Resilient City RESEARCH REPORT
Advisor: HWANG, Cheng Chun Patrick Team A Members: AU, Sin Man Sophia ZHOU, Xiao Kitty CHAN, Hok Leung Joe
Phwang@cuhk.edu.hk auausophia@gmail.com kittyxiaoni@gmail.com joechan1126@hotmail.com
School of Architecture
The Chinese University of Hong Kong
(+852) 9244 8137 (+852) 6679 7576 (+852) 5647 0560
1
CONTENT 1. Economy
3-8
Transformation of Economy Structure Economy in Mumbai Recycling Industries Current Rehabitation Project for Slum Dwellers
2. History
9-12
Flooding in Mumbai Historical Background of Flooding Causes of Flooding
3. Infrastructure
13-22
,QVXIÀFLHQFH RI &OHDQ :DWHU Rapid Urbanization 7UDIÀF &RQJHVWLRQ LQ 0XPEDL Street Studies for a Walkable City
4. Culture
23-24
Dynamic City Festivals
5. Ecosystem
25-28
Pollution 3XULÀFDWLRQ E\ ZHWODQG Waste and Energy in Mumbai Case Study of Waste to Energy Scheme
6. Open Space
29-32
Dynamic Use of Open Space Existing Open Space Arround the Site Area Limitation of Open Space in Mumbai
7. Case Study Singapore (River Plains, Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park) Ljubljana, Slovenia (ljubljanica river regeneration) Seoul, Korea (Cheonggyecheon - Man made river) Rotterdam (Watersquares)
33-36
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Resilient City 0XPEDL KDV HYROYHG IURP DQ DJUDULDQ VRFLHW\ SULPDULO\ UHSUHVHQWHG E\ Ă€VKLQJ FRORQLHV LQ WKH SDVW WR QRZ DV WKH PRVW LPSRUWDQW Ă€QDQFLDO FHQWHU RI ,QGLD 'HVSLWH WKLV WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WKH FLW\ FRQtinues to encounter many extreme challenges, including water crisis, rapid urbanization, lacking of infrastructure, slum issues, etc. Many of the common practices that attempted to tackle the extreme conditions are not suitable to such a dynamic city like Mumbai. For example, more deYHORSPHQW RQ WUDIĂ€F LQIUDVWUXFWXUH IXUWKHU ZRUVHQV WKH FRQJHVWLRQ SUREOHP 6RPH RI WKH FXUUHQW rehabitation projects for slum dwellers do not consider their way of life style, hindering their job opportunities. In response to these challenges, we propose the Resilient City as a design strategy to help mitigate the impacts of the extreme condition in the city, and to address the thematic problem established by the Vertical Cities Asia competition design brief. We believe that it would be more advantageous to turn Mumbai into a Resilient City, which may react with the changes and turn the existing challenges into opportunities. First, we introduce a river way system which provides and supports Mumbai’s cultural, economic DQG HFRORJLFDO GHYHORSPHQW 7KLV ULYHU ZD\ QHWZRUN DLPV WR UHOLHYH VHDVRQDO Ă RRGLQJ DQG SURPRWH 0XPEDL DV D UHVLOLHQW FLW\ E\ UHĂ HFWLQJ XSRQ LWV XQLTXH H[WUHPLWLHV FKDUDFWHUV DQG HFRV\Vtems, and hence, allowing diverse opportunities to the city. Second, the river way is designed with the intention to provide and stimulate multi-functional acWLYLWLHV :KHQ ZH H[SHULHQFH WKH VWUHHW FXOWXUH LQ 0XPEDL ZH Ă€QG WKDW D VLQJOH VWUHHW FRXOG EH HYHU FKDQJLQJ DQG LV HQGRZHG ZLWK PXOWLSOLFLWLHV RI PHDQLQJV DQG GHĂ€QLWLRQV WKDW GHĂ€HV VLPSOH characterization. Inspired from this, we pursue a dynamic complex on the river way, which may serves an extra meaning to provide more open spaces during dry seasons. Our design will also embrace some micro-businesses like recycling and waste to energy conversion work in order to maintain the lifestyle of slum dwellers who usually work and live in close distance. 7KLUGO\ IRU WKH JRRG RI HFRV\VWHPV LW LV D PXVW WR ZHOO SUHVHUYH PDQJURYHV ZKLFK SXULĂ€HV WKH SROlutants from industrial areas. Ecological zones are further set up in order to unlock more public space and encourage a healthy lifestyle to integrate with the nature. Bicycle and jogging tracks DUH SURYLGHG DORQJ WKH ULYHU ZD\ LQ RUGHU WR HQKDQFH ZDONDELOLW\ DQG HDVH WKH WUDIĂ€F EXUGHQ LQ the city. By introducing Mumbai as a Resilient City, we believe that it is possible to achieve and address the competition theme “Everyone Connectsâ€? by the following areas: 1. Responding to the extremes with innovative and comprehensive design 2. Shaping local character and allowing diversity 3. Promoting healthy lifestyle and sustainability
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1 ECONOMY Transformation of Economic Structure
1 ECONOMY
4
Transformation of Economic Structure
From Bombay to Mumbai, it is changing perspectives Within three centuries, seven west-coast islands evolved into the Bombay peninsula, then into a Ă RXULVKLQJ FHQWHU IRU WUDGH XOWLPDWHO\ EHFRPLQJ WKH cosmopolitan, high-rise metropolis of Mumbai. This enigmatic and intriguing city while discussing opportunities for the future. Since limited land resources based on the original islands meant constant reclamations, the town could enjoy the luxury of its natural environment only for a short time. Complex political, economic, and social events subsequently resulted in dramatic changes that still continue today. The economic structure is changing from manufacturing goods to providing services. The usage of land is changing, mills close down, factories shifting, service industries increasing and tourism rising.
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1 ECONOMY Economy in Mumbai Mumbai Economy
The capital of the State of Maharashtra, Mumbai is a city of 12 million. Known as Greater Mumbai, it covers an area of 438 km2 with an extremely high population density (27,348 people per km2). Furthermore, the Mumbai Metropolitan Region of 18 million resiGHQWV LV WKH ZRUOG¡V ÀIWK PRVW SRSXORXV PHWURSROLWDQ UHJLRQ 0XPEDL LV ,QGLD¡V HQWHUWDLQPHQW DQG ÀQDQcial capital, yet also the city with the largest slums. It contributes 40 per cent of national income tax and 60 per cent of customs duty. In purchasing power parity (PPP), Mumbai is estimated to have a US$143 billion economy. Per capita income is US$12,070. 7UDIÀF FRQJHVWLRQ ORVV RI ZHWODQGV DQG à RRGLQJ DV well as the critical housing issues and slums are key challenges facing Mumbai. Some projections state that Mumbai could overtake Tokyo as the world’s largest city by 2050.
1 ECONOMY
6
Economy in Mumbai
Key sectors contributing to the city’s economy now are: More skilled labour population
Unskilled and semi-skilled labour population recycling industry
gems and jewellery
IT and ITES
entertainment industry
hawkers
mechanics
leather
textiles
ÀQDQFLDO FHQWUH
taxi drivers
port and shipping industry
Relative GDP % INDIA STATE OF MAHARASHTRA
9% 13%
GBP as % of global GDP
GREATER MUMBAI accounts for 33%
of income tax collections
25%
of industrial output
70%
of maritime trade
70%
of capital transactions
40%
of foreign trade
GBP as % of India’s GDP
MUMBAI METROPOLITAN REGION
39%
GBP as % of the state GDP
GREATER MUMBAI
26%
GBP as % of the state GDP
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1 ECONOMY Recycling Industries
Mumbai is one of the largest recycling industries in the world. Dharavi is the major recycling industries area. There is an increasingly large recycling industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of the city; the district has an estimated 15,000 single-room factories. 80% of wastes will be recycled.
Image source: google image
1 ECONOMY
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Current Rehabitation Project for Slum Dwellers
Slums rely heavily on economic and social networks. Slum people work and live in close distance. Many slum redevelopment projects designed to move populations out, result in a loss of livelihood. Most slum dwellers rely heavily on economic and social networks. Slum people work and live in close distance. However, many of the current slum rehabitation projects designed to move populations out instead of maintaining their way of living. It may hinder their opportunities to earn a living, resulting in a loss of livelihood. Therefore, attention of considering job opportunities should be paid while designing affordable housing for workers who live and work at close area.
Image source: google image
Source: http://www.mcgm.gov.in/
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2 HISTORY Flooding in Mumbai
:DWHUORJJLQJ WUDIĂ€F VQDUOV GHOD\HG WUDLQ VHUYLFHV building collapse and tree falls — it all came back to trouble Mumbaikars. 7KHUH ZHUH WUDIĂ€F VQDUOV DQG VORZ PRYLQJ WUDIĂ€F LQ DOO the arterial roads in the city. “Both the main roads and the lanes were packed with vehicles. It took us around 90 minutes to reach town from Dadar,â€? said Meenakshi Nainwal, a commuter. According WR LQIRUPDWLRQ IURP WKH 7UDIĂ€F 3ROLFH FRQWURO URRP there was no major waterlogging in spite of heavy showers. 2Q WKH :HVWHUQ OLQH D Ă€YH KRXU MXPER EORFN ZDV undertaken between Santa Cruz and Goregaon stations from 10.35am to 15.35am. All trains plied on fast lines between Santacruz and Goregaon stations. Rain also caused mishaps. A portion of a single storey building collapsed at Princess Street, Kalbadevi. A portion of a three storey collapsed at Takiya ward at Kurla (West). Residents were temporarily shifted to a nearby municipal school. No one was hurt in these incidents.
