References

17. See evaluation reports for GPSA programs in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Ghana; and the GPSA partnership with Public Sector Accountability Monitor at Rhodes University, South Africa. 18. The government of Ghana has a directorate for social accountability in its Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development that mediates government–civil society engagement and citizen oversight of government programs.

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Chapter 6

Development through a Social Contract Lens

Applying a social contract lens to development assistance, including to World Bank analytical and operational work, is important but also complex. The Independent Evaluation Group report (IEG 2019) concludes that a social contract framing can help diagnose complex development challenges such as entrenched inequalities, binding constraints, poor service delivery, weak institutions, and why decades of policy and institutional reforms promoted by external development actors have had uneven effects on countries’ development paths. The report highlights the importance of this work given the growing use of social contract terminology in the World Bank’s. However, the World Bank’s lack of formal conceptual framework or shared understanding of social contracts, is leading to a wide variety of uses, sometimes not anchored in social contract theory or in a framework that can help trace a theory of change for reforms.

The focus of this report is to provide a conceptual framework to help client governments and World Bank staff in the application of a social contract lens to the development challenges faced in Africa. Chapter 2 of the report reviews the literature on social contract theory and its application and defines the concepts relevant to the regional context. Chapter 3 introduces a simplified empirical framework with which to measure important dimensions of social contracts in ways that can help provide an understanding of social contracts and the dynamics of change. In chapters 4 and 5 of the report, the concepts and framework are applied to country case studies and to specific sectors. These case studies and spotlights highlight the potential role of a social contract framing for country and sectoral diagnostics and policy design and implementation.

The conceptual framework and empirical operationalization, together with the more practical applications, can be a foundation for helping the region to