Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012
Skilled Migration and the Brain Drain Guest Editors: Any Freitas, Antonina Levatino, Antoine PĂŠcoud
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DIVERSITIES Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012 ISSN 2079-6595, ? ? 7 7 7 /7 7 , © UNESCO
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{ ( & . & & j ( " ) (" " . / 0 & & ( & & & & ( u( p/ # p (( & ( " B=st C & 0 . & / 0 & &
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#& .) ( (" B=?D>C 0 (( &
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" ( (( ) (" more & & ) & , & J / 0 p & J j ) & ( " & ) J & ( & & ) ( & #& .) ID/ (( & ) . & j ) & ( " " (p ) J & p & & ( & .& . / A & & " & =??; & & ) & .
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) ( ( & ( .
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( " & .& . I (
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( ( y & I ( " ( )& & ) & ( " & B ) C & (=F B:;==C =E 6 & & ( / B:;;=Cq 3& & 6 & & (
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( . G . / . .
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h & ( J & , I . & . p j / 0 & I ( J . &
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) p . & ( ( )& & J & & & & & & ( / 0 )& ) . ) J & & & ) ( " & ) &
& ) p .& ) J/ 7& r & ( ( r (
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/ 3 . & ) ( . " / 0" & . " ) h (( )& & . & ) ( ( r & & ( & (( - (( " J r & z & ( . ) . ( - * h ) ( (( ( J ( & & ( " I , ) J & & " & ( 9 p {:=/
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. ( . " & " (( ) & & ( " " ( J. & ( ) J & " ( (( . ( &
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(( & "
( ( . (( . . ( J " ( )& & m " & ( & " (( ) / 7& .. (
(( ) " 5
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( J . z ( p
( ( " & {:E/ 0" & ( . " H & " . & " )&
& #& .) I~ & & & ( & 5 z " & & (( " & " " G ( J " (", ( & " ( . (( " ( " & ( " . . " & " /{:D
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& ! H ( . " & ( & & ( ) | ( r " ( r - I / ( B=?<?C/ >= J B=E?;5 # J 00 &/ FC
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
( . J ( " ) )& {>:/ L ( & "
( & #& .) I & H " & & & & ~
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z ( . { " ( ( " & " " & ~ 2 & k ) & (
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)& h ( " nity>F~ 0" . " ( " ( ) " & , . / 7& . " . & I ) (
" (( ) 5 >: & ) B=?<v5 :=C/ >> 4 9 ( B:;;F5 vv>C >v " " & " .( ( "
B=???C .. B:;;=C/
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C5 7& .& . & , p ( ( " & .& & & " & , . ?/ 7& " G h I . " & ( ) p ( ( " & , . 7& . ) / 7& H
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0 ) p " & ( ? & / & & G . & ( ? )& & & " & " . & ( I " & ( ) " & / 7 . )& I . ( ( & ( J ) & & . h , ( " H ( )& & h ( " & . . , ( )& & .
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h ( & I " r & ( . " & G ( ) (( z h ( {/ # & . & ~
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>E * J B=?Dv5 :>F r & Cq - (( "
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F # G H & " h ( " .( ( G >D/ 7& & , & ( . " &
( . I & " J p ( G H & " & & & " & &/ ) p " & u & p &
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& "
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) j & . / (( & I ( . 6 (( .5 z " 0
J " & &p ) J ) ( ( & 0 & ( {v:/ ( " (( ) & & ) j ( / L& ( & h ( " ( j )& ( h ( access 5 & " & )& & &
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)& ) p ( & ) & ) h ( . & h ( "
& / L& & J . " & ( " & J v> 9 ) & . " & " access to / # . .
( ) & B h (C / 7 )& h ( . ( . " 5 & (" " & . " )
& (" " & ) ( I " " / 7& h ( (( 5 ( ( & . & B / / & G " & .&( ,
& G " ) & & ( "
) . ( (Cq & " G H( ) & & . & B / / & ) . ) ((,
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( G & m "H r ( . " & . ) & )( & . )& z & ( & ( . ( .& " .
( {44 & h ( " / A & B (( y C ) z ( " ( Â (( & ( & "
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( ( . & & / 0" & ( ( . ( "
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v: 6 B:;;v 5 >;EC v> z J h ( { & (",) ) h ( -
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# & . " & )& &
. "
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( ( / 7& ( ) ( . & I " & . ) (( I & ( )&
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p & p & ( & ) ( " / # & ( I ( " & M / 0 " v? ( & 9 B:;;<5 >?FC F; & 9 B:;;E5 =v;C/ " -
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(( . . & j ( " & ( & )& & . H
( ( ( & . j & {/F>
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>v >5 >?F,v>v/ h ) (( #/ / - " J / :;;?/ . " & .&( J (( . /
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FE =,:5 :E<,Dv/ 6 A / :;;v/ zL& A
L& & ( 7& # 3h (~{/ % ; ( :: >;F,>=E/ 6 & & ( ( / :;;> 2 ( #/ 3& & / 6 & & ( B C 9 7 ( =
+ / % & ( 5 = '
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7 + E vF,F?/ 4 & / =?<>/ ( & ) " @ 6 ?: DE>,D?</
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: =5 F?,DD/ .. 7& / :;;F/ - . / D=;,D:; 2 & ( M B /C ;
? < < AI" 5 #( J) ((/
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
& / =?<?/ 7& 3I " & & ( I . * / / v>, <: + . & #& .) + & / L ( B C 3 9 &
3
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
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( ) J " " ( J .
m & & ( / . . h & ( J " & y ( (( & " (( ) . h 5 z7& ( . . . ( " H . G / L& ( J G & & 2 & .
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
& . " (( ) & " &
. , . & p . ( / & & ( " . ) z)& ) J{ I ( ) ) & ) ((, ( & / 7& . .(
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=/ 7 . & ( J :/ .
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( ) " & & / m & ) " & ) ) ) " & & ( $ & "
( & ( J / . ) . & ) ( / I ( " & . 7 J &
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/ 7& " " & & " . & ( " & . (
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The Invisibility of Family
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
(( I & " " J )( . & " . .& J ( & H &
) ) / L& ( " & ( ~ " (( & " & )& & &
.
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) (( & & ( J . " J (( . .. & ( . " J (( ( &
& & j & ( " & h ( H , J (( . BA3 :;;E A3 :;;< 6 ( :;=;C/ ( . & ( y ( . & ) & h ( H . ) ) & . & ( ( ( . / & & " & J (( . ( ( & " ( J (( & " .. "
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& " & ( J " J (( . / L& " " ( ( J & " J )( . & ( & & )& & ( & . " ( I / 0
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. " " & 3!q G & . ( . & q ( . . q y ( h . ( ( ( ( " & & .& " (
.q ( J " . & & " " J (( . p
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F ( ( (q
& ( . ( q ( J " & ( " ( (
. . / J (( . ) & ) ( & " ( / L ( * ( & .
( & . M . & ( J / & & .
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
h
( ! 2 Â&#x203A; 2 Â&#x203A; / 2 :;;D/ Â&#x2014;7& ( . ( " . 7
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7 EB=C5 vF,F?/ 4 " 3/ :;;:/ z 3 - . H * & /{ 7 :=5 =;>F,=;Fv 4 " 3/ :;;v/ z ( , ( - . 5 , ( ) " 3 {/ 6 ' /
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
/ :;;>/ z- . " J (( L ) * ( 7& ..( " 0 . {/ 0 < '
? 3
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= < + ' 6 / / - / + =?/ A J 5 + " ( - " 3 & ( . /
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DIVERSITIES Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012 ISSN 2079-6595, ? ? 7 7 7 /7 7 / © UNESCO
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F 7& & & " (( ) & . & ( j ) & & )/ 0 . & ) (J ( " ( ( / (( " ) ( * & & ) ( ( p )/ 7& ) ) &/ / / ) . " - " (
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
C/ ( & . ( # & & " ( & & z
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(( ) & & . ( ( / 7& ) .
. " I (( . & " # " . ( . & J 9 / ) ? 9 % < :
9 " k ) . & ( ) ( . & ( & " ( J & / 7& j " 9 ( & . p . & ( & . " ) **)
( ( ( / A & ( ) . ) . " ( . ¤ " " & . & # . " " p ( B ) Â&#x2020; 3 & G J :;=;q 3 ( Â&#x2020; J :;;<q :;;EC/ . & ( " . ) ( ) & J & & :; (( ! . " .
k ) BL ( # J :;;<C/
7& . &
(( ( ( .
