Figure 6. Illustration of the Circular Economy Concept

from Value chain approaches to determining Best Available Techniques (BAT) for industrial installations

Figure 4. Green Chemistry Example

22  2. EXPANDING VIEW OF BAT DETERMINATION THROUGH A VALUE CHAIN PERSPECTIVE

Figure 6. Illustration of the Circular Economy Concept

Source: (Ellen Macarthur Foundation, 2013[24])

Considering BAT determination through a circular economy lens might result in identification of alternative materials and technologies that can contribute to waste reduction and recycle, the use of secondary and reusable materials and energy efficiency throughout the whole value chain.

Decarbonisation

Climate change mitigation is a crucial global environmental issue. The Paris agreement sets the target to limit global warming to well below 2, preferably to 1.5 degrees Celsius, compared to pre-industrial levels (UNFCCC, 2015[25]). To achieve global reduction targets of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, there is a need for mitigation actions from all industrial sectors. The term “decarbonisation” is generally used in the context of power supply. Here, the main strategies for reducing GHG emissions are use of renewable energy resources in place of fossil carbon-containing fuels, and implementation of carbon capture and storage (Luderer, Pehl and Arvesen, 2019[26]). These strategies apply to any sector which requires power generation; the main strategy for decarbonizing manufacturing sectors is to meet their energy needs through decarbonized power supplies, be they on or off site. Other important strategies for decarbonisation include use of hydrogen as a fuel such as in transportation and electrification of industrial processes which traditionally rely on fossil fuels for power. For full decarbonisation of such processes, the energy requirements to generate hydrogen or electricity must be met with decarbonised power sources. (Thomaßen, Kavvadias et al, 2021[30]) (Koch Blank and Molly, 2020[27]).

Figure 6. Illustration of the Circular Economy Concept

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Figure 4. Green Chemistry Example

Figure 6. Illustration of the Circular Economy Concept

Decarbonisation

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Figure 4. Green Chemistry Example

Box 2. Common themes of value chain approaches and examples

Box 3. Proposed value chain approaches to developing EU BAT Reference Documents

Figure 11. Three approaches for bringing circular economy issues into the EU BREF process

EU BAT Reference Documents

Figure 10. Food Processing and Manufacturing Flow Diagram

Figure 9. Paint and Coating Manufacturing Flow Diagram

Figure 7. Overview of GHG Protocol Scopes and Emissions Across the Value Chain

Figure 8. Textile Manufacturing Flow Diagram

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Value chain approaches to determining Best Available Techniques (BAT) for industrial installations