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DO K U M E N T I O S V. K L A R I DOCUMENTA DE S. CLARA
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PISMO KARDINALA HUGOLINA SVETOJ KLARI HUGONIS EPISCOPI EPISTOLA AD SANCTAM CLARAM
8YRG L SULMHYRG 0$5,-$ 7$5=,&,-$ 每,每0$.
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1
3LVPR QDP MH VDฤ XYDQR QH UXNRSLVQRP SUHGDMRP QHJR JD GRQRVL / :DGGLQJ X $QQDOHV 0LQRUXP DG DQQXP Q ;; 2
7DNR SULPMHULFH 0 %DUWROL X .ODUD $VLรฅND 6DPRVWDQ VY .ODUH L /DXGDWR G R R =DJUHE VWU L &K )UXJRQL X 8QD VROLWXGLQH DELWDWD &KLDUD Gยท$VVLVL (GLWR UL /DWHU]D 5RPDยฒ%DUL VWU 3
.RODOH VX UD]QH YLMHVWL GD MH )UDQMR PRรงGD PUWDY ยชRFFLVXVยฉ ยชXELMHQยฉ LOL ยชVXE PHUVXVยฉ ยชXWRSLR VHยฉ ]D YULMHPH SXWRYDQMD SUHNR PRUD QD ,VWRN , QLMH VOXฤ DMQR GD VH X 3UR GLOHFWLV ILOLLV RG JGMH VH JRYRUL ยชGH 2UGLQH IUDWUXP PLQRUXPยฉ ยฒ SLVPX NRMH SUHSRUXฤ D QHND EUDรพD EXGX X )UDQFXVNRM OLMHSR SULPOMHQD ยฒ )UDQMX XRSรพH QH VSRPLQMH XVS &K )UXJRQL 8QD VROLWXGLQH DELWDWD FLW VWU 1934
Pi smo kard i n ala Hugol i n a Sve toj Klari.
1935
0Hฤ XWLP L] SLVPD VH YLGL รฅWR MH ]DSUDYR +XJROLQ WUDรงLR L ]DKWLMH YDR X 6YHWRPH 'DPMDQX ยชVWURJRVW YDรฅHJD UHGRYQLฤ NRJ รงLYRWD NRMX VDP SURPDWUDRยฉ L SRVWRMDQRVW X PROLWYL ]DGRYROMรฅWLQL L VNUXรฅHQRVWL WR MHVW VYRM LGHDO NODX]XUQRJD รงLYRWD4 R NRMHPX รพH RSรฅLUQLMH SURJRYR ULWL NDVQLMH NDR SDSD X MHGQRPH SLVPX WDNRฤ HU XSXรพHQRP ]DMHGQLFL 6YHWRJD 'DPMDQD 3UHPGD QDLPH ]DGLYOMHQ QDฤ LQRP รงLYRWD X 6YH WRPH 'DPMDQX QLMH VKYDWLR RQX ELW NRMD MH LVSRG SULYLGD VOLฤ QRVWL YHRPD UD]OLNRYDOD 6YHWL 'DPMDQ RG ]DMHGQLFk NRMH MH VDP RVQRYDR SR UD]QLP JUDGRYLPD VUHGLรฅQMH ,WDOLMH ,]YRU 3LVPR NDUGLQDOD +XJROLQD VY .ODUL V ODWLQVNRJ L]YRUQLND SUHYHOD 0DULMD 7DU]LFLMD รฟLฤ PDN SUHPD )HGHUD]LRQH 6 &KLDUD GL $VVLVL &KLDUD GL $VVLVL 8QD YLWD SUHQGH IRUPD ,WHU VWRULFR (GL]LRQL 0HVVDJJHUR 3DGRYD VWU
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3URSDVW รพH DNR PX ยฒ NDรงH .ODUL ยฒ ยชWYRMH VX]H L PROLWYH QH SRVWLJQX SRPLORYDQMH ]D PRMH JULMHKHยฉ 3+XJ.O 0RรงGD MH +XJROLQ UDVSUDYOMDR V .ODURP WDNRฤ HU R WHNVWX VYRMH IRUPD YLWDH SULMH QHJROL JD R]DNRQL NDR L R WRPH GD VDPRVWDQ SRVYHWL %O 'MHYLFL 0DULML NDNR MH Xฤ LQLR VD VDPRVWDQLPD NRML VX PX ELOL SRYMHUHQL 1DLPH X EXOL RG ;,, VSRPLQMH ยช2UGLQHP 'RPLQDUXP 6DQFWDH 0DULDH GH 6DQFWR 'DPLDQR GH $VVLVLRยฉ QDVORY NRML VH QHรพH YLรฅH SRQRYLWL X SDSLQVNLP GRNXPHQWLPD XVS &K )UXJRQL 8QD VROLWXGLQH DELWDWD FLW VWU ELOM