( " ( z & ({/ )
3 & J G B:;=;C ) & H. & ) . & j " 9 / 7& & z =; ( y
( 9
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{ B /<;C/ 0 & 2 ((
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) & " (( " ( 9( & = & . " ( ( . ( & Â¥ = & . { B2 (( L .& :;;DC B 0 " 9 C/ A & B /./ 1 ( =??Dq J 6 ( Â&#x2020; J ) * =??<C & H " . " . p . ( . & & .& ( / 0 & " (
( . . & H " 9 & " . . . .& z ( & ({ & # . ( B# h Â&#x2020; B:;;EC/ 7& " - ( & ) & ) & & ( & H ( / ( '
2 ; ? 9 ; / ( " ( & I (( . & " 9 ( . p / ( & .& ( v " & (( ) ( ) 9 k ) B2 (( L .& :;;DC ( ( . ( 9 / I ( & & :v " & p 2 J . & J . & ( . H
" 9 B ) Â&#x2020; 3 & G J :;=;C/ 7& . " 4 L - ( ( ( " " & .& ( ( " . & .& "
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F # & 4 2 - ( , B:;;?C ( & 9 F == / 7& J ( ( " I & ( - ( B! " :;;<C/ 0 & & H - (
. " 4 ,4 ( J
& &
=F :; ( ( ) :;;= :;;E/ 7& & " . & H - (
. / 7& & ) & . & & ( . & & . " J & p J (( ( &
" . / A ( ( ( ( ( J .& , - ( " & & & & .& " . / A & " & =v/F (( - (
= ( / 2 & " & B I C " ( ( " & " - (
( 9 ( ( & & & ( & ( ) & . ( / 6 ) & ( "
) 9 k ) & - ( & ( H " & ( ) & . ( m . H ) & ( . " - (
( ( & ( / 0 " & h & / . " & ( 2 BL ( # J :;;EC & ) 9 k ) " - (
. & & ( ) :;;; :;;E " D> =DD (( ! / . & ! p 6 ( 0 I B6 0C . & " - ( . " : & =EF & " =Dv . & =DF & " =DD . / 0 :;;? - ( (( J " & " & ) ( B=D< & " =<: . C/ 0 ) & . & & 6 0 ) & m = :
. & :;;? . ( / # y
(( / 7& H.
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.
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( " ( ./ 0 & ((
| ) # J . B:;;>C & . ( & 9 (( ( J & & & . ) " & G " & & ( ) & . . / 01/ 7& . ) 9 & ( H . . ( / L . & & ) B:;;<C & .( & & " . 9 / & & 7 J &
. L 3 - I & ! & . 9 J & " . / & ) )& & & & . H ( ( / & ( & " " " . ( . 9 z " ) ( & { B /=C/ 1/ " " 9 # ) ,) " & ( . / I ( J ( ( ? 5 5
& 9 B:;;EC ) & &
Funnelling Talents Back to the Source
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
L & . , " 2( ( ( & > " " & .&( ( ) " ) ( ( >;F (( (( " . / 7& ) & k ) " ( ( * " .
( "/ A & ( I (( . & " 9 " & " & " )
( ( / & 9 Bh :;;EC ( )& ( & & / k . & " ( ( & h .5 z
. . G & ) & p ( J Â / & " )& & ( . . (( ) & )& & " Â p " ) J " & .& ) . 3 ( I ( ( ( " & " ( 3 /{ B :;;E /=C 10/ 7& J " ( & " & & , ( ( ( ( (
. & & ) ( G . B C 0 (
( 0 B0 0 C . & <; / 7& .
H
( & .& (
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/ L& & * (( ) ¤ ( ( ) m( ( & . . ) & / 7) ( " ) & . " & 0 0 ) " J )( . & & . ) z . "
( { B7& L ( # J :;;<C/ 7& "
( & ( " & .& & " . & # / N ? : > (. !
* O < )
$ + h J .( & . ) & " ( & ( " & ) k 9 . " & .& B63C / -
. & ( & ( & J J :;," ( " ( & :;; ;;; =?D; " (( :;;D B!0 :;;?C/ . & ! 3 A 0 " & </E ( B v/E .( ( . C z) ( (
" ( . ) & & ( " { B /=C/ 7& " & " & & ( ) ( & = =?D;/ 7& &
. & . (( ( . " & / A ( E " (( 63 . & ) (( :;;D .( ( ( " :E B!0 :;;?C/ L& ( &
. ) & " 63 ( ( ( ) I
. . ) & & " & h I (( 63 " . . ) ( ( ( & ( / I ( # (( . B:;;vC & " =?<F =?<? =D " & L ( # Jp ( ) & .& :? / =??F =??? & . H. ) & ( D " & .& vE " / 7& " . ( " & (( " & & " ( j " ( / ) & & ( ( ( ( ( ( " . . z
( { & " . & ( p & " (( " & " 63/ 7& ( " & ) & & z3 " (({ B3 C . ( . (( " :;=F/ 0 (( & " . ( , & & ( & ( & & ( / 7& 63 ( ( . . y
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F ( J & " )& & & ) & z" & " { & .& ( / 7& 63 & " ( ( & & .& ( m & " & ( L / B| ( . =??:C ) 63 (
& . ( 5 ( k ) . & J( ( (
( h )& & (( ( J ./
B:;;;C I " 63 & z ( ( , { B - & =???C/ 0
& & H " 63 J & ( / L J . & & " " ( " ( " ( ( ( J " . / 7& ( ( " 63 " & ) " ( " & & & & .& " & # / 7& & " & p . ( & . & & " 9 ( ( & ( & . 9 & & .& " / 7& ( . & J & H.&
.
# & (( 9( k
& " (( ) . " ) . & " . & ( " B 3C " # . & # ( & " 63 / %5
9 . & & .&( J (( " ( & " & . ( / 7& & ( . ( , . & & .& . " & / 0" & .( H ( & * & . h " & p
. ( & I " p & ( & " ( / ( 9 B:;;<C & =E " & Fv " & & F; " & &
" ( (
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+ ,- - & )
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- * h <= " " (
& B ( Â&#x2020; :;;<C/ 3 .( &, J . " # & ( ( ( & & & & . " & ( & " ( ) & ! & ) ( & & & ! 4 . (
) | ( / (( & & I , . & . " & ) J" J " & ( . . ( / ( " & " ( . " & ( & " ( H . & & . & E;; ;;; & ( & " ( " (( ( " E<: (( / # F;; ;;; & ( & " ( "
( " >= (( ( BL6A :;;FC/ m & !4 ( 6 ( & B 6 C ( :;;= &
. " & ( & " ( " & # & - (
B#- C ( & z . ( ( {/ . - J B:;;EC :v " " . )& . ) & & 6 ) :;;: :;;> ) " / . h & ( & !4 ( ( H.&
.
& . & ( & " ( " / 7& #- p &
( ( ( 5 z & " & { B ( :;;D / >C/ 6 (( " z & ( " & k ) "
{ ( ) & ) p B:;;<C " z { (( (
& I / 7& &
" & #- ( & " & & & " L " # & ( & ¥ ! =E (( ( & ( J z ( J
& &{ B+ & :;;F /:C/ 6 ( & " & & ! )& & ( & (" " (( 3 .( & J . & ) ( z & ( & " ( & & J J . ( 9( ( & "
& { B />C/ -
Funnelling Talents Back to the Source
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
. 6 .
7& + & 6 B:;;vC F >>v &
) J
& ! ( / 7& H. E " & (( " &
) J . & ! / - J B:;;EC h ( " )& & . & & ( & & . ( & z& ( & . { B /:C/ N ?
% 5 >* + & LL00 . " ( & " (( ) & 9 & # &
3 & ! ( & .& . & & ( & & . " & .&( J (( " ( ( & ( ?; / " & ! 3 A 0 " B!0 :;;?C & ) & :;;D v?/< " & (( :=< ;;; ( " ) (( 63 L 3
" & =D/v & / 0 . " & )
9
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& / I ( & " ( .
& & (
" <E ;;; =??< =D< ;;; :;;</ 7& & . . ¥ E/F ((
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( I & " , ( B4 :;;?C/ L& ( & & .& .
. ( "
.& ( p ( & ( )& ( (( " " & & " & .&( J ((
. ( r )& ) (( . ( & & m . " r H ( & H ( " I / P? ) * 5 8+ .> 9
. & 0 ( A . " - . B0A-C >;; ;;; " , ( " & " ( ) J
3 & B Â&#x2020; 2 (( :;;:C/ # .( ( "
( ( & " & ) & & ( I " . ( ) & I (( . ( H ( " . & . " ( ( h ( H & & " & ( . & & ( & . & ( ) & G " & .&( J (( . ( J . " ( " & " ( / 7& & " & ( " & ( " ( I
h " & & / 7& &
. & H " & & p y
( ( . . ( . . p . ( / (( & & .&( J (( . . & .& & ( " ( z , { B# Â&#x2020; =?D;C/ 3 & )& . H ( m . ) & z . * ( .{ & z , ( * { " & J (( / I ( #( 2 B:;;=C & Dv "
) J j & ¥v/= F/? (( ( . z . * ( .{ . / 7& ) & *p B:;;=C H . / 6 ( . . p z J (( , ( { ¥: (( (( / 0 & .& . " z ( { . ( #( J ( ( ( ( / . B:;;>C >F " " z ( { ( I " ( ) & & H / & * # G B:;;DC & E= " #( J ( ( . . I ( / - ( & " B:;=;C ( & . ) & &
( & ) v/= & .& B=>/? C & & "
, ) J ) &
( . B>/v C/ 7& . ( . * B:;;DC & I )& & -
F=
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F . ( & . & .&( J (( . z " & ) & ( J ( {/ 6
& h 5 z0" . ) & " ( . . I ( . ** ) J . . & ( & J (( . ~{ B /:C/ ! " ( & . &
" I . ( / & & ( . h & ) &
J . ( ( . &
. ) . ( & " & & .&( J (( & ( I " . /
( ( & " ( , ( )& & " & ) ((, " H & ( . ( ) " & (",) & ( H / 0 & G ( ) ,) . J k . & ) . " ( " " ( . ) & J )& 0 (J G ( ( / 0 " ( & J " & &) J " ( / ! ( " ,) J & 0 (( & & ) ( ) & ( / . . " )& 9 & ( ) ( ( " & & & 9 & .&(
( J & & " " & & ) J ( ./ L& ) & . j ( J & " & ( & & ) j x . . m " " " ( & ) (( " ( & & (( ( ( ( & )& & / ( & " & ( * " ( " ( & & . " (( ) & .& . (( . ( . B ( & :;;Fq :;;<q ( . :;;DC/
F:
+ ,- - & )
<) / : & . & # ( " & ( " . " ( ) . j . j B- ( =??DC/ 7& ( & ( ( ( & & #& .) 7 I B#& .) =?DEC J (( . p ( . & .&( J (( . & & & .& ( H / 7& ( ) ) & . ( / I ( & , " & ! " # J B- ( C (( & ) J
& I . y
( & .
