malpass, “Priced Out: How New Zealand Lost Its Housing Affordability” (Wellington: The New Zealand Initiative, 2013).
2
Demographia, “Rating Middle-Income Housing Affordability Survey: 2019,” 16th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey (2020), 13.
3
The Economist, “Global house-price index: Our interactive guide to housing data across the world,” Website.
4
REINZ, “Residential Property Data” (for November 2020), Website.
5
Jenesa Jeram, “Empty Nests, Crowded Houses: Building for An Ageing Population” (Wellington: The New Zealand Initiative, 2014).
6
Statistics New Zealand, “Housing in Aotearoa: 2020” (Wellington: New Zealand Government, 2020), 117.
7
Demographia, “Rating Middle-Income Housing Affordability Survey: 2020,” 16th Annual Demographia International Housing Affordability Survey (2020).
8
Statistics New Zealand, “Housing in Aotearoa: 2020,” op. cit. 117.
9
Statistics New Zealand, “Births and deaths: Year ended September 2020 – Infoshare tables,” Website.
10
Tim Searchinger, et al. “Achieving Replacement Level Fertility Creating a Sustainable Food Future, Installment Three” (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2013).
11
OECD, “Fertility,” Website, www.oecd-ilibrary.org/ sites/b11cb6e7-en/index.html?itemId=/content/ component/b11cb6e7-en.
12
Treasury, “Fiscal Strategy Model – PREFU 2020” (Wellington: New Zealand Government, 2020).
13
Treasury, “Pre-election Economic and Fiscal Update 2020” (Wellington: New Zealand Government, 2020), 14.
14
Statistics New Zealand, “Net migration high but down from peak,” Website.
15
Eric Crampton, “Here’s why congestion charging could be the answer to traffic woes,” Stuff (10 February 2020).
48 THE NEED TO BUILD
16
Shane Cowlishaw, “Labour wins on immigration,” Newsroom (25 October 2017).
17 Ibid. 18
Michael Bassett and Luke Malpass, “Priced Out: How New Zealand Lost Its Housing Affordability,” op. cit.
19
We used the default data from New Zealand’s UN World Population Prospects 2019 to calculate life expectancy at birth.
20
This data was collected from Statistics New Zealand through an Official Information Act request.
21
Statistics New Zealand, “Housing in Aotearoa: 2020,” op. cit. 125.
22
Trading Economics, “New Zealand – Sex ratio at birth (male births per female births),” Website.
23
Statistics New Zealand, “Provisional migration estimates by age-sex now available,” Website.
24
Statistics New Zealand, “International migration: September 2020,” Website.
25
Treasury, “Fiscal Strategy Model – PREFU 2020,” op. cit.
26
The Spectrum software does not distinguish between different levels of inflow and outflow of migration for net migration. For instance, if the inflow is 30,000 and outflow 20,000, or if the inflow is 60,000 and outflow 50,000, net migration is 10,000 in both cases. Spectrum treats each number neutrally.
27
Treasury, “Pre-election Economic and Fiscal Update 2020,” op. cit. 4.
28
There are many new prototype Covid-19 vaccines being tested around the world by companies such as Pfizer, Oxford Uni-AstraZeneca and Moderna. Some have been approved by governments and already in use.
29
Richard Harman, “Covid ‘here for some time’ say Ardern and Collins,” Politik (25 August 2020). This reflects the government’s efforts to keep the borders closed to eliminate the virus.
30
Stephen M. Kissler, Christine Tedijanto, Edward Goldstein, Yonatan H. Grad and Marc Lipsitch, “Projecting the Transmission Dynamics of SARSCoV-2 Through the Postpandemic Period,” Science 368:6493 (2020), 860–868.