P๏ ฉ๏ ณ๏ ญ๏ ฏ ๏ ซ๏ ก๏ ฒ๏ ค๏ ฉ๏ ฎ๏ ก๏ ฌ๏ ก H๏ ต๏ ง๏ ฏ๏ ฌ๏ ฉ๏ ฎ๏ ก ๏ ณ๏ ถ๏ ฅ๏ ด๏ ฏ๏ ช K๏ ฌ๏ ก๏ ฒ๏ ฉ +XJROLQ QHYULMHGQLN L JUHรฅQLN ELVNXS RVWLMVNL SUHSRUXฤ D VYHJD
VHEH ยฒ VYH รฅWR RQ MHVW L รฅWR EL PRJDR ELWL ยฒ SUHGUDJRM VHVWUL X .ULVWX L 0DMFL VYRMHJD VSDVHQMD JRVSRฤ L .ODUL VOXรงEHQLFL .ULVWRYRM 3UHGUDJD VHVWUR X .ULVWX 2G RQRJD WUHQXWND NDGD PH SRWUHED GD VH YUDWLP >QDWUDJ@ RGLMHOLOD RG VYHWLK UD]JRYRUD V YDPD L RWUJOD RG RQH UDGRVWL QHEHVNRJD EODJD REX]HOD PH WDNYD JRUฤ LQD VUFD WH OLMHP SRWRNH VX]k X QHSRGQRรฅOMLYRM EROL WH VH ERMLP GD รพX QH QDฤ HP OL GR ,VXVRYLK QRJX XWMHKH X VYDNRGQHYQRM PROLWYL XYLMHN XSDGDWL X WDNYH WMHVNREH X NRMLPD EL PL GXK PRรงGD NORQXR L GXรฅD SRVYH SURSDOD , WR V UD]ORJRP MHU NDG MH QHVWDOR RQRJD YHVHOMD V NRMLP VDP UDVSUDYOMDR V YDPD R 7LMHOX .ULVWRYX GRN VDP V 7RERP L RVWDOLP .UL VWRYLP VOXรงEHQLFDPD VODYLR 8VNUV >RQDNR@ NDNR MH QHL]PMHUQD ELOD รงDORVW Xฤ HQLNk NRMD MH XVOLMHGLOD NDGD LP MH *RVSRGLQ ELR XJUDEOMHQ L SULELMHQ QD PXฤ LOR NULรงD WDNR VDP L MD RVWDR QDSXรฅWHQ ]ERJ YDรฅH XGDOMHQRVWL , SUHPGD VDP ]QDR L QD QHNL VH QDฤ LQ VPDWUDR JUHรฅQL NRP VDGD NDGD VDP XSR]QDR YHOLฤ LQX 7YRMLK ]DVOXJD L SURPDWUDR VWURJRVW >YDรฅHJD@ UHGRYQLฤ NRJD รงLYRWD MDVQR VDP VKYDWLR NDNR VDP RSWHUHรพHQ WHUHWRP WROLNLK JULMHKk L GD VDP WROLNR XYULMHGLR *RVSR GDUD VYH ]HPOMH GD QLVDP GRVWRMDQ ELWL RWUJQXW RG ]HPDOMVNLK EULJk L ELWL SULGUXรงHQ GUXรฅWYX QMHJRYLK L]DEUDQLNk RVLP DNR PL 7YRMH VX]H L PROLWYH QH SRVWLJQX SRPLORYDQMH ]D PRMH JULMHKH 3RYMHUDYDP 7L VWRJD VYRMX GXรฅX L SUHSRUXฤ DP 7L VYRM GXK NDR รฅWR MH ,VXV QD NULรงX SRYMHULR 2FX VYRM GXK WDNR GD รพHรฅ QD VXGQML GDQ RGJRYDUDWL ]D PHQH DNR VH QLVL SRPQR EULQXOD R PRPH VSDVHQMX MHU ฤ YUVWR YMHUXMHP GD รพHรฅ NRG YUKRYQRJD 6XFD SRVWLรพL รฅWR JRG 7H XSRUQRVW WROLNH SRERรงQRVWL L RELOMH VX]k ]DPROL *RVSRGLQ SDSD QH GROD]L VDGD X $VL] DOL NDGD PL VH SUXรงL SULOLND รงHOLP YLGMHWL 7HEH L 7YRMH VHVWUH 3R]GUDYL GMHYLFX -DQMX VHVWUX PRMX L VYH VYRMH VHVWUH X .ULVWX $PHQ
1936
POVL AST I CA SI RO M AÅ T VA PAPE GRGU R A I X. PRIVILEGIUM PAUPERTATIS
8YRG &+,$5$ *,29$11$ &5(0$6&+, 3ULMHYRG L ELOMHåNH 0$5,-$ 7$5=,&,-$ ÿ,ÿ0$.
329/$67,&$ 6,520$채79$ 3$3( *5*85$ ,; 8YRG 3RYODVWLFD VLURPD책WYD SDSH *UJXUD ,;
U %XOD 6LFXW PDQLIHVWXP *UJXUD ,; ĀLML VH L]YRUQLN ĀXYD X 3URWR VDPRVWDQX XRELĀDMHQR VH QD]LYD 3RYODVWLFRP VLURPDåWYD EX GXþL GD VH X IUDQMHYDĀNRM KDJLRJUDILML NDR L X 3RVWXSNX ĀHVWR LVWLĀH .ODULQD OMXEDY SUHPD 3RYODVWLFL VLURPDåWYD NRMD VH RGQRVL QD RYDM NRPDGLþ SHUJDPHQH DOL PRçGD VYMHGRNLQMH PLVOH MRå YLåH QD ĀYUVWX PDMĀLQX RGOXNX GD RVWDQH YMHUQD ªQDMX]YLåHQLMHP VLURPDåWYX© NRMH MH ELW NDUL]PH .DNR VPR YHþ QDJODVLOL X XYRGX 2SRUXFL SRVWRML MHGQD ª3RYODVWLFD VLURPDåWYD© NRMD VH SULSLVXMH ,QRFHQWX ,,, NRMD VH QH VPDWUD YMHUR GRVWRMQRP1 8 VYDNRP VOXĀDMX QH PRçHPR VODçXþL VH V ( 3DROLHP LVNOMXĀLWL D SULRUL GD MH .ODUD NDR L )UDQMR PRJOD GRELWL RG ,QRFHQWD ,,, PRçGD QHNR ªXVPHQR© RGREUHQMH ]D VYRM ªREOLN çLYRWD© ,VWL QD MH NDNR L]QRVH QD YLGMHOR SRYMHVQLĀDUL GD QLMH ELOR ODNR GRþL GR ,QRFHQWD ,,, DOL X VYDNRP VOXĀDMX WUHEDOR MH ELWL PDQMH SRWHåNRþD QHJR GDQDV ,PDMXþL SUHG RĀLPD SXW NRMLP MH LåDR )UDQMR PRçHPR VORERGQR PLVOLWL NDNR VH ELVNXS *YLGR NRML MH RG VDPRJD SRĀHWND ELR PRþQR FUNYHQR XSRULåWH X RGYDçQRP SRWKYDWX )DYDURQHRYH NþHUL SREULQXR GD .ODULQD PROED VWLJ QH GR SDSH 2VLP WRJD SDSLQVNL GYRU MH X SRVOMHGQMHP UD]GREOMX SDSLQVWYD ,QRFHQWD ,,, ĀHVWR LPDR VMHGLåWH X 3HUXāL QHGDOHNR RG $VL]D WDNR SUHWSRVWDYND SRVWDMH QH VDPR SUL KYDWOMLYRP QHJR L YHRPD YMHURMDWQRP 'ROD]LPR GR WHNVWD R NRMHPX MH ULMHĀ VOLMHGHþL *RGHWRYR NULWLĀNR L]GDQMH 2 %H] RE]LUD QD ]DJODYDN L QD ]DNOMXĀDN RYRJD SLVPD SR NRML PD MH RQR SUDYL SDSLQVNL GRNXPHQW QMHJRY VDGUçDM GRQRVL VYRMVWYHQD IUDQMHYDĀND åWRYLåH NODULMDQVND RELOMHçMD 1DOD]LPR VH ]DSUDYR SUHG VDçHWNRP NDUL]PH NUR] ]DUXĀQLĀNR LåĀLWDYDQMH ªQDMX]YLåHQLMHJD VLURPDåWYD© VYRMVWYHQR .ODULQLP SLVPL PD X NRMLPD VH ªSURSRVLWXP© GMHYLĀDQVWYD L]MHGQDĀDYD V QDVOMHGR YDQMHP ªVLURPDåQRJD .ULVWD© 3 7DNRāHU RQL ELEOLMVNL SUL]LYL QD QD 1
1DOD]L VH X QHNLP VWDULP UXNRSLVLPD NRMH MH *RGHW VPDWUDR YMHURGRVWRMQLPD 8VS &KLDUD G·$VVLVL 6FULWWL SULU 0 ) %HNKHU ² - *RGHW 7K 0DWXUD ² * =RS SHWWL /LHI 9LFHQ]D VWU ELOM YLGL WDNRāHU QD VWU ² 2
&KLDUD G·$VVLVL 6FULWWL « VWU
3
8VS SRVHELFH 3-D L SDVVLP 1939
1940
VII. D OKUME NTI O SVETOJ KL ARI
VOMHGRYDQMH LVWL VX RQL NRML VX X WHPHOMX IUDQMHYDĀNH NDUL]PH 3W L ,Y 7DNR VX L RGVMHFL 3MHVPH QDG SMHVPDPD NRML RYGMH GROD]H LVWL RQL NRMH QDOD]LPR X .ODULQLP SLVPLPD SRJODYLWR X ,9 SLVPX -DQML 3UDåNRM 'UçLPR VWRJD GD RYDM OLVWDN X VYRMRM ELWL GROD]L L] 6YHWRJD 'DPMD QD L GD PX MH .ODUD SUYL L]YRU PRçH JD VH VWRJD VPDWUDWL XLVWLQX V SUDYRP QMH]LQLP ªVSLVRP© NRML SULSDGD PDOREURMQLP L MHGQRVWDYQLP QDĀHOLPD QD NRMLPD MH WHPHOMLOD VYRM SXW 3ULVMHWLPR OL VH VUHGQMRYMH NRYQH SUDNVH SULOLNRP SRGQRåHQMD PROEk SDSL GD VH QDLPH QD LVWL OLVW SHUJDPHQH NRML VDGUçL PROEX X ]DJODYDN L X ]DNOMXĀDN VWDYOMDOR SRGMHOMLYDQMH ]DPROMHQRJD VPLMHPR V YHOLNRP YMHURMDWQRåþX GUçDWL GD VH L X QDåHPX VOXĀDMX ]ELOR QHåWR VOLĀQR 3ULOLNRP SRVMHWD *UJXUD ,; X 6YHWL 'DPMDQ .ODUD MH ]DVLJXUQR LPDOD X UXFL WHNVW VYRMH PROEH NRML þH SRGDVWULMHWL SDSL ,PDMXþL SUHG RĀLPD RGMHNH WRJD SRVMHWD X SULSRYLMHGDQMLPD VHVWDUD VYMHGRNLQMD WH QMLKRYR SURåLUHQMH X /HJHQGL X NRMRM VH L]QRVH XSUDYR GUXNĀLMD RĀHNLYDQMD SDSH NRML QD NUDMX PRUD SRSXVWLWL SUHG .ODULQRP RGOXĀQRåþX 3RVW.O /HJ.O RYD SUHWSRVWDYND SRVWDMH SRVYH SULKYDWOMLYRP 1DGQHYDN RGREUHQMD RG VWUDQH *UJXUD ,; SR]QDW QDP MH L] VDPRJD GRNXPHQWD DOL GUçLPR GD VDGUçDM VHçH PQRJR XQDWUDJ EH] VXPQMH X YULMHPH ,QRFHQWD ,,, $NR RQDM WHNVW NRML MH ELR RGREUHQ PDNDU VDPR XVPHQR X QMHJRYR YULMHPH QLMH LVWL RYDM EH] VXPQMH PX MH ELR YHRPD QDOLN EXGXþL GD L]UDçDYD VPLVDR .ODULQD SR]LYD X &UNYL ]DUXĀQLĀNL ]DJUOMDM VLURPDåQRJD 5DVSHWRJD 6DPR WDNR MH UD]XPOMLYR ]DåWR MRM MH WROLNR QD VUFX GD MH QLWNR QH PRçH SULVLOLWL GD LPD SRVMH GH GD WUDçL LNDNYX VLJXUQRVW NRMD QLMH ªSRVMHGRYDQMH .ULVWD© XVS 3-D 2GULFDQMH RG YUHPHQLWLK GREDUD SUHWKRGQL XYMHW ªQDMX ]YLåHQLMHJD VLURPDåWYD© QDVWDOR L] SUHSXåWDQMD SURYLGQRVWL L LVWRYUH PHQR L]YRU EH]JUDQLĀQRJD SRX]GDQMD X ª2QRJD NRML RGLMHYD OMLOMDQH SROMVNH© U ]DSUDYR MH ORJLĀQD SRVOMHGLFD ªSULKYDþDQMD =DUXĀQLND SOHPHQLWLMHJD URGD© 3-D X ]DGLYOMHQRVWL GD MH RG QMHJD OMXEOMHQD L SR]YDQD GLMHOLWL LVWX OMXEDYQX VWUDVW NRMD JD MH GRYHOD QD NULç ,]YRUL 8YRG X 3RYODVWLFX VLURPDåWYD SUHYHOD V WDOLMDQVNRJD 0DULMD 7DU]LFLMD ÿLĀPDN SUH PD )RQWL )UDQFHVFDQH 1XRYD HGL]LRQH D FXUD GL (UQHVWR &DUROL 3DGRYD (GLWULFL )UDQFHVFDQH VWU 3RYODVWLFX VLURPDåWYD V ODWLQVNRJ L]YRUQLND SUHYHOD 0DULMD 7DU]LFLMD ÿLĀPDN SUH PD WHNVWX REMDYOMHQRP X )HGHUD]LRQH 6 &KLDUD GL $VVLVL &KLDUD GL $VVLVL 8QD YLWD SUHQGH IRUPD ,WHU VWRULFR (GL]LRQL 0HVVDJJHUR 3DGRYD VWU
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.ODUL L RVWDOLP VOXรงEHQLFDPD .ULVWRYLP NRMH รงLYH ]DMHGQR NRG FUNYH VYHWRJD 'DPMDQD4 X DVLรฅNRM ELVNXSLML SR]GUDY L DSRVWROVNL EODJRVORY .DR รฅWR MH SR]QDWR 5 X รงDUNRM รงHOML GD VH SRVYHWLWH *RVSRGLQX MHGLQRPH RGUHNOH VWH VH รงXGQMH6 ]D YUHPHQLWLP GREULPD 6WRJD UDVSURGDYรฅL VYH L UD]GLMHOLYรฅL WR VLURPDVLPD XVS 0W YL L]QRVL WH >RGOXNX@7 QH LPDWL XRSรพH LNDNYH SRVMHGH VOLMHGHรพL X VYHPX VWRSH XVS 3W 2QRJD NRML MH UDGL QDV SRVWDR VLURPDK XVS .RU WH SXW LVWLQD L รงLYRW ,Y 8 8 WRM RGOXFL XRSรพH YDV QH VWUDรฅL RVNXGLFD X GREULPD9 MHU MH OMH YLFD QHEHVNRJD =DUXฤ QLND SRG YDรฅRP JODYRP XVS 3M GD SRGXSUH QHPRรพL YDรฅHJD WLMHOD10 NRMH VWH XUHฤ HQRP OMXEDYOMX XVS 3M 9J SRGORรงLOH ]DNRQX GXKD XVS 5LP 4
%XGXรพL GD MH *UJXURYD 3RYODVWLFD VDPR REQDYOMDQMH MHGQH RWSULMH GDQH SRYODVWLFH NRMD VH SULSLVXMH ,QRFHQWX ,,, L] VDPLK SRฤ HWDND รงLYRWD X 6YHWRP 'DPMDQX X QD VORYX .ODUD QLMH LPHQRYDQD RSDWLFRP QLWL VH VSRPLQMH VDPRVWDQ VY 'DPMDQD QHJR VDPR FUNYD .ODUD WR L VDPD VSRPLQMH X 2SRUXFL ยช, WDNR VPR SR YROML %RรงMRM L SUHEOD รงHQRJD QDรฅHJD RFD )UDQMH SRรฅOH SUHELYDWL X] FUNYX VYHWRJD 'DPMDQD JGMH QDV MