CIDESAL Workshop and Seminar Paris, November 2th to 7th 2011 PROGRAMA DE POBLACION – UdelaR Research team: Adela Pellegrino (responsable) Julieta Bengochea Martin Koolhaas
2 Noviembre 2011
Contents 1.
Recent trends in Latin-American highly skilled migration to USA (ACS 2009 data and DIOC-OCDE 2000 data)
2.
Survey to doctorate recipients currently working in UdelaR
3.
Interviews to highly skilled migrants in Spain
1. Recent trends in LatinAmerican highly skilled migration to USA
Objectives 1. Describe evolution in stock of Latin-Americans highly skilled migrants (tertiary educated or managers, professionals or technicians) between 2000-2009. Variables used: Country of birth
Sex and age Occupation groups 2. Describe performance in labour market. Indicators: occupation consistent with education (tertiary educated working as managers, professionals or technicians) and salaries.
Highly skilled migrants born in Latin American and the Caribbean (LAC) residing in USA, by place of birth (2009)
Place of birth
NORTHERN AMERICA EUROPE ASIA AFRICA OCEANÍA LATIN AMERICA & CARIBBEAN México Central America Caribbean South America, andine countries South America, southern cone LAC unspecified Total
Tertiary educated N
% Total
% LAC
352.073 1.891.866 4.752.890 528.194 66.952 2.028.073 525.901 258.104 632.493 400.944 201.928 8.703 9.620.048
3,7 19,7 49,4 5,5 0,7 21,1 5,5 2,7 6,6 4,2 2,1 0,1 100,0
-----100,0 25,9 12,7 31,2 19,8 10,0 0,4 --
Source: own calculations based on ACS 2009 data and DIOC-OECD database
2000-2009 variation (%) 1% 1% 33% 38% -10% 17% ------20%
Managers, Professionals & Technicians N % % Total LAC 274.751 1.356.511 3.116.870 373.243 58.838 1.792.749 583.506 225.553 558.880 275.529 142.640 6.641 6.972.962
3,9 19,5 44,7 5,4 0,8 25,7 8,4 3,2 8,0 4,0 2,0 0,1 100,0
-----100,0 32,5 12,6 31,2 15,4 8,0 0,4
Highly skilled migrants born in LAC residing in USA by country of birth (2009) Place of birth
Tertiary educated N
Colombia Brazil Peru Venezuela Ecuador Argentina Chile Bolivia Uruguay Paraguay MĂŠxico El Salvador Guatemala Nicaragua Panama Honduras Costa Rica Cuba Jamaica Dominican Rep. Haiti Trinidad & Tobago
152.917 107.918 101.338 69.353 59.311 57.147 26.094 18.025 7.064 3.705 525.901 64.565 48.403 47.366 39.463 32.827 18.032 188.612 128.197 93.487 75.822 45.074
Per 1000 residents in origin country 3,4 0,6 3,5 2,4 4,2 1,4 1,5 1,8 2,1 0,5 4,9 10,6 3,5 8,2 11,4 4,2 4,0 16,8 -9,6 7,6 --
2000-2009 variation (%) 26% 62% 40% 52% 28% 25% -2% 19% 6% 47% 18% 26% 40% 37% -6% 24% 15% -4% -0.2% 19% 2% -4%
Source: own calculations based on ACS 2009 data and DIOC-OECD database
Managers, Professionals & Technicians N Per 1000 residents in origin country 126.695 2,8 80.689 0,4 71.421 2,5 55.544 2,0 53.030 3,8 51.284 1,3 21.099 1,3 15.144 1,5 7.838 2,3 3.720 0,5 678.823 6,3 80.549 13,2 47.772 3,4 38.946 6,8 35.793 10,4 29.400 3,7 16.444 3,7 158.356 14,1 151.226 -88.116 9,0 81.115 8,1 54.082 --
Tertiary educated migrants residing in USA per 1000 hab. in origin country, by country of birth (2009) 18,0
16,8
16,0 14,0 11,4 10,6
12,0
9,6
10,0
8,2
7,6
8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0
4,2
4,9 3,5 3,4 2,4 2,1
1,8 1,5 1,4
0,6 0,5
0,0
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data
4,2 4,0
3,5
Percentage variation (2000-2009) in stock of highly skilled migrants tertiary educated, by place of birth
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data
Variation 2000-2009 (%) by occupation groups (managers, professionals & technicians) Informรกticos y matemรกticos, arquitectos e ingenieros Computer and mathematical; Architecture and Engineering
Management, & financial Personal directivo,business de los negocios y finanzas 136 135
140
126
120
107 105
100
87
80
80 77
91 89 86 69 66 64
70
70 60
60
54 53
68 59 57
59
43
43 34
40
27
37
37
31
25
18
20
50 46
12 9
2
0
Life, Physical, and Social Science; Community and Ciencias sociales, y afinesSports & Media Social Services; Legal; humanidades Education; Arts,