Image source: google image
2 HISTORY
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Flooding in Mumbai 7UDIĂ€F EORFNDJH E\ Ă RRGLQJ
Flooding is one of the important main reasons FDXVLQJ WUDIĂ€F FRQJHVWLRQ LQ 0XPEDL 'XULQJ WKH monsoon season, because of rain, there are many SRWKROHV ZKLFK VORZV GRZQ WKH VSHHG RI WKH WUDIĂ€F in Mumbai. The 2005 monsoon proved to be extremely erratic for 0DKDUDVKWUD ,Q WKH EHJLQQLQJ D VHULRXV GHĂ€FLHQF\ of rainfall, particularly in the western Vidarbha and Marathwada, created a drought-like situation with shortage of drinking water and fodder. The situation changed dramatically in the course of a week from July 21, when unusually heavy rains lashed the coastal areas of Konkan and Western Ghats. It caused H[WHQVLYH Ă RRGLQJ LQ 5DLJDG DQG 5DWQDJLUL GLVWULFWV with many towns and villages under waters. On July 26, when the highest ever rainfall recorded in the last 100 years in the country battered the sub-urban Mumbai and Thane, Maharashtra experienced one RI WKH ZRUVW Ă RRGV LQ LWV KLVWRU\
0DKDUDVKWUD Ă RRGV RI
Rainfall in the city of Mumbai
0830-1130 1130-1430 1430-1730 1730-2030 2030-2330 2330-0230 0230-0530 0530-0830
Santacruz (in mm.) 0.9 19.3 400.1 667.7 768.8 885.0 896.0 944.2
Colaba (in mm.) 0.0 7.0 26.5 33.1 57.1 73.4
Sr.no 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
source: KWWS ZZZ VOLGHVKDUH QHW 6DKLO5DLQD PXPEDL Ă RRGV
District-wise number of deaths in Maharashtra (August 12, 2005) District Death Injured Missing Mumbai 447 16 -Mumbai (Railway) 7 4 14 Navi Mumbai 66 22 1 Thane 180 19 3 Thane (Rural) 44 -12 Raigad 166 4 3 Ratnagiri 20 --Sindhudurg 8 5 -Kolhapur 26 21 12 Parbhani 6 3 -
$UHDV LQ 0XPEDL EDGO\ DIIHFWHG E\ WKH Ă RRGLQJ
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/
Source: KWWS ZZZ VOLGHVKDUH QHW 6DKLO5DLQD PXPEDL Ă RRGV
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2 HISTORY Historical Background of Flooding
Seven islands
Reclamation areanew land are lower than sea level
Flooding area
Mumbai is formed by seven islands. These islands were gradually physically united through land reclamation projects. As the reclaimed land level is lower WR WKH VHD OHYHO Ă RRGLQJ LV HDVLO\ RFFXUUHG GXULQJ monsoon season. “Most of the development that you see today has EHHQ EXLOW XSRQ D ODQGVFDSH RI RYHUĂ RZV Âľ VDLG Dilip Da Cunha, an architect who teaches at the University of Pennsylvania, who helped to create an exhibition about the city’s environs (which is currently showing in Mumbai). “Even the city’s main railway line and national highway have been built upon what was originally a series of wetlands that served as catchment and drainage areas for the annual monsoon rains,â€? he added.
Water level
Source: http://green.blogs.nytimes.com/
2 HISTORY
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Causes of Flooding
Rainfall
0XPEDL KDV D WURSLFDO FOLPDWH VSHFLĂ€FDOO\ D WURSLcal wet and dry climate under the KĂśppen climate FODVVLĂ€FDWLRQ ZLWK VHYHQ PRQWKV RI GU\QHVV DQG SHDN of rains in July. The cooler season from December to February is followed by the summer season from March to June. The period from June to about the end of September constitutes the south-west monsoon season, and October and November form the post-monsoon season. Between June and September, the south west monsoon rains lash the city. Pre-monsoon showers are received in May. Occasionally, north-east monsoon showers occur in October and November.
Drainage system
In Mumbai, the existing drainage system which was designed more than 150 years ago and the blockDJH E\ JDUEDJH IXUWKHU ZRUVH WKH Ă RRGLQJ SUREOHP
Source: Mumbai City Development Plan
Blockage by waste
Image source: google image
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3 INFRASTRUCTURE ,QVXIĂ€FLHQFH RI &OHDQ :DWHU
0XPEDL LV WKH Ă€QDQFLDO FHQWHU IRU RQH RI WKH IDVWHVW growing economies in the world and the heart of ,QGLD¡V EHORYHG %ROO\ZRRG Ă€OP LQGXVWU\ EXW EH\RQG the glitz and glamor there is another story playing out on the streets of India’s most populous city. Shanama Nagappa is 12 years old and her life in 0XPEDL UHYROYHV DURXQG Ă€QGLQJ ZDWHU “I wake up at 6am and walk to a village that is one and a half hours away to get two buckets of drinking water,â€? says Shanama. “I do not go to school because I have to work at home. My mum and dad work as laborers and they have to go out, so I have to stay back and work at home from morning to evening.â€?
Image source: google image
Source: The Bombay Community Public Trust
3 INFRASTRUCTURE
14
,QVXIĂ€FLHQFH RI &OHDQ :DWHU
Had the then Mumbai’s British administrators not taken seriously an agitation by the island’s natives over the drinking water problem in 1845 and subsequent search for water sources even 100km deep into the mainland, Mumbai’s citizens, perhaps, would have been as harassed for water as Chennai’s people are now. Like Chennai, Mumbai also depended on wells and ponds/lakes for its water supply. Overdrawing of water by ever-increasing population caused depletion of ground water sources and also ingress of seawater in Chennai. The same could have happened to Mumbai, as both these are coastal cities. But, water supply in Mumbai kept rising with newer schemes to meet the increase in demand for the growing population and the city is, comparatively, better off. However, the reasons for water shortages are distribution losses, pilferage, wasteful use etc., causing about 40%-60% loss of water. Besides, the lack of access to basic infrastructure OLNH ZDWHU VHZDJH HWF à RZ LQVWDELOLW\ DQG indeterminacy are basic to the city.
Image source: http://www.eurekaforbes.com/
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3 INFRASTRUCTURE Rapid Urbanization
Mumbai faces daunting issues of regional planning and governance. As with many mega-urban regions, the proportion of the population living in areas RXWVLGH WKH RIĂ€FLDO PHWURSROLWDQ DUHD LV VWHDGLO\ increaasing. Mumbai city is spread over a geographical area of 603sq km harbouring a population of 12.47 million as per the 2011 Census. The density of population is very high i.e. 20,692 persions per sq km for the city as whole. The population in island city has changed little overthe last several decades, with density in the suburbs has risen from 11,119 persons per sq km in 1981 to 20,924 persons in 2011.
Image source: google image
Source: http://www.ari.nus.edu.sg/
3 INFRASTRUCTURE
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Rapid Urbanization Extreme density in mumbai
There is a striking paradox in this city. Luxury highrise and slums juxtaposed in close proximity in Mumbai.
Density
Density & Slums Distribution
Density & Transport
we were shocked and saddened by the extreme GHQVLW\ DQG LQVXIĂ€FHQW RI IDFLOLWLHV LQ 0XPEDL Fragmentation of service and production locations result in a bazaar-like urbanism.
Peak Density 121,312 pp/km2 Average Density 125,316 pp/km2
5DSLG SRSXODWLRQ JURZWK LQ FLWLHV DQG LQVXIÀFLHQW or poor infrastructural planning to accommodate FLWL]HQV¡ QHHG WR PRYH HIÀFLHQWO\ WKURXJK WKH FLW\ make it imperative that city governments determine how to effectively combat congestion.
Population 13,662,885
In face of the extreme conditions of challenges of sanitation and other infrastructural needs. How can we spatially and physically convert these extremes formed by the informal city into a just, equitable and humane environment? They can work and live together in a very tiny space! but we are so inspired by the resilience of the citizens! ,Q WHUPV RI KRZ WR OLYH ZKLFK LV YHU\ GLIĂ€FXOW IRU XV WR imagine, but the adjacency is very important where everything is very close to each other.
Image source: http://lsecities.net/
India Population
Mumbai Population
Population Composition
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3 INFRASTRUCTURE Rapid Urbanization
Case studies of density in other cities
Source: “The most densely populated places on Earth - Imgur” http://imgur.com/a/C5nVP
3 INFRASTRUCTURE
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Rapid Urbanization
Case studies of density in other cities Kowloon walled city, Hong Kong
Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/
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3 INFRASTRUCTURE 7UDIÀF &RQJHVWLRQ LQ 0XPEDL
Urban freight transport demand has increased as a consequence of increasing urban population, consumption patterns mainly as a consequence of increased economic activity and the mushrooming of malls for shopping.
Image source: CUHK VCA Team
Due to the availability of a large diversity of consumer products and shopping malls all across the city, Mumbai experiences a massive increase in urban freight transport movements generally similar to cities in developing economies. From 1991 to 2005, the total number of motorized vehicles (goods and passenger) more than doubled from 0.6 to 1.3 million. While the vehicles multiplied 37 times over the last 50 years, Mumbai’s road network only doubled. The number of registered vehicles (goods and passenger together) is growing at 4-5% per annum. Trailers have DOVR UHJLVWHUHG &$*5 UHÁHFWLQJ WKH LQFUHDVH LQ containerized goods movement through Mumbai’s ports. 5RDG WUDIÀF GHQVLW\ GXULQJ SHDN KRXUV LQ VRPH DUHDV of the city is so high that the average speeds climb down to as low as 6 – km/h especially in the areas of Sion, Bandra and Dadar.
Image source: google image
Source: http://www.transport-research.info/
3 INFRASTRUCTURE
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7UDIÀF &RQJHVWLRQ LQ 0XPEDL &RQJHVWLRQ WUDIÀF LQHIÀFLHQF\ IUDJPHQWDWLRQ RI URDG QHWZRUN
7KH PDMRU IDFWRUV IRU URDG FRQJHVWLRQ DUH LGHQWLÀHG as follows: 1. Inadequate capacity of existing arterial roads linking CBD areas to the rest of Mumbai’s 0HWURSROLWDQ 5HJLRQ LV LGHQWLÀHG DV RQH RI WKH PDLQ issues causing road congestion. There is a lack of East-West and North-South connectivity linking the commercial business centre for the movement of people and urban freight along these corridors. The existing arterial roads ( Eastern and Western Express Highways) and suburban rail infrastructure (Western, Central and Harbour Lines) are proving inadequate IRU WKH LQFUHDVLQJ WUDIÀF YROXPHV RYHU WKH \HDUV )UHH ÁRZ RI WUDIÀF LV VHULRXVO\ KDPSHUHG E\ unplanned and frequent digging of roads by utility agencies/companies for laying utility lines throughout the year which after roads restoration leave the road in a bad condition. This causes road width to decrease on localized areas causing severe bottlenecks and problems of congestion;
Existing fragmented roads
7UDIÀF ERWWOHQHFNV H[LVW LQ WKH IRUP RI QDUURZ ULJKW RI ZD\V LQ FHUWDLQ GHQVH WUDIÀF UHJLRQV LQ WKH FLW\·V URDG QHWZRUNV UHVXOWLQJ LQ RYHUDOO GURS LQ WUDIÀF speeds;
Disconnect to waterfront
Image source: CUHK VCA Team
Source: http://www.transport-research.info/
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3 INFRASTRUCTURE Street Studies for a Walkable City Average Building Height and Street Width Ratio Takeshita Dori, Harajuka, Japan
8.5m : 4m = 2.1
Shangxiajiu, Guangzhou
19.5m : 15m = 1.3
Distillery District, Toronto
13.5m : 12m = 1.1
Calle Florida, Buenos Aires
17.5m : 20m = 0.9
)URP WKH SUHYLRXV WUDIĂ€F DQG URDG VWXGLHV ZH observed that road safety issue is very critical in Mumbai. Since street activities are important for Mumbai people, it is essential to promote a city for pedestrians and cyclists.
3 INFRASTRUCTURE
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Street Studies for a Walkable City Average Building Height and Street Width Ratio The 16th Street Mall, Denver
20.5m : 25m = 0.8
Haeng Bok No, Uijeongbu
14.5m : 20m = 0.7
Las Ramblas, Barcelona
23m : 38m = 0.6
3rd Street Promenade, Santa Monica
9.5m : 22m = 0.4
In order to understand the relationship of building height and street width, we study various examples in different cities, ranging from narrow street with busy market activities to grand promenade with gathering space and planting area. From this set of studies, we can have a better understanding of what a walkable city could be.
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4 CULTURE Dynamic City
Dabbawalas are an example of this relationship between the formal and informal that blur in the ODQGVFDSH RI WKH .LQHWLF &LW\ 7KH WLIÀQ GHOLYHU\ service, which relies on the train system for WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ $ GDEEDZDOD SLFNV XS D OXQFK WLIÀQ from a house anywhere in the city; he then delivers WKH WLIÀQ WKURXJK D FRPSOH[ V\VWHP WR RQH¡V SODFH RI work by lunchtime and returns it to the house later in the day. Image source: google image
7KH HIÀFLHQF\ RI 0XPEDL¡V WUDLQ V\VWHP WKH VSLQH RI the linear city, enables the complex informal system to work. The dabbawalas have innovatively set up a network that facilitates an informal system to take advantage of a formal infrastructure. These networks create a synergy that depends on mutual integration without the obsession of formalized structures In fact the urbanism of Mumbai represents a fascinating intersection where the informal city – physically incoherent, and yet a symbol of optimism – challenges the formal city – encoded in architecture – to re-position and remake the city as a whole.
Image source: CUHK VCA Team
4 CULTURE
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Festivals
Banganga (Jan)
Gudhi Padava (Mar-Apr)
Elephanta festival (18-19 Feb)
In Mumbai, there are many cultural and festival events every month. Many of these festivals and events are highly related to public space and water.
Govinda festival
Govinda festival A variety of festivals held on the streets have formed the spectacles and the visual culture of the Kinetic City. In Govinda festival, people celebrate the birth of lord Krishna. They form a human pyramid in order to reach a pot with milk and suspend money over the street. This fully demonstrates how the celebration of festivals transforms the street scale of the city.
Nariyal Poornima (Aug)
Ganesh festival During the Ganesh festival period in Mumbai, the entire city, especially the neighborhoods, hold the celebration with lights and decoration. On the last day of the festival, a huge population of the city then carries the idol of Ganesh which will be immersed in the sea.
Parsi New Year (Aug-Sep)
Ganesh Chaturthi (Aug-Sep)
Bandra Feast (Sep)
Diwali(Oct-Nov)
Govinda festival
Image source: google image
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5 ECOSYSTEM Pollution Existing site condition
Mumbai is one of the few cities in the world where over 70 sq km of creeks and mangroves coexist with the city’s land mass. A proven natural barrier against high tides, cyclonic winds and coastal erosion, their environs also represent unused potential for the development of ecologically-sensitive public open spaces. Our site is a large post-industrial area. After the transformation of economic structure, a large portion of area along the sea is being abandoned. Being located on the western side of a long tidal channel partially lined with mangroves, it is a pity that this area is not easily accessible to the public. This coastal area is linked to various creeks and coastal drainages. The mangrove swamps provide a rich habitat for wildlife. Thousands of migrating birds VXFK DV à DPLQJRHV DUH DWWUDFWHG WR WKH FUXVWDFHDQ explosion caused by water pollution. At the moment, the existing site is polluted by industrial activities. However, there is a high potential of turning the coastal area with mangrove into a ecological zone for leisure use, providing a enjoyable environment to the public.
Image source: google image
5 ECOSYSTEM
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3XULĂ€FDWLRQ E\ ZHWODQG Case study
Mangroves trees are very important part of estuary HFRV\VWHPV 7KH\ ÀOWHU ZDWHU E\ UHPRYLQJ WR[LQV and stabilize silt that enters into estuaries from rivers and coastal runoff. They provide habit and nursery grounds for many species of vertebrates and invertebrates. The trees absorb wave energy and prevent erosion. Their leaves are a food source for many organisms. They also build new land from the accumulation of fallen decomposed leaves. Mangroves provide a habitat for many different species of animals, including bats, lobsters, manatees, and birds. The roots and branches of mangroves provide an ideal site for animals to feed, mate, and give birth. A symbiotic relationship exists between many animals and the mangrove; for example, crabs feeds on the mangrove leaves, as well as other nutrients and then recycle minerals into the mangrove forest.
Source: google Image
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5 ECOSYSTEM Waste and Energy in Mumbai Source of pollution
Sewage discharging points
India has drawn the world’s attention in recent years with its booming economic growth, large demographic of young, English-speaking workers, and its shift from an agricultural to a more serviceoriented economy. The consequence of this economic success has been a massive increase in waste. A growing number of Indians are enjoying a new found ability to consume a vast number of goods and services that were previously either unavailable or unaffordable. From small electronic items, such as cell phones, to large consumer goods like refrigerators and cars, Indian consumption has been steadily increasing and shows no signs of abating anytime soon. Inevitably this has led to a rapid growth in the quantity and variety of MSW. In most cities and towns in India, MSW is disposed of LQ DQ XQUHJXODWHG DQG XQVFLHQWLÀF PDQQHU LQ ORZ lying, open dumps on the outskirts of cities. Most GXPSV ODFN V\VWHPV IRU OHDFKDWH FROOHFWLRQ ODQGÀOO gas collection or monitoring, nor do they use inert materials to cover the waste. This results in ground and surface water contamination from runoff and ODFN RI FRYHULQJ DLU SROOXWLRQ FDXVHG E\ ÀUHV WR[LF gases, and odour, and public health problems due to mosquitoes and scavenging animals.
& ! & 2
. ! 2 A $ $ +
Dumping grounds )
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Daily Waste Mixed waste (bio-degradable and recyclable) Debris and slit Source: Solid waste management in Mumbai, The Bombay Community Public Trust
Daily Waste
Total Solid Waste Generation
Residential
Industrial
Commercial
Others
Transport
Source: Metabolis of Mumbai - Expectations, impasses and the need for a new beginning, January 2013 Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Commercial
Industrial
Domestic
Debris Source: Metabolis of Mumbai - Expectations, impasses and the need for a new beginning, January 2013 Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Total Solid Waste Settlement Recycle and others
/DQGĂ€OO
Open burn Source: Metabolis of Mumbai - Expectations, impasses and the need for a new beginning, January 2013 Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research
Source: http://www.waste-management-world.com/articles/ print/volume-11/issue-5/features/the-potential-forwaste-to-energy-in-india.html
5 ECOSYSTEM
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Case Study of Waste to Energy Scheme Recycling of waste, energy generation (case study)
Waste-to-energy or energy-from-waste is the process of creating energy in the form of electricity or heat from the incineration or processing of organic waste material. Most waste-to-energy processes produce energy directly through combustion, or produce a combustible fuel commodity, such as methane, methanol, ethanol or synthetic fuels. New Energy supports sustainable waste management SUDFWLFHV E\ SURYLGLQJ D YLDEOH DOWHUQDWLYH WR ODQGĂ€OO The energy in the waste is extracted and returned to the community, maximising the value of the waste and minimising its environmental impact.
Image source: http://www.socialaction.dk/news/engaging44000-people-to-turn-waste-into-energy/
Image source: http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/whatwe-do/waste-to-energy-process/
Source: http://www.newenergycorp.com.au/whatwe-do/waste-to-energy-process/
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6 OPEN SPACE Dynamic Use of Open Space
As Mumbai has limited space, most of the open space have multi-functions, making Mumbai a dynamic city. Leisure space is very important to people. But in 0XPEDL RSHQ VSDFH LV LQVXIĂ€FLHQW DQG VRPH VSDFH is under inequality usage. Some gardens are not open to everyone. Open space are limited. But they are ground for people to interact. Due to the limitation of open space, people cannot enjoy the environment. Space for leisure activity, markets, holding events and festivals are necessary. These are the common ground for all people in the city.
Image source: CUHK VCA Team
6 OPEN SPACE
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Existing Open Space Arround the Site Area
Mumbai has just 1.58 square meters of open space per person while the UN Food and Agriculture standard is 9 sq m. Most of the existing open spaces are located at the eastern side of our site and some of them are not open to all. Therefore, there is necessary to introduce more open spaces to Mumbai. Also, we should ensure that these open spaces are accessible to the general public. Various types of open spaces should be considered, including but not limited to large gathering space, recreation grounds, playgrounds, gardens and parks.
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6 OPEN SPACE Limitation of Open Space in Mumbai Privacy and community spaces
What are the community spaces available in your area? 1%
2%
3%
community park
9% 14%
8%
What are the community spaces used for?
22%
21% 8% 1%
6%
8%
religious activities
29%
14%
corridor
family event 25%
lack of money lack of redident groups
9%
13%
for guests
redevelopment 21%
20%
study
7%
communiry hall
4%
festival
17%
religious places
what are the threats to community spaces
lack of cleanliness
12%
local governing bodies
21%
recreation
5%
local mafia
Privacy and gender
Are some public spaces inaccessible to women?
Which are the least used public spaces by women? 32.40%
What are the reasons for not accessing public spaces by women? 64.29% 50.34%
13% Yes
13.90%
No
night club
cinema hall and play house
tea stall
31.29%
37.76%
43.54%
7.48%
11.20%
87%
41.16%
5.60%
4.10%
park
sea shore
12.24%
6 OPEN SPACE
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Limitation of Open Space in Mumbai Privacy and personal space
Ideal Public Space
Where do you share your private thoughts?
What is Privacy? 2% 4%
1%
comfort
3%
safety
5%
22%
no noise
9%
anonymity 16%
35%
friend's hom park
less crowd
20%
freedom from judgement 11%
home
9%
solitude
59%
work
freedom of expression
4%
other
other
What are the reasons for not accessing public spaces?
What is the criteria for choosing public space? 28%
3%
23%
4%
not interested
24% 11%
“we don’t have that community space, neither can we access the parks that are part of the new buildings coming up in Dharavi. If you have to just sit there, you can’t. So for me mosque is the place where I can sit relax, think after my prayers, and it gives me that kind of privacy and space to be with myself.”
8%
3%
2%
“Today we are still more open in front of the society but initially when I cross dressed and left the house, I would face a lot of problem. People would tease me, make fun of me, we couldn’t freely express what we wanted” -- A transgender person
not close to home
6%
10%
Diminishing Community Spaces
Accesss to all?
Privacy and public space
33%
“The real public space for me would be where it gives you a complete sense of openness, you can see the horizon.” “ I think the ideal public space should be close to home, so it’s accessible, clean and neat, noise-free, environmentally rich and aesthetically done.”
8%
33%
family restrictions societal disapproval
4%
don't have time
4% 11%
11% 8% 6%
lack of cleanliness not safe too noisy
Source: Pukar
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7 CASE STUDY Singapore (River Plains, Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park)
Location: Singapore Design: 2007 - 2010 Construction: 2009-2012 Area: central catchment 140 km² Awards: WAF Landscape of the YearAward 2012, Excellence on the Waterfront Honor Award 2012 Bishan Park is one of Singapore’s most popular parks in the heartlands of Singapore. As part of a much-needed park upgrade and plans to improve the capacity of the Kallang channel along the edge of the park, works were carried out simultaneously to transform the utilitarian concrete channel into a naturalised river, creating new spaces for the community to enjoy. This project is part of the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme, a long-term initiative to transform the country’s water bodies beyond their functions of drainage and water supply, into vibrant, new spaces for community bonding and recreation. At Bishan Park, a 2.7 km long straight concrete drainage channel has been restored into a sinuous, natural river 3.2 km long, that meanders through the park. Sixty-two hectares of park space has been tastefully redesigned to accommodate the dynamic process RI D ULYHU V\VWHP ZKLFK LQFOXGHV à XFWXDWLQJ ZDWHU OHYHOV ZKLOH SURYLGLQJ PD[LPXP EHQHÀW IRU SDUN XVers. Three playgrounds, restaurants, a new look out point constructed using the recycled walls of the old concrete channel, and plenty of open green spaces complement the natural wonder of an ecologically restored river in the heartlands of the city. This is a place to take your shoes off, and get closer to water and nature! Source: http://blogs.gsd.harvard.edu/
7 CASE STUDY
34
Ljubljana, Slovenia (ljubljanica river regeneration)
Location: Ljubljana, Slovenia Year: 2011 Area: 65,000 sqm Cost: 20,100,000 ₏ Prize: European Prize for Urban Public Space 2012 Ljubljanica River Regeneration is the great example shows how river could be used as pleasant and relaxing space in the city centre of Ljubljana. Due to the very dense mediaeval city structure, the Ljubljanica river corridor was the most important open space in WKH PHGLDHYDO XUEDQ DUHD 8QWLO WKH ODWH ÀIWLHV RI WKH 20th century, it was also a place for bathing in the FLW\ FHQWUH ,Q DUFKLWHFW -RçHI 3OHĀQLN À[HG ULYer high vertical concrete walls into human acceptable space for different uses of riverside. Though by WKH EHJLQQLQJ RI WKH WZHQW\ ÀUVW FHQWXU\ WKH ULYHU ORVW its initial recreational function, the streets, river surroundings were occupied by cars and public spaces were used for parking. However, after refurbishment of the banks through the regeneration project which was developed EDVHG RQ 3OHĀQLN¡V RULJLQDO SODQ WKH ULYHU UHJDLQV LWV earlier, lost role and function. Streets and bridges are given back to pedestrians. The renovation of public spaces around the river banks raises the city’s attractiveness as a touristic destination and enhances the living quality.
Source: http://ec.europa.eu/
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7 CASE STUDY Seoul, Korea (Cheonggyecheon - Man made river)
Location: Cheonggyecheon stream, Seoul, South Korea Length: 5.8 km Cost: US $280million Year: 2000-2005 Seoul is one of the world’s largest cities and has a population of over 10 million people - 24.5 million in the larger metropolitan area. It is also one of the densest, with over 17,000 people per square kilometre. The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project opens up a congested, overpopulated and polluted neighbourhood north of the Hangang River. The project required the dismantling and demolition of an elevated highway, and the uncovering of the historic 5.8 km waterway that ran underneath. This was transformed into an ecologically sensitive green pedestrian corridor. The restoration of the Cheonggyecheon stream became a vehicle for revitalisation, urban renewal DQG HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW ,W DOVR VLJQLÀHG D VKLIW in Korean planning priorities. Whereas the decades after the Korean War (1950-1953) championed accelerated industrialisation and modernisation, there is now a different emphasis from both city authorities and residents on health, sustainability and social responsibility.
Before and After
The Cheonggyecheon project followed these themes throughout. Despite its origins at a city scale within Seoul, it has become a template for planning intention and action across South Korea.
Source: http://www.lafoundation.org/ http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/
7 CASE STUDY
36
Rotterdam (Watersquares)
Year: 2006-2010 Location: Rotterdam, NL The water square combines water storage with the improvement of the quality of urban public space. The watersquare can be understood as a twofold strategy. It makes money invested in water storage facilities visible and enjoyable. It also generates opportunities to create environmental quality and identity to central spaces in neighborhoods. Most of the time the water square will be dry and in use as a recreational space. The exemplary design for the watersquare is divided into two main parts: a sports area and a hilly playground. The space is captured by a green frame of grass and trees. When heavy rains occur, rainwater that is collected from WKH QHLJKERUKRRG ZLOO ÁRZ YLVLEO\ DQG DXGLEO\ LQWR WKH ZDWHU VTXDUH 6KRUW FORXGEXUVWV ZLOO RQO\ ÀOO SDUWV of the square. When the rain continues, more and PRUH SDUWV RI WKH ZDWHU VTXDUH ZLOO JUDGXDOO\ EH ÀOOHG ZLWK ZDWHU 7KH UDLQZDWHU LV ÀOWHUHG EHIRUH UXQQLQJ into the square. The rainwater will be held in the square until the water system in the city has enough capacity again. Then the water can run off to the nearest open water. The water square is therefore also a measure to improve the quality of the open water in urban environments. After it has been in use as buffering space, the water square is cleaned.
Source: http://www.urbanisten.nl/wp/?portfolio=waterpleinen
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Resilient City - Research Report Advisor: HWANG, Cheng Chun Patrick
Phwang@cuhk.edu.hk
Team A Members: AU, Sin Man Sophia ZHOU, Xiao Kitty CHAN, Hok Leung Joe
auausophia@gmail.com kittyxiaoni@gmail.com joechan1126@hotmail.com
(+852) 9244 8137 (+852) 6679 7576 (+852) 5647 0560
School of Architecture, The Chinese University of Hong Kong