, ) J " & ( " & ( ( & / 7& B & I " ( C & J (( & & . & & & .& " & ) ( ( / 3 & . ) ( ( ( . & " & ) & B- & ) :;;<C/ J - ( ( J " ) m &
/ 2 & ( J " ) . ) " . " & & .&( J (( & ( ) j / 7& " & .&( J (( " ( &
( & .& ( . ) & ( ( / 0 & 0A-, " ( H " ( B C & & & ( & .&( h ( H " ( . H(( " ( & & /
( ( & & . & ( & . " = F;; & .&( h ( H " ( =; . & .& & =; . B " ) :;;;C " ) ( - . " ( " B-0 C/ 2 & & " & " & .&( h ( H . & ( J / - ( B=??DC & & G . H (
. & & 0
& 4 / & ( j & .& (
H " &
Funnelling Talents Back to the Source
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
" ( ( & ( j & & .&( J (( . . / . . &
& ( J . " / 0 ( . I
J )( . ) J ) & .&( J (( " ( ( . & " (( . J & "
( B# C/ 7& ! , 7 " " 4 )( . & .& 3I
( B7A473 C G & " " J / =?DD & & , ( . & & ( . ( / ( " & " B " I ( - :;;? L . :;;E
) C & (( ( J ( J & # " / P? % $ + %
+ > ) $
" 0 ( .& " & . ( " . # & ( . & " # p & (( " ( . & ) (( & & & . & (
& / 7& " " & # . &
( ( ( ) ( ) & ( " (( ( J (( " )& & & .( " ( & J & " . & ( . 9( " . . / 7& ( " " & ( . B0 7 C & ( ) & ( & ( " B 3C "
( B# C ) & .&( J (( . " & & / I ( # ) B:;;;C v= ) J " & " ( & . . " & / 7 " B:;;;C & ( H & & k ) " & .&( J (( " ( " & J & ( " 0 7 /
0 ( . * ) h J ( . / .
," G & & " 1 ( ! B 1!C & Â? B A C & ! h " &
( B! -C )
/ . & & . & " p # & J , j , y 3 . ( 63 & .& & / & ) ( & " & " # ( " & p . & & J( 63 & " h ( & ( ) ( h ( ( . " & ( 63 & ) ( ) " " " & ( & J & ) " 0 7 / & . & & .&( .& ( ( J ( J & G & ( & / =F; & 3 & ( . ) / & & .& u
(
(p ( ( ) & 0 7, (
. ( & .. & 3 & &
( ( " & & J y " & . ( . B & Â&#x2020; :;=;q 7
:;;?C/ # .) B=???C . & 3 & G " " ( . & . & ( ( . / L & & ( I " & " )& ( ! & 3 ! =?E: ( . " & . 3 " J & & !4p A ! & 2 ! Â&#x2122;
p ! ( 3 , Â&#x192;
& J ( ( " 3
(( J ( , I ( / 0 )& & I " ( . 3p ( ((
" & . ( " .
. B & G =???q - J & =???q & ( =??:q . . =???C
, & ( " ( " / 4 G B=??<C . -
F>
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F * ( ( ( " & & & " " 3 / 7& & ( J " ( ( J " " ( J " H
( & ( J " J ) & ) & . ( ( " 3 . . " ( ( ( ( , ( ( ( & ( . ( I / 7& " & ( )& & & & & ( " 3 & ( & (", k & " (( ) . " ) . ) & & ( " J J . " & ( " 3 " # /
9
3 ) ; ; 8 2 & , (
" " .
( & m z { B =?E<C
& H " & ( . ( . ) & p / I ( & ( (( ( 3 G & .& . & & " & 0 ( & . . " & )& . & " & & ( J & " h J " (( . " & J " 3/ 0 ) ((
" / ( & .& 0 ) & ( (( . 63 &
( ( ) & ) ( .& (( ) & & k ) " B .
C " " ( . / J +
4 G B:;;vC * & " 0 J & 5 ( 9( I ( . / . & & & ) &
( ( 63 ) h ( ( ( Hm & )& 63 & / 7& & ( . ( , B:;;vC J & " & 3 . ( & /
(( & &
I " 3 &
Fv
+ ,- - & )
h ( * ( . & " 63 / 0 & .& & G H / 80/ J . J & E; & D; B:;;vC (( & ) & & ( & "
( " & H . " & ( . , 3 G / 6 . & & G & "
( " . or as
( " " . I p ( J " . " " ( & ( ) & , ( & " ( . h
. " ( h & h " . ( " . ( . . / # & J & " ) & & & " (
B H( ( C/ 7& ) ( z ( (
{ B! 3 A =?E: / ==C/ 0 ) & ( ( . ) (
(( H( , ( H . ( . / 7 & . & ) I (( ) & ( ( & ( / ! " ( " ) " &
( * / . & ( ) & ( . & . ( " . ( (
) . " (
. M . . ( ) & " " ( ( B6 =?DvC/ 6 ( & ) " & & .& ( ( " / 0 ) & I . " & ( . / ) & & z- j { B=?EFC & ( " z .{
. " . ( & ( & " .( (( ( .& ) " ( ( & J & ( & (" & .
" / 0" & & ( . ( & ( * " ( " & " 3 & ( & . . 0 7 & ( & (( . " 3 " ( / k . >;, I & H ( " 3 - 4 B:;=;C H 5
Funnelling Talents Back to the Source
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
7& ( . " & ( . ) & & )& & & ( . ( . & . & ( m & " ( H & J Â&#x2013; B / =;=C
7& J . " . & " & )& 3 " " & ( . h ( 3 & ( & ( . ( / 0 & ( " ( " . . & ) & ( ( ( / 0" & & ( & (
& ( &
)& ) & ( . ( ( . " & ( / 6 & 6 .. 1 J J B:;;vC ( & 3 , G z & ( J . * " " ( ( { B / =>;C/ 9 / 3 /
( & ( . " 3
# ( . , j , y h ( 3 ..( . 63 & & . & ( " ( / 7& &
" & / B=??FC & " &
& " .( ( * ( J & " z
(( & ) " { B /:<EC/ 7&
& ) ( & ( . . ( ((
. " & . ( " 63 ( / ! " ( ) & h " / ( &
" h ) ( J . ( & )
3 " ( & G & / . " & BL :;;vC - ( ) B J :;;>C - ( # J B- & ) :;;<C . . & " &
. "
& ( . " & ( .
. 63 ) " & G & G p " /
p " ) # B:;;vC H & H . )& & & ( " " & G 3 G z . ( . . {/ 6 ( & 5 7& " ( ( . . & & " ( . 3 ( h & I . & .
( B (( h ( C . * ( / 7& ) (( ( & ( " I ( h ( ( & .
( . ) (( & . & .& " B / FC/
7& ) & 63 ( & . . " & ( / ( m & ) " & & & 0 I ( & ( ( J ( & ) " & z . ( ( (( { B ( :;;=C " / ) & ) & . . ( . ( & ( . ( ( ( ( h ( , , , , & . & & (( J " & " ( 3 B- Â&#x2020; - (( :;;?q j Â&#x2020; 4 J( :;;v # (
:;;EC/ 7& ) .( ( ( & H ( " 3 * & ( ( ( ( , ( ( & ( . ( " " ) ) J . " & " (( ( " 3 " # / 7& ) (( J ( 3 ( " &, / P ? % 5 .$ >
*
(( " & & ( h ( 3
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J ( 6 B=?DvC ( & " & " ) " & ( h )& ( " . & " ( " ( ," ( )
( ( & H " " ( ( / ( Â&#x161; p B=?<FC ( " & " " :> ( ,
FF
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F G & .& & . ) & & ( / 6 " & ( F " & G ) " (/ 6 & " & " ( G ) & "
( )& ( ( & & h " & . " & . " & " & j / &,
& (( J ( J ( & " ( . ( . ( . * ( ( " & G . / & ( 7 )
" ( I ) ) & ( ( & z I " j & . H j ) & &, . & { B - :;;F / E<C/ 0" & & ) & " &, " ( ) (( " & & ) (( J & j ) "
( " ( 3 j & ) (( (( ) . & # (
" (( . J & & H " 63 / 9 ' I: : ;
3 . & .& &
( ( .. & & & " & " & .&( h ( H " " ( 9
& .( ( 3 & / 7& " & & . 9 .. & &
& & ( & ( / 0 " & & 0 7 " ) J ( J . & & & / J ( ( " I & J . .. & (( , . (( & & ) J . " , ," B- G & * J - (& J :;;vC/ 7& & & * & & .&( J (( . ) (( . & (( ( J (( & ( " & &
FE
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(( 2
(( :;;<C & ( " 3 " # & ( I ( H " ( * . 63
/ 0 & J & ( & "
( " (( . " 3
. J . & j & & / . ) ( ( J ) & , " (( ) . &
( . * ( ( " ) J " " # & J 3/ . ( ( h h & & ) & .&( J (( " ( ( )& & ~ L& & H ( " I ~ 6 ) & ) ( & ) (( . 3 . & ~ L& &
& G ~ L& & H ( )& & 63
& . " I ~ L& & & ( . ( " h
( ( ~ ) & ( h ) ( ( & ) J( . ( I h
. & " & " ) J ) & )& & & # ) ( (( " ( / 2 & . " & . J . & j & ( "
( ) ( (( G ( " ( & "
. ( . * 5 & 3 " L " B3 AL C & 3 " ( " B3 C & 3 " B3 C & & " ( B C/ 7& & ( ) & ( . ( & ( . . ( h
. . ( ( , q h ( ( .& & * " 3 j & .& & # ) & & " & . j -
Funnelling Talents Back to the Source
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
. 63 / ( " . ) ( & ) " ) / ( & .& H . ) & & .& J (( " & . , ( & ( " . " . & H " # B &
:;;;C ( . * & ( & j / " . & ( L ( - . B0A- :;=;C ( . ) (( ( J ( z " ( & ( I { & I " ) & " . & & j " ( & . / 7& " & " ( " h ( H ) J ( & . ) . " ( )& ( .( . ./ 2 & " & E; " ) (( ( >; " . :;:F B ( 0 (( . ( :;;<C . k ) " . " . ( & .&( J (( ( ( J ( " / 3
(( & ) " & 3 .
& ( =? & ( . & ) . . ) . . ) J B6 9 Â&#x2020; L ((
:;;>C/ 0 & . & .& & ( & " ) " ( & (( " ) (( J & ( ( #
j & & ) & / 0 ( & .& 9 " ( " " ( & ( ) & . ( & (( H " . . j & . h " ( . & .& & ( z & J (( " ( ., ( { B4 Â&#x2020; - 6 ( :;;FC/ 7& " & " ( " & ( & & ( " ) & ) J & " I & . " #L/ 0 . &
( " & & (( . " . ) . ( I . k I &
( L ( - . B0A- :;=;C " ( . . . &
, ( " & " . / 7& ) & &
. , ( & .& & ( / 7 J . . " & ( " 3 " # ) ( "
( ) " . . & " (( " # & 9 k ) . & ( , (( ( " . . ( & ( ( & " & .( ( ( B0A- :;=;C/ 7& ( " 3 & ( " #L " ( J & & & .&( .& / 2 & ( ( " 63 & & & ( & & ( ( " . ( & & & & & ( & H " & I k ) . " &
/ 0 & & ) ( " J & & ( . . " 3 ( " (( ) . ( & . . & ( . ( ( . ( & ( J "
" ( )& & ( ( & ( . ( & ( J " & " 3 ( / - " & ) & # " p ( . ( ( B=??:C/ 7&
" & & ( & & . & J . " & ( I " & ,
) & j ( "
( " & "
& " & & ( .
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DIVERSITIES Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012 ISSN 2079-6595, ? ? 7 7 7 /7 7 1 © UNESCO
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F 7& " . ( " H(( . ( J & . & ) " ( . / - ( & " & & m & .&( J (( . " & " (( ) . ( 5 B=C " H(( . ( ( . . . B:C & J " & ( $
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/ =?D= <F & ) & . (
" G B0 .( & ( =??F5 :=C/ ( ) & ( =?<; & ) &
" =?<F =?<<,<? & " G p H ( =?<D/ # =??D,?< 9( ( ) ( " & J (
(
(
/ . v & ) & =??D,:;;; 9( ( " G ) & G " & J " G
& ( (
/ . (
( ) & (( / 0 :;;;,;> & " 9( ( " G ) ( .& ( )& ( ( (( / 7& :;;>, ;F I " ( )& & ( .& ( / 7 & " & " & ) (
<:
" (
p J (( . & vFD, & & " G /: . v & ) & & J ( :;;;,;>
.
:;;>,;F/ A & " J & k ) " G ><v5 =D= " & =??D,:;;; =<: :;;;,;> >= :;;>,;F/ 7& ( ( k " & ( ( G & (
& . ( / " & " & ( ) ( ( " & . " 0 (
& I ( / 0 .( & ( B=??F5 ::,>C " & ( & (" BF>/: C " & :>> G
& )& ) =?<E =??= ) ( & & " :
7& k ) " vFD, & ( & & & ( J " & ( . ) J . & ( , J . = :<= " :;;;, ;=/
7 & & H .
013 0703 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
) /? ! ) K < ! < ''6.FSource5 # (( (/ :;;= :;;v :;;E/
& =??= / 7& ( ) & & " =;; " &
3 .( & J . B-3 C & .& & " ( )& 3 .( & ( ) ( J )& & H ,3 .( & J . J. B 3 #C 5 0
B>v/< C - (
B></D C A
B>:/= C & & ( BvE/= C/ 7 ( 3 # & ( " vF/? / . . J " 5 H 0 ( & " ( & (( . )& . . (
" ) " & & & . " / 7& ) &
! " & & H h ( H )& ( ) & .
. (( . . & h ( H . / . . & & ( / - . & h J( H ( . & (( / 6 J ( G )& &
h J H . J & . M . G . & & . "
.
/ B L " 3 7
. ( 0 ) :;;vC
(
# " " :;;= ) ( ( u " & " & .p " ( G )& (
) =??E :;;= B # :;;FC/ 7& & ) & . " <; )& & J
& =??= H. / 7& & k " &
.
! & ) " ! & . . (
/ 0 & G
& ) & ! h ( H h ( " & (
/ 0 I ( & . " & " G (
" & ( " >> & ) :;;E/ (( >> ) ( & 5 & 0 . G
& ) &
( (( ) ( / 7& 0 , G
) 3 .( & & &
( & ( .
( ) & :E ( " (( ( / - ( & .&
<>
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
" G " & (
( " & / 7& " " ) " (
=: ( & ( (
" & . / A ( ) 0 , G
& j G " & & ) ( B vFD, C & & & "
/ 0 " H . & . ( (
" & H G (
) & & "
( " ( & ( =D ) ( J " G "
& ( ( / A ( & & , & . G & (
)& & ( h J . & & . ) J" / - G
& ) ) & ) & &
( ( " " ( q . , j ( & ( & & & G q . ) J . ( . & " ) J / 7& )& ( . G & &
( ( "
, ( . & " " ( ( . " & . & . 9 (
& )& & & " / " &
& ) 0 , G
)
)& & & ) ( G & " / 7&
. >= (
& ) ( / L&
J & & . & ) ( ( & & . &
u & . ) ( & . & p )& " u & ( (
( & p ( k & / 0 h )& & )
(
& . . ) u& . G "
p u. & ( & p u & ( . $
( ( p u & ( 9( & p/ 0 & ( G
& & " ( & ( H
" . (
) ( & ( )& &
( ( ( J ( / 0 & G
. k ) 9 )& J 0 ( ,1 & & " (( ) & & H ( ) J ) & & 0 /
<v
/ / 0 ( / 1 . ,2 " /,3/ 4&
7) " & & ( I ( ) ( ( " ( & ( & " & ) (( I ( / G p
( " & ( J (( . . (( ) (( I / * ( 4
" & & )& & &
& & " ( . =: & ( & J 0 ( :< G :=
1 ) & & " - " 3 /
)
(( & ( h
) I (( & ( / 0 , & ) ) ) & (( ( $& & & ( & ( ) & & J "
) & . &
/ 7 ( = " & " & ( & ( & & ( / ( ( & H . ( & ( H (( & " & & H . . " " ) J/ ;
5 3 7& ( ( & J 0 ( ) =< ;;; :;;= => ;;; :;;? B 0 :;;?C/ 7& J 0 ( =v;; J ( =F ( ) &
( ( " :>D h J ( / 7& & 2 " & ( . B)& & ( ( C J - .
- p J - ( 7 J " )& & & .& ( " / 7& & 2 - & J & J J J & . q (( I ( ),( . ( (( / 7& ) =>D =:: & :;;F/ 7& & . " ) & ( " ( BDF C/ 0 " & <v ) J 0 ( &
) | - ,- & H 0 (
.( , I / 0 . & ( =? " & & ( .
7 & & H .
"
013 0703 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
?
? %
7 (
7 (
/ " ( h naires
7 & sponse rate in B C
( " ( & ) J"
J 0 (
>> B:;;FC
=:
:<: B:;;FC
?v
E?
G 0 (
<<? B:;;DC
:<
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1
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:=
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% ( ? " * * < ( *(
) & :D ,. & ( / 2 & ( & ?< H & B) & 7 & p (( . H ( C ) & EF ,. & ( B J 0 ( - " 3 :;;F5 =:,=>C/ 6 (( &
. . " & & J 0 ( & & J 0 ( 7 & p 7
. (( . B 077 C (
. / (( & (
) | ( (
/ 077
(( J ) , . , "
. / 0 & & J 0 ( ( & ) | ( )& & & . h ( H ) m . / ( & (" " & ( " ?v & & ) , ( " 077 ( ( h ( H ) & ( v=/F " & / & & " & H & & 9
( & ( ./ & .& ?v/D " & ( & ( & ,
. h ( H & G "
. & J & J 0 ( ) | ( & .& & " ! )
( / 7& ( J "
( ,
& , (
(( & & m & & ( ( I
H(( / 7& ( " h
. ( ( . " & & & . / 7& J 0 ( - " 3 9 H(( H & ( ( . / A ) ( .
m I " & / A & ) & ( & ) & , & . " . ( (( & & ) | ( 2 * 9 " J 0 ( & . ) | ( " / 7& ) u , J 0 ( p ( h ( J & H . )& ) J ) & & ) ( &
( ( / 7& ( ) & . :;;D
. J " & J 0 ( - " 3 5 L & ) . .( (( (( J . . " & & ( . ) & / L & 0 & (
" & . ( )
( . .
( & & & ( )& & ( ( )& ) & . / " . & & .( )& & 0
& " / 6 ) ) (( & &
" . ( ( " ( " ) & ( & " & / B 0 - 3 ( :;=;C
7& & & & . j / 3I
& .& ( ( ) J ((
J )( . & I ) m " .& ) & y ( & ) ( " ( ./ J 0 ( & ( . j & I & ) J & ) . . ( & h / - & " . . J
<F
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F 0 ( p ( ( " , J 0 ( & ( . ) & J 0 ( . . ) / 7& & ) . . . & " & & J 0 ( & " (( & & ) ((
& / 7& 077 &
.
( ( & 9 ( / 0 :;;F & (( .
( . j . . & . ( & ( " & ) ( / 7& ! " & & H B! C ( " & . . " ( ( ( & . ( ( & ?: ) (( ! :;;F/ 7& ( & " ((
( ) & ( & / I ( & ;
9 B ) ( &
:;;vC (( & 9 " & & . " Â&#x2C6; v/=Â&#x2030;/ 0 & & ( & & ) & 9 ) J . &
& I " ( ( ) . " / /
f
7& . ) . (( ( )
. & v? & J 0 ( > & ( 5 ( =:/F " & J 0 ( & & & u ( & ( p B 7 ( :C DF
& & & ( / 7&
. =:/F ) / 7& ) & ( & & .& . & & ) & ( ) & .& / 7& " 9 " & ) & ( >
7& ( " ?v & & J 0 ( ( v? & J 0 ( B- C/ - & ) I
& / & I
" J 0 ( j " & & & " (( ) . ( ( & J 0 ( /
<E
/ / 0 ( / 1 . ,2 " /,3/ 4&
J & " ) . . / & ) & 9 & ( & ( )& / & " & "
) & & & . " & ) & &
( ( " ( & / & . . & )& ( & & ( . ) / A (( & ( ( " & ( & J 0 ( ( )
& & ( ) ( ( "
./ Vanuatu 1 p ( ) =<E D;; =???
:vF ;;; :;;? B 0 :;;?C/ 1 " <> ( ) & ( ( " =: =?; h J ( ( " =< h J ( :;;E B :;;EC/ - ( ( ( (( . & DF " & ( ( . ( / 7& G " 1 p ( " ,1 / 7& ( . ) & ) :/E &
. ) =?/D :;;E B :;;EC/ 1 & & I ( &" ( ( )& & & ( " / 7& (( " & 1 ) : :<< :;;>5 = E:= & EED & / 7& " (
" ( & ) ( & ) & " ( & , . ( ( ( & & ( (/ 0 :;;=,;: =;; " & <F " & & &
. h ( H . ! 3 A B:;;EC/ 6 ) & ( " =vF & & ) & ==/F " :F/E " & & & . h ( H / - " 3 y
( . &
&
&
(( ( ( " ( j . & h ( " & ./ 7& ( & ) & 5 E?/: " & >D/F " & & & .& h ( H " &
. (( .
( 1 ( ( h ( H ) & ( ( ?/E " & v: "
7 & & H .
013 0703 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F " LWM
) K LWM
N LWM
::/:
v>/:
::/E
>;,v;
;/;
vE/D
:>/>
v;,F;
=F/v
>;/;
?/?
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v>/>
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:F/;
vE/>
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. . $ (
:;/;
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6?'
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(M & ( - (
M : # 4 $ & ( 7 &
. (( .
M %
M 3 (
M 0
% ( ,? 5 * intend * < ( *
LWM Source5 ( :;;F,;E/
& / 7& ( (
=; =; & )& &
9
( & ( ./ 7&
. . " G & & 1 0 " 7 & 3 B1073C 1 ( / 1073 j ) , H " & ) , 3 .( & & ( " G & / 3 h " 1073
( & ) (( . . . & ( " &
y . " ( & ( / u p & B & .& & ( . ) & & . I C J 1073 m & " & ./ .( & 1073 . . & h ( H ! .
& " J 1073/
<D
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F & &
& ! & ( 0 ( (( . " 6 .& 3 & 2 J 7 & p (( . & H ! 2 ( (( . G & " & ) (
/ (( & h ( H . & .& & . ( & ! . (
/ ,1 &
G (
) | ( & ( & h & & / 7& & " .
( m & ( " " ) j & / 0 & & ( ( " & & . " & " I
& & (( / 7& . " & ( . ( & .
(( " & / 7& ) ( >; I
&
:;;E/ - " & ) (
) | ( ( ( ( 1 ( , + ( (
& 2 / . ( & .& & ( & .& & ) J / 7& ( " . ( & & ( ) J & . ( / 0 & " & . ) (( (
( ( (( . & & & ) (( ) ( Â&#x2022; & . " ( / ( )(
& )& H
m & & (( .
& . ) J/ A j " & 9 & & y . " & (
( . (( ( ( 1 & & 0 / A . j & ( . j & h ( " & ./ & & . & " ) ( " (
& ( & ( & h " & / /
f
A (( 1 & ( ) ( ( " , . ( . " & / 7& -
<<
/ / 0 ( / 1 . ,2 " /,3/ 4&
" ( )& & & ) & :E B=D/? C & ( >v B:>/v C ) EE BvF/F C . B 7 ( :C/ & E; & H ) . u 9 " & ( ( )& p ) & m " (( ) u G ( ) ) J . p u p & u& .& " ( .p
1 u 9 & ( & B ( )& Cp/ & ) . ) ( . ( " & ( 1 / # " & . ?=/: " ) & & & ( (
" 1 / A & ) & & & ( ) 9( 1
& ( ) ( ( " / L & . &
. h ( H ,1 &
" . ( )& ) J & / - & & ) , & . H ( &
h " & . H ( . (
/ 7& )& & (
) J . & . & ( / 3 )& & & ( "
& (
( (
1 & ) , & / 7& ( ( ( ) ( ( " &
. & & j " . & " ( ( " & / 7&
& ( " & ( 9 & . " ( ( & & " /4 & " & ( ) ( ( " . & , 1 h ( H & & h
" ( / - )(
& " 1073 ( H
& . 4
( " . u( & (
.p u , H
.p & & & " & " J . J (( ) J & & " " & & .& " . " & J (( & ( & ) J B - :;;>5 =>>C/
7 & & H .
013 0703 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
" . & & & . & . . . ( )& ) J / 7& & . 0 & " &
( ( ,1 & )& ( / 1 - 3 y
( .. & & H 0 (
B 0 C . " & " & ) & & 0 . / & & ( . & & ( . ( J & " " ) , 9 & & 0 / 7 & & & ( & / L& ( ( . . ( & " ( & ( & k ) " ) J )( . & ( & " / 7& . " ( ( ( & ) J" ( . ( & . ) ( J " / 7& ( ) & )
& ( 1 & ( / 2 A 3 & " G p :;;D & p ( ) <:D ?;; B G 0 ( # " :;;DC/ 7& , ( ( . ( " ) & . 0 . G
0 , G
/ 7& 0 , G
( & ( * ( & 0 . G
(
:;;D & ( vD> ?<> 0 , . G
BFD C >== F?= 0 , G
B>< C
v: >:E uA & p BF C B G 0 ( # " :;;DC/ 7& ( . ) & ) :;;E :;=; ) ;/D
&
. :>/E B
" & H :;;EC/ G & &" ( ( & ( . ) & ( ) ) & & H 0 ( ( " ( . / 7& ) F =>= & : >vv BvE C ( : D<D BFv C " ( v >:D & ( ( ) (
" ( :;;D B G - " 3 :;;<C/ 3 & " G p G & . )
( h (( ) & v D;; . , G
v F?v 0 , G
& B G - " 3 :;;F5 FD,<C/ 7& G " & G
) & & & & & . (( . 5 & . J 7 & (( . q & & ( & (( . & & ( (( . / 7& ! ( j # & ( " 3 B C . / &
& G (( . " 3 j . ( ! j . # & ( " 3 B C . H & G 0 " 7 & ( . j . & . H / . ! 3 A B:;;EC & "
& ) ?D ( ( <: ( ( :;;:, ;>/ A ( ! , . & ( . & ) (( & & h ( H h " & . & H / 7 & . 9 " G & " ( ( . " (
. (( . " ) .& & " (
( ( / 0 & " & . & - " 3 & " (( " & " & I " ) . " & " & . (( . / L& ( " & ) . &
. (( . & . ( . " & (( . ! & & ( y ( H . ( / h ( . &
( " ( " / 7& " ) . & I :;;; ) & . & ( " FF E;/ 7 I & & ( :;;E & & & & . " E;/F 7& G 2 & ( . ( & )& G
& ) ( ( H(( & 0 ( . 7 . & J 0 ( & . & " & " / F
7& . & ( & .
FF :;;? . ( " ) & /
<?
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F 7& & . & ) " h ( H I & G
B & 07
.C " ( j & . & & ( ( (/ 7 & & .
& & & ( =?<; & . " J (( ( " G / . " " & ( ( J " & . G / 7& . " & B ( 0 , G
C & & & .& " G & " & & J 0 ( 1 / ( F; " (( & . " G ) ) B & :;;>5 =;C (
) | ( & ! / (( ) ( & 0 /./ - & (( 0 ( 4 )& & ) j & .& ( & / ( ( &
. )& ( ) (( h ( H & ( J . ( )& / A & & " & ( & ( &
" (
) | ( & J (( h ( H ) J I ( & & .&( h ( H I & ) (( " ( & . ( & " &
( & J (( . & & & " ( . / & ) & ) =?<D,?? :;;;,;v E <E? > <:E " ( & ( ( ) J . " G ( / 7& & (" " G p J " ( & .& ( ( ) J & ) & " ( . B- & :;;F5 FC/E 7& " " & & . " & .&( I & " & ( G & . (
) | ( / 7& ( ( " ( ( " & y, (
. (( G & " " ( . ( (
( ( / E
7& ( . & . . & &
( & ( . . " " ( & /
?;
/ / 0 ( / 1 . ,2 " /,3/ 4&
7& " ) I
& ) J . G ( & &, & ( & H " ( I
& / ) G
& & & G m & . (
) J / 7& I & )& . / / . .
& 9 " & & . ( ( J ( . . / ( G p & . " & & ( 9( I / 7& ( " & . ( ( J " & . & & ) & ( / /
f
0 & ( v; & & u & ( p >E u . p & ) u p/ 7& . ) & & & .& & " & ) & B7 ( :C/ 0 , G
) ( J ( ) . & 0 . G
/D 7& . . . ) ( & " & & ( ) ( ( J ( ) . / 7& ( ) ( ) ( J ( ) . & & & .& ( /< (
) | ( ) " & ( / 7 ( > & ) & & & :F= BEv C ) )& u . p u) p ) u " & ( p ( )& / 7& ) " (( ) u 9 & ( & p / 7& & )
. & " ) . . )
) & & & . " & ) & &
( ( " . & ( & / 7& & " " & & . ) u G ( ) ) J . p " (( ) u p/ 7& ( ) & & D
7&
) (( . H & ?? ( (/ < 7& & , h & ) & &
, ) & ( . ) (( . H /
7 & & H .
013 0703 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
5
) K
.) K
W W
%
W
# 9 " & ( ( )&
DE/<
<=/:
T/?F
G ( ) ) J . G
vD/<
vF/F
/6?T
G
v>/F
v=/E
//?,
6 .& " ( . G
:>/:
>=/D
,'?-
# 9 & ( & ( )&
vv/?
F</v
-2?/
& ( G
</D
</?
T?T
( ( " " ( (
E/F
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( . " " ( .
=/v
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F/<
F/;
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J " ( ( $" G
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p ( J ( G
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p . ( . ) & ,) J
;/D
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?,
& ( G
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F?T
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6?,
2T?F
F ?F
FF?F
)
G
% *(
% ( 2? 5 * < ) K LWM Source5 ( G :;;F/
" . ,. ( " & & & / 6 ) & " & . . " & J (( . )& ( &
& / 0 , G
( ( & " " & & .& ) ( /? 7& =E & ( ( & ( & ( ( " DE & & :; " & & & ( m & ?
( ( & & & ( " I :F=/
& ( . / 7& == & ( & ( ( " :v & & ) / 7& H. & ) & ( "
" & ( & ( . / 7&
" G & . " h ( H I & / 0 " & ( G & & & & h ( " & j / A ( 0 , G
& ( )& & & ( " EE & ( . FF 0 , G
== 0 . G
& (
?=
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
j . / 0 :;;F " & . (
& ! 4 . / . & ( & . j " & & ( " " 5 0 ( & " & & ( " / 7& H & )& & ( m & &
(( ( m & ( " & / 7& ( ( 0 . & ( " & ( . & )& ) J J " & & ( - & & / - & " & & ( & . (
" 0 J ) & & (( " & . G / 0 ) (
J ( " 9 . J (( ) J & / B ( ) :;;EC
+ ) K .! *
*
( & " & (
. " & ) & h ( H I 3 .( & ( . . ( & & . / 0 ( & " & & & .&( h ( H B! ,
(( C I & ) (( & " ( & 9( . ( & .& & " ( &
/ 7& )& &
. ) & , ( . ( J ( ( . .
( (
& B) & . H . .C/ 7& " " & & . " & .&( I & G & . / 0
" h . J (( & & ( / 7& I & .& & vFD . )& & ( " " ) (
( 9( / h 9 & h " & G " .
(( . . BF F=; . C ) =?<D,:;;= B / :;;:C/ L& ( H ( " ( J (( . ) ( & " ( " & " J (( . & ( . . " " & ( -
?:
/ / 0 ( / 1 . ,2 " /,3/ 4&
/ 7& ( ( & " & ( " C (
. I " (( . =; C H
( ( & ( m ) & (( . == C " I
" ( ) & & .& ) . (( & ( C " . & .& . /=: 7& ( ( G & & . ) ¥vv/F h ( v/D " & . p ( / 7& ( )
¥E;/> / 7& & (
& & h " J (( . ( & & (
( G / 0 ( &
. & & h ( " & ( & & $& ( & ) J q
& . " & . & ( j ( & ( & ( ( / L& ( " & H. &
y ( &
9 h " & u( p & / 7& " u( p (. .
( . G & & ( (( " & " / L& & u
p
/ 0
( & ) ( & " u
p
& " u ( p & .
& & (( " J (( ( ( / 7& & " J (( k ) & ( )& u
p )& & ( . " ) (( ) J/ 0 ( & " " " =; ( (
" C ( . ( I B¥><</>>C & ( &
C & & ( & ) ) & (" B:EvC " & F:< " ( . )& ( m & / == ( ( & ( ( & .& . . " ¥v; " =??v,:;;= BH.
" & # J " G h (/ :;;: / FE). =: ( ( " & ( " & " . & )& & & ) J ( /
7 & & H .
013 0703 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
& # .( & G " (( & . / 0 ( " . &
(
.
( " H & 9( ( / 0 & .. & ) & ( j / . & ) (( ) " . )& & & . y ( ( & ( / 1 & ( (
. ( & ( & !4 & " /=> I ( & ( . ( & & " & !4/ # & ( &
( & ( ( & uÂ&#x2C6; Â&#x2030; " & . & " "
" " )& ) h ( H & !4 :;;:,:;;> ) " & " 6 ( &p ( p B " 6 :;;F5 =>C/ & & ( ( . ( ( .
. ( .& / 0 & " . y ( H ( & u p & . H " & / # & J (( . ) m . ( & & . (
.& ," ) / 0" . & . J & & . " & / # J (( ) J )& H(( & & . ( ( & & . / 7& . & ( ( & & ) ( & 7 & p ( )& & . * & ( / 7& ;
9 ) ) ( & =>
See : & 333 $ ;
5 A3 B:;;D5 =<;C " " & !4p ( " " ( ( . & ( /
:;;v/ 0 5 u ( & .& " & . ((
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DIVERSITIES Vol. 14, No. 1, 2012 ISSN 2079-6595, ? ? 7 7 7 /7 7 6 © UNESCO
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The semi-peripheral state: Portugal
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
7& , & ( & 3 ! & & & )
" " . ( "
( ) &
( & & H & & , & ( J " & J, " & 3 I / 5 7& . ( "
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H ( q / & ( " & .&( J (( . $ " . ) . & J " & ( . )& (( . & / A ( ( & .& & & ( .
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& ) & & ( & .
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(( & ( . ( H H ( . & . ) &
( ) ( & q / ! & I " & (( . ) ( J . &
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. " & I * ( ( &
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& . ( ) ( & ( . " " 2 ) & 3 ( B 3 :;;F$:;;<C/ D & ( I & I " / 7&
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DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F 9
Y
801/ 7& & I " 7 & ( .
)
. . ( 5 " & H & ( . ( " & ( ( * &
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. ( . & .&( J (( / 0 :;;E . ( ( (( ; % . ( . ( . )& & & & . ( :;;? " ( & " ( . ( " ( . ( ( (
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& & p # ( "
. & ( . & & :;;D/ . & # J " . ( & # . & ( .
:;;? & ( B ( 7 ( . ) ( 9 :;=;C/ < 7& . ( . ) & " & & ( ?/D ) :;;v :;;D .
=/? & 3!:D * / ? 7& ; % 2 ( & & . ( 9 & p H H & ( . ( ( ) (( & p ) & & 3 H . / 0 " & " (( ) & & . B:;;;C & & 3 . ( H &
( J ) (( & 3
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" (( & ) & & ( " ===> ( B7 ( :;;?5 v<C ==?: . & . " 7 & ( . B 7 :;=;C=;/ 810/ (( ) . )& & & " ) . ) ( & :;=; (( L ( 00/ 7& . ," - A ! & 3 p D & & ) J .
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& I " J )( . / 7& " ( .
. )& & & ( ( ( " & ( /== B:;;:C )& & & G . ( & (( . & 3! ( . & > " & 2 :;=;/ =; - ( :;=: & "
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& / == 7& ( ( " m ( & . ( ( ( . , ( j 9 ( " & )& ) (( h ( & p 9( & " . / L h & ) & ( " &
The semi-peripheral state: Portugal
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
A ) & . ( " & . .
" & I " J )( . ( J & ( & " & .
) (( & . " & ( " :;=; & . " (( & / 7& . & . & .
"
. & ( ( ( " & * & h / :;;> ( =;/F " & ( . ) :F E? ( & & .& ( . =>/D :;;D ) & ( " :;=; " =F / 0 (( " & 3! . . )& & ) ( " :>/F :;;D/ & & . " ( & ( . ( & ( . &
& / 0 & & ( ) . H 5 " </: :;;> =</= :;;D . & ( " =: I " :;=;/ & ( & " & .
& . " ( . ) :; :v ) & & .& & ( / v?/E :;;v Fv/> :;;< ( & .& & ( " :;=; & EF & 3 . :;;< ) ( " D</F / .
& ( J ( (( . .& & G . & & " 3! / .
" & I " 4 )( . " . ( " ( . ( . )& & & .& & ( 5 F/> :;;< .
:;;> v/> )& ( & ( " :;=; =:/F & 3!p . :;;< ) ( ?/F / (( & .
* " " " J )( . " (( ) . & & ) & ( . " " . (( " ( " ,
( ( & & ( . & & & ( J . h ( j " (H( & . (/ " ) & " ( & . & .. . /
) (( ) & * ( ( & .&( .( ( ) ( / (( " & .
H & & & G . (
/ & . " " ( ) & &
" =: :;;v vE
:;;< h & F; " :;=;
" " & 3 . " FE / 7& . "
( ( ( ( & ( " v; :;;v =;; :;;</ # )& ( . & " ~ ( )& & ( " & & p ( "
( ~ 7& )& & I , . I ( / % 3 ** (
* * (
<) . " 84/2007 7& I " J )( . ( & , ) , G " . )& & (( â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;<) . " 3
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" , B 3 :;;<C/ 7& 9 & .&( h ( H / 0 ( & ) " 0 . ) ) (( & ) &
( & .& I ( ( . " . & .
) ((/ 7& & ( ( ( / 0 . & ( ( "
.
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( . ( & & . ( )& & &
"
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9 & .&( J (( ( ( &
=;D
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F & ( & " ( H ( . ( . &
" , ( ( . ( / 7& <v$:;;D
( & . p " ./ 0 H " & & ( " " & I " & .&( J (( / 0 & ( " ( . " ) .
& ( B ( C )& ( & ( " & .&, J (( , (
( & . & " ( . ( / 7& ( " & ) " 0 . & " & .&, J (( ( & ) ( & "
( 5 B ( :;== " & - " . j
& - " 0 ( j
& - " 7 & ( . 6 .& 3 C & ( y " (( ( 9 & . " / 7& ( . ( " & . ) m ( ( I , ./ 7& ) ( ( " " . J . ( . " " & )& & ( ( ( ) & " & / 0 & ) .
& 9( "
.
& .& ( / ( & . . (( & "
(( & ,. ( ( )& & & & ! )& ,. , B 0 0 :;;EC/ 7& & ((
) & ) ( " & 0 . " 0 . B ( " & ( " - , E>, $:;;DC/ 7& ( ( ( &
" . & & . & .& " )& & . " . q ) (( & " ( " . & . " " . & .& . ( . ) & & " ) ( H & / 7& ( &
=;<
0 ( 3 (&
" ( p & ( & / A & .. & & ( H . " & .&( J (( . & ( . " & / I ( & H " & & ( . ( ( + 7 . " & ( . ( ( & " H ( " " ( & .&, J (( . )
& p 9 & ( J / A" " & ,
. & ( & . & & ) ( ( .
" ( j & & ) " .
)& H ( ) ( ( & . " ( ( . ./ . & " + ( :;;? & . " & 7 & " ( & & ) ( / H (( ) & . {<) . " 3
E <
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( 5
/ & ( " 0 . ) :>$:;;Dq / & ( & . " & <v$:;;D & . ( ) :>$:;;Dq / & " J" ) & (( 7 ;
B( (( . C/ ( " & & & u . ( & 9 :;;< & & ( " & .&( , J (( " . *
( :;;D/p B2 3 7 :;;?5 E>C/ 7& . " & " & . & " ) ( .
& ) . :;;D/ ( . & 5 z7& " & 2 " &
( & " & ( & . & . " v; & ) << & =>: j >=> ( ( " ( " " ( ( , & ( . & G ( " ( ( ( " ( / 7& ( /{ B:;;?5 E>C
The semi-peripheral state: Portugal
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
" * .
( *
& ( J & . . ( .
& ( &
( . / A & & J & & j ( " , & ( & & I ( & ( / 6 ) & j h ( & ( & 3 & 0 ( 6 . h ( & & !4 2 / 0
( ( & . ( j (( ( ( . ( . " ( & " J (( " . ) ((
( " ( & " " & &
( & B6 (/ :;;v5 :=,::C/ # . ( " & ) ( ( . & & (( . " &
( .
" ( . ( , & ( & . (/ & " ( ( &
.
brain
" , & ( & h " & y ( ( / ( & ( & & y ( . &
" (( )
3 / . B6 (/ :;;v5 =D,=<C .. & " 5
/ . & J " 3!,
. q / & . H j & " & 3!, & ! , & .&, J (( & ) J & ( . j . & " & ) J .
& ) & ! , . . H ( & 3!, q / & 3!, & ) ( . q / ( 3!, & ( & B=> .
F: " ! , & ) (( . & Cq / & . & ( & " & 3!, & & BF? " & & ) & & ( ) J .
& ( J >E & ( . C/ 7& (( . )& " ( ( & " & . / # & y ( .. " , & ( & . ( B I :;;v5 =>C & (( ( ( & (
/ 3 " L * Â&#x2122; J ) ((,J ) " . . " " & " 3 ( & 3 9 ( & .&, J (( ( & . (( . ( . & ) & & & .& (
9 & .&, J (( ( B:;;E q :;;E C/ 6 )
& ( ~ 0 . " " . ( & ) & ( ) " & .& ) & ( D/D " ( & ( . & .& . / 0 (( ( & I (
( )& & ) ((, & (( "
.
" & .&( h ( H (
(( ) & ( . / 0 & ( & & . " & . J M . ( 9 " .
I J & " ( . ( / 7& & ) " & (( . & )& ) (( & p j / # & (( . ) )& ( & (( . )& & & . H & & " )& & ( ( & H
& B7 # 7 9 ( :;;>5 =:Eq (( ( ( & :;;E5 ?q ( 1 .
1 :;;<5 D:q * :;;Fq =DEq 6 (/ :;;vq 4 J 7 ( -
:;;<C/ & (( . & & " ( . & p j & . . ( ., & / 7& " (( ) . " & I H )& ) G & (( . & . H
=;?
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F )& & . ( j " ( ( "
9 / ; ,
. & > B dades BA 0 h ( C & , . " & . 2 (( Â&#x2020; & . ) ./ 0 =??< ) ;/EF )& (
:;;< ) =/F " & 2 B &
.&
)& & ) " ;/<D =??< =/>F :;;<C/ A" & . ( & " ( B>/D :;;<C ) B>/< :;;<C/ 7& ( ( )& ( J . ( 5 = ;F</:; 3 Â&#x2020; ) = ;=>/D; 3 (
.
:>>/:; 3 . ( :;;</ . (
( ( ) & 3! . B=/? :;;< " & 3!:DC . >??/<; 3
& / &
( j
& Â&#x2020; & (( ( . ) . / 7& ( " ( " & Â&#x2020;
( . & / ( & ) & " & ) &
& .
( ) ( ( F " & ( ) & & " & " & .&
) & . & . ( <; " & ( B ( :;;< C/ 7& . ( . ) & )& & I & ( . (( & " . ( & B >C/ 7& G ( . .& L * Â&#x2122; J p ( &
.
( " & ( " ( ) " . & ( / 0 & . ( & ) G I5 & ( & .& (( & p H
. & .& ) ( ( & .&( 9 " h ( H . B ( " & & " . (p ( ) &
) & C & .
==;
0 ( 3 (&
( ) ( ( " & (( . & B I :;;v5 :C/ 0 & ) ) (( "H ( 9 & .&( J (( ( )& & ( , ( &
, ( . & ( 5
/ . Â&#x2020; q / . & "
( & " & .&$ ,& .& & ( . q /
. & ) . " & .&( J (( ( / . H ( " & . ) . . . ( B (
(/ :;=;C . ( &
9 ( " )& . & 9 ) J ( / # & & . & ( J ( j ( & 9 " & ) ( / 7& ( ( ( . " & .&, J (( (
( & .( ( " ./ 0 (( ( H
( . B & & ( &C ( . ) & ) . & ( B =; C . " * (( B) & " ) I C 1 7 & . & I " :> . ( & . =v/< :;=: B>F
. & . C (( ( & . & & 9 " & p Â&#x2020; / ; environment & & (( . & " & ) & &
) ( / 2 (( J . . ( & & ( " & L B7 " :;;>C/ A
& & & . & (
& " " " . . j/
The semi-peripheral state: Portugal
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
. j " " h ( )& ( I ) J & . & ) J )& ( ( " . &
" & , (
. " H /=: - 3 " . . " ( " " & & . J ( , & ( j ( h ( H ( / 7& " ( "
(( " . & .&, J (( " ( H ( . & " & ( ( (
( h
(
) & & . " (( ( ) " (( I ( / ; ,
& " 7 " p . B:;;>C ( &
p & " (( ) . ( .
& &
/ ( & .& G . ( (( ( " ( &
. I ( & & G . . & p B( J "C ) (( ( ( ( & / A & & &
(( ( (
)& & & . ) " " / 0 & " &
& " ( & " ) " " . & . " & J . . . H & ( . ( / 0 (( ( & ( I " " ( B k . " & & )& & ( m & )& ) & " y ( & . " & .& ( -
=: ( & .& & I ( -
. ( m H j ( ) & ( , BF; C & .& & " & . ) J & .& ( ) ( & ) J/ ! &
j & ( I ( " & ( ( J " /
=>C G ( B . & &
" " (( ) )& & " ( C " B . & " & .&( " (( ) & .& I & I " ( C/ A & " . ( j ( & ) &
( & I " j
( B . (C j " ,
( H
( " . j & B)& & ( & " " (( ) . ( , . C/ # .
& " & ( " & " & ) ( & ( G " & ( / ; )
& " m & ) & & ( (
" & . B+ ( ) J 2 * ( J :;;vq 7& 6 ( , ( :;;EC ) (( ) & & " (
H ( " & . B (/ :;;=q 7 " :;;>q 7 # => 7& & & # ( . )& & )
" ( ( m :;;E & . ( & . " ( / ( " & .& ) & & 3 ! ( (( . / 6 ) & ) & . " . B
C & 9 " h ( B . I T C/ 7& .& ( .& (
(( . & & . h ( & ( . " H
H / 7& h (
& h & ) ((
( & y
( " G / 7& G ) (( & ( & H " & . & " & $ & & & ( & ( ) (( )& & & I ( h ( & " & )& & &
( & $& h / ( & .& & .& & " & # ( . " . " ( &
9 & ( " ( & ( . & " " .
(( ( & . " h ( /
===
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
7 9 ( :;;>C/ 0 & .
. ( B:;;< C . , 9 . ( ( ) & & q ( q & ( . . & . " 2 (( q & .& B . " H Cq ( * & .& ) & . 9 " . " . / ( ( & & ( . ) & " & . " . & .&, J (( " ( &
(( & (( ) & " ( B:;;< 5 =:EC/ # & ( & " ) )& & (( & )&
) (( . ~ 0 & ) &
(( 9 & ( & p )& & ( . H & ( ~ L H & ) ( J .
& & " " . & .&, J (( " ( . (/ - h 2 & & " & .&, J (( " . . &
. H ( B- h 2 :;;<C/ # & . ) & & ) ( & ( ( & p H & ( . ( / L& ~ & & ( & " " . & .&, J (( " ( & & . ) & . ( ) & . H " ( ) & H . B" & .&, J (( ( " 3 3 C I . . y ( . & ( J & & ) & & I / 7& ( "
) & & & &
(( & & " & . & ( & ) ( / 0" ) H
) & ( " (( & .&, J (( ( ( ) & I &
) j ( ) (( , ( ) & ( . & . &
==:
0 ( 3 (&
( / . ( ( " & "
) "
( (( ( .
. ( & ( ) ) . / 7& .
(( ( ( . &
. / h " u , ( (( p ( J & " u 9 ,( (( p ( J )& ( m . & " & .&( h ( H & ( / 0 & u 9 ,( (( p ( J " (( ) & ( " (( &
( . & / #
)
. ( .. ( " ) J & & & J . G j
( ( " B! 3 A :;=;C/ 0" & j & " ) ( ),) . ( ), J (( & h & ) & & j (( ) &/ 7& .& . I " ( " .
) ) ( J . & . ( j & . &
( / 7& ( 7 & ( . ( (
" H (( . & ( & ( ( " & ( . (
/ . " & " 0 " 7 & ( .
0 & " ( & ) & . ( J . & ( " := " & ) . &
" / 7& " " & J
9 " H ( ( . ) & )& & " /=v 6 ) & & " &
. ( (( . & ( B" ;/:v :;;> ;/DE " & 2 :;;<C & & 3!
. ( B=/:= " & 2 :;;<C/ =v A & H ( ) :;$:;;F ) =;$:;;? & & . " 0 " 0 3 ( /
The semi-peripheral state: Portugal
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
O * \ * *
(
( . &
.
$
h " & p / . ( " & & & ( & L ( , . &
.
$
& (( . ( . " ( & .& & & * p .& ( B ( & , . Cq . & ) ( " (( . & 9 & ( , ( q . ( " & )
& , & .&, J (( (/ # & & " & " & L ( , & I y ( ( . ) & & ( I h / 3I & . . & ( & H " ( ) J . (( & & (( . / 7& , H " ) " & ( . B0 7C " & ( " & ( I ( & B2 ( =??Dq J
( :;;=q ( L )" :;;Fq ( 1 . 1 :;;<q J :;;>C )& ( & J . . & . " &
) J . & ( ) ( B- # ) =???q -
L M I :;;Eq - & 3( .
:;;Eq 7& 6 ( , ( :;;EC/ ! " ( & .& ( .
9 (( . & ( " " . ( )
B7 " :;;vC & .& & " ) 0 7/ 0 & "
( & ( & ( " ( . & " ( & . " ) ((, )
& , & .&, J (( " ( ) ((, . ) J . )& G ( ( ) & & p Â&#x2020; / . ( . " " ( & J " ) J ./ ( ) & ,
" ( . <v/< " & ( h ( p B:;;< 5=:>C/ 0 (( ( & u j (( Â&#x2C6; " &
Â&#x2030; ) & & . H p " ( B>;/> , " & H :E/? G & G B:;;< 5 =::CC/ 7& I . . . &
( & G & & " H ( B" & J " ) ( " J )( . C & & " .( ( ( / # even
& & " & " & ( . . & ( & ) u. . & p & & " / 0 & . (
( ( I " . ( . & ( & &
& & , H " & / " * 7& ( & ) . ( & . & & " , & ( H / - H ((
( & ) &
9 & (
H.& . ( , & ( 7 & ( . & .& &
( " . ( / 7& .. & " ( ( ( . & , & ( " & . H & ( . ( J & ( ( & G (( 5
/ & 9 " . h ( H . q / 9 ) h ( H
q / & ( " & .&, J (( )& & ( , (/ . . (p , & ( (( & ( " 9 . " . J (( & B " )
) C/ 0 (( ( ( J . & . ( . & (
==>
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F ) & & , ( . & . . H ( . " & 3! / # & I &
( & (( . )& & & (( & ( ) &/ " ( & & & (( . ( ( & G . 5
/ & &
B)& & .. ((
C ) (( () I q / &
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.
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) " (( h & ( " & ,
) / 7& ( & (( . & & .&, J (( . ( J ( & ) ) " . k ) / 3 " & ( " & ) & B & 0
0
# * ( J C & & .&, J ((
. " & & B6 C ( . ) & & + & ! I
& ( " h ( H 6 h ( J ( & & L " & .&, J (( ( ) (( ( . ) .( ( * " . " & H / 7& & . 9 & .&, J (( . ) (( (
.. . / , & ( & . ( & ) (( ( ) J . & & (( 9 & .&, J (( .
& ) & . ) & & & " & H & ( . ( J ( J ( / 7& I .. &
j * & J ) J . B7 " :;;vC/ ) 0 7 & " ( " . H ( ) & , " (
) (( ( . & ) ( I ) & / 6 ) & j
) (( (( . ( ) ((,
) & ( ., & p H ( ( ) & -
==v
0 ( 3 (&
& Â&#x2020; " & / 0 & ) . (
(
I ( & ( & , H " ) J . )
& , ($ , ( & .&, J (( " ( /=F ( ( )& h . & 9 " &
& & .& (
" 9 .
& ( (
" & ) &
( ( , ( & ( . & . ( (( )&
. B (( (/ :;;Eq - # ) =???C/=E 0" ( ( & .& ( & H " ) J . h . " & . H / 0 ( & . J . ( ) & " (( ) . (=D )& & ( . ) &/ - & ( & " & ( . . " / 7& :;; (( . J . ( & ) ( / 6 .& ( ( "
. ) & (( . J . ( (
. ( # * ( ) (( .
. " & .&, J (( . & ) (( . . ( " , ( & H & ( . ( ( " & ( ( ( . ( ( /=< =F A" 0 7 (
J & " & /
( " ( (( (
) J ( ( & . & (( . & ( " & " . $
(, ( ( " . ( / =E - ( . (
& " 9 .
& ( & & & ( J B J :;;=C/ =D 0 & .
p & ( & . H " h (
"
H H , " ( ( . ( B:;;< 5 DC/ =< L J & transmigrants & (( p B & (( (/ =??F5v<C . )& ( ( & ( ( " )& (
The semi-peripheral state: Portugal
DIVERSITIES 1 (/ =v / = :;=: w 0 :;D?,EF?F
) J . ( "
& . . H .
& " ( / 0 .
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