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical Cuidado de la salud
140 132 120 100 80 60 40
135 103 103 90
84
78
101 98 97 92
83 83 81 78 75 73 72 68
72 48
88 87 85 80 80
77 52
69 50 46
35
50 40
24
20 0
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data and DIOC-OECD database
43
36 24
Evolution 2000-2009 by occupation groups
Argentina 2000 2007-2009 % variation Bolivia 2000 2007-2009 % variation Brasil 2000 2007-2009 % variation Chile 2000 2007-2009 % variation Colombia 2000 2007-2009 % variation Ecuador 2000 2007-2009 % variation PerĂş 2000 2007-2009 % variation Venezuela 2000 2007-2009 % variation
Management, Business and Financial
Computer and mathematical; Architecture and Engineering
Life, Physical, and Social Science; Community and Social Services; Legal; Education; Arts, Sports & Media
12290 19687 60,2 3659 6211 69,7 13600 32120 136,2 6015 8628 43,4 26755 48074 79,7 11440 20214 76,7 16035 30027 87,3 9779 23010 135,3
4188 5496 31,2 1382 1897 37,3 5974 9492 58,9 2345 2758 17,6 9044 14808 63,7 3783 6261 65,5 5764 8238 42,9 4720 7995 69,4
12670 21770 71,8 2894 5321 83,9 12674 25677 102,6 6547 9708 48,3 22144 44954 103,0 8839 15768 78,4 12400 23553 89,9 8293 19251 132,1
Source: own calculations based on ACS 2009 and DIOC-OCDE database
Healthcare Practitioner and Technical
3889 5447 40,1 1230 1793 45,8 3465 6866 98,2 1739 2613 50,3 8630 16983 96,8 2545 5121 101,2 5095 9007 76,8 2220 4273 92,5
All skilled occupations
33037 52400 58,6 9165 15222 66,1 35713 74155 107,6 16646 23707 42,4 66573 124819 87,5 26607 47364 78,0 39294 70825 80,2 25012 54529 118,0
Summary of findings: (1) magnitude Stock of highly skilled migrants born in LAC residing in USA is between 1.8 million (managers, professionals and technicians) and 2 million (higher education). In relative terms, they represent 26% and 21%, respectively, of total highly skilled migrants in USA, while Asian countries natives represent between 49%-45% of total highly skilled migrants in USA. Since 2000, stock of migrants with higher education from LAC countries has grown more than Asian-born migrants. Nevertheless, migration from African and Asian countries is leading the highly skilled migration growth in the USA. Skilled migration to the U.S. from Central America and Caribbean countries has always been more significant than that from South American countries, with the exception being Ecuador.
Summary of findings: (1) magnitude Overall, highly skilled migrants from South American countries show a more significant growth in the U.S. than those from the Caribbean, and to a lesser extent, than Central American countries. Brazil and Venezuela are two Latin American countries which showed a higher growth on their stock of highly skilled migrants in the U.S. It is also significant the growth of skilled migrants from Paraguay (47%) and Peru (40%). The only two South American countries whose growth of skilled migrants is below average are Uruguay (6%) and Chile (-2%). In the Central American region, the growth of Guatemalan(40%) and Nicaraguan (37%) migrants stand out. Among the Caribbean countries, on the other hand, a decline in their stock of highly skilled is observed, with the exception of Jamaica with almost cero growth and a significant growth among Dominican Republic-born migrants (19%).
Summary of findings: (1) magnitude The occupational group which has grown less in the last decade is computer sciences, mathematics, engineers and related occupations, a pattern that is observed across all countries of origin. The relative weight of skilled migrants holding managing positions in the business and finance industry has increased in all migrants' countries of origin, the only exceptions being Colombia, Cuba and Dominican Republic. There are several differences by region in terms of the evolution of each group's relative weight. In all South American countries -except for Brazil- the relative weight of skilled migrants who work in the social sciences, humanities and related areas grew.
Percentage of women by place of birth 70
65
Porcentaje de mujeres
60 50
55 56
54
50 50 50 51 51 48 48 48
47 48 41
40 30 20 10 0
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data
57 57
59
58 59 47 48
Percentage distribution by labour status of inmigrant population 25-64 years economically active and tertiary educated by country of birth 62,4 69,2 70,1
Africa Europe Asia Latin America All Foreign-born
53,4 66,0 45,8 47,6 47,8 53,1 54,3 61,5 61,9 64,4 71,5 73,6
Peru Bolivia Ecuador Brazil Colombia Uruguay Venezuela Chile Paraguay Argentina
41,6 41,7 41,8 42,2 45,6 46,4 54,2 58,2 63,4 66,6 67,8 69,9
Honduras El Salvador Guatemala Nicaragua Dominican Republic Mexico Cuba Haiti Costa Rica Panama Jamaica Trinidad & Tobago
61,1
Philippines Canada China India
77,5 78,6 79,4 0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
Ocupados como directivos, profesionales o t茅cnicos
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
Ocupados en empleos de media y baja calificaci贸n
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data
80,0
90,0
Desocupados
100,0
Percentage of tertiary educated migrants (25-64 years economically active) occupied as Managers, Professionals or Technicians, by country of birth and sex 58
Venezuela Uruguay Peru Paraguay Ecuador Colombia Chile Brasil Bolivia Argentina
65
55
66
47
44
71 46
50 54
55 61
50 43
67
57 53 77
71
Tr. & Tobago Jamaica HaitĂ Dominicana Cuba Panama Nicaragua Honduras Guatemala El Salvador Costa Rica Mexico
69 71 72
61 64
53 44
47 56
53
66 40
Mujeres
46
36
52
36
Varones
44
40
61 41
30
35
68
45
65
54
40 45 50 55 60 65 % ocupados como Directivos, Profesionales o Tècnicos
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data
70
75
80
Tertiary educated migrants: Median annual salary by sex and country of birth (in thousand U.S. dollars) 70
60
50
Varones
40
Mujeres
30
20
Source: Own calculations based on ACS 2009 data
Summary of findings (2): Labour market There are significant differences by country of birth amongst skilled migrants' performance indicators in the U.S. labour market. Taking into account Latin American countries, Argentineborn migrants show the best indicators: (i) they have the higher rate of population with higher education degree who hold managing, professional or technical roles (74%); (ii) Skilled Argentine men have the higher salaries (a mean of 71,000 US dollars annual salary ); (iii) Skilled Argentine women have a similar position amongst their Latin American and Caribbean peers (a mean of 77,000 US dollars annual salary ).
2. Census to Doctorates recipients
Project summary 1.
Census Doctors working in the Faculty of Science, Engineering and Social Sciences UdelaR (institution that concentrates 80% of researchers resident in Uruguay). Objective: To study the relationship between international mobility and academic background and family ties with the Diaspora.
2.
Scoping Study - Survey of non-teaching doctors UdelaR residing outside Uruguay (snowball). Module with open questions that are not intended to quantification and statistical significance but the understanding and exploration of certain aspects.
General objectives
1. Describe the patterns of international mobility of Doctors in Science, Engineering and Social Sciences graduate study in the UdelaR and study its relationship with academic backgrounds, professional and family.
2. Understanding the perspective of Doctors decisions relating to your academic background, employment and migration in relation to the scientific context of Uruguay and its family history.
Background Relationship between availability of research and development of countries. PhD is a critical step in the formation and development of research. Creation of doctorates was an important objective among the plans to boost scientific research in the context of the end of the dictatorship and the restoration of democracy. Lack of specific studies on Uruguay. Ability to get information to compare the situation of Uruguay in the international context (OECD surveys)
Methods Quantitative analysis: Descriptive statistics. Event History Analysis (EHA):is the study of the duration of the no experimentation of one (or more events) event over a period of risk. Additionally, it can be seen as the study of the rate at which individuals experience one or more events during the exposure. From the life course paradigm interpretation of the occurrence of biographical events is from the assumption that these do not occur independently.
Data about UdelaR professor staff Professor by type of postgraduate done between 2000 and 2009 2000 Diploma (duration less than 1 year) Specialization (at least 1 year) Master Doctorate Post-Doctorate
2009
N 380
% 11,6
% 336
% 11,1
1264 976 596 60 3276
38,6 29,8 18,2 1,8 100%
993 1289 378 19 3015
32,9 42,8 12,5 0,6 100%
Source: Web census of UdelaR staff (2009) and census office (2000)
Data about UdelaR professor staff Type of postgraduate by sex (2009)
Males
Diploma (duration less than 1 year) Specialization (at least 1 year) Master Doctorate Post-Doctorate Total
N 143 465 646 213 10 1477
% 9,7 31,5 43,7 14,4 0,7 100%
193 528 643 165 9 1538
12,5 34,3 41,8 10,7 0,6 100%
Females
Diploma (duration less than 1 year) Specialization (at least 1 year) Master Doctorate Post-Doctorate Total Source: Web census of UdelaR staff (2009)
Datos sobre docentes de la UdelaR Professor by area of knowledge and type of postgraduate (2009)
Agricultural & farming
Sciences & Technology
Social and Humaniti es
Diploma (duration less than 1 year)
13 5,5%
37 5,1%
148 18,5%
1 14,3%
137 11,1%
Specialization (at least 1 year)
18 7,6%
31 4,2%
91 11,3%
2 28,6%
851 68,7%
Master
170 71,7%
430 58,8%
462 57,6%
3 42,9%
224 18,1%
Doctorate
36 15,2%
229 31,3%
95 11,8%
1 14,3%
17 1,4%
4 0,5%
6 0,7%
731 100%
802 100%
Post-Doctorate Total
237 100%
Source: Web census of UdelaR staff (2009)
Arts
Health
9 0,7% 7 100%
1238 100%
Objetives Quantitative
Cualitatives
General Objective Describe the patterns of international mobility of Doctors in Science, Engineering and Social Sciences degree study and study its relationship with academic backgrounds, professional and family.
General Objective Understanding the perspective of Doctors decisions relating their academic and work in relation to the scientific background and family history Uruguay
Specific Objectives 1. Describe the international mobility of doctors.
Specific Objectives 1.Delving into family history of the doctors in relation to their academic and career paths 2.Understand the possible relationship between the academic and the migratory path 3. Understanding the mechanisms for reintegration into social and academic life of returnees Doctors
2. Describe academic and career paths of the Doctors and analyze its relationship with mobility patterns. 3. To study the relationship between the timing of family history (marriage, birth, children, family dissolution and death) of the doctors with academic and career paths 4. Describe the linkages among the doctors who reside or resided abroad, and colleagues and institutions in Uruguay
Research questions Describe the international mobility of doctors. Is it significant international mobility among the doctors? Are there significant differences in the propensity of migration of doctors licensed in the UdelaR as your profession? Is the return of the migration project of Doctors? What are the reasons given for migration / return by Doctors? Describe academic and career paths of the Doctors and analyze its relationship with mobility patterns. Are there specific centers of attraction among the doctors according to their specs? How is the mobility associated with the academic background of the doctors?
Research questions To study the relationship between the timing of family history (marriage, birth, children, family dissolution and death) of the doctors with academic and career paths How is the calendar of scheduled family history of the Ph.D. degree in the UdelaR? Is there a link between the calendar determinant of family history of Doctors UdelaR graduates and academic achievement? Describe the linkages among the doctors who reside or resided abroad, and colleagues and institutions in Uruguay Are there diasporic networks among colleagues and institutions in Uruguay? What? 多They promote these networks as incentives for international migration of doctors?
In-depth interviews 21 interviews - Year of arrival to Spain between 2003 and 2009 Sex Women Men
7 14
Total
21
Age average Max Min
32.6 55 23
Total
Type of migration Familiar Individual Cuople Total
21
4 8 9
Profession Science Engineering Medicine Other
4 7 4 6
Total
21
Residence Madrid Barcelona Blaner - Girona (Catalunya) Sevilla Total
21
8 11 1 1 21
Workplace estudiante Doctorado estudiante Doctorado contratado/CSIC contratada/CSIC Universidad Polotécnica Universidad de Girona Microbiología de Madrid Microbiología de Madrid de Barcelona Ciencias contratado/Consultora privada
contratado/ Universidad becario/Universidad contratado/Consultora Politécnica de Complutense de Madrid privada Barcelona
Ingeniería contratado/ Universidad contratado/ Universidad becario/Universidad Politécnica de Politécnica de Barcelona Pompeu Fabra Barcelona contratado/Clínica Privada Medicina Diseñadora textil
autònoma/ actividad privada
Escribano
contratado/Inmobiliaria
Economista
contratado/Banca privada
Lic. En Comercio Exterior
contratado/empresa privada
Socióloga
estudiante de Máster Universidad Complutense de Madrid
estudiantecontratado/Doctorado de Lic. En Comunicación la Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
residente/Hospital Clìnic
residente/Hospital Clìnic
residente/Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge