Kenya, Ol Pejeta Conservancy – view of Mount Kenya © Yves Terracol, AFD
Agence Française de Développement
PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Protected areas for biodiversity conservation and development
China, wetland reserve in Liaoning province © G2S Creative Workshop
Protecting outstanding natural ecosystems worldwide is essential, including the range of locally and globally recognized services provided by nature to the benefit of human communities. This is especially important in developing countries that manage a large part of the world’s biodiversity and where peoples’ livelihoods are highly reliant on nature.
Nature and development A few figures The estimated economic cost of global biodiversity loss
is €14 trillion by 2050 (TEEB 2010)
80% of biodiversity loss has a direct impact on the
wellbeing of 2.4 billion people living on less than $2 per day Through the Aichi Targets, by 2020 the international
community is committed to preserving: “at least 17% of terrestrial and inland water and 10% of coastal and marine areas, especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, […] through ecologically representative and well-connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider landscape and seascapes.”
Creating and enhancing protected areas to preserve natural habitats of high ecological value, and maintaining and restoring ecological continuities between protected ecosystems are solutions that AFD supports to meet these challenges. AFD – often in partnership with the French Global Environment Facility (FFEM) – cofinances programmes focused on these issues that may have been initiated by public or private bodies, local authorities or civil society organizations.
AFD INTERVENES IN... ■■
The development of protected areas, with major impacts regarding the preservation of critical sites
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The consolidation of existing protected areas
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The reinforcement of national institutions that manage protected areas
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The development of communities living within or on the boundaries of protected areas AFD adopted a biodiversity strategy in 2013 that aims to protect, restore and manage ecosystems while sharing the benefits in countries where interventions are under way. AFD considers all protected area categories outlined by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN).
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Effectively preserving natural environments
Kenya, translocation of a rhinoceros in Meru National Park © Irene Alvarez, AFD
Strengthening the global network of protected areas
AFD promotes the extension of a global network of well managed protected areas by supporting initiatives to strengthen existing protected areas and to create new areas, while ensuring the ecological representativeness of vulnerable natural environments.
Enhancing protected area management ■■
AFD supports capacity building of area managers and eco-guards,
equipment supply, implementation of management and antipoaching plans, infrastructure development and the use of surveillance and scientific monitoring technology.
Strengthening protected area governance ■■
AFD takes the diversity and complementarity of different types
of protected area into account and supports partnerships between governments, private stakeholders and NGOs to enhance protected area management. ■■ AFD supports participatory and contractual management with local communities living within and in the vicinity of protected areas.
Ensuring the continuity of protected area funding ■■
AFD supports innovative funding tools such as payments for environmental services, taxes on economic activities in protected areas, trust funds and conservation foundations, mechanisms to offset biodiversity loss due to economic activities, and State budgeting to ensure recurrent, necessary and sufficient resources.
Biodiversity conservation and development of pastoral communities in northern Kenya In the dryland region of northern Kenya, the forest stand on Mount Marsabit is an outstanding natural site that offers the only permanent source of water in the region. In this highly endangered ecosystem, over 100 ha of forest have disappeared yearly since 1995. From 2013 to 2018, AFD and FFEM are cofunding this project (€8 million and €1.5 million, respectively) to protect the Marsabit Forest, promote communitybased sustainable natural resource management in the buffer zone of the protected area, with the participation of local pastoral communities, and to promote tourism. The project jointly involves the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and Kenya Forest Service (KFS), local authorities, local development NGOs, pastoral communities and Marsabit County representatives.
Boosting nature awareness, training and insight ■■
AFD supports environmental education and awareness programmes of all stakeholders, visitors, local communities and decision makers.
Kenya, herders in the vicinity of Marsabit Forest © Julien Calas, FFEM
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Ensuring ecological continuity between protected areas
Biodiversity preservation in Mexico
AFD supports the inclusion of the network of protected areas in land-use planning policies because of the importance of ecological corridors between protected areas in preserving the capacity of ecosystems to provide essential goods and services.
Strengthening the capacity of local and national institutions ■■
Mexico, a resplendent quetzal © Julien Calas, FFEM
Mexico is the fourth-ranking ‘megadiverse’ country in the world and hosts 12% of global biodiversity. The National Commission of Natural Protected Areas (CONANP) manages 174 protected areas, covering 13% of the national territory. The partnership between AFD, FFEM and CONANP fosters the adoption of new conservation strategies in Mexico that are more acceptable to people living within or in the vicinity of these protected areas, inspired by the French model of regional natural parks. It also enhances the benefits of conservation for local communities through the development of brands and labels for sustainable production in protected areas. Within the framework of this partnership, in addition to an unassigned €60 million budget support loan, Mexico benefits from a technical cooperation programme focused on CONANP’s strategic mid-term priorities and a pilot project on integrated landscape management in the Ameca-Manantlán ecological corridor in the state of Jalisco.
AFD supports institutions responsible for biodiversity conservation, land-use planning, anti-poaching plans and the prevention of human-wildlife conflicts.
Supporting the development of national and local policies to take greater account of biodiversity in landscapes ■■
AFD supports multi-stakeholder processes so as to build a forward-looking vision of landscapes and achieve a trade-off between productive uses and conservation of these areas, while preserving ecological corridors
Preserving and restoring ecological corridors ■■
AFD supports ecological restoration in ecological corridors and the adoption of more environment-friendly practices by local stakeholders (development of green and blue belts, zoning of productive activities, ecological certification of agriculture) and the development of effective land management and governance tools.
Ecological and social corridors in northern Tanzania High population growth is threatening natural corridors that link Lake Manyara and Tarangire National Parks in northern Tanzania due to the conversion of these ecosystems into cropland and livestock rangelands, gradually leading to the ecological isolation of these two parks. To avoid the possibility that these parks become islands of degraded biodiversity in an agricultural and pastoral ocean, AFD has granted €850,000 to the Fondation Internationale pour la Gestion de la Faune (IGF) to promote the development of new ecosystem and biodiversity protection strategies by local communities. This 3-year project is developing new community conservation models and implementing land-use and tenure plans at the village level to ensure the continuity of pastoral activities, while reducing human-wildlife conflicts. This approach should ensure the social and ecological functioning of these last remaining corridors between protected areas in the Rift Valley and Massai Steppe. Burkina Faso, land-use planning consultation workshop © Christophe Du Castel, FFEM
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Local economy and sustainable natural resource management in northern Mozambique Quirimbas National Park, which protects a 7,500 km2 marine and terrestrial area, has been supported by AFD and FFEM (€7.5 million and €1.7 million) since its creation in 2002. In the marine area, the Park has implemented co-management and control mechanisms that have helped drastically reduce illegal exploitation of fisheries resources. The Park has created sanctuaries to ensure the renewal of these resources, with a significant increase in catches by local fishermen. Local fishermen replicate this system, thus effectively contributing to the preservation of natural resources, while enhancing peoples’ incomes and food security in the poorest areas of Mozambique. Mozambique, back from fishing in Quirimbas National Park © S. Nazerali, WWF
Turning protected areas into development zones AFD attaches great importance to the economic benefits of protected areas for directly concerned communities and countries.
Boosting income through economic activities consistent with environmental conservation and sustainable natural resource management objectives.
Partnerships for sustainable management of protected areas in the Indo-Burma hotspot AFD and FFEM provide around €2 million to fund a project for the sustainable co-management of five protected areas in Cambodia, Laos and Myanmar, representing a 2 million ha area. This project, which was set up by the NGO Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), supports initiatives to promote recognition of the rights of local communities
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AFD supports ecotourism in partnership with private operators or local communities. AFD also fosters sustainable agriculture, agroforestry and fisheries, as well as gathering of medicinal plants, especially through certified value chains.
Knowing, recognizing and protecting the usage rights and traditional know-how of local and indigenous people. ■■
AFD funds projects that ensure, in the economic models of protected areas, the fair distribution of benefits associated with the access and use of natural resources for research or commercial purposes.
regarding the access and sustainable use of natural resources. It involves participatory sustainable management approaches and supports conservation agriculture and community ecotourism. Partnerships have been established with companies (tourism, hydroelectricity, oil, gas and mining) to the benefit of local communities. The project will also contribute to the development of national and regional public conservation policies.
Cambodia, an agroforestry landscape © Eric Beugnot, AFD
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Cameroon, Eastern Province, Abong Mbang Road © Didier Simon, FFEM
Forging international partnerships for protected areas The France–International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Framework Agreement Since 2009, AFD has contributed to the France-IUCN Framework Agreement, with the French Ministries of Foreign Affairs, Ecology and the French Overseas Communities. This partnership led to the adoption of a roadmap to strengthen the network of protected areas in Africa and has participated in the development of the IUCN Green List, a new system to certify the quality of protected area management and governance. It has also contributed to the development of a European strategy on biodiversity and the structuring of a funding tool for the French overseas territories (BEST). AFD contributed €5.2 million for the 2013-2016 programme of this Framework Agreement.
The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund, an international initiative The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF) created in 2000 is devoted to the protection, by civil society stakeholders, of endangered ecosystems in biodiversity hotspots. These 34 hotspots host the world’s greatest level of biodiversity, but the thre at to these vital resources is greater than anywhere else. The French territory is directly concerned: Mediterranean, Indian Ocean, New Caledonia, French West Indies and Polynesia. CEPF funds NGOs working on the conservation or sustainable management of biodiversity. Donations range from US$3,000 to US$400,000, and US$150,000 on average. Currently over 1,650 NGOs in 19 of these 34 hotspots have been funded. With a contribution of €19.5 million, AFD has been a CEPF partner since 2007, alongside Conservation International, the Global Environment Facility, the Japanese Government, the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, World Bank and, more recently, the European Union.
Generating knowledge and implementing assessment and monitoring tools Scientific, economic, institutional and social knowledge is essential for the stakeholders (governments, communities, economic operators, civil society and their international partners) in all countries. AFD supports the generation of this knowledge in partnership with different stakeholders, and the development of protected area monitoring and management tools, such as geographical information systems and high resolution satellite imagery.
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT PROTECTED AREAS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Diversified and tailored funding Key figures From 2003 to 2013, overall there were:
Million EUR
AFD and FFEM* commitments for protected areas from 2003 to 2013
39 million ha
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
of protected areas funded
€233 million invested in protected area projects 2003
2004
Subsidy
2005
2006
2007
Loan
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013 Year
€27 million
invested in conservation trust funds
* FFEM projects initiated by AFD
Geographical distribution of protected area projects from 2003 to 2013
36%
Africa Latin America and the Caribbean Asia and South Pacific Overseas territories
Multi-country
3% €6 million
Madagascar, Masoala National Park © Guillaume Chiron, AFD
€83 million
26% €61 million
34% €80 million
1% €3 million
Madagascar Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity Madagascar is one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots, with wildlife and flora species that exist nowhere else on Earth, but which are now threatened by pressure from human activities and climate change. The Madagascar Foundation was created in 2005 with the support of the NGOs Conservation International and WWF, and France through funding from AFD (€2 million) and FFEM (€1 million). France is currently the main contributor, with €16.3 million, or 45% of the trust fund capital. Over 20 terrestrial and marine protected areas in Madagascar receive Foundation funding for biodiversity protection initiatives and socioeconomic activities for local communities living within or in the vicinity of protected areas (conservation agriculture, ecotourism, environmental education, social investments).
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT
LES AIRES PROTÉGÉES AU SERVICE DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
Working on four continents, AFD has seventy-one field offices and bureaus, including nine in France’s overseas provinces and one in Brussels. The Agency provides financing and support for projects that improve living conditions, promote economic growth, and protect the planet. In 2013, AFD committed €7.8 billion to projects in developing and emerging countries and in the French Overseas Provinces. These AFD-financed projects will provide schooling for children, improve maternal health, promote equality between men and women, support farmers and small businesses, and bolster access to drinking water, transportation and energy. These newly-funded projects will also help mitigate climate disruption by abating nearly 3.3 million metric tons of carbon dioxide-equivalent annually.
Mozambique, Quirimbas National Park © F. Sheppers, WWF
This publication was printed in an environmentally responsible manner using vegetable-based ink and PEFC™ paper (sustainable forest management).
AFD, the Agence Française de Développement , is a public development-finance institution that has worked for seventy years to alleviate poverty and foster sustainable development in the developing world and in the French Overseas Provinces. AFD executes the French government’s development aid policies.
PROPARCO, AFD’s subsidiar y dedicated to private investment, promotes private investment in emerging and developing countries in order to boost growth, promote su stainable development and reach the Millennium Development Goals. Its financing is tailored to the specific needs of investors in the productive sector, financial systems, infrastructure and private equity investment.
The French Global Environment Facility / Fonds Français pour l’Environnement Mondial (FFEM) is a bilateral public fund initiated by the French Government in 1994. The FFEM secretariat and its financial management are entrusted to the Agence Française de Développement (AFD). The FFEM co-finances projects that encourage the protection of the global environment in developing countries. Its co-financing is exclusively done as grants and is used for the implementation of pilot projects that combine environmental protection and economic development in the recipient countries. The FFEM is an influential strategic instrument for the French policy on Official Development Assistance regarding global environmental protection. Its activities focus on the topics of biodiversity, international waters, the climate change, land degradation and desertification, persistent organic pollutants and the stratospheric ozone layer. By the end of 2013, the FFEM has co-financed 258 projects with €299m. Two thirds were spent on sub-Saharan Africa and the Mediterranean.
www.proparco.fr
www.ffem.fr
AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT 5 rue Roland Barthes 75598 Paris Cedex 12 – France Tél. +33 1 53 44 31 31 Fax +33 1 44 87 99 39 www.afd.fr
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT (SDD) AGRICULTURE, RURAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIODIVERSITY (ARB)
Creation: Planet 7 – August 2014
FFEM