2012 Fall TECHNEWS by Ontario Association of Veterinary Technicians

2012

VOL UME 36 I S S UE 1

PREMIER JOURNAL

FOR

CANADIAN VETERINARY TECHNICIANS

FALL

A NATIONAL JOURNAL PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO ASSOCATION OF VETERINARY TECHNICIANS

D E D I C AT E D TO PROFESSIONALISM PUBLICATION MAIL AGREEMENT NUMBER 40034241 • PUBLISHED BY THE OAVT • Return Canadian undeliverable address to: OAVT, 100 Stone Rd W., Suite 104 Guelph, ON N1G 5L3

CONTINUING EDUCATION • KCS - What Are My Options? • Feline and Canine Mast Cell Tumours • 10+ Opportunities for Improved Anesthesia Safety Plus: CAPC issues fall parasite forecast; What keeps veterinary practice owners and employees up at night; Rabies Vs. Survival; Amlodipine Besylate (Norvasc); Boston marathon memories; Fall toxicants poisonous to pets; Animal Hospital Advocate Program; Dealing with animal behaviour issues and more!

NEW

Low-fat nutrition to help manage pancreatitis and hyperlipidemia

Hill’s Prescription Diet i/d Low Fat GI Restore Canine ®

SOOTHE:

Proprietary blend that contains ginger helps calm and soothe the GI tract

PROTECT:

Omega-3 fatty acids protect by helping to break the cycle of inflammation

RESTORE:

Prebiotic fibre restores balance of intestinal microflora by supporting growth of beneficial bacteria

HillsVet.ca/idlowfat or 1-800-548-VETS (8387) for more information

2012 Platinum Sponsors Making continuing education better & more accessible across Canada Bayer HealthCare Animal Health Division Hill’s Pet Nutrition Canada, Inc. Merck Animal Health Royal Canin Medi Cal Pfizer Animal Health These companies are generously supporting a series of outstanding learning opportunities for registered veterinary technicians through OAVT. 35th Annual OAVT Conference & Trade Show February 21 - 23, 2013 London, Ontario This meeting continues to expand and grow in stature, as the largest and best stand alone Registered Veterinary Technician/Technologist meeting in the world. Professionalism & Ethics Course Outstanding one-day CE courses offered during the year. Call the office for the date and location closest to you. TECHNEWS The quarterly national publication with three CE articles in each issue delivered directly to your door! Making information, education, industry news and career opportunities available to technicians - everyday and everywhere! www.oavt.org We applaud these companies for working closely with Canadian veterinary technicians and OAVT in the design and delivery of these exciting programs throughout 2012.

EECI12508-S01-01

Amazing RVT: Marg Brown...................................................................................................... 2 Leading Nonprofit Authority on Parasite Issues Fall Parasite Forecast........................................ 4 Pharmacology Column: Amlodipine Besylate (Norvasc)............................................................ 6 What Keeps Veterinary Practice Owners and Employees up at Night?....................................... 7 Apps, Blogs & Websites to Watch............................................................................................. 8 Safety Column: Rabies vs. Survival............................................................................................ 9 CE Article #1: KCS - What Are My Options?.................................................................... 10 CE Article #2: Feline and Canine Mast Cell Tumours....................................................... 17 TECHNEWS Subscriptions.................................................................................................... 20 CE Article #3: 10+ Opportunities for Improved Anesthesia Safety................................... 22 TECHNEWS Fall 2012 CE Quizzes................................................................................. 24 Boston Marathon Memories.................................................................................................... 26 Submitting Articles to TECHNEWS...................................................................................... 27 Poisoning Toxicology Column: Fall Toxicants Poisonous to Pets.............................................. 29 When is When?....................................................................................................................... 32 Animal Hospital Advocate Program - Canadian Animal Assistance Team................................ 35 Employment Ads..................................................................................................................... 36 Thank You Christi Cooper...................................................................................................... 37 Behaviour Column: Dealing with Animal Behaviour Issues..................................................... 38 Tech Tips and Tidbits.............................................................................................................. 39 Global News........................................................................................................................... 40 Puzzle...................................................................................................................................... 41 Study: Infants in Household With Dogs Are Healthier............................................................ 41 RVTs in Public Health............................................................................................................ 41 Equine News........................................................................................................................... 42 Continuing Education Opportunities..................................................................................... 43 Did You Know?....................................................................................................................... 44

Advertising Rates >

TECHNEWS Information >

Double page spread..................on request Full page........................................ $1395.00 Half page.........................................$895.00 Quarter page...................................$595.00 Insert..........................................on request Business Card.................................$295.00

Next Issue:Winter 2012 Deadline for Material: November 1, 2012 Distribution Date: December 15, 2012 TECHNEWS is a quarterly publication published by the OAVT.

Employment Ads: Please see Employment Ad Information on Page 35 For advertising information: Contact Laura Fanthome: Tel. (800) 675-1859 Fax (519) 836-3638

• Editor - Laura Fanthome, RVT, MES, BEd (lauraf@oavt.org) • Technical Editor - Shirley Inglis, AHT, RVT (shirley@naccvp.com)

The opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the opinion of the Board of Directors nor the members of the Association.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Printed on recycled paper

AmazingRVT

Marg Brown Education Specialist Interviewed by OAVT

hospital in Grimsby. With this offer came an apartment accommodation above the clinic. A funny thing happened her first day on the job, and for anyone who knows Marg, this was truly out of character even then. She has always prided herself on her punctuality and reliability. She slept in that day. Considering that they had not met her and she was hired based on the recommendation of a friend, Marg was mortified. She made up for it though remaining with them for four years.

Marg Brown, lifetime honorary member of the OAVT has had quite an impressive career as a registered veterinary technician, and continues to exercise her influence in its education sector. According to Marg “working with people and pets has meant she has never worked a day in her life.” Her lifelong philosophy is that you can never stop learning. Educating oneself is a key to success in any field and it is one of the best ways to develop your skills and expertise.

When Marg was 18 years old, she lacked direction in the choice of careers to pursue. She grew up on a farm and due to her love of animals her father suggested the field of veterinary medicine. At the time, she didn’t think she had what it takes to pursue university studies, so she settled on a practical direction and chose college. She entered the animal health technician program at Centralia College as it was the only one to offer this program at the time. The summer following her graduation, Marg was offered a job at the college as an instructor’s assistant setting up materials and labs for the fall courses. Getting a bit of the travel bug, she answered a school job posting for a position as a veterinary technician at a mixed animal practice in Maple Ridge, British Columbia. She began her career performing lab work (taking radiographs, administering anaesthetics), and assisting in surgery and the front office. She returned to Ontario after a year. Back in Ontario, she accepted a position as a veterinary technician in a mixed practice animal

While in B.C. Marg took some university courses part-time for interest and as a way to meet people. In Grimsby she continued to take courses, again for interest and networking. One day an industry representative came into her workplace and Marg inquired about any job opportunities he might be aware of. He mentioned a posting for a technician at Seneca College. Since she was now married and her husband worked in Toronto, she applied. She started the job in September ’79 one week after her father passed away. She had always been interested in teaching since her position after college. As clinic manager, she became involved in organizing animal acquisitions and care, was responsible for inventory, equipment and supplies and assisted the professors in all aspects of teaching. During her initial summer hiatus, she also worked in a research facility in Toronto performing animal husbandry and care. As the program was fairly new, she helped with field placement/practicums, dealt with student issues, assisted in preparing course work and was initiated into teaching by instructing a few courses. As the program was in its infancy and given Marg’s “take charge” attitude, she initiated the practicum component into the curriculum. She

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

was also involved in some of the planning evolution of the program itself. The learning bug was slowly taking its hold on Marg. While at Seneca, she took numerous PD (Personal Development) courses. She also pursued part-time studies in the sciences at the University of Toronto, encouraged to pursue a Bachelor of Science for interest and as a means to succeed. She viewed professional development as a vehicle for developing one’s skills and positioning herself for further career opportunities. At this point, she became even more focused on teaching full-time. After seven years as clinical manager, she was offered a full-time professorship at Seneca College. She went on to pursue education courses at Seneca through Brock University. Then Marg took online and distance education courses at Athabasca and York Universities in order to explore other avenues useful to programming and teaching. She still didn’t give up on her studies. Throughout her teaching career, she taught the majority of courses offered in the veterinary technician program covering a vast field area with a special interest in radiography, medicine, placement and business management. During this career segment, she took a one year sabbatical to finally complete her degree in Bachelor of Education in Adult Education. Marg taught for 24 years at Seneca, during which time she served a number of years as coordinator of the VTE (Veterinary Technology) program. In her final years of teaching, she became heavily involved with restructuring the core program content. Overall, Marg Brown has made a tremendous contribution to the profession through her involvement in numerous associations, committees and publications, most notably with the OAVT. In its early years, she served on the Board of Directors and in the early 90’s she was also involved in the process of changing the title designation from AHT to VT, and was on the legal committee for implementing Bill PR93 which grants members exclusive use to the RVT designation in Ontario. She was editor of the OAAHT newsletter as the association was called at the time. She was involved in the OAVT conference planning (and still helps out). In addition, she was editor of the OAVT Study Guide for the RVT Exam. Subsequently, Mosby Publishers in the U.S. approached the OAVT to ask if they were interested in making this study guide available internationally. From that initial relationship with Mosby, Marg

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

tried her hand at writing and became a coeditor of Mosby’s Comprehensive Review of Veterinary Technology which is now in its third edition and entering a fourth. Marg is still involved. Among her other list of contributions are: member of the Association of Veterinary Technician Educators (AVTE) and past director at large, past member of the Ontario Veterinary Technician Educators (she was on the executive committee at one point), and past member of the Canadian Association of Laboratory Animal Science (CALAS). After serving over 35 years in the profession, Marg was not ready to retire; but her husband had his own career opportunity to transfer to New York, and so Marg followed albeit reluctantly at first. She missed the classroom, but she took this as an occasion to “retool herself.” I don’t know about retooling; she has enough credits under her belt already; yet Marg is a “go-getter” and continues to build upon that list. While in New York, she keeps busy teaching online distance education courses for Penn-Foster. She teaches ESL courses through a program run by the Mayor’s Office of Immigrant Affairs; and she is working with “Unleashed,” a program for the empowerment of young girls through working with animal rescue. She has written chapters for textbooks in different veterinary technology subject areas and is currently working on a radiology textbook. She is a member of four book clubs, has joined different peer groups of an organization directed at women over 50 as well as being a member of the Canadian Women of New York. She is enjoying the wonders of the “Big Apple” by touring the city, attending theatre and opera and of

course, taking educational courses in areas such as politics, art, history and architecture. In her spare time, she loves travelling, going to the gym, gaining new experiences and being with family and friends. To put it simply, Marg Brown just won’t quit. She is extremely proud that her daughter also realizes the importance of education by pursuing her Ph.D. Her advice to anyone pursuing a career as a veterinary technician is to put some emphasis on furthering one’s education and to network. She recommends showing an interest in going to conferences and in pursuing professional development as a vehicle for advancing within the field. Marg feels that the acquisition of an extended degree program would be beneficial to those interested in pursuing a career as an educator in this profession. It is also highly recommended that one take adult teacher training courses through an educational institution specializing in this and/or acquire your teaching certification. If you are interested in being a veterinary technician in a college, she suggests getting a specialty in an area of personal field interest as she can see the profession heading towards this emphasis in the future. Marg also advises that an individual should get as much experience in different areas of the RVT field as possible, and to take out a membership with a variety of associations within the field of veterinary medicine. For her the key is education, and having an open mind to try something new so that you are constantly challenging yourself. Above all, she believes that you should take advantage of what life has to offer!

Marg with her husband and daughter

Leading Nonprofit Authority on Parasite Issues Fall Parasite Forecast Companion Animal Parasite Council to release Lyme Disease Parasite Forecast Later this Fall

BEL AIR, Md. (July 27, 2012) – Leading parasitologists with the nonprofit Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC, www.PetsandParasites.org) have developed a first-of-its-kind parasite forecast that predicts how prevalent certain parasites will be in upcoming seasons. The Spring 2012 CAPC Parasite Forecast focuses on heartworm, a potentially fatal disease in dogs and cats transmitted via mosquito bites, and warns that most of the country will experience high populations of the troublesome parasite in the coming months. “The CAPC is proud to provide the Parasite Forecast as a public service,” said Byron Blagburn, MS, Ph.D., parasitologist, CAPC board member, former CAPC president and distinguished professor at the Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine in Auburn, Ala. Blagburn – one of fewer than a dozen veterinary parasitologists in the U.S. who specializes in heartworms – was instrumental in the data analysis for and compilation of the CAPC Parasite Forecast. “We want everyone to be especially vigilant in protecting themselves and their pets from the risks that parasites pose. It’s important to remember that almost all parasites are completely preventable.” Even so, data shows that roughly half of the more than 78 million pet dogs in the United States are unprotected against heartworms – parasites that can be prevented with year-round, easy-to-administer medication. The CAPC hopes its Parasite Forecast will remind pet owners to have their animals examined annually by a veterinarian and give their pets preventives that eliminate the risk of infection by heartworms and other parasites. Through April 2012, it calls for the following levels of heartworm populations in five U.S. regions*: “extremely high” in the South; “high” in the Northeast and Midwest; “moderate to higher-thannormal” in the Northwest; and “persistent spikes” in parts of the West. The CAPC based its Forecast on National Weather Service data, weather trends, parasite prevalence statistics from veterinary clinics and animal shelters across the country. The forecast is also the collective expert opinion of respected parasitologists, who engage in ongoing research and data interpretation to better understand and monitor disease transmission and changing life cycles. Later this fall, the CAPC will issue another Parasite Forecast that covers heartworm and ticks.

About the Companion Animal Parasite Council (CAPC) The Companion Animal Parasite Council (www.capcvet.org) is an independent nonprofit comprised of parasitologists, veterinarians, medical, public health and other professionals that provides information for the optimal control of internal and external parasites that threaten the health of pets and people. Formed in 2002, the CAPC works to help veterinary professionals and pet owners develop the best practices in parasite management that protect pets from parasitic infections and reduce the risk of zoonotic parasite transmission.

The key indicators that point to increased numbers of heartworms this spring are anticipated above-normal temperatures and precipitation amounts, because mosquitoes thrive in wet, warm climates.** While there are medications available to treat heartworm disease, they are costly and often ineffective. Prevention is the best defense against heartworms, which rarely also affect humans. To protect pets and families from parasites and parasitic disease, the CAPC recommends that all pet owners administer parasite control medication to dogs and cats year-round. Many parasite prevention products require a simple monthly application. Regular veterinarian checkups are also important so that pets may be tested and treated for any external or internal parasites that doctors find. For more information about the CAPC, the number of dogs affected by heartworm and other parasites where you live, as well as disease prevention tips, please visit www.PetsandParasites.org.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

About the CAPC The CAPC’s Fall Parasite Forecast is developed through an ongoing partnership between the CAPC and a team of statisticians at Clemson University. Dr. Robert Lund, the team leader, has been building predictive models for the past 20 years and was instrumental in developing the current weather forecasting models used to predict hurricanes in the U.S. a) The CAPC Forecast is developed through a constantly evolving mathematical model that combines historical data, such as diagnostic results from veterinary clinics across the country, with changing variables such as topography, specific weather conditions, population density and human disease prevalence. b) The team is constantly evaluating the variables that are included in the predictive model to improve accuracy. And, some variables may be added, subtracted or weighted more heavily in a given year. For example, statistics of vehicle collisions with deer are included in this year’s Fall Forecast, after the Forecast team deemed it a relevant statistic given the relationship between deer, ticks and human interaction.

Founded in 2002, the nonprofit CAPC (www.PetsandParasites. org) is an independent council of veterinarians, veterinary parasitologists and other animal health care professionals established to foster animal and human health, while preserving the human-animal bond, through recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control of parasitic infections. The CAPC brings together broad expertise in parasitology, internal medicine, public health, veterinary law, private practice and association leadership. *For purposes of the CAPC Parasite Forecast, geographic regions comprise the following states: South: West Virginia, Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Tennessee, Mississippi, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Texas and Louisiana Northeast: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland and the District of Columbia Midwest: Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota and Nebraska Northwest: Washington, Oregon and Northern California West: Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Wyoming, Montana and Idaho ** Please see the Spring 2012 CAPC Parasite Forecast at www.PetsandParasites.org for more details.

Ready to upgrade?

VetWare 4.2 is now available with great new features

Ask your Herbert Franco VetWare Software Support and Training Officer herbert.franco@cdmv.com 1-855-771-0748, ext. 106

experts! Val Underwood VetWare Application Support Technician vunderwood@solutionsvet.ca 1-855-771-0748, ext. 105

See what’s new at solutionsvet.ca TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

P H A R M AC O L O G Y C O L U M N Treatment for hypertension should be considered when a catâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s systolic blood pressure exceeds 160 mmHg. Blood pressures over 180 mmHg are considered high risk for causing organ damage.

by Dr. Wendy Brooks, DVM, DipABVP (Educational Director, Veterinary Partner.com) (for veterinary use only)

Brand name: Norvasc Available in 2.5 mg, 5 mg and 10 mg tablets. Background Muscle is ultimately composed of protein filaments. These filaments are arranged in parallel in an overlapping fashion. When muscles contract, the fibers are able to slide across one another shortening the over-all length to up to one third of the original length. Muscle contraction is made possible by the release of calcium from storage within the muscle cell (in a structure called the sarcoplasmic reticulum). Nerve stimulation causes the release of calcium, which allows muscle contraction to happen. No calcium, no muscle contraction. There are three types of muscle within the body: skeletal muscle, the muscles under voluntary control that we use to move; smooth muscle, the involuntary muscle that provides muscle tone in our intestines, blood vessels, and other structures we do not consciously control; and heart muscle, which has some characteristics of both the other types. The heart must pump against the muscle tone of the arteries and work harder if there is high pressure in the arteries. In the control of hypertension, the goal

is the reduction of blood pressure. We would like to relax the muscle tone in the arteries. Relaxing arterial muscle serves to dilate the artery which, in turn, lowers blood pressure (similar to the way water pressure would be reduced by running the same amount of water through a much larger diameter pipe). Amlodipine besylate is what is called a calcium channel blocker. These drugs work by blocking the calcium needed for muscle contraction in either primarily heart muscle or primarily arterial muscle. Amlodipine besylate is one of the calcium channel blockers that work primarily on arterial muscle. Its overall effect is to relax the arterial muscles so that they dilate and the blood pressure within them drops. Hypertension is an important problem in both people and pets. Amlodipine besylate has become the most popular blood pressure medication for hypertensive cats. Amlodipine besylate can be used in dogs but has not been as popular other medications. Use of this Medication Amlodipine besylate is used to treat high blood pressure in cats. High blood pressure is a common consequence of numerous conditions, including kidney failure, hyperthyroidism, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and others.

Amlodipine besylate may be given with or without food. Its peak activity occurs approximately 6 to 9 hours after oral administration in humans (feline data is not available). Amlodipine besylate is generally given once a day in cats. Advise periodic rechecks of the patient to measure blood pressure and evaluate the retinas of signs of bleeding. Side Effects In humans, 7.3% of people taking this drug report headaches, making headaches the most common side effect of amlodipine besylate. Unfortunately, we do not have a good way of detecting headache in our pets. Infrequent side effects reported in include elevations in renal blood rameters, drop in blood potassium els, lethargy, increase in heart rate, weight loss.

cats palevand

Gingival hyperplasia (a condition where the gums of the mouth overgrow creating extra space for periodontal bacteria and infection) is a side effect reported in 8.5% of dogs on amlodipine. The condition, when it occurs, resolves within 6 months of discontinuing the drug. Interactions with other Drugs Hypotension (blood pressure dropping too low) generally does not occur with amlodipine besylate unless it is combined with another drug that drops blood pressure (fentanyl, diuretics such as furosemide, ACE inhibitors such as enalapirl, or beta-blockers such as propranolol). Concerns and Cautions Missing even one dose can lead to a significant rise in blood pressure and a return of clinical symptoms of high blood pressure.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

•

Patients with liver disease remove this drug from their systems very slowly, thus necessitating changes in dose Amlodipine besylate should not be used during pregnancy Amlodipine besylate has some (usually insignificant) effects on the heart. It will slightly reduce the strength of contraction. This could be significant in patients with a history of heart failure, and the drug

should be used with caution in this situation. The doses of amlodipine besylate for cats are small (usually quarter tablets) and it is difficult to cut tablets in appropriate sizes. Clients should use a pill cutter to assist in accurately cutting pills or a compounding pharmacy can be used to formulate custom-made capsules or flavored liquid.

© 2012 Dr Wendy Brooks, DVM, DipABVP and VIN, All rights reserved Editor’s Note: Reprinted courtesy of Veterinary Information Network (VIN). VIN (www.vin.com) is the largest online veterinary community, information source and CE provider. The VIN community is the online home for over 30,000 colleagues worldwide. VIN supports the Veterinary Support Personnel Network (VSPN.org); a FREE online community, information source for veterinary support staff. VSPN offers a wide range of interactive practical CE courses for veterinary support staff -- for a small fee. Visit www. vspn.org for more information.

What Keeps Veterinary Practice Owners and Employees up at Night?

any business. Other key issues among associates included: staff relations (27 percent), staff training (24 percent), and wages and benefits (20 percent).

and benefits, associate behavior, maintaining policies and procedures, inventory management and controls, employee theft/ shrinkage, marketing efforts, client retention, legal and regulatory compliance, strategic planning, exit strategy, IT, medical records, burnout, and other.

The issues identified by hospital administrators reflect their broad responsibilities and their focus on both personnel and financial oversight. Concern about staff relations (36 percent)—a priority among this group—is followed by issues related to profit margin (24 percent), and staff training (15 percent).

• •

New data shows where practice owners, managers, associates, and team members feel the pinch of working in a practice. The Veterinary Hospital Managers Association (VHMA) recently conducted a survey to find out what keeps you awake at night—yes, you. The results provide insights into the industry topics that will require attention over the coming months and years. To find out what is keeping you up at night, an electronic survey was administered to attendees at three conferences: the 2012 North American Veterinary Conference, the 2012 Ontario Veterinary Medical Associate Conference, and the 2012 Western Veterinary Conference. The question—what keeps you awake at night?—prompted respondents to rank their top professional concerns. Respondents identified their position by job title and selected from a list of 22 issues the three that were the most perplexing or stressful or interfered with their ability to perform their jobs. The issues on the list were: profit margin, cash flow, budget management, gross income, staff training, staff recruiting/hiring, staff scheduling, staff relations, associate contracts, wages

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Among all respondents, the top concerns in order of importance were: • Staff training (31 percent) • Staff scheduling (28 percent) • Staff relations (27 percent) • Profit margin (26 percent) • Burnout (22 percent) • Client retention (22 percent) Specifically among practice managers and office managers, the key issues were: staff training (42 percent), profit margin (24 percent), cash flow (13 percent), and staff relations (12 percent). The concerns of this group are reflective of their job responsibilities: achieving financial health while maintaining employee satisfaction. Among associate veterinarians, client retention was the chief concern, with 30 percent of respondents selecting this issue. In today’s economic climate, determining how to attract and retain clients is a priority for

For veterinary practice owners, profit margin, which was selected by 47 percent of respondents, was the chief concern, followed by cash flow (28 percent), and client retention (27 percent), all issues related to a strong bottom line. This snapshot of the concerns among veterinary management professionals highlights the “pinch points” within the profession. According to Christine Shupe, VHMA’s executive director, the association’s goal was to provide a good baseline analysis of where the profession currently is and what changes are needed. The results indicate that for any practice to function effectively, the needs and issues of a diverse group of stakeholders, those holding various positions within the practice must be addressed. (Veterinary Economics)

Apps,Blogs

&Websites

To Watch New Guidelines Issued for CPR in Dogs, Cats The Reassessment Campaign on Veterinary Resuscitation initiative (RECOVER) released evidence-based guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation in dogs and cat. The recommendations for CPR in dogs and cats include the following: Perform 100 to 120 chest compressions per minute of one-third to one-half of the chest width, with the animal lying on its side; ventilate intubated dogs and cats at a rate of 10 breaths per minute; for mouth-to-snout ventilation, maintain a compression-to-ventilation ratio of 30-2; Perform CPR in 2-minute cycles, switching the person performing the compressions with each cycle; administer vasopressors q3-5 minutes during CPR. The new CPR guidelines are available by visiting www.veccs.org and clicking on “Recover CPR Initiative” to access the free special issue of the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care. (JAVMA News) ImmuCell Launches Immediate Immunity YouTube Channel ImmuCell launched a resource centre to help educate dairy and beef producers, veterinarians and the agricultural industry about newborn calf immunity. Go to www.youtube.com/ImmediateImmunity, for management tips and industry research. Dairy and beef producers can also hear firsthand from other producers and veterinarians how they provide immediate immunity to their calves at birth. (Veterinary Advantage Weekly News) Crashtest Boxer? The Center for Pet Safety has released several videos from their recently announced crashworthiness pilot study of canine automotive restraints. The harnesses were tested by third-party independent test laboratory, MGA Research Corporation, to conditions of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 213 for child safety restraints. During the crash simulations the specially developed crash dogs were subjected to standardized crash conditions while wearing popular pet travel harnesses that are widely promoted to protect pets during an automobile accident. The purpose of releasing the videos (viewer discretion advised) is to illustrate the necessity for standards and test protocols for pet products – the focus of the Center’s mission. The

four harnesses tested as part of the control group experienced multipoint failures, including complete separation from the connection point at the time of impact and one very gruesome result when the adjustment buckles slipped, allowing the harness to move upward and decapitate the test dog. http://centerforpetsafety.org/research/ African Dwarf Frog Info Sheet In response to Salmonella outbreaks linked to these critters, their popularity as pets for young kids, and efforts to ban them in some areas, Dr Scott Weese et al has developed an info sheet regarding African Dwarf Frogs. As with our other info sheets, it discusses the good and bad points of owning these little guys, things to consider when deciding whether to get one, and measures to reduce the risk of infection. This info sheet, along with many others, can be found at: http://www.wormsandgermsblog.com/promo/services/. Free Publication on Cancer in Cats and Dogs The AVMA has produced a free publication offering basic information on cancer in cats and dogs, including a list of symptoms that should signal an alarm and a trip to the veterinarian. Animals under care of veterinary oncologists can maintain an excellent, pain-free quality of life. Copies can be downloaded for free from http://ebusiness.avma.org (click on Brochures, Client Information). Help Clients Help Their Pets Along with preparing your own family and veterinary practice team to weather disaster, you can also advise your clients about the best way to include their animals in their disaster planning. Download the AVMA brochure titled “Saving the Whole Family.” Find a link to that brochure and other resources at http:// dvm360.com/disasterprep/. Help Their Pets New free foal CPR app. It is designed to be useful to both owners and vets. It can be downloaded at the Apple app store; search under Veterinary Advances Ltd. Help Their Pets New AAHA-AVMA Preventive Health Care Guidelines In the fall of 2011, the American Animal Hospital Association (AAHA) and the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) published guidelines to help veterinarians promote improved preventive health care for dogs and cats: Feline Guidelines: http://avma.org/animal_health/prevention/ FelinePreventiveGuidelines_PPPH.pdf Canine Guidelines: http://avma.org/animal_health/prevention/CaninePreventiveGuidelines_PPPH.pdf Combined Guidelines: https://www.aahanet.org/PublicDocuments/AAHA-AVMA_PreventiveHealthcareGuidelines.pdf

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

SAFETY COLUMN

Rabiesvs

Survival

Adapted from June 7th and July 9/12 blog posts by Dr Scott Weese found at http://www. wormsandgermsblog.com Image: Schematic diagram of a rabies virus showing the outer viral envelope (source: CDC Public Health Image Library)

While rabies is classically transmitted from animals to people by bites, any situation that allows saliva from an infected animal to get past the body’s protective skin barrier can result in infection. Graeme Anderson, a 29-year-old South African canoeist, recently died after contracting rabies from a sick dog for which he was caring. There was no history of a bite, but the dog had licked damaged skin on the man’s hands, allowing the virus to enter the body. Any contact with animals showing signs consistent with rabies needs to be investigated. Licks over damaged skin (or mucous membranes like the mouth) are classified by the World Health Organization as having the same level (“severe”) risk of rabies exposure as bites, and post-exposure prophylaxis is indicated. Bites are the main source of rabies transmission, but not the only source, the fact of which situations like this remind us. How long can the rabies virus survive outside of the body. The topic comes up periodically with respect to handling wild animals or roadkill, or veterinary clinic personnel working with animals that have been attacked by an unknown

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

animal. An important part of assessing the risk is understanding how long the virus lives outside the body.

ing viruses is more work, especially with a dangerous virus such as rabies virus. A Czech study that looked at rabies virus survival (Matouch et al, Vet Med (Praha) 1987) involved testing of rabies virus from the salivary gland of a naturally infected fox. They exposed the virus to different conditions and used two methods to look at the infectivity of the virus. When the virus was spread in a thin layer onto surfaces like glass, metal or leaves, the longest survival was 144 hours at 5 degrees C (that’s ~ 41F). At 20C (68F), the virus was infective for 24h on glass and leaves and 48h on metal. At 30C (86F), the virus didn’t last long, being inactivated within 1.5h with exposure to sunlight and 20h without sunlight.

Some viruses are very hardy and can live for weeks or even years outside the body. Parvovirus and norovirus are classic examples of this type. Some viruses, like HIV, die very quickly in the environment. Part of this relates to whether they are “enveloped” or “non-enveloped” viruses. Enveloped viruses have a coating that is susceptible to damage from environmental effects, disinfectants and other challenges. Damaging this coating kills the virus. Non-enveloped viruses don’t have that susceptible coating and that is in part why they are so much hardier. Fortunately, rabies is an enveloped virus, and it doesn’t like being outside of a mammal’s body. Data on rabies virus survival are pretty limited, since it’s not an easy thing to assess. To look at rabies virus survival, it is necessary to grow the virus, expose it to different environmental conditions, then see if it’s still able to infect a mammal or a tissue culture. We can do this easily with bacteria, but grow-

So, rabies virus can survive for a while outside the body. Temperature, humidity, sunlight exposure and surface type all probably play important roles, but in any particular situation you can never make a very accurate prediction of the virus’s survival beyond “it will survive for a while, but not very long.” From a practical standpoint, it just reinforces some common themes: People should avoid contact with dead or injured animals. Veterinary personnel or pet owners dealing with a pet that has been attacked by another animal should wear gloves, wash their hands and take particular care if they have damaged skin. People who are at higher than normal risk of being exposed to potentially rabies-contaminated surfaces should be vaccinated against rabies.

Canine Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS, xerophthalmia) is a very common acute or chronic disease seen in both the regular practice and specialty practice settings. KCS is a deficiency or lack thereof a production in tears, and in most cases seen as an immune-mediated disease. Tears are important in many ways and have many roles in keeping the eye healthy. Most commonly known as “ The Dry Eye “, this disease can sometimes go undetected causing other complications, which in some cases can cause permanent damage to a once healthy eye. The veterinary technician plays a key role alongside the veterinarian in performing the diagnostic tests, treating the patient, and educating the client on caring for “The Dry Eye” patient. By understanding the anatomy of the lacrimal apparatus, etiology, clinical signs, diagnostic tests, medical treatments, surgical correction, and possible complications, the veterinarian and veterinary technician can work together with the client to give the best possible outcome for the patient. The main focus of this article will discuss the canine eye; therefore, all notations will refer to the canine.

CE Article #1 KCS - What Are My Options?

Lacrimal Apparatus The lacrimal apparatus produces, excretes, and removes the tears for the eye. The glands that produce the tears are the lacrimal glands, tarsal gland, conjunctival goblet cells, and the superficial gland of the third eyelid. Each of these glands produce specific secretions that make up the PreCorneal Tear Film (PTF).

The Lacrimal Gland

Figure 1.1 Cross Section of the eye showing the glands that produce the tears

This mucoserous gland is found under the periobital on the dorsolateral side of the eyeball. There are three to five microscopic ducts that secrete from the gland into the dorsolateral conjunctival fornix. The lacrimal gland serves as the main source of the serous tear formation. The Cranial nerve V (trigeminal nerve) has a small branch called

Sharlene Halozan, RVT has been a Registered Veterinary Technician for 16 years, with a total of 21 years of working experience in the veterinary field. During this time she has worked in regular practice, emergency and ICU settings, and worked abroad in Australia. For 6 months she worked in Brisbane at the Animal Emergency Clinic, where she was exposed to and learned how to treat tick paralysis, cane toad licking, and handling exotic critters; possums, flying foxes, tree frogs, to name a few. After returning home, she took a keen interest in the four “P’s”; Pathology, Pain Management, Pharmacology, and anything related to Pugs. Sharlene has travelled the world for her CE from Tennessee for the “ Canine Rehab Course” to Brazil for the World Conference. She currently works at the Veterinary Emergency Clinic South in the ICU and has joined the ophthalmology team at the Toronto Veterinary Eye Clinic in Etobicoke as the new Ophthalmology Technician and is a member of VOTS. In her spare time she loves photography, travelling, rollerblading, reading, driving her new SUV, and spending time with her boyfriend, 2 cats, and 4 pugs. Special Thank you to the VEC south for allowing Wet Noses Photography for taking pictures, thank you to the Aventix company, and thank you to Dr. James Histed, DVM, Dip.ACVO from the Toronto Animal Eye Clinic in Etobicoke for editing this article.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

the lacrimal nerve that innervates the lacrimal gland. When damaged, this nerve can cause temporary or permanent reduction in tear production.

Outer layer

Middle layer

The Tarsal Gland

The tarsal glands, also known as the “meibomian glands“, are modified sebaceous glands that are located inside the upper and lower eyelid margin posterior to the cilia. On each eyelid there is a line of 30-40 small white openings, also known as the “Gray Line”. These secretions provide nutrition to the eye by supplying the major source of lipids, which forms the lipid layer of the PTF. The openings are visible and a graywhite material containing phospholipids can be expressed.

Gland of the Third Eyelid

The third eyelid, also known as the “nictitating membrane”, lies on the ventromedial side of the eye in between the cornea and the lower eyelid. The nictitating membrane can be seen moving dorsolaterally across the eye, secondary due to a painful stimulus, inflammation or neurological disorder. Its main purpose is to protect the eye and help distribute the tear film. Inside the third eyelid there is a T-shaped cartilage structure. The gland of the third eyelid sits at the base of the cartilage and encircles it. This gland has many tiny ductules that empty seromucus secretions into the conjunctival sac.

Conjunctiva, Goblet Cells

The conjunctiva is a pink mucus membrane around the eye and inner aspect of the eye lids. In the fornix of the conjunctiva there are “Goblet cells”. Their primary role is to produce the mucin layer of the tear film. This mucin layer lays in the conjunctival fornices form the mucus thread. The aqueous portion of the tear film moves from the lateral canthus to the medial canthus and flows through the nasolacrimal duct out through the nostril. The mucus thread collects debris, dust, and old cells which pass down into the nasolacrimal duct or sit at the medial canthus and is seen as a strand of mucus when wiping away the accumulation.

Layers of the Tears

The canine tear film has a pH of 6.8-8 with a mean of around 7.51. The tear film

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Inner layer

Figure 1.2 Tear Film Picture from Alcon

is made up of three intricate layers and is about 7 to 9 microns in thickness2; outer lipid layer, aqueous layer, and mucin layer. KCS can occur when one or more of these layers are absent or decreased, which will cause the patient to be uncomfortable, and can lead to other ocular abnormalities. Outer lipid layer - the secretions from the meibomian gland, make up the outer oily layer. The secretions are mostly made up of cholesterol and waxy lipids. Its main purpose is to slow the evaporation rate of the aqueous layer, and provide lubrication to the eye. Middle aqueous layer - the lacrimal and third eyelid gland form this serous layer. It is the largest layer, (approx. 7 microns) and is made up mostly of water and serves as the main nutrient source to the cornea. The aqueous layer also contains electrolytes, urea, oxygen, glucose, antimicrobial compounds, transferrin, immunoglobulin IgA, IgG, and IgM. The aqueous fluid flushes out debris and bacteria that settle on the eye and carry it down into the nasolacrimal duct. Inner Mucin layer - is secreted primarily from the goblet cells. This mucin layer is what allows hydrophobic epithelium to adhere to the tear film. The layer also contains leukocytes and lysosymes to protect the eye from bacterial overgrowth.

The history should include: 1. Signalment: age, sex, breed and weight 2. Does the patient have any other health concerns? 3. Is the patient on any systemic and/ or topical (eye) medications? If so, list them in the record. 4. For how long has the eye condition been going on? 5. Does the patient rub its eye? 6. Does the client feel there might be vision loss? 7. Does the patient fully close it eyes during sleep? 8. Are the eyes open and does the patient squint and/or blink one of the eyes more than the other?

table 1 > STT Results >/= 15 mm/min

normal

11-14 mm/min

early or subclinical KCS

6-10 mm/min

moderate KCS

</=5 mm/min

severe KCS

Schirmer tear test (STT) Once the history has been taken by the technician, the Schirmer tear test (STT) is performed. The STT is the most important test to diagnosis KCS. Normal values for the dog are 15-20 mm/min. The STT is the measurement of the aqueous portion of the tear film. A reduced STT value is a diagnosis of a ‘Quantitative tear film deficiency’. The newer test strips have a blue dye that easily shows where the tear level is on the strip. The test strip is placed into the conjunctival cul-de-sac. The strip is bent at the

The History

Collecting a detailed history is important so that the veterinarian can reach an accurate diagnosis, and appropriate medical treatment can be laid out to the client. Although immune-mediated KCS is the most common cause of KCS in dogs, an assumption that this is always the case will lead to a failure to diagnose other causes that require different treatments and prognoses.3

Figure 1.3 Performing a STT

notched end and lays over the medial lower eyelid for 1 minute, while the eyelid is closed. The results need to be documented after 1 minute and recorded when the strip is removed from the eye. The tears on the strip will continue to wick which can give a false value if viewed at a later time. The end of the test strip should not be touched with your finger as the oils from your finger can interfere with the results. Before opening the STT package, the strips can be bent at the notched end, and the package can be opened and the strip placed in the eye. The STT results can be affected by fear, sedation, general anesthesia, and/or the placement of eye drops just prior to the eye exam. Inform clients not to place any eye drops, or clean around the eyes prior to coming for an eye examination. The technician then applies fluorescein stain to the upper conjunctiva, and the excess is washed away with an eye wash solution. Topical Proparacaine HCl drops are applied and intraocular pressures (IOP) are read. Remove any tight collars and refrain from using neck restraint prior to and while performing IOP’s, as this can falsely increases eye pressure. Once all the information is collected, it is reported to the veterinarian.

Other Tear Film Tests Phenol red thread A small red thread is applied to the ventral conjunctival fornix for 15 seconds. A normal value for the canine is 30-38mm after 15 seconds. This test measures overall tear production. Rose Bengal This stain picks up devitalized cells on the conjunctiva or corneal surface. The strip, which looks much like the fluorescein strip but with a pink dye, is wetted first with a eye wash solution then place on the upper conjunctiva. The excess is washed away. Eroded and dead epithelium will be evident as retention of red/pink stain will be visible on examination with a white light, in a dark room. Tear film break up time (TBUT) The TBUT is assessed to see how fast the tear film breaks apart on the surface of the cornea. In a dark room a drop of fluorescein stain is applied to the cornea and the eyelids are closed. The eyelids are then held open and a cobalt blue light with magnification is used to see how long it takes the stain to “break up“ (dark spots appear with-

in the green fluorescein stain). The normal TBUT is approximately 20 seconds. Values less than this could indicate a mucin deficiency, and thus termed a ‘Qualitative tear film deficiency’.

Etiology

KCS can occur in both male and female dogs. In older dogs (10+ years), there is a higher risk of senile atrophy to the lacrimal gland causing KCS. Any breed can develop a dry eye, but the breeds most predisposed to KCS are the American Cocker Spaniel, Boston Terrier, Bulldog, King Charles Cavalier Spaniel, Lhasa Apso, Miniature Schnauzer, Pekingese, Pug, Shih Tzu, West Highland White Terrier and the Yorkshire Terrier. Both eyes may be affected, each differing in the degree of dryness, or it may be a unilateral disease. The most common cause of KCS is an autoimmune disease which causes inflammation and destroys the lacrimal gland. Patients with KCS may have other immune-mediated disorders, hypothyroidism, diabetes, Cushings, atopy, and/or systemic lupus. All other disorders need to be ruled out in order to maximize the success of treatment.

Other causes of KCS

Diseases - canine distemper affects the lacrimal and third eyelid glands, (i.e. Dacryoadenitis). This can cause a temporary or complete decrease in tear production. Feline herpes virus, conjunctivitis and Leishmania infection can cause a fibrosis of the glands resulting in a decrease in tear production and flow of tears onto the eye. Trauma - damage to the eye, (i.e. protosis and/or damage around the eye in the supraorbital area) can damage the lacrimal gland, causing KCS which may be temporary or permanent. Drugs - topical atropine in the eye can cause a temporary decrease in tear production. Effects can last up to a few weeks. Any patient using topical atropine should also use tear gel to decrease the risk of the cornea drying. Other drugs that interfere with tear production are etodolac (Oral NSAID), sulfa-based drugs (e.g. trimethoprim sulfa). Patients receiving these drugs should have an STT done to ensure their tear production is normal. Patients receiving fentanyl CRI will have a decrease in their rate of blinking, and a possible temporary decrease in their tear production.

These patients should be placed on an eye lubrication minimum of every four hours or more if needed. Radiation - patients receiving radiation that have their eyelids and/or their lacrimal glands in the field of radiation may have damage to their tear glands. If radiation occurs to the eyelids, the meibomian glands may not be able to produce lipids for the tears, causing a qualitative form of dry eye. Neurological - usually unilaterally and possibly with an ipsilateral dry nostril. KCS can be seen with loss of parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland (CN VII), or with neurological diseases involving cranial nerve V (CN V). The dry nostril is the result of the decreased nerve innervation to the nasal gland. Other - uncorrected third eyelid gland prolapse, surgical removal of the third eyelid gland, dehydration, shock, neoplasia, Addisonian crisis, hypothyroidism, diabetes, and/or Cushing’s disease.

Figure 1.4 Severe KCS, note the mucopurulent discharge in the conjunctival fornix, crusting on the lower eyelid, and the lacklustre appearance to the cornea. Picture - courtesy of Aventix.

Clinical Signs The onset of KCS can be acute in nature or insidious. Depending upon the severity of the tear deficiency, clinical signs may be mild to marked. In the early stages of KCS, the eyes may just be red (conjunctival hyperemia) and inflamed, with or without a mucopurulent discharge. KCS patients may not have all of these signs listed below:

Mucus Discharge Patients with KCS may have ocular discharge caused by a decrease in the aqueous

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

portion of the tear, potentially causing an increase in the mucin produced. An increase in mucus is the body’s response to try and protect the eye. This discharge varies, but in severe cases a thick discharge can pool in the conjunctival fornices and in may cause the eyelids to stick together. Ulcers When the cornea is not properly protected by the tear film, the cornea will become dry. When this drying occurs the cornel epithelium starts to degenerate. The cornea is now prone to formation of ulcers and in a worse case scenario, a descemetocele can form. These deep ulcers are so termed this as they reach down to the descemetes membrane, a layer of the cornea that does not pick up the fluorescein stain. When an ulcer occurs due to KCS, atropine should be used with caution, as its drying effects can last for days to weeks. Bacterial Infection Inflammatory cells, bacteria and keratocytes release destructive enzymes on the cornea. The tear film contains protease inhibitors to help stop these enzymes. When there is a lack of tears, there is a greater chance for the occurrence of bacterial overgrowth and/or fungal infection. A culture and sensitivity should be performed to ensure the appropriate antibiotic is used. If left untreated, corneal malacia can occur. Discomfort KCS patients will tend to blink more, (blepharospasm), in the acute phase. The decrease in tears causes a drying of the cornea. This is painful due to irritation of the nerve endings in the cornea. Lacklustre Cornea The normal cornea has a visible shine to it. However, a dry appearance occurs only in 25% of dogs with KCS. Corneal Pigmentation Corneal irritation and vascular inflammation, associated with a decrease in tear production, may deposit pigmentation or melanin onto the corneal epithelium. Brachycephalic breeds are very prone to this due to their protruding eyes. The inability in some dogs to fully close their eyes (lagophthalmos) can cause them to not be able to effectively distribute the tear film. Corneal Vascularization Disease and injury may cause vascular ingrowth into the superficial cornea as a re-

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

i.e. neomycin/bactracin/polymyxin B is important while waiting for culture and sensitivity results. Tear Stimulators (Lacrimostimulants) For patients with KCS due to autoimmune reasons, the main therapy is the use of tear stimulators. Clients should always be told that medical management will never cure the KCS, but that it can help manage it. If the medications are discontinued then the signs of KCS will quickly return. Figure 1.5 Keep the eyelids and folds clean using wipes. (Picture courtesy of Wet Nose Photography)

sult of chronic irritation and inflammation associated with KCS.

Medical Treatment

The goal of medical management is to keep the eye cleansed of debris, treat any secondary infection, keep the eye lubricated, stimulate tear production, and to prevent further damage to the cornea. Client compliance is key to a good outcome in therapy, but if medical management cannot achieve adequate tear production, then surgery may be an option. When medical management is discussed with the owner, the client needs to be made aware that if the treatment is stopped and/or not followed then the eye may not improve or the disease may become harder to control.. Eye drops should be given at a minimum of 5-10 minutes apart and ointments should be a minimum of 30 minutes apart to allow each medication to be fully absorbed. Eye drops need to be applied first, followed by ointments. If ointments are used first they will not allow the eye drops to penetrate to the eye. Cleansing the eye Keeping the eyelids and skin around the eye clean is important in order that debris does not build up to irritate the cornea and eyelids. Instruct clients owing pets with long fur to have their pet’s fur kept short around the eyes, to help keep the build-up to a minimum. Cleansing wipes can be used around the eyes to remove the sticky mucus, and dry crusts. Treat infection Secondary infection may occur due to a decrease in the protective layer of the tear film containing protease inhibitors. This can allow a larger than normal amount of bacteria to grow on and around the eye. Treating the eye with a broad spectrum antibiotic,

Cyclosporine Cyclosporine A (CsA) is derived from the fermentation of the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum and has been used by veterinarians since the 1980’s for the medical treatment of KCS. It is commercially available as a 0.2% CsA ointment, or a 1% or 2% CsA solution compounded in oil. It is believed that CsA inhibits T-helper lymphocyte proliferation and infiltration of lacrimal gland acini, allowing for regeneration of the gland and return of secretory function. 5 CsA also reduces corneal inflammation, corneal vascularization, corneal pigmentation and helps the goblet cells secrete the mucin for the tear film. It can take several weeks for a response in therapy. If the patient doesn’t respond, and/or the tear production is not increased to a satisfactory level, then an increase in frequency and/or switching to another tear stimulator may be an option. CsA will oxidize after it is exposed to air. Therefore shelf life of the oil suspension is 60 days once opened. Some patients may have reactions to the CsA, such as eyelid inflammation (blepharitis) and/or fur loss (alopecia) around the eyes. A decrease in the percentage of CsA and/or a change to tacrolimus may be an option. Tacrolimus Tacrolimus, another tear stimulator, is a macrolide antibiotic derived from the fermentation of Streptomyces tsukybaensis. Once known as FK 506, it is 20-50 times stronger in potency then CsA. Like CsA, it inhibits T-Helper cells but works at different receptor sites. Therefore patients that don’t respond well to CsA may be switched to tacrolimus and/or it may be used in conjunction with CsA. It can be compounded into a 0.02% or 0.03% suspension or ointment. Pilocarpine Pilocarpine eye drops, a parasympathomimetic, may be used orally on food to stimulate tear production. This may be very

Now offer convenience and safety "all-in-one" to help build compliance

Caninsulin Syringe SAFE-BOX ®

™

•Stores and dispenses up to 30 individually packaged syringes •Safe and secure disposal of used syringes •Compact and stackable.

With the new Caninsulin SAFE-BOX ,you can help pet owners develop a convenient daily routine for injections that is practical, safe and effective. ™

www.caninsulin.com For product information or technical support please call: 1-866-683-7838. Intervet Canada Corp., 16750 Transcanada, Kirkland, Québec H9H 4M7 Caninsulin is a registered trademark of Intervet International B.V. Used under license. Merck Animal Health, operating in Canada as Intervet Canada Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA. MERCK is a trademark of Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA. Copyright © 2012 Intervet International B.V., a subsidiary of Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA. All rights reserved. CAN001-12E-AD

helpful in patients with neurogenic KCS. Begin therapy by gradually adding it into the patient’s food as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, hyper-salivation, bradycardia, and/ or a decrease appetite may occur. The dose is slowly adjusted over a few days to help decrease side effects. Instruct clients to watch for clinical signs and that treatment should stop if these effects occur. Close patient monitoring for adverse clinical signs is very important. Severe overdose can cause death. Prednisolone Topical steroids may be used as an adjunct to treatment in patients which still exhibit corneal vascularization, inflammation, pain, conjunctivitis, and/or pigmentation after tear stimulator treatment have begun. Prednisolone eye drops, may be used with caution. The client needs to be made aware that if any squinting, redness, irritation, cloudiness, and/or change in the eye occurs that they need to make an appointment to see their veterinarian. KCS patients are prone to corneal ulcers, therefore these patients need to be monitored closely while on topical steroids. The use of topical steroids can delay healing if a corneal ulcer is present, and increase the risk of infection. Tear replacements (Lacrimimetics) While waiting for tear stimulating medications to achieve a therapeutic level, eye lubrication is used in conjunction with cyclosporine and/or tacrolimus to help keep the eye moist. Unfortunately clients may notice extra debris around the eye after placing lubrications in the eye. There is a large variety of lubricants from which to choose, either in a ointment, solution or gel form. A choice of one over the other is based on the veterinarian, cost, and what works the best for that particle type of KCS. The types of tear replacements are Methylcellulose, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), Hyaluron-derivative based, Carbomer gel (Optixcare Lube), and mineral oil based ointments . PVA – Helps to replace the aqueous portion of the tear film. The product is very watery and has a short contact time necessitating frequent applications. Methylcellulose - Helps replace the aqueous and mucin portion of the tear film. These products are more viscous then PVA, which helps to slow the evaporation time of the tear film. Hyaluron – Helps replace the aqueous and

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

mucin portion of the tear film. These products provide for a longer contact time keeping the tear film from drying out (versus the methylcellulose product). Carbomer - Helps replace the aqueous portion of the tear. Provides a long contact time, and when placed on the eye the product “swells” in the presence of the NaCl (within tears) and changes consistency to a clear, water-like suspension over the surface of the eye. This allows for greater adhesion ability to the cornea and extended release performance. Mineral oil based - to help replace the lipid portion of the tear film. These products are the most viscous and have the longest contact time, but can cause the patient a decrease in vision. They have a very thick and gooey consistency, therefore are best used before bedtime.

Surgical Treatment

When cases do not respond to treatment, a surgical referral to an ophthalmologist can be offered to the client. The owners need to be made aware of what type of outcome might occur after surgery. KCS patients can be medically managed with good compliance by the owner; however, for those patients that don’t respond or who are not comfortable, surgery may be offered to prevent irreversible damage.

Parotid Duct Transposition

Due to advances in tear stimulators available to the KCS patient, parotid duct transposition (PDT) is now less frequently performed, however a small percentage of KCS patients which don’t respond to treatment, PDT can be an option. The parotid duct supplies the mouth with saliva from the parotid gland to a papilla that opens into the mouth above the carnassial tooth. The duct and papilla are carefully dissected and redirected to the lower conjunctival sac. The saliva now is used in place of the tears to protect the eye. Patients with xerostomia, or dry mouth, cannot have the PDT surgery. This is diagnosed by placing a drop of atropine solution on the dog’s tongue and watching for the saliva to come out the papilla. If saliva is seen the patient is a potential candidate. Before performing the PDT, the patient needs to have a dental prophy performed, to ensure the saliva does not have an increase in bacteria. Postoperatively, patients will stay on tear stimulators, i.e. cyclosporine, topical antibiotics, and a

bibliography > Diagnostics Atlas of Veterinary Opthalmology 2nd Edition. Dr. Keith Barnett Mosby Elsevier, 2006 pg. 53-60 Notes on Veterinary Opthalmology. Sheila M Crispin 2005 Blackwell Publishing pg. 95-99 Western Veterinary Conference, 2012 “Managing ocular conditions in dogs and cats” Dr. David Maggs Millers Anatomy of the Dog, 3rd edition 1993 Howard E. Evans, Saunders Ophthalmic Disease in Veterinary Medicine, 2010 Charles L. Martin Mansen pg. 219-237 Small Animal Ophthalmology 2nd edition 1997 Robert L Peiffer, Jr and Simon M Peterson-Jones Saunders pg. 218-224 Slatters Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th Edition Dr.Slatter 2008, Saunders Severins Veterinary Opthalmology Notes, 3rd Edition 2000 Glenn A. Severin Copyright Veterinary Ophthalmology Notes pg.223-237 Clinician’s Brief Article “ The Concept of Corneal Protection”, Kirk N. Gelatt April 2012 Issue Veterinary Opthalmology Article, 2007 “Severe, unilateral, unresponsive keratoconjuctivits sicca in 16 juvenile Yorkshire Terriers pg. 285-288 NAVC, 2007 “Some of my favorite drugs: they are not for all occasions”, C.M.H Colitz Clinician’s Brief KCS: Bringing Tears to their eyes” Ken Abrams, DVM, Dip AVCO, April 2012 Veterinary Opthalmology Article “Effect of topical tacrolimus aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca”, 2005 Andrew Berdoulay pg. 225-232 Veterinary Opthalmology Article 1998 “Cyclosporin A in veterinary ophthalmology “Brain C. Gilger pg. 181-187 WSAVA 2007, “Dry eye in veterinary opthalmology” Dr. Cameron Whittaker, BVSc, DVCS, Dip AVCO Veterinary Ophthalmology 3rd edition Kirk N Gelatt Lippincott Williams and Wilkins 1998 pg. 583-605

tear gel. An E-collar must be on at all times until the recheck visit to insure that the surgical site has healed. Damage to the surgical site by rubbing can cause a breakdown of the sutures, and/or inflammation and destroy the flow of saliva into the eye. The parotid duct now moved to the eye, still

T:3.375” S:2.125”

references > 1. Notes on Veterinary Opthalmology. Sheila M Crspin 2005 Blackwell Publishing pg. 95 2. Severins Veterinary Opthalmology Notes, 3rd Edition 2000 Glenn A. Severin Copyright Veterinary Ophthalmology Notes pg. 224 3. Western Veterinary Conference, 2012 “Managing ocular conditions in dogs and cats” Dr. David Maggs 4. Slatters Fundamentals of Veterinary Ophthalmology, 4th Edition Dr.Slatter 2008, Saunders pg. 168 5. Veterinary Opthalmology Article “Effect of topical tacrolimus aqueous suspension on tear production in dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca”, 2005 Andrew Berdoulay pg. 226

Introducing…

Weight Loss/ Mobility Plus A versatile alternative to single-focused weight loss diets. Obesity affects the entire pet. That’s why our diets utilize a total body approach. One that nutritionally addresses…

• Body composition

Conclusion The key to a good outcome in managing the KCS patient is client compliance and effective client education about caring for the dry eye patient. The veterinary technician plays an important role by performing the necessary tests, as well as thorough history-taking that enables the veterinarian to make the appropriate diagnosis. KCS if left untreated may lead to irreversible corneal damage and vision loss. When a proper and timely diagnosis is made, the chance increases for a better prognosis for the patient.

• Joint health • Management of inflammation • Overall health

QUA990656E

www.PGPetwellness.com 1-800-535-VETS (8387)

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

T:9.375”

• Effective weight loss

S:9.375”

works the same as if it was emptying into the mouth. Every time the pet eats, saliva will be excreted. Just like Pavlov’s theory, pets can be trained every time they hear a certain noise to salivate. Most clients will just offer small little treats throughout the day to make the pet salivate. Saliva contains no antibacterial properties, therefore during and after surgery antibiotics are needed. One of the biggest side effects post-operatively is epiphora, as well as a crusty, mineralized debris on the eye and eyelids. Keeping the eyelid clean by using dampened but not wet cloths, (i.e, Optixwipes), will keep the eyelids free of any excess saliva that may accumulate. Also the use of topical ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) will help chelate and decrease these mineral deposits

Obesity demands more.

Introduction

Mast cells were first recognized in 1863 within frog mesentery, and were described in detail by Paul Ehrlich in 1877. An essential component of innate immunity, mast cells may undergo malignant transformation to form mast cell tumours (MCTs). There are three clinical variants of MCT: cutaneous, visceral (involving internal organs such as the liver or spleen), and gastrointestinal. There are significant differences in the canine and feline forms of the disease. Cutaneous MCT is the most frequent type of mast cell disease in the dog. Visceral MCT in the dog is uncommon and is most often preceded by a high grade cutaneous MCT. In cats, the cutaneous and visceral forms of MCT occur with equal frequency. The biologic behaviour of MCT is highly variable and unpredictable, and the prognosis depends upon histologic type, tumour grade, and assessment of cell proliferation indices. Mast Cell Biology

Mast cells are important mediators in inflammatory and allergic reactions. They normally reside in high concentrations within mucosal surfaces such as the skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. When antigens bind and cross link IgE molecules on mast cells, the resulting antigen-antibody complex causes mast cell degranulation and release of histamine, heparin, proteases, and cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFď&#x201E;&#x192;) and interleukins (IL-4, IL-5 and IL6). These vasoactive amines are responsible for the appearance of allergic or

CE Article #2 Feline and Canine Mast Cell Tumours

anaphylactic symptoms including increased vascular permeability (edema), vasodilation (redness), smooth muscle spasm, and pruritus. In addition, release of these substances results in chemoattraction of other inflammatory cells such as eosinophils and neutrophils.

Etiology of Mast Cell Tumours The cause of feline and canine MCTs is unknown. Genetic factors including mutations in a mast cell surface molecule known as c-Kit, a receptor for Stem Cell Factor (SCF), have been identified in both canine and feline MCTs. Mutations in this receptor lead to continuous mast cell activation in the absence of SCF. Other causes such as chronic skin inflammation, skin irritants or viruses have been proposed but not proven.

Canine Mast Cell Tumours Incidence

MCT is the most common malignant skin tumour in the dog, comprising 7-21% of all canine skin tumours1,2. MCT is a disease of older dogs (mean age 9 years, but the range includes 3 weeks to 19 years of age)3,4. Although they can occur in any breed, Boxers, Boston terriers, Labrador Retrievers, Beagles and Schnauzers are reported to be high risk breeds5.

Clinical Presentation

In the dog, the most common sites include the trunk and perineal area (50%), the extremities (40%), and head and neck (10%)6 . The clinical appearance of cuta-

Dr. Judith A. Taylor, DVM, DVSc., DACVP is a 1984 graduate of OVC, Judy spent four years in small animal practice before returning to Guelph to complete postgraduate studies in clinical pathology. In 1997 she returned to OVC as Special Graduate Faculty in the department of Pathobiology. She became a diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists in 2000. She joined Medi-Cal Royal Canin in 2010 as a veterinary consultant, and her interests include hematopathology and cytology. Hobbies include gardening, skiing, biking, hiking, and showing dogs and horses. Judy lives in Guelph with her husband, their three children and assorted four-legged companions.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

neous MCTs is highly variable. The lesions range from soft, fluctuant, diffuse masses that resemble lipomas, to firm, discrete, haired, or alopecic masses within the dermis or subcutaneous tissues. Most tumours are solitary, but 11-14% of dogs may have multiple masses either sequentially or simultaneously. High grade tumours may be ulcerated with surface crusting. The surrounding tissue may be inflamed and swollen. This local tissue response may arise following clinical manipulation of the tumour which results in mast cell degranulation, and is known as Darier’s sign

Clinical Diagnosis of Canine and Feline Mast Cell Tumours

Figure 3

poorly granulated, larger histiocytic mast cells, and occurs in younger animals with a mean age of 2.4 years7. In the cat, the male: female ratio is 2:1, and Siamese cats are overrepresented among the high risk breeds for MCT6 .

Figure 1

(Figure 1). MCT may be a slow growing lesion present for months to years, or may have a fairly acute onset with a rapid growth rate. Systemic signs are more commonly associated with visceral MCTs. They are often varied and dependent upon the primary site and grade of MCT. Clinically, the animal may present with vomiting, that may or may not contain blood. Inappetance, bloody stools, palpable abdominal mass(es), lymphadenopathy, weight loss and abdominal pain may also be present. Pleural or peritoneal effusions with exfoliation of neoplastic cells into the fluid may be present.

Feline Mast Cell Tumours Incidence

MCT represents the second most common skin tumour in the cat. Feline MCT account for 15-20% of feline skin tumours in clinical practice6, 7 . There are two forms of cutaneous MCT in the cat. The more characteristic mastocytic form of MCT appears similar to the dog with typical well granulated mast cells, and occurs in older animals with a mean age of 10 years7. The less common histiocytic form consists of

Visceral MCT is more common in the cat than the dog, and often involves the spleen. It is one of the most common differential diagnosis for a cat that presents with splenomegaly, and affects older cats (mean age of 10 years)2. Primary gastrointestinal MCT is the third most common form of feline intestinal tumour following lymphoma and adenocarcinoma8. Most intestinal MCT are solitary, but multifocal disease is reported8.

Clinical Presentation

Feline cutaneous mast cell tumours most frequently involve the head and neck. The skin tumours may be single or multiple dermal masses that are discrete, nodular, papular, diffuse, or flat, and plaque-like. The latter may resemble eosinophilic granuloma complex. The histiocytic form of cutaneous MCT often consists of multiple localized masses in younger cats. Vomiting is often the primary complaint with cats presented with visceral mast cell tumours. Typically the visceral form involves the spleen, but liver and abdominal lymph nodes may be involved. Unlike the dog, cats with visceral MCT usually do not present with cutaneous tumours simultaneously or historically. Cats with visceral or intestinal mast cell disease may present with lethargy, inappetance, weight loss, vomiting (with or without blood), diarrhea, abdominal pain or ascites. Physical examination may reveal a palpable abdominal mass. Intestinal MCT may metastasize to regional lymph nodes, liver, spleen, bone marrow and lungs.

The majority of MCT are easily diagnosed with cytological evaluation of fine needle aspirates (FNA) of the mass. Manual stains such as Diff-Quik may be inadequate to stain mast cells largely as a result of poor fixation and dissolution of granules due to the aqueous nature of the stain9. Romanowsky stains such as Wright’s or Wright’s-Giemsa provide superior staining in these cases. In the poorly granulated forms such as histiocytic or high-grade MCTs, special stains such as toluidine blue may be required to confirm the diagnosis.

Figure 2

Aspirates usually yield a highly cellular specimen. However, localized edema as a result of mast cell degranulation may cause hemodilution and recovery of fewer mast cells. MCT are categorized as a round or discrete cell tumour. The deep purple cytoplasmic granules distinguish well-differentiated MCTs from other potential round cell tumours including lymphoma, plasmacytoma, amelanontic melanoma, histiocytoma, neuroendocrine tumours, carcinomas and the rarer transmissible venereal tumour.

Figure 4

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

references >

Figure 5

Well differentiated MCTs consist of monomorphic, small to medium individual round cells, with moderate nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratios, and lightly basophilic nuclei that are obscured by densely packed intracytoplasmic granules. The variably sized granules may stain blue-purple to red-black depending upon the stain, and are thus known as “metachromatic”. The higher grade tumours will have progressively fewer to no intracytoplasmic granules, more pleomorphism (variability in cell and nuclear size, shape, and some multinucleation) and often higher mitotic activity. Aspirates of canine MCTs frequently have increased numbers of variably preserved eosinophils and some bland stromal cells in the background. Occasional amorphous pink extracellular material may be seen from tumours with collagen necrosis. Feline MCTs may have small numbers of mature lymphocytes in the background. Histologic examination of incisional biopsies is vital to accurately grade canine MCTs in anticipation of surgical excision. The Patnaik scale is used most commonly to grade canine MCTs but is not a reliable prognostic tool for feline MCTs2,4. Tumour grading cannot be done on cytological specimens as assessment of architectural features including lesion margins is not possible with aspirated material. Grade I tumours, also called low-grade MCTs are the most well- differentiated tumours and are usually well circumscribed. Grade II (intermediate grade) and Grade III (high grade) tumours are progressively more pleomorphic, have higher mitotic activity, and are less well circumscribed. Local infiltration to surrounding tissues may be evident on biopsies. Regional lymph nodes are usually the first site affected by metastasis, and should be aspirated or biopsied for cytologic or histologic assessment, even if palpably unre-

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

1. Fox LE: Mast cell tumours. In: Morrison WB, ed. Cancer in dogs and cats: medical and surgical management, ed 2. Jackson, Wyo: Teton NewMedia; 2002: 451. 2. Thamm DH, Vail DM: Mast cell tumours. In: Withrow SJ, Vail DM, ed. Withrow and MacEwen’s small animal clinical oncology, ed 4. St Louis: Saunders; 2007: 402. 3. Davis BJ, Page R, Sannes PL et al: Cutaneous mastocytosis in a dog, Vet Pathol 29: 363-365, 1992. 4. Patnaik AK, Ehler WJ, MacEwen EG: Canine cutaneous mast cell tumour: morphologic grading and survival time in 83 dogs, Vet Pathol 21: 469-474, 1984. 5. Rothwell TLW, Howlett CR, Middleton DJ et al: Skin neoplasms of dogs in Sydney, Aust Vet J 64: 161-164, 1987. 6. Woods JP, Boston S: Medical and Surgical Oncology Teamwork in Action: Parts 2 & 3 Focus on Mast Cell Tumours, Proceedings AAHA/OVMA Conference Toronto, ON: 315-318, 20011. 7. Miller MA, NelsonSL, Turk JR et al: Cutaneous neoplasia in 340 cats, Vet Pathol 28: 389-395, 1991. 8. Rogers KS, Mast Cell Disease In: Ettinger SJ, Feldman EC (eds) Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine 7th Ed, Saunders Elsevier, St Louis Missouri, 2193-2199, 2010. 9. Scott MA, Stockham SL: Basophils and mast cells. In: Feldman BF, Zinkl JG, Jain NC, ed. Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed 5. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins; 2000:308. 10. Bookbinder PF, Butt MT, Harvey HJ, et al: Determination of the number of mast cells in lymph node, bone marrow, and buffy coat cytologic specimens from dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1992; 200:1648. 11. McManus PM: Frequency and severity of mastocytemia in dogs with and without mast cell tumours: 120 cases. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1999; 215:355. 12. Cahalane AK, PayneS, Barber LG et al: Prognostic factors for survival of dogs with inguinal and perineal mast cell tumours treated surgically with or without adjunctive treatment: 68 cases (1994-2002), J Am Vet Med Assoc 225: 401-408, 2004. 13. Sfiligoi G, Rassnick KM, Scarlett JM et al: Outcome of dogs with mast cell tumours in the inguinal or perineal region versus other cutaneous locations: 124 cases (1990-2001), J Am Vet Med Assoc 226: 1368-1374, 2005. 14. O’Keefe DA: Canine mast cell tumours, Vet Clin N Am Small Anim Pract 20: 1105-1115, 1990.

markable. Normal lymph nodes will have low numbers of mast cells present (on average 1-16 /slide)10. Metastasis should be suspected if clusters or aggregates of mast cells, increased mitotic activity, or pleomorphism are evident on the smears. Diagnostic evaluation of systemic mast cell disease should include assessment of the minimum data base along with thoracic

and abdominal radiographs and/or ultrasound and aspiration of any organomegaly, lymphadenopathy, or palpable masses. Thoraco- or abdominocentesis should be done when effusions are present, as mast cells can be found within body cavity fluids. Mast cells can be seen in circulation in animals with MCT. While buffy coat smears and bone marrow evaluation may help in the clinical staging of MCT, buffy coat smears are no longer routinely recommended due to a lack of sensitivity and specificity. Mast cells may be found in circulation as a result of benign inflammatory diseases such as canine parvovirus, peritonitis, pancreatic necrosis, dermatitis and pneumonia10. More than 1000 mast cells have been identified in buffy coat smears from animals with benign disease11 .

Treatment and Prognosis of Mast Cell Tumours Figure 6

The treatment of MCT includes surgical excision, radiation and chemotherapy.

Mode of treatment and prognosis for tumours depends upon the stage of disease, tumour growth rate, location, duration, tumour mitotic activity, and for dogs, tumour grade. The histiocytic form of cutaneous MCT in young cats often spontaneously regresses in young animals. Surgical excision of cutaneous MCT with clean margins results in long term local control in most cats, and more than 90% of dogs with low grade (Grade I and some Grade II) MCTs8. Surgical excision should include 2 cm margins including one fascial plane below the mass. High grade tumours have an approximately 50% rate of metastasis even with removal with clean margins. Systemic adjunct therapy for high grade systemic MCTs or those that are incompletely excised includes combination chemotherapy using vinblastine, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone12. Newer therapeutic strategies with oral tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as toceranib phosphate (Palladia, Pfizer) are currently being evaluated for high grade disease. MCT in the preputial/inguinal area, nailbed and other mucocutaneous sites such as the oral cavity, nasal planum, and perineum are considered by some to carry a poorer prognosis compared to MCT in other cutaneous sites12,13. Studies have reported shorter diseasefree intervals for MCT in these sites compared to those involving haired skin (9.6 months compared to 33.9 months)13. Visceral MCT tends to be more aggressive with shorter median survival times. In one study of 16 dogs with visceral MCT median survival was 90 days14. Cats undergoing splenectomy for visceral MCT have medial survival times of 12-19 months with some animals surviving 2-3 years post-operatively2. Cats with intestinal MCT have a guarded prognosis, usually surviving for less than 4 months following diagnosis. Rare long term survivals have been reported8. Mast cell disease is a common presentation in clinical practice. While the Patnaik grading system is a useful prognostic tool for MCT in dogs, the biologic behaviour of each individual MCT is predictably unpredictable, and all MCTs should be considered potentially malignant. The approach to patient treatment is dependent upon a thorough history and complete physical examination to identify the extent of local and systemic disease. Ancillary diagnostic tests such as aspiration and incisional tumour biopsies, imaging, and in some cases bone marrow evaluation will support decisions regarding the ideal therapeutic approach for each individual patient.

TECHNEWS Subscriptions If you are not currently receiving all four TECHNEWS annual issues delivered direct to your door, now is the time to get your subscription! Year-round, issues are full of outstanding continuing education articles and quizzes, interesting personal stories and practical ideas for your work. $39.55 per year includes shipping and is payable by credit card or cheque to ‘OAVT’.

If you only see the boy and his dog, you’re missing something. You’re missing the eggs and larvae that dogs shed when they have fleas. Adult fleas only represent 5% of a flea infestation – the other 95% are eggs, larvae and pupae that hide in beds, carpets and floors. Recommend Sentinel for flea control, heartworm prevention and intestinal worm protection, and you won’t miss a thing. For more information about Sentinel call 1-800-387-6325.

© 2012 Novartis Animal Health Canada Inc. ® Sentinel is a registered trademark of Novartis Animal Health Canada Inc. ® Flavor Tabs is a registered trademark of Novartis AG – Novartis Animal Health Canada Inc., licensed user.

Ad# SEV12-11-107E 20

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Protecting his heart is just the start.

From heartworm and fleas to mange, mites and intestinal worms, only one topical product provides the most complete treatment and control of external and internal parasites – advantage multi®. The only endectocide with efficacy against intestinal parasites in development stages of their lifecycle, advantage multi® further reduces the risk of zoonoses. Like all Bayer Parasite Solutions products, advantage multi® fits into your parasite prevention protocols. To start your patients on the path to good health, contact your Bayer representative for an advantage multi® PetPak™. Learn more at BayerParasiteSolutions.ca.

Bayer, Bayer Cross, PetPak and advantage multi are registered trademarks of Bayer AG, used under license by Bayer Inc.

This year, 2012, marks my 30th anniversary as a veterinarian, 27 of which have been in the practice of anesthesia and analgesia. In this time, I have crossed paths with many veterinarians and technicians/technologists here in Canada and in the United States, instructing aspiring anesthetists, assisting in the selection of anesthesia/analgesia protocols and helping practice teams understand the reasons for unexpected anesthesia-related adverse events. In the course of discussions, certain recurring themes have emerged and I would like to take this opportunity to share them with you. They provide some insight into how to achieve the sometimes elusive goal of safe anesthesia. I hope you find them useful: 1. Assign anesthesia delivery and

monitoring to a trained anesthetist. “An anesthetist who monitors anesthesia but who does not have the skills required to properly interpret or intervene is no more than a scribe who records the time of death.”

2. Obtain an up-to-date and reli-

able history on day of admission. Important symptoms are sometimes not relayed to the hospital staff by the pet’s owner(s) who may dismiss their observations as unimportant. A partial solution is to incorporate a questionnaire into the procedure authorization forms that owners are required to sign at admission. A few simple yes/ no questions can elicit vital information that will change the anesthesia

CE Article #3 10+ Opportunities for Improved Anesthesia Safety Reduced Anesthesia-Related Morbidity and Mortality

risk assessment, trigger changes in an anesthesia protocol or perhaps suggest that the anesthesia/procedure be delayed until further investigation can be completed.

3. Do not over-rely on chemis-

tries to assess anesthesia risk. A recent inquiry into the justification of pre-anesthesia blood screening in dogs concluded that pre-anesthesia blood screening was not justified. I have witnessed a significant number of instances where blood chemistry results were used to determine if fluid therapy was or was not needed during general anesthesia. Fluid therapy is recommended in healthy and not-sohealthy patients during anesthesia to

help replace insensitive losses, correct fluid imbalances created by fasting and treat hypotension (a common occurrence even in healthy individuals).

4. Do not shy away from provid-

ing ventilatory support. Along with the benefits they provide, newer injectable and inhalant anesthetic agents have increased the incidence and severity of hypoventilation during anesthesia in dogs and cats. This does not make those anesthesia drugs inappropriate or poor choices but rather increases our need to step in with ventilatory assistance and support more often than in the past. We need to get past the perception that stepping in to provide manual or me-

Dr. Nancy Brock DVM, Diplomate American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists is originally from Montreal and obtained her DVM degree from the Ontario Veterinary College at the University of Guelph in 1982. She practiced at Picton Animal Hospital in Eastern Ontario until 1984 and the London (Ontario) Emergency Clinic until 1985. She completed a residency in anesthesia and critical care at the University of California, Davis in 1988. In 1995, she became certified as a veterinary anesthesia specialist and is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists. Based in Vancouver British Columbia, Dr. Brock is a regular contributor and consultant for the VIN (Veterinary Anesthesia Network). She is also a clinical instructor of anesthesia at Douglas College’s AHT program in Coquitlam BC. As part of her anesthesia referral practice, Dr Brock provides veterinarians and their nursing staff with anesthesia assistance and expertise. This assistance comes in the form of telephone consultation, in-clinic delivery of anesthesia to high risk or fragile patients and the training of veterinarians and technicians in advanced anesthesia techniques. She is also the author of a quick reference anesthesia publication entitled Veterinary Anesthesia Update for small animal practitioners.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

and oxygen supplementation typically denied to these patients, increases the risk of adverse events during anesthesia.

7. Intubate

Figure 1

chanical ventilation to an anesthetized patient is acknowledgement that a mistake or error in judgment has occurred.

5. Minimize the use of mask induc-

tion techniques. If the patient is suffering from underlying illness, the combination of very high doses of inhalant anesthetic required to achieve intubation and the associated cardiovascular depression can contribute to a worsening of the underlying disease be it cardiovascular, renal, hepatic or neurological. In this group of patients, mask induction is often undertaken without the benefits of premedication. This increases the likelihood of struggling and agitation during the induction process. Agitation generates adrenalin release, increasing the possibility of inhalant anesthesia-related malignant arrhythmias as well as increasing the necessary dose of inhalant anesthetic gas for successful induction and intubation.

6. Avoid total injectable anesthetic

techniques for feline anesthesia. Judicious use of injectable anesthetic drugs has a beneficial role to play in the delivery of balanced anesthesia to cats. They help reduce the clinician’s reliance on inhalant agents as the sole anesthesia maintenance agents thus reducing the levels of respiratory and circulatory depression. However, the use of exclusively IM or SQ injectable agents to generate a surgical plane of anesthesia requires the administration of doses which are not safe as the level of anesthesia cannot be adjusted to the individual’s needs over the course of a surgical procedure. The lack of monitoring and supportive measures such as airway protection, fluid therapy

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

If a patient can be intubated, it should be intubated. The patient that is sufficiently unconscious to undergo a painful surgical procedure has lost the ability to protect its airway from aspiration/obstruction. In addition, fluid accumulation in the pharynx may predispose to laryngospasm. The presence of an endotracheal tube facilitates timely intervention in case of respiratory compromise. Careful handling of airway tissues as well as the use of a laryngoscope assists in atraumatic intubation.

8. Do not worship the vaporizer dial

Patients are frequently more deeply anesthetized than is necessary for the completion of a procedure. We must remember that the individual’s required vaporizer dial setting is influenced by a large number of factors such as choice of premedication and induction drugs, age, underlying disease, breathing circuit design and oxygen flow rates. So, the selection of a specific vaporizer dial setting needs to reflect that individual’s needs. Fortunately we are able to assess the plane of anesthesia through the monitoring of vital signs as well as features such as jaw tone and palpebral reflex allowing us to adjust the delivered dose of anesthetic gas to the needs of the individual. Think of recommended vaporizer dial settings as very general guidelines and then let the patient tell you how much it needs.

references / suggested reading > Brodbelt DC et al 2008. Results of confidential enquiry into peri-operative small animal fatalities regarding risk factors for anesthetic related death in dogs. JAVMA 233: 1096-1104 Alef M et al 2008. Is routine pre-anaesthetic haematological and biochemical screening justified in dogs? VAA 35:132-140 Carolina H. Ricco CH, Graham L 2007. Undiagnosed diaphragmatic hernia — the importance of pre-anesthetic evaluation. Can Vet J. 48: 615–618. Wagner AE et al Myths and misconceptions in small animal anesthesia JAVMA 2003;223 (10) 1426-32

9. Always place a secure IV access

All anesthesia is controlled poisoning even under ideal circumstances. Thus, it is not possible to accurately predict intra operative events. Even a healthy patient may experience an adverse event during anesthesia. The presence of a pre-placed IV access permits timely and effective interventions that prevent adverse events from becoming causes of anesthesia-related complications.

10. Continue to monitor in recovery

In a prospective study of anesthesiarelated mortality in dogs and cats by Dr Brodbelt in 2008, results showed that 47% of canine and 61% of feline anesthesia-related deaths occurred in recovery. Therefore it would seem that this period could benefit from increased supervision, though I suspect that it may reflect the presence of undetected adverse intra-operative problems.

Figure 2

TECHNEWS Fall 2012 CE Quizzes > SUBMIT BY MAIL:

Please remember to send a selfaddressed stamped envelope with your quizzes so we can return them to you. You must have all answers correct in order to receive your CE credit for the quiz. If you have any further questions or concerns regarding the quizzes please feel free to contact us. Name ____________________________ Member # ________________________

NEW! SUBMIT ONLINE:

Notes Visit www.oavt.org/continuinged and click • An access code will be generated each time you choose a quiz. Record the the Technews Quizzes button. Have ready: access code - this will enable you to re-enter the site within 14 days should you • username: First and last name need to leave before completing the quiz. • password: First 4 letters of your last name • A score of 10/10 (100%) is required to (lowercase) followed by your member # obtain one CE credit. Download and print • e-mail: Required to have your results the certificate before exiting or taking and certificate sent to you another test. • province: The 2-letter code for your • Please contact the OAVT office with any province/state questions.

O I would like to subscribe or renew

my subscription to TECHNEWS.

Subscription costs are good for one year from when order received (4 issues per year). Cost: $35.00 CDN ($39.55 with applicable taxes) (OAVT members exempt from TECHNEWS subscription fees.)

Pay by Credit Card:

O Visa O Mastercard

Card # _________________________________________________ Exp. Date ______________________________________________ Name on Card _________________________________________ Amount Paid __________________________________________

Address _______________________________________________

Signature ______________________________________________

Phone (Home) _________________________________________

(Clinic) _________________________________________

Fax ____________________________________________________ Email __________________________________________________ I am a(n): O RVT O AHT O VT O Other __________________

Pay by Cheque Cheques must be CDN funds, Make payable to ‘O.A.V.T.’ Mail this form to: TECHNEWS c/o OAVT Ontario AgriCentre, Suite 104, 100 Stone Road West Guelph, ON N1G 5L3 Or Fax to: (519) 836-3638

CE Article #1: KCS What Are My Options? 1. The layers of the tears are made up by more than one gland. What gland produces what layer? a) Tarsal gland primarily makes up the middle layer b) Meibomian gland primarily makes up the outer layer c) Lacrimal gland primarily makes up the outer layer d) Third eyelid gland primarily makes up the outer layer 2. When the patient is first diagnosed with KCS, a possible secondary infection is caused by....? a) a decrease in the antibacterial properties of the tear film b) an increase in the lacrimal gland secretions c) both of the above d) none of the above 3. Topical atropine should be used with caution in the KCS patient. Why? a) It can make their heart rate increase b) It is painful when applied to the eye c) It causes the eye to be dry and its effects can last for weeks d) It should only be used in cats

4. PDT can only be performed if which salivary gland is working? a) Parotid salivary gland b) Submaxillary c) Sublingual gland d) b) and c)

8. An abnormally low TBUT test can indicate a possible deficiency in...? a) cholesterol b) mucin c) waxy lipids d) water

5. Neurogenic KCS can be treated with frequent use of tear replacement products and .....? a) Atropine b) Dexamethasone c) Phenobarbital d) Pilocarpine

9. Parotid Duct Transposition may be performed when medical therapy doesn’t work. What are some of the concerns the Ophthalmologist must take into consideration before surgery is an option? a) breed, age, dental disease b) epiphora, breed, age c) dental disease, KCS, age d) xerostomia, dental disease, client compliance

6. Topical Cyclosporine helps in what way to manage KCS? a) It helps keep the eyelids free of debris b) destroys the T-suppressor cells, and increases the inflammation c) helps to decrease inflammation, increase the mucin levels and suppresses the T-helper cells d) decreases the mucin levels, and increases the T-helper cells 7. Patients with KCS need to have more than just tear stimulators to help manage their dry eye. What else should always be recommended to them? a) Eye lid cleansers and tear substitutes b) Antibiotics c) Atropine d) Pilocarpine

10. Most cases of KCS are immune-mediated, Name 3 other reasons for the canine to have KCS? a) surgical removal of the third eyelid gland, neoplasia, trauma b) pilocarpine, trauma, entropion surgery c) neurological causes, trauma, cyclosporine d) pilocarpine, trauma, corneal malacia

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

CE Article #2: Feline and Canine Mast Cell Tumours 1. The three most common forms of mast cell tumour in dogs and cats include: a) Cutaneous, ocular, and visceral b) Cutaneous, visceral and oral c) Oral, cutaneous and nasal d) Cutaneous, visceral and gastrointestinal e) Oral, cutaneous and gastrointestinal 2. The most frequent type of mast cell tumour diagnosed in dogs is: a) Cutaneous b) Hepatic c) Splenic d) Gastric e) Intestinal 3. Which of the following statements is true: a) All cutaneous mast cell tumours are benign in dogs. b) Cytological evaluation of a canine cutaneous mast cell tumour can reliably predict the prognosis using the Patnaik tumour grading scale. c) Visceral and cutaneous forms of mast cell tumour occur with equal frequency in the cat d) Mast cells are never identified in circulation with benign diseases e) The biologic behaviour of mast cell tumours is fairly consistent and routinely predictable. 4. Mast cell granules contain all but which of the following substances: a) proteases b) heparin c) glycerin d) histamine e) interleukins

5. Manipulation of a cutaneous mast cell tumour may result in release of vasoactive amines resulting in localized skin redness and swelling. This response is known as: a) Hypersensitivity b) Darier’s sign c) Steatitis d) Pandy test e) Pautrier’s sign

9. High grade mast cell tumours most often have which of the following cytologic features: a) Dense metachromatic granules b) Numerous eosinophils c) Variability in cell and nuclear size and shape d) Bland stromal cells in the background e) Low mitotic index

6. Which of the following statements is false: a) Mast cell tumours may be slow growing and present for months to years b) Systemic signs are more common with visceral mast cell tumours c) Mast cell tumour represents the second most common skin tumour in the cat. d) Mast cells found on buffy coat smears are definitive proof of mast cell leukemia e) Siamese cats are overrepresented among the high risk feline breeds developing mast cell tumour

10. Which of the following statements is true: a) Cytology is useful for confirmation of mast cell tumours, but tumour grading using the Patnaik scale should be based on histopathological tumour evaluation b) The Patnaik grading scale is a reliable prognostic tool for feline and canine mast cell tumours c) Buffy coat smears are a sensitive and specific diagnostic step for staging mast cell tumours d) All cutaneous mast cell tumours should be surgically excised and followed up with 4-6 weeks of adjunct chemotherapy e) High grade mast cell tumours that are surgically excised with clean tissue margins are at low risk of metastasis.

7. The most frequent primary presenting sign of a cat with a visceral mast cell tumour involving the spleen is: a) Productive cough b) Anorexia c) Weight loss d) Diarrhea e) Vomiting 8. The diagnosis of high grade or poorly differentiated mast cell tumours may require special stains. The most appropriate choice would be: a) Toluidine blue b) Sudan black c) Congo red d) PAS e) Rhodanine

CE Article #3: Opportunities for Anesthesia Safety 1. According to Dr Brodbelt’s 2008 study, results showed that more than half of feline anesthesia-related deaths occurred during recovery. a) True b) False 2. The vaporizer dial setting should reflect an individual patient’s needs. These would include: a) premed drug choice and underlying disease b) breathing circuit design and oxygen flow rates c) published drug dosages d) a and b 3. Cardiovascular depression may be a result of mask induction. a) True b) False 4. Fluid therapy is not necessary in healthy anesthesia patients. a) True b) False

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

5. According to the article, patients who only receive IM or SQ anesthetic agents are typically deprived of which supportive measures: a) adequate analgesia, fluid therapy, oxygen supplementation b) fluid therapy, oxygen supplementation, lack of monitoring c) oxygen supplementation, IV access, adequate plane of anesthesia d) airway protection and body temperature regulation 6. Some newer inhalant anesthetics may cause hypoventilation. a) True b) False 7. Manual or mechanical ventilator support should be considered a last option in anesthetized patients. a) True b) False

8. Why should an anesthetized patient be intubated? a) to protect against aspiration or obstruction b) to avoid laryngospasm c) to assist with timely intervention in case of a crisis d) all of the above 9. IV access is not necessary for healthy anesthesia patients. a) True b) False 10. History taking upon admission may provide valuable information affecting anesthesia risk assessment. a) True b) False

Boston Marathon Memories All Roads Lead to Boston

by Shirley Inglis, RVT - TECHNEWS Technical Editor

I never wanted to do a marathon. Why would a sane person want to run, let alone race, 42.2 kilometers? Well, I learned to never say never.... I started running 10 years ago to stay in shape during the long Canadian winters. Typically, I’d spend waaay too much time on the couch once cycling season was over, so running became a way to keep my legs and body ready for spring cycling. Along the way though, I got hooked on running, especially racing. Races motivate me as endless training becomes dull unless I have a goal to work towards. Racing in local 5k’s, then 10k’s and then Half-marathons (21.1k) began to fill my life. After a few years, my boyfriend Pierre and I added cycling to our racing, and participated in duathlons (where you run-bike-run). Just after Pierre ran his first Half in Detroit, he said the fateful words: “I think I want to try a marathon”. Argh! I didn’t immediately join him in this crazy new goal. As luck would have it, I fell while cross-country skiing and broke my radius and ulna. The cast was removed a week before the Ottawa National Capital race; I was under doctors orders not to run. Pierre ran an amazing race and qualified for Boston. I walked and ran a half-marathon (I couldn’t help myself!). Pierre didn’t have much interest in

running Boston, and was just happy to know that his first marathon result measured amongst the very few runners who are able to meet the high standards of the Boston Athletic Association (BAA). His result inspired me to see if my body could handle the extra training and I entered longer distance races -- a 25k trail race and the 30k ‘Around the Bay’ race in Hamilton. All went well, so in May 2009 I completed my first marathon, and noone was more surprised than I was when I crossed the finish line and saw that my result meant that I too had qualified for Boston on my first marathon. For me there was no question that if I qualified, I’d want to go race in the iconic Boston marathon. A Boston qualification doesn’t automatically ensure you a place in the next Boston race. One has to submit a registration and although we qualified and submitted, we missed out on 2010 and 2011 when the race sold out quickly, unheard of in the BAA’s history. We continued to race and continued to re-qualify. In the fall of 2011, we were thrilled to hear from the BAA that we’d BOTH been accepted as participants! Game on! Fast-forward to spring 2012. We arrived in Boston 3 days before the main event. This gave us lots of time to explore the city, attend the race expo, pick up some memorabilia, eat some crab cakes, attend a pre-race pasta meal, and even a ‘Boston Tea Party’ brunch put on for Ca-

nadian runners. Race organizers repeatedly warned participants of the freakishly warm weather predicted for Monday’s race. Temperatures were to climb to almost 90F. Because of the forecast, two days before the race, officials offered a one-year deferment to entrants, and also suggested that runners run ‘significantly more slowly’ than planned and adopt the attitude that ‘this is not a race, but an experience’. We took those words to heart, and adjusted our race plans accordingly. After a decent sleep Sunday night, we joined the throngs waiting along Boston Commons for bus transport to the start line in the village of Hopkinton. Everyone was pre-hydrating like crazy so the porta-potty line-ups were extra long. Some used the porta-potty and then promptly lined up again for the next turn. Finding shade was tricky, but we all tried to relax as much as possible before finding our individual starting corrals. Pierre’s wave started 20 minutes ahead of mine (he’s a faster male!), so after a good luck kiss, we were each on our way to a separate Boston experience. To ease crowding on the narrow course, the Boston Marathon starts in three waves of approximately 9,000 runners each. After Wave One clears the line, Wave Two moves into position. And after Wave Two, Wave Three. There is a 2025 minute delay between waves. It takes just under an hour for the entire field to clear the starting line. Because of chip technology, there is no penalty for being late across the line. The official time for runners is from the moment they cross the starting line to the moment they cross the finish line, Nevertheless, because everyone is giddy with excitement, they jockey for a good position as near to the starting line as possible. Although much of the early part of the race is supposedly downhill, the heat didn’t let you enjoy the easy start. Much of the race was a hazy blur. I lost track of the names of the towns (Ashland, Framinghan, Natick...) as we ran through them, but certainly noticed when we hit the Newton hills. I kept thinking that this hill must be the famed ‘Heartbreak Hill’, but realized no, it was just one of the other bumps along the route.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Eventually, signs on both sides of the hill proclaimed that we’d arrived at the killer hill. I’d love to say it was different, but most of us walked up that beast, as our muscles had just about had it. Undisputed highlights for most runners would be the incredible support by the 500,000+ spectators lining the course. Since race day coincides with the Massachusetts’ state holiday, Patriot Day, it

seemed like most of the folks in Boston and its suburbs were outside to help us through the race. Perfect strangers handed us ice, cooled us down with their hoses and sprinklers, offered us popsicles, orange slices, pretzels, etc to help us through the heat. It was a carnival atmosphere from start to finish. At Wellesley College, co-eds held signs offering good luck kisses to runners, and had many folks take them up on it - male and female! Another highlight was to see Dick and Rick Hoyt. Dick has pushed his son Rick in a wheelchair in over 70 marathons, >30 of them in Boston. Cerebral palsy doesn’t stop Rick from grinning ear to ear throughout. It was inspiring to see other disabled athletes accompanied by guide runners from the Achilles Track Club. The 2012 race will go down as one of the top 10 hottest in the 116-year running of the race. At the start, temperatures were recorded at 81, and when we finished, it had reached 89F. Even the historically dominant Kenyan runners had to rethink their strategies, and they did so knowing that Olympic berths were at

Submitting Articles toTECHNEWS We welcome your participation in the quarterly magazine, TECHNEWS, distributed nationally. In Ontario, articles submitted receive 2 C.E. credits and articles chosen for printing receive an additional 2 C.E. credits. Please contact your Provincial Association Registrar to determine your provincial C.E. values. Do not forget to include your return address information. Manuscripts should be submitted electronically either via email (address: shirley@naccvp.org), CD/DVD-R or

USB stick in a format compatible with Microsoft Word 97 or better. Also send a hard copy of the article. • Articles should be no longer than eight pages of double-spaced type. • Avoid using trade names. • Feel free to include tables, boxes, diagrams, etc. • Include artist’s name if illustrations are used. • Footnotes should be used for any explanatory notes. Arrange alphabetically using superscripts (ex. a). • References: document all points reviewed by using numbered superscripts (ex. 3) in the text. Place references in the order they appear, not alphabetically. TECHNEWS is looking for articles from technicians that present current news and information. Articles should contain information on areas of interest to technicians,

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

stake. Hydration and just finishing the race became more important than attaining a certain result. Men’s winner Wesley Korir’s finish time was the second slowest Boston victory since 1985. Most finishers agreed with 4th place finisher, Jason Hartmann, who called it a ‘survival race’. Fortunately, there were no fatalities, but race organizers estimated that 2,500 people were treated by the medical teams and 152 needed hospital treatment. Almost 1,000 who started the race dropped out at some point, including last year’s race winner, Geoffrey Mutai. When I rounded that final corner onto Boylston Street and saw the Finish Line - what a welcome sight! The medical tent was positioned off to the right, and had a line-up snaking beyond where I could see. After receiving a water bottle, and a food bag, I was pleased to be congratulated and have the hard-won commemorative finisher’s medal put around my neck. Once in a lifetime...what an incredible honour!

such as client education, clinical situations, lab procedures, nursing skills, neonatal care, research, exotics, large animal medicine, emergency procedures or anything else you feel is important to the continuing education of technicians. Articles received will be reviewed by the TECHNEWS editors and editorial committee. Controversial subjects will be prefaced by editorial commentary. The TECHNEWS editor reserves the right to make revisions in text when appropriate. Manuscripts may be edited for content, clarity and style. Feel free to contact the editorial office to ensure availability of a particular topic. Editorial correspondence for TECHNEWS: O.A.V.T. Editorial Submissions Suite 104, 100 Stone Road West Guelph, ON N1G 5L3 Phone - (800) 675-1859 Fax - (519) 836-3638 Email - lauraf@oavt.org

Innovation is just a spray away

Finally — an innovative new way to treat inflamed, itchy skin in your canine patients. CORTAVANCE™ Hydrocortisone Aceponate Topical Spray Solution provides: • High potency • Rapid skin absorbency • Accurate dosing Thanks to a new generation of glucocorticoids, providing fast symptomatic treatment of inflammatory and pruritic skin conditions in dogs. CORTAVANCE Topical Spray is simple to apply and has no adverse effects when used according to label dosage and directions. Ask your Virbac representative about CORTAVANCE Topical Spray — the new way to treat inflammatory and pruritic canine dermatoses.

POISONING COLUMN

Fall Toxicants Poisonous to Pets by Pam Huyck, Certified Veterinary Technician, Pet Poison Helpline and Justine A. Lee, DVM, DACVECC, Associate Director of Veterinary Services, Pet Poison Helpline

The transition from summer to fall brings a change in weather, new holidays to look forward to and, unfortunately, a change in the poisons to which patients may be exposed. Here are some common fall toxins to be on the lookout for this season. Chocolate Chocolate is a year-round toxicity concern due to the many chocolate-related holidays (e.g., Valentine’s Day, Easter, etc.). As Halloween approaches in October, there is a greater risk of dogs ingesting large amounts of chocolate and wrappers. Theobromine, the primary ingredient of concern in chocolate, can cause a variety of clinical signs, depending on the dose ingested. Absorption of chocolate can be very slow, so signs may not be seen for many hours. Mild toxicity (theobromine levels > 20 mg/ kg) generally result in GI signs (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea), mild agitation, and polyuria. Moderate chocolate toxicity (> 20-40 mg/kg) can result in cardiotoxicity (e.g., tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, etc.). Severe toxicity (> 60 mg/kg) can result in neurotoxicity (e.g., tremors, secondary hyperthermia, seizures, etc.). Finally, the development of pancreatitis can occur with chocolate toxicity secondary to the fat and sugar content. Treatment for chocolate toxicosis includes: calculating if a toxic amount of theobromine was ingested; decontamination; and symptomatic supportive care. Decontamination should include emesis induction if the patient is asymptomatic (either at home or at the veterinary clinic). As chocolate tends to “wad” up in the stomach, delayed emesis induction (e.g., hours post-ingestion) may still be productive, provided the patient is asymptomatic. Following emesis induction, the use of anti-emetic therapy

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

and administration of multidose activated charcoal is warranted with toxic ingestions. With administration of multidose activated charcoal, the first dose should contain a cathartic (e.g., sorbitol), while the remaining doses should not contain a cathartic. Depending on amount of chocolate ingested, time of ingestion, the patient’s status, and time and effectiveness of decontamination, the patient may need to be hospitalized. Hospitalized patients should be started on IV fluid therapy. Frequent walking (or potentially urinary catheterization) is necessary to prevent reabsorbtion of methylxanthines (or their metabolites) from the bladder. Vitals, including heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure, should be monitored closely so that appropriate treatments may be provided if abnormalities develop. The use of antiemetics (e.g., metoclopramide, ondansetron, maropitant, etc.), sedation (e.g., acepromazine, torbugesic), and beta-blocker therapy (e.g., propranolol, esmolol) may be necessary. Tremors should be treated with IV diazepam or methocarbamol, while seizures should be treated with IV diazepam or IV phenobarbital. Once stable, the use of a low-fat diet should be implemented to help minimize pancreatitis. Prognosis for chocolate toxicity is generally good as long as signs are well-controlled, although recovery may take 72-96 hours. Rodenticides When fall comes, mice and rats start looking for warmer places – often a house or garage. The poisons that are placed to kill them can also affect dogs and cats, when accidentally ingested. Pets may also be accidentally poisoned if they ingest a large numbers of mice or rats killed by the rodenticide; this is referred to as relay toxicity, and is generally rare (unless mice are a normal, major part of the diet). It is important to keep in mind that there are several different active ingredients (AI) for rodenticides, and that they all work in different ways. Confirmation of the AI is imperative to ensure appropriate, correct treatment. Before reaching for the bottle of Vitamin K1, make sure you are treating the AI correctly! Below, the four main AIs are reviewed: 1. Long-acting anticoagulants (LAACs) Long-acting anticoagulants (LAACs) are the most common and well known type of mouse and rat poison currently on the market. • Mechanism of action: This type of poison works by preventing the blood from clotting, leading to internal bleed-

•

ing. Long-acting anticoagulants work similarly to people who are on warfarin or coumadin as blood thinners. When dogs or cats ingest LAACs, it typically takes at least 2-3 days before this type of poison takes effect. However, if the pet has been chronically exposed to the product, the onset of clinical signs may vary. Common signs of poisoning from LAACs: Signs of internal bleeding may be seen, and include lethargy, exercise intolerance, coughing, difficulty breathing (due to bleeding into the lungs), weakness, and pale gums. Less common signs include vomiting, diarrhea (with or without blood), epistaxis, bruising, hematuria, swollen joints, lack of appetite, and bleeding from the gums. Antidote and treatment: Fortunately, this specific type of mouse and rat poison does have a prescription antidote called Vitamin K1. Over-the-counter medications or food with high vitamin K content will not be sufficient substitutes. Most dogs need to be treated with Vitamin K1 for 30 days. Two days after the last dose of Vitamin K1 is administered, a blood test called a prothrombin (PT) should be checked to make sure the clotting is normal. Threat: The margin of safety between different types of LAACs varies. With some types (e.g., brodifacoum), it only takes a very small amount to cause poisoning in a large dog. Other types have a wider margin of safety (e.g., bromadiolone), and it takes a large amount to result in poisoning in a large dog. The age and health of your patient may also be another factor determining whether or not any amount ingested will be poisonous: animals with underlying liver or gastrointestinal disease, as well as the very young or very old, are more at risk. Certain species, such as cats, are more resistant to the effects of LAACs and rarely suffer poisoning. Dogs, on the other hand, can be quite sensitive and often require veterinary intervention.

2. Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) This is one of the most dangerous mice and rat poisons on the market and it seems to be gaining in popularity. • Method of action: This poison causes severe hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia, resulting in secondary mineralization of the body. This then results in severe, acute kidney failure and potentially chronic kidney failure. • Common signs of poisoning: Clinical signs include PU/ PD, weakness, lethargy, anorexia, vomiting, dehydration, and halitosis. Within 2-3 days, acute, severe kidney failure may be seen. Often by this point, significant and permanent damage may have already occurred to the body. • Antidote and treatment: This type of mouse and rat poisoning can be one of the most challenging and has the worst outcome or prognosis. That is because long-term, expensive therapy is often required for a positive outcome. There is no specific antidote, but poisoning generally responds well to aggressive IV 0.9% saline (for 2-3 days) and specific drugs (e.g., diuretics, steroids, calcitonin and bisphosphonates) to decrease calcium levels in the body. Aggressive

•

treatment and frequent monitoring of blood work (calcium, phosphorus, and kidney values) is often needed every 24-72 hours, for a period of two to four weeks after ingestion. Long-term therapy (with diuretic and steroid therapy) can result in chronic PU/PD for the pet owner at home. Management and treatment can be costly, as hospitalization and long term follow-up can take weeks. Threat: Cholecalciferol mouse and rat poison has a very narrow margin of safety – it only takes a tiny amount of this poison to potentially be fatal for any animal; thus, all ingestions must be treated aggressively or chronic kidney failure can result.

3. Bromethalin This type of mouse and rat poison causes brain swelling and edema. It “sounds” like many of the long-acting anticoagulants and is often accidentally mistaken as a LAAC. However, this type should never be treated with Vitamin K1. • Method of action: Bromethalin works by uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in the brain and liver mitochondria and can result in brain swelling when toxic amounts are ingested. • Common signs of poisoning: Ataxia, tremors, seizures, paralysis, and eventually death. The more an animal eats, the more severe the clinical signs may be. Signs can be seen within 2 hours, but can be delayed for as long as 24 hours. Just because your patient doesn’t develop signs within a few hours doesn’t necessarily mean he or she is out of the danger! • Antidote and treatment: In-hospital care for a few days may be needed since this poison has long-lasting effects. Treatment includes decontamination (e.g., administration of multiple doses of activated charcoal to bind the toxin), IV fluids, and decreasing cerebral edema (with the use of mannitol, head elevation, oxygen therapy, etc.). • Threat: Cats are more sensitive to the effects of bromethalin than dogs. Regardless, this type of mouse and rat poison also has a narrow margin of safety; it only takes a tiny amount to result in poisoning! 4. Zinc, calcium, and Aluminum Phosphides These are more commonly found in mole or gopher baits, but they also may appear in some mouse and rat baits. This one is of concern because it can be poisonous to pet owners and veterinary staff when they inhale the smell of the phosphine gas from the patient’s vomitus! • Method of action: This poison, once in the stomach, releases toxic phosphine gas. Food in the stomach will increase the amount of gas produced and, therefore, increase the toxicity of the poison. So, if a patient gets into this, veterinary staff should never advise the pet owner to feed the pet. Rather, pet owners should be referred to call an animal poison control helpline for further assistance. • Common signs of poisoning: The phosphine gas produced by this poison can result in stomach bloating, vomiting, abdominal pain, shock, collapse, and pulmonary edema.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

P O I S O N I N G T OX I C O L O G Y C O L U M N •

•

Antidote and treatment: This poison also does not have an antidote, and immediate therapy should be sought by calling an animal poison helpline and seeking veterinary attention. Pet owners should be warned about the potential public health dangers to themselves if exposed to their pet’s vomitus. If a pet owner is driving their pet to the veterinary clinic and he vomits, the pet owner should be instructed to roll down the windows or turn on the air conditioner to prevent human exposure to the gas. Once at the vet office, veterinarians should perform aggressive decontamination such as gastric lavage, followed by administration of activated charcoal. During decontamination, great care needs to be taken to prevent hospital personnel from being exposed to the gas, since it is a potent respiratory irritant. Given the potential risk this gas poses for people, vomiting is best induced by veterinary professionals (not pet owners) in a well-ventilated area or outdoors. In general, treatment with IV fluid therapy and antiemetics typically results in successful management of this rodenticide. Threat: The toxic dose is very small and nearly all patients ingesting this poison need to be examined by a veterinarian for care.

Compost/Mulch Piles The mold in compost and mulch piles can contain tremorgenic mycotoxins, which can cause a variety of signs including gastrointestinal (e.g., vomiting, diarrhea, hypersalivation) and central nervous system (CNS) effects (e.g., agitation, tremoring, seizures, etc.). Ingestion of even a small amount of the mold or compost may cause poisoning. For this reason, moldy garbage should always be kept away from pets, and compost bins fenced off. Asymptomatic patients should have emesis induction performed, followed by one dose of activated charcoal with a cathartic. In symptomatic patients, sedation under anesthesia and gastric lavage should be performed; with an inflated endotracheal tube, a one-time dose of ac-

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

tivated charcoal is warranted after gavage. Clinical signs may be seen within the first few hours of ingestion and may last a few hours to a few days. Signs of toxicity include vomiting, hyperthermia, hypoglycemia, salivation, tachycardia, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, respiratory depression, and CNS signs such as ataxia, muscle fasiculations, tremors, stiff gait, arching back, and seizures. Baseline blood work, including PCV/TP, blood glucose, liver enzymes, and electrolytes should be run and monitored. Treatment includes IV fluid therapy, cooling measures (if hyperthermic secondary to tremoring), anticonvulsant therapy (e.g., phenobarbital, diazepam, etc.) and muscle relaxants (e.g., methocarbamol) for tremors. In general, the prognosis is good with supportive care. Mushrooms Many mushrooms cause only minor symptoms, such as stomach upset, but there are some varieties that are deadly. While signs beyond GI upset are rare, all mushroom exposures should be treated as a potentially life-threatening due to the difficult nature of identifying and differentiating mushrooms (this should only be done by experts). There are five general classes of mushrooms and each class causes different major signs: GI, hepatic necrosis, CNS, muscarinic, and hallucinogenic. As with most toxic ingestions, early decontamination is key and may include emesis induction, gastric lavage, or administration of activated charcoal. Mushroom pieces from uneaten parts of the mushroom should be wrapped in a paper towel, placed in a paper bag labeled “POISONOUS. DO NOT EAT.”, then placed in the refrigerator in case later identification by a mycologist (mushroom expert) is required. Stomach contents containing mushroom pieces can also be saved for identification. Once a patient has been decontaminated, symptomatic supportive care includes fluid therapy, the use of hepatoprotectants (e.g., SAM-e), antiemetics (e.g., ondansetron, maropitant, etc.), gastric protectants, and anticonvulsants (e.g., phenobarbital, diazepam) may be warranted. Baseline blood work

(including liver and renal values, blood glucose, PCV, TS) should be monitored closely. A daily chemistry should be rechecked for 2-3 days. Patients which have ingested a mushroom with muscarinic properties may develop clinical signs of SLUDGE: salivation, lacrimation, urination, diarrhea, GI upset, and emesis, and should be treated with atropine. Prognosis ranges from good to poor, depending on the type of mushroom ingested.

Resource: Pet Poison Helpline, a division of SafetyCall International, is an animal poison control service based out of Minneapolis available 24 hours, seven days a week for pet owners and veterinary professionals who require assistance treating a potentially poisoned pet. As the most cost-effective option for animal poison control care, Pet Poison Helpline’s fee of $39 per incident includes unlimited follow-up consultations for that exposure. Pet Poison Helpline is available in North America by calling 800213-6680. Additional information can be found online at www.petpoisonhelpline. com. Pet Poison Helpline also offers an iPhone application with an extensive database of plants, chemicals, foods and drugs that are poisonous to pets. It has powerful indexing feature that allows users to search for toxins, cross-referencing them by common and scientific terms, and full-color photos for identifying poisonous plants and substances. For emergencies, it has a direct dial feature to the veterinary experts at Pet Poison Helpline. Called Pet Poison Help, the iPhone app is available on iTunes. More information is available here.

When is When?

By Diane Filarczuk

The Journey I faced When is When this year when my 13.5 year Siberian husky and best friend stared osteosarcoma in the face. We were as close as the human/animal bond could be. As anyone who knows me would attest, Samara and I were inseparable. We were together since she was 4 weeks old… travelling across Canada, walking daily on average 5 miles/day, taking her to work with me daily… we had no limits. Being without children or a significant other, she was my everything, so when April of 2011, she was diagnosed with osteosarcoma of the maxillary bone, I spiralled into a painful, emotional tunnel of misery.

When is When? I was determined to win and I was not about to give up. The Guilt Cancer has a close friend; it’s called guilt. “How can I kill my best friend???” I came to realize it wasn’t me that was killing her, it was the disease. “ If I take her life, I will never forgive myself!” I had to tell myself I’m setting her free from pain and misery, giving her permission to move on. “Am I being selfish because I don’t want to do the work to take care of her anymore?” I know in my heart, I did everything absolutely possible for my girl, no regrets.

“My old girl is not doing well. We were up all night and *sniff* *sniff*..., I was... just wondering about, ... if it’s time... you know...” Every technician is faced with this question at some time (usually on a Friday) and unfortunately all too frequently. As a part of life’s circle, we all must face the inevitable next phase in life. How do we offer support to our clients and, as always, help our patients? Perhaps sharing my personal story will help handle this emotionally exhausting situation.

were successfully treating. She had lost 30% of her body weight. I desperately cooked meal after meal for her, hoping she’d gain a bit back or at least stabilize. I was emotionally, physically, and mentally exhausted.

We fought tooth and nail, literally, against cancer. Anyone who has experienced cancer, knows, what a vicious enemy it is. No two days are the same, the very tenacity of how cancers wins, it keeps us constantly changing, leaving us unable to adapt fast enough to keep up with it. We performed the surgery, she recovered nicely, but we lost the coin toss of 50/50. It came back. We fought with medicine. We fought with prayer. We fought with holistic methods. We fought with reiki. We fought with everything I had in me. I was syringe feeding my best friend everyday, 3x/day for 5 months, praying over every meal, pilling her 6x/day an hour before meals or 2 hours after, again, doing reiki, walking whatever distances she felt that day, only to have to run home to get my van to pick her up as she was too tired to continue. She had also a grade III/VI heart murmur which we

The Decision Then came Monday, January 9, 2012. When is when? I had planned to move west (home) in 2 weeks mostly to bring Samara home. I so wanted her to walk on prairie soil again, hear and smell the gophers, walk the walks we did when she was a healthy pup … When is When?? We got into the van to go to work, like any other day. I texted some friends, saying, “I think today might be Samara’s day” After my veterinarian examined her… I spent some time thinking, talking to my close friends, then I had made the decision.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

and that she was comforted and safe and knew that she was loved unconditionally rather than being alone in the night, likely in distress. Only the caregiver of the beautiful creature can make the decision. And then, you need to give yourself permission to grieve, for however long it takes you. It’s ok. You need time to heal. Surround yourself with familiarity and comfort. You have undergone a tragedy. I am grateful to have known someone to whom it was so hard to say goodbye. I love my girl dearly, and I am at peace, and I know she is too… On January 9, 2012, at 1:40 EST, on a sunny, warm afternoon, Samara went peacefully, and as gentle as a lamb, surrounded by her friends and the one who loved her most, me. When is When? Four months later, I can summarize my decision process and it is what I tell people whose love for their fur-bearing, four-legged friends goes beyond “just a pet”. When is When? For me, when was when: 1. The dignity of the animal is gone. That Monday morning, for the first time ever, she urinated in her bed, fell out of her bed, hitting the softball sized lump that protruded from her face, causing it to leave blood smears on her bed. 2. Quality of life has deteriorated. Samara and I had walked literally thousands of miles in our life together. 23,725 miles over 13 years, or 5 times across Canada! Now she struggled with one mile. It wasn’t her anymore. She would struggle with trying to eat a little bit of meat rather than that syringed mash of canned “soup”. Everything was a struggle.

I learned that I was the one holding her here. I had to let her go. I was at peace, and my reiki master felt Samara was at peace. Now, I am so glad I chose to set her free, when we both were at peace and on a nice, warm sunny afternoon as opposed to waking up in the middle of the night to cries of pain or choking, than making that hurried decision when at an emotional high. No one wants that kind of last memory of their beloved. 4. It’s not about me, It’s all about her. Just that. It’s not about me. It’s about her. 5. Look into their eyes. That Monday morning, I lay on the floor with my face close to hers, and I looked into her eyes. She told me she was tired. The Comfort I wished she would just go in her sleep, but in retrospect, I am glad that God didn’t have that plan. I realised, that I got to be with her in her last moments,

As I drove home that evening, for the first time without my girl, the sun was setting. I asked if I could have a sign that she was ok. And as I drove around a curve, the most amazing golden sunset shone - one you rarely see where I was living. I looked for an “S” in the few clouds. Then I heard in a young girl’s voice, “I’m here, and I’m happy”. In Tribute to my beloved puppin, Samara

“I love you always, forever and ever” “I’ll meet you on the other side” Samara’s mommie

3. Everyone is at peace. I had gone through 6 hours of reiki training the day before, which helped me understand “transitioning” to the next phase of life, and understanding spirits.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Thanks to PREVICOX , Max is dating again. ®

Help eliminate the pain of osteoarthritis for your patients. Dogs get the same kind of osteoarthritis (OA) joint pain and inflammation as people, but they typically hide it better. Talk to your clients about the symptoms of OA, and let them know about PREVICOX – it can help their dog live life to the fullest. In a study involving osteoarthritic dogs, 91% of owners indicated that their dogs’ symptoms improved on PREVICOX. 1

PREVICOX. Less pain for dogs. More relief for dog owners. Experience the PREVICOX difference for yourself... If your dog has been diagnosed with OA ask your Merial Technical Sales Representative if your dog qualifies for the free PREVICOX VetTech Trial.

www.merial.ca

1 Ryan W, et al. Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of a New NSAID, Firocoxib: A 1,000 Dog Study. Veterinary Ther. 2006 Summer;7(2): 119-126 PREVICOX® is a registered trademark of Merial Limited. © 2011 Merial Canada Inc. All rights reserved. PREV-11-1751-JATECH(E) MERP-2132

Animal Hospital Advocate Program Canadian Animal Assistance Team Since 2005, hundreds of veterinary technicians have joined the Canadian Animal Assistance Team (CAAT) and have volunteered their time to help in our mission to provide veterinary services in remote and underserved communities in Canada and internationally. The value of our veterinary technician members on our CAAT projects cannot be overemphasized. The technicians provide support for the veterinarians, education for the local community members, as well as animal health care in the community. Being a part of one of the CAAT projects gives technicians the hands-on opportunity to be personally involved in the welfare of animals in Canadian (and international) communities. As much as our travel team technicians are invaluable, so are our members that stay home!!! There are technicians that are unable to participate in a project due to life circumstances – young family, hate to fly, insufficient finances, restricted vacation time, etc. That does not mean that they cannot be involved in CAAT! Without the support of members that assist with fundraising, raising awareness, serving on one of our committees, etc. the projects would not happen. There are many ways to become involved and support our mission, regardless of whether you can participate in one of the travel teams. Over the past 2 years, more and more veterinary hospital owners and their staff have expressed interest in assisting CAAT in its mission through raising awareness and/or support through funding. This interest has prompted us to launch our CAAT Animal Hospital Advocates program.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Being a CAAT Animal Hospital Advocate can involve any or all of the following: • Memorial inserts - these are cards that can be put into sympathy cards to show your clients that you have given a donation to CAAT in memory of their pet • In clinic fundraisers – sell catnip pillows or bandanas (instructions on how to make them are available from CAAT) • Hold a dog walk-a-thon • “LIKE” our facebook page to link it to yours to create awareness • Link our website to yours to create

awareness • Posters and pamphlets are available for your fundraiser explaining that the 100% of the proceeds will go to CAAT. • Your donation cheque to CAAT will be eligible for a tax receipt! The ability to reach remote and underserved communities in need requires a great deal of planning and funding. The more people that know about CAAT and our mission, the more donations we will receive and the more animals we can reach. Veterinary hospitals are in a unique position to reach a large group of people that care about animals. Your assistance would be greatly appreciated by CAAT and the communities that the organization serves. .

DONATE Online: You can go to our website and donate through our on-line partner CanadaHelps.org. You can give once or register to send a monthly donation if you prefer. BECOME A MEMBER: People from all walks of life can assist CAAT in its mission. Go to our website and fill in the membership application form and get involved! Please go to our website at www.caatcanada-org for more details about CAAT and the projects we have performed and are working toward achieving in 2012. There are many ways to become involved, please join us in our mission!

The OAVT does not necessarily endorse any of the following employment opportunities or the interviewing/ hiring techniques implemented. There is a fee for placement of ads. Please see Job Ad Form online for further details. The OAVT reserves the right to edit as space allows.

placement of an employment ad > Placement of an employment ad within the TECHNEWS newsletter is for a one issue period, which also includes placement of the same ad upon the OAVT website at www.oavt.org/employment for a three month period or until the next issue ofTECHNEWS is published. • Ads may contain graphics as long as they are no larger than 3.5” x 2” at 300 dpi. All graphics for the web may be in colour format. • The OAVT reserves the right to edit any employment ads. • Charges for ad placement are outlined below. Any requested changes to an ad already placed will be treated as a new ad and billed. Advertisement Rates

• Website Only: $50.00 • Website and TECHNEWS (Members Rate): $50.00 first 20 words, $1.00 for each additional word • Website and TECHNEWS (Non-Members Rate): $75.00 first 20 words, $1.50 for each additional word

* Taxes not included in above mentioned rates If you want to use graphics in employment ads, please refer to the following display ad rates: Full Page $1395.00* Half Page $895.00* Quarter Page $595.00* * Taxes not included in above mentioned rates PLEASE NOTE: All Employment Ads must be submitted on the OAVT website. Payment by Cheque/Money Order/VISA (payable to OAVT) may be mailed to: OAVT, Job Ad Placement Ontario Agricentre Suite 104, 100 Stone Road West Guelph, ON N1G 5L3

11334 (Aug 7, 2012) Registered Veterinary Technician Active progressive small animal clinic looking for full time Registered Veterinary Technician, new grads welcome. Clinic located just out side of Ottawa. Please contact Barb Bacon via email at barbaconhome@gmail.com. 11315 (Jul 28, 2012) Emergency/After hours 24 hours continuous care hospital requires RVT or equivalent for weeknights, weekend day and nights and holidays. Self motivated and hard working full time or part time. Even if you want some extra cash for a night or two per month, this is a great working environment. Please email clarksonvet@rogers.com with resume. 11289 (Jul 18, 2012) RVT The Veterinary Emergency Clinic located near Yonge and Bloor is currently looking for an RVT to join our team. This is an exciting opportunity to work in a fast-paced environment consisting of emergency, critical care (ICU) and specialty practices (incl. Internal Medicine/Oncology, Neurology, Surgery, Dermatology, Dentistry, Cardiology, Ophthalmology, and Anesthesia). If you are interested in becoming a critical part of a diverse team of professionals, including board-certified specialists, experienced veterinarians, RVTs and support staff, then the VEC is the place for you. We offer a competitive salary and comprehensive benefits plan for full time staff which includes life insurance, medical, dental and vision coverage plus an array of fringe benefits

such as pet care and scrub allowance to name a few. Please forward your resume to the attention of Morgan Betts, Human Resources via e-mail at: hr@vectoronto.com or via fax: (416) 9206185. Please note that the VEC hires only RVTs for nursing positions, if you are not a Registered Technician and would like to apply for the position of Animal Care Attendant please note ACA resume in the subject line or cover letter. 11287 (Jul 18, 2012) Pet Groomer Paulmac’s Pet Foods located in Peterborough, Ontario requires an experienced groomer to operate the Groomingdales Salon in the store. Contact Darlene at 705 760-1930 or 705 742-1311 for more information. 11265 (Jul 6, 2012) Part Time Receptionist We are a progressive clinic treating our animal clients with both holistic and conventional medicine. We are looking for an ethusiastic team player to join our clinic who is willing to work in a busy environment. Experience is an asset but not required. Please email resume to Holisticpetvet.com Fax: 416-285-7483 11246 (Jul 3, 2012) RVT Wanted in Toronto Our full service veterinary facility, located in Toronto, is currently recruiting for a full time RVT.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

This position would involve assisting Veterinarians with treatments on companion animals, client communications/follow-ups, anesthetic monitoring during surgery, dentistry and various administrative responsibilities. The successful candidate will be a team player with good communication and practical skills. Knowledge of Avimark would be an asset. The schedule for this position would be Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday from 10 am to 6 pm with the possibility of working up until 8 pm. Saturdays may be required at some point in the future. Our hospital offers competitive wages and health and dental benefits. Interested applicants can submit their resume in confidence to dcairawsah@gmail.com. 11207 (Jun 7, 2012) After hours/Emergency Technician Fabulous opportunity. We are looking for full or part time experienced technician, with excellent communication skills for high quality 24 hour continuous care small animal hospital. Digital xray, in house lab, great clientele, wonderful team to work with. Weeknights, weekend day/night, holidays - rotating shifts. Please email clarksonvet@rogers.com

11200 (Jun 5, 2012) Veterinary Technician Do you have exotic experience or interest? Greenwood Park Animal Hospital is seeking a full time technician. Applicant must be an enthusiastic, team player with excellent communication skills. Competitive salary, CE (expand you skill set) allowance, dues fees allowance & health benefits. Please email your resume to Kirsti Munn kerti99@hotmail.com. No phone calls please. 11196 (Jun 1, 2012) Overnight Emergency Veterinary Technician New and exciting opportunity at Central Toronto Veterinary Referral Clinic and Central Toronto Veterinary Emergency Clinic. We are a new state-of-the-art medicine and surgery referral hospital. We are opening an overnight and weekend emergency clinic. We are looking for a compassionate and clientservice driven registered veterinary technician to work nights. Opportunities to develop special areas of interest, help with CE, and expand on your skill set as our hospital grows. Applicants can email their resumes to CTVRC@CTVRC.com 11188 (May 31, 2012) Veterinary receptionist Well established pet hospital requires full time receptionist for our Brantford location. We are striving for excellent and high quality customer service. This is a busy, modern, rapidly growing nine veterinarian AAHA practice offering updated technology/paperless medical record system etc. Looking for high energy, result focused individual with telephone, customer service, computer related experience and compassion for our profession! Contact Dianna Fax 519-756-2305, beattie.petvet@rogers.com

ThankYou Since our summer issue of 2005, TECHNEWS has published over 25 unique articles authored by M. Christi Cooper RVT, CRSP, CHSC. Delving into industry related ergonomics, personal protective equipment (PPE), WHMIS, and so much more, Christi’s acute awareness of the particular occupational health and safety issues surrounding veterinary technology and the veterinary industry has proven an outstanding resource to our readership. It is with great enthusiasm that TECHNEWS applauds Christi’s current undertaking; achieving her Master’s degree in Public Health. Continuing in her role at the University of Guelph as the Agricultural and Veterinary Safety Officer and completing her Master’s degree simultaneously, (it is understanding that) Christi will be taking a well-deserved hiatus from publishing her quarterly safety articles in TECHNEWS. In order to continue premium content delivery in the TECHNEWS Safety column, we are pleased to announce that will be publishing articles from a variety of equally reputable authors. TECHNEWS wants to express our gratitude to Christi for her tremendous work over the years and wishes her all the best in her future endeavours.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

B E H AV I O U R C O L U M N

Dealing with Animal Behaviour Issues

by Gary Landsberg BSc, DVM, DACVB, DECAWBM and Dr Sagi Denenberg DVM, MACVSc (Behaviour)

Dealing with animal behaviour issues in a veterinary practice is often a frustrating experience. This new feature section will provide basic information about many animal behaviour issues. Articles originally oublished in OVMA Focus and have been modified slightly.

and humans do not form a pack, and communicate in two completely different languages. Only with a proper understanding of normal species behaviour and learning principles, can dogs be humanely trained and behaviour problems prevented or resolved.2

Introduction to Animal Behaviour and Behaviour Professionals In the August 2008 issue of Veterinary Medicine, Dr Melissa Bain (Veterinary Behaviourist, UC, Davis) wrote a commentary on the increasing number of individuals who profess to be behaviourists.1 As Dr Bain stated, ‘There are no uniform standards for evaluating the competency of animal behaviourist or trainers” and “anyone can call himself or herself a behaviourist”.

Current Research A number of studies have documented the benefits of reinforcement-based training and the detrimental effects of punishment, including a study that found that owners that did not attend any training classes had dogs with higher aggression scores, while attendance at puppy classes was associated with reduced reactivity to dogs outside the home.3 The lowest attention seeking, fear (avoidance) and aggression was seen in dogs trained only with positive reinforcement. Dogs trained with a combination of reinforcement and punishment had the highest aggression scores and were more reactive to dogs and people outside the home.

Many of those giving behaviour advice, including some of the most popular TV dog trainers, continue to follow the unsubstantiated, confrontational, forceful and sometimes inhumane principles of trying to explain dog-human relationships in terms of a dominance hierarchy (perhaps ironically the antithesis of Dog Whispering). This is contrary to what current research tells us about animal behaviour and how animals learn. Dogs

Recommendations Based on what we know about animal learning, it is important when referring clients to trainers, to be certain that they use positive reinforcement, have a good understanding of learning principles, have good communication skills, attend continuing education, use appropriate behaviour techniques (e.g. lure, clicker or head halter training) and are members of a recognized training organization such

as the Canadian or American Professional Pet Dog Trainer Association. Trainers that use harsh or ‘corrective’ techniques, teach the outmoded theory of pack leadership, or advocate dominance as a means of forcing a dog into submission, are likely causing more harm than good, and possibly placing the pet, the owner, and others in danger. It is also important that trainers recognize their role in preventing and managing unruly behaviours and those problems that require referral to a behaviourist.4 Behaviourist Referrals When clinics refer clients to animal behaviourists, it is important to note that there are two categories of animal behaviourists. The first are diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Behaviourists (ACVB), of which there are now 55 that have achieved board certification (4 in Canada). Veterinarians who wish to become board certified need to complete a residency program with an ACVB diplomate, submit case reports, publish a behavioural study and pass the board exams. In addition, since only veterinarians can legally diagnose, rule out medical causes and dispense drugs, ACVB diplomates provide both a veterinary and behavioural perspective. Veterinary behaviourists (see www.dacvb.org) are bound to a strict set of ethical and legal standards by both their specialty college and state or provincial licensing bodies and regularly attend (and often present) continuing education. A second category of certification for those with a post graduate degree in animal behaviour but do not require a veterinary degree are referred to as Applied Animal Behaviourists. These individuals are certified by the Animal Behaviour Society based on their education and clinical experience. When referring to an Applied Animal Behaviourist, coordi-

Dr. Gary Landsberg is a veterinary behaviourist at the North Toronto Animal Clinic in Thornhill, ON (northtorontovets.com) and is mentor for three ACVB behaviour residents including Dr Sagi Denenberg who works with him at the North Toronto Animal Clinic (northtorontovets.com), Dr Colleen Wilson at th Osgoode Animal Clinic (osgoodevet.com) and DrTheresa DePorter at the Oakland Veterinary Referral Service in Michigan.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

references > 1. Bain M. Not all animal behaviourists are created equal. Vet Med, August, 2008, 422, http://www.nxtbook.com/nxtbooks/ advanstar/vm0808/#/10 2. Donaldson J. The Culture Clash, James and Kenneth Publishers, 1995 3. Blackwell EJ, Twells C, Seawright A, Casey RA. The relationship between training methods and the occurrence of behaviour problems, as reported by owners, in a population of domestic dogs. J Vet Behav, 2008, 2, 207-217 4. Luescher AU, Flannigan G, Mertens P. The role and limitations of trainers in behaviour treatment and therapy. J Vet Behav 2007, 2, 26-27 5. Luescher AU, Flannigan G, Mertens P. The role and responsibilities of behaviour technicians in behavioural treatment and therapy. J Vet Behav 2007, 2, 23-25 6. Landsberg GM, Shaw J, Donaldson J. Handling Behaviour Problems in the Practice Setting. Vet Clin N Am Sm Anim Pract, 2008, 38, 951-95 This article was reprinted with permission from the Ontario Veterinary Medical Association.

nated case supervision with the referring veterinarian is essential to rule out medical problems and behavioural illnesses and to determine whether drugs might be indicated. Interested in Studying Animal Behaviour further? Certification has also recently been approved for the Academy of Veterinary Behavioural Technicians. Technicians interested in pursuing a behavioural path should start by joining the Society of Behavioural Technicians (svbt.org). See the references below for some recent articles on the roles of technicians and trainers and how behaviour problems can be handled in the veterinary practice. 5,6,7 The American Society of Animal Behaviour (AVSAB; www.avsabonline.org) website houses position statements about issues such as puppy socialization classes, how to choose a behavioural professional, and punishment guidelines. This is a great resource for veterinary clients.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Client Education Videos Make quick and easy videos showing clients how to pill a cat, how to give insulin injections, how to apply flea and tick preventives, etc. Upload the videos to your website or social media site, or email them directly to clients. (Firstline) Contests for Clients and Pets Use monthly themed specials to motivate and engage clients. In the summer hold a “Biggest Loser” contest for pets on veterinarian-approved weight loss programs. In October, hold a costume contest, and in the winter, hold a food drive for local shelters. Participating clients’ names can be entered into a monthly drawing for a free nail trim and goody bag. (Veterinary Technician Journal) A Few Tips for Clients to Help their Dogs Recover from Knee or Hip Surgery 1) Offer written treatment or discharge instructions, and review these, along with any medications, with the pet owner before they see their pet. Keep a copy of these instructions for your records. 2) Two people should pick up a dog from the hospital: One person to drive the car, and one to sit with the dog, keeping them quiet and recumbent. 3) Stress that using a pen or crate at home to restrict a dog’s activity for a few weeks would be advisable. 4) Place mats or carpet runners (with rubber backing) for any hardwood, tile or non-carpeted floors. 5) Suggest clients use a Kong (or a similar toy) and fill it with fat free yogurt and freeze it. Since a dog’s activity will be restricted, they will build up a lot of energy. A dog may spend 30-60 minutes working the frozen yogurt from the Kong, providing good mental stimulation. Fat free yogurt will prevent an inactive dog from gaining too much weight. Easy-to-Use Antiseptic in Exotics A children’s antiseptic mouthwash in fruit or berry flavour applied on a cotton swab is better tolerated by rabbits, ferrets, rodents, birds, and reptiles to swab tooth extraction sites and clean oral abscesses and wounds. The children’s brands don’t contain alcohol and don’t sting. They make it easy for clients to treat gingivitis or other oral problems and are effective in keeping oral suture sites clean. (Veterinary Medicine)

US - Study: Infants in Household with Dogs Are Healthier - According to the Wall Street Journal, infants living in households with dogs were healthier and had fewer ear infections than those without a dog, a study in the medical journal Pediatrics found. Researchers also found that cats appeared to offer some protection, but the link wasn’t as strong. The study, based on 397 children who lived in rural and suburban parts of Finland, examined whether contact with dogs and cats during a baby’s first year offers any protection from respiratory tract infections, such as colds and resulting common ear infections.

Global news

US - VP lists Dog-Park Related Conditions The Veterinary Pet Insurance (VPI) recently sorted its database of more than 420,000 dogs to determine common dog park-related medical conditions in 2011, according to DVM Newsmagazine. The conditions were: Sprains and soft tissue injuries, Lacerations and bite wounds; Kennel cough or upper respiratory infection; Insect bites; Head trauma; Hyperthermia or heat stroke; Parasite infection; and Parvovirus. The most expensive medical condition on the list, hyperthermia or heat stroke, cost an average of $584 per pet, while insect bites, the least expensive condition, cost an average of $141 per pet.

US - “Rattlesnake Bit Me in WalMart” Man Says- Mica Craig, 47, says he was shopping in the outdoor garden department of a Clarkston store when he was bitten May 12th. Craig says it latched onto his hand and that he screamed, shook loose the snake and stomped it to death. A bystander drove Craig to an emergency room in nearby Lewiston. Craig said he was treated with six bags of anti-venom and was told that his hand could be permanently disfigured. (AP) Canada - New All-Dairy Tradeshow Announced for Canada - The Canadian Dairy XPO (CDX), a new large-scale dairy event and a first ever for Canada, will mix dairy agribusiness, breed associations, and the research community under one huge roof with dairy producers and global industry stakeholders. In addition to hundreds of dairy product and service providers in the tradeshow halls, the event will feature a worldclass speaker program, live milking robot showdown, working cow showcase, and an evening networking social. All will take place in the new world-class Stratford Rotary Complex February 6-7, 2013. Go to www.dairyxpo.ca for more information. (Canadian Dairy XPO News Release) World - Canine Camera to Aid Police Force - According to CNN, dogs with

Stubbs, a 15-year-old cat, has been the mayor of Talkeetna, Alaska, since shortly after he was born. ((AP Photo/Sandy Bubar))

US - Feline Mayor Turns Alaska Town into Tourist Draw - The mayor of a sleepy U.S. town is feline fine. The Manx cat clawed his way onto the political scene of Talkeetna, Alaska, shortly after he was born 15 years ago. Apparently residents didn’t like the mayoral candidates years ago, so they encouraged enough people to elect Stubbs as a write-in candidate. The town has nearly 900 residents. Although his position is honorary, Stubbs’ popularity is real. His election earned him enough press to catapult the town at the base of Mount McKinley into a tourist destination. Residents say they’re happy that their stubby-tailed mayor is promoting tourism. The general store where Stubbs hangs out says it gets dozens of tourists a day asking for him.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

used by the Staffordshire Police Force can hound criminals in a new way thanks to “FidoCam,” a digital video camera that straps to the canine’s head. The hi-tech digital camera will send back a live view to a colour monitor watched by the dog’s handlers. The cameras will be particularly useful when canine crimefighters are sent into places where it’s unsafe or difficult for their human counterparts to go. Study: Infants in household with dogs are healthier - According to the Wall Street Journal, infants living in households with dogs were healthier and had fewer ear infections than those without a dog, a study in the medical journal Pediatrics found. Researchers also found that cats appeared to offer some protection, but the link wasn’t as strong. The study, based on 397 children who lived in rural and suburban parts of Finland, examined whether contact with dogs and cats during a baby’s first year offers any protection from respiratory tract infections, such as colds and resulting common ear infections.

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

(Source: North American Companion Animal Formulary, 9th edition, 2010)

Canada - Reading Goes to the Dogs at Regina’s Humane Society - The Regina Humane Society has started a new program to help dogs adapt to life in a home before being adopted. But, this is program is different than dropping by the shelter to walk and play with the dogs — it is looking for people to read to the canines. “It’s a great way to have dogs spend some down time with people,” said Teresa Sabourin, a volunteer coordinator of the Regina Humane Society. “They’re much calmer in their kennels.” University students and seniors have already expressed interest in the program.

Common Name 1. tapeworm 2. flea 3. brown dog tick 4. ear mite 5. heartworm 6. American dog tick 7. roundworm 8. hookworm

Scientific Name a) Otodectes spp. b) Dermacentor variabilis c) Toxascaris leonina d) Echinococcus spp. e) Ancylostoma spp. f) Dirofilaria immitis g) Rhipicephalus sanguineus h) Ctenocephalides spp.

Answers: 1 d), 2 h), 3 g) 4 a), 5 f), 6 b), 7 c), 8 e)

A new program at the Humane Society in Regina is looking for people to read to dogs like Dandy, that are waiting for adoption. (CBC )

Match up the common names with the scientific names of these feline parasites.

RVTs in Public Health by Kirsti Clarida, RVT There was a time, in the not so distant past, that a physician and a veterinarian were in fact one individual. Innovation and the evolution of medicine have drastically transformed these disciplines into vastly distinct professions. Understanding that humans and animals now receive independent medical advice, what happens when both owner and pet are independently diagnosed with the same condition? When considering zoonotic infection and vector borne diseases, how does information travel between the two distinct health care industries? An established communication network between the two health care systems would be mutually beneficial. Centralized around public safety, each industry has demonstrated policy directed at preventative and containment measures of disease prevention. Implementation of these policies may, in some cases, be determined on incidence. When addressing a zoonotic condition or a vector-borne disease, the scope of incidence should include both industries. To illustrate an example, Medical doctors collecting information regarding incidence of Lyme disease are including only half of the pertinent data available if they are not receiving communication from veterinarians in the same region regarding the incidence of Lyme disease in dogs. It could be said that rate of incidence reports would be most accurate and most effective when includ-

ing all incidents in all affected species. Increasing the accuracy of information would enable greater opportunity to increase preventative education in affected regions. Increased communication and education between both sectors will also support greater risk management efforts. Combined focus on zoonotic and vector borne disease risk management may serve to increase efficacy and decrease transmission. In May 2011, the Ontario Ministry of Health and LongTerm Care unveiled the initial phase, the One Health pilot program, which aims to create a network of veterinarians and registered veterinary technicians who engage in primary care practice with an interest in public health. Linkage between the veterinary community and the provincial public health veterinarian as well as local public health units would create a broader range of communication. These relationships will service to connect to provincial oversight for tracking and trending events while working alongside regional agencies to increase risk management, and public safety. Establishing this communication network is well underway. As of August 2012, 60 RVT volunteers throughout the 6 participating public health regions in southern Ontario have stepped forward to spread/increase awareness. Should you wish to join the efforts and make a difference in changing the landscape of united health, please contact the OAVT office.

EQUINE NEWS

LongRun Retirement Through fundraising and volunteer work, as well as assistance from the Ontario thoroughbred industry, LongRun evaluates retired racehorses, provides any needed care and fostering they require, and works to place them in permanent, loving homes. Currently, LongRun does not have a permanent facility and relies on temporary foster homes. Funds raised by LongRun are used to cover foster care expenses, such as: feed, shipping and blacksmith services, basic re-training, medical expenses, as well as for miscellaneous expenses such as blankets and halters. LongRun welcomes new volunteers to participate at fundraising events, perform farm inspections, and to follow up with adoptees by visiting them at their new homes as a LongRun guardian!

One Stop for Equine Webinars WebLeC which provides equine veterinary webinars with leading experts in medicine and surgery. Twenty hours of recorded sessions plus an average of two per month are planned over the next year. Go to: www.weblec.co.uk Barn Fires Can Be Devestating to Your Clients. Help Them Prevent Disaster with These Tips According to the Humane Society of the United States, barn fires are the leading disaster for horses. Preventing barn fires and being prepared in the event of a fire can mean the difference between life and death for your clients’ animals. Knowledge of the danger of fires and how to deal with them are essential, and vigilance is key to prevention. Here are some tips you can use to educate your clients.

So, if you have an extra stall in your barn, consider adopting a LongRun retiree. • There are many beautiful thoroughbreds available in the program, just waiting for that special person to bring them home. •

• •

•

in or near the barn. Engine heat and backfires can spark a flame. Store other machinery and flammable materials outside the barn. Inspect electrical systems regularly and immediately correct any problems. Rodents can chew on electrical wiring and cause damage that quickly becomes a fire hazard. Keep appliances to a minimum in the barn. Use stall fans, space heaters, and radios only when someone is in the barn. Be sure hay is dry before storing it. Hay that is too moist may spontaneously combust. Store hay outside the barn in a dry, covered area when possible.

For a PDF from the HSUS that you can share with your clients about barn safety, go to http://www.humanesociety.org/ assets/pdfs/Horse-Barn-Fire-Publication.pdf (Veterinary Economics)

Prohibit smoking in or around the barn. A discarded cigarette can ignite dry bedding or hay in seconds. Avoid parking tractors and vehicles

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Investigate the provincial association’s web sites for details on other continuing education opportunities. Current as of: August 2012

Dechra Adds New Education Modules Dechra Veterinary Products announced the addition of three new modules to its U.S. continuing education site: www.DechraCE.com In addition to the original modules, Diagnosing Canine Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s Syndrome) and Treating Canine Hyperadrenocorticism, the site now offers three new modules: Diagnosing Feline Hyperthyroidism; Treating Feline Hyperthyroidism; and Cushing’s Syndrome: Inside and Out. Dr. Bryon Blagburn, MS, PhD: Emerging Issues in Heartworm Health Available on demand. www.heartwormwebinar.ca Flea & Tick Borne Diseases, Bayer HealthCare, Animal Health Webinar: www.learnwithbayer.ca

2012 November 6, 2012 12:00-1:00pm CST Kitchen Toxins Dangerous to Pets Speakers: Justine A. Lee, DVM, DACVECC Ahna G. Brutlag, DVM, MS I Hour of RACE approved CE Register at www.petpoisonhelpline.com/ veterinarians/webinars. November 10 Champlain Dog Club; Dr. Jean Dodds Seminar - Thyroid Related Problems Location: Petawawa, Ontario November 9-11 The Communication Summit for the Veterinary Practice Team A Communication Boot Camp that will take your practice to the next level in customer relations, teamwork and patient care. Location: Hockley Valley Resort, Ontario www.iccvm.com 1-888-527-3434 for more details. November 17 & 18 Hands-on Continuing Education in Anesthesia for Veterinarians and Technicians A unique opportunity for veterinarians

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

and technicians to advance their clinical skills in anesthesia delivery, anesthesia related problem solving and pain management. Location: Red River College Winnipeg, Manitoba Tuition Fees Saturday only - $235.00 Saturday and Sunday - $725.00 Includes anesthesia protocols manual morning and afternoon coffee breaks and lunch. http://www.nancybrockvetservices.com/ InnoVetEduc/Program_Details.html

2013 January 24-26 OVMA Conference & Trade Show Location: Westin Harbour Castle, Toronto, Ontario www.ovma.org February 21-23 35th Annual OAVT Conference and Trade Fair Location: The London Convention Centre, 300 York Street, London, Ontario

Did You Know? Study Examines Home-Alone Dogs and TV Programming Preliminary research by Dr. Nicholas Dodman, a veterinary behaviorist, and his team indicates that dogs left home alone prefer canine-oriented TV over other human programming. According to Dr. Dodman, dogs suffer from separation anxiety, even depression, when home alone. To address this angst, 61 percent of dog owners in the U.S. keep a radio or television on in the house. The study exposed dogs to several controlled scenarios: human TV channels such as CNN and Animal Planet, DOGTV or no television. Results concluded that 89 percent of dogs showed a preference for DOGTV over no TV; an average of 75 percent of dog viewers watched at least one segment of DOGTV longer than human TV channels. Results revealed that a dog’s average viewing time is limited to about 12 to 13 percent of the time spent home alone. (Veterinary Advantage Weekly News) Cats Are All Ears Cats can hear nearly three times more frequencies than humans can. A cat’s hearing stops at 80 kilohertz, a dog’s at 45 kHz, and a human’s at a lowly 20 kHz. Because cats can rotate their ears and focus each ear independently, they also can hear well from all directions. A cat can rotate its outer ear to locate a sound -- such as the sound of a mouse’s footsteps trying to sneak by -- 10 times faster than a dog. (veterinarypartner.com) Pet Health in 2011 Banfield Pet Health’s 2011 ‘State of Pet Health’ document released in the spring, presented some concerning conclusions (shown below). In 2011, they saw more than 2 million dogs and almost 1/2 million cats. Data from those sorts of numbers is certainly statistically significant. 1. Diabetes mellitus increased by 32% in dogs and 16% in cats from 2006 to 2011 2. Dental disease increased by 12% in dogs and 10% in cats 3. Ear infections (otitis externa) increased by 9% in dogs and 34% in cats 4. Obesity…up 37% in dogs and 90% in cats!! 5. Arthritis is up 38% in dogs and 67% in cats. Another disconcerting finding - only 36% of dog owners and 28% of cat owners would take their pet to a veterinarian to manage an existing condition or disease. (http://www.stateofpethealth.com/)

Pet “Tattoos” Hot Trend in Grooming Pet tattoos—airbrushed designs most commonly created with a stencil and non-toxic dye especially made for animals—are a growing trend, according to the National Association of Professional Creative Groomers (NAPCG). The practice is an off-shoot of specialty or creative grooming, such as transforming a pet into a panda or other exotic creatures, that emerged about three years ago.

Weight Loss Camp... For Dogs? According to news station KATU, Indigo Ranch in Vernonia, Oregon offers a service called ‘Doggie Fat Camp.’ The 16-acre ranch offers cage-free boarding, along with an exercise and diet plan for overweight pooches, for either four ($800+) or eight weeks ($1600+). Maybe that’s a deal when you consider the cost of caring for an obese animal!

A typical “tattoo” starts at $10 and can go as high as $20 or more depending on design intricacy and colours. An online store, pet-ink.com, offers do-it-yourself kits, including Hello Kitty, John Deere tractor and Rolling Stones mouth-type logos starting at $6.99. The technique works best on animals with white or light-coloured fur, and designs gradually wash out over time. (USA Today)

No one really can say how many bones a cat has, and the Manx is one of the reasons why. A long-tailed Maine Coon cat will have more vertebrae than a Manx with no tail or a Manx mix with just part of a tail. And a polydactyl cat (one with extra toes) will have extra bones as well. The range is usually between 230 and 250, with the average cat counting about 244 bones. Any way you count it, the average cat has about 30 more bones than we do. But we have something cats don’t: collarbones. Without a collarbone, though, a cat can fit its body through openings the size of its head. Assuming he isn’t overweight, of course.. (veterinarypartner.com)

TECHNEWS | VOLUME 36 ISSUE 1

Introducing Canine

Veterinary Care Nutrition

TM/MC

The most innovative and precise approach to health nutrition addressing the specific needs of small, medium and large dogs.

IT’S NICE TO BE ABLE TO TELL YOUR CLIENTS...

Protect Your Pet. Protect Your Home.

For over a decade, veterinarians and pet owners have trusted Revolution® to protect their pets and their homes. Only Revolution kills fleas at 3 stages – eggs, larvae and adults. pah.pfizer.ca 1-800-461-0917 Revolution is a registered trademark of Pfizer Products Inc., Pfizer Canada Inc., licensee. ™ Trademark of Pfizer Products Inc., Pfizer Canada Inc., licensee. REV-144

(selamectin topical solution)

Just one touch protects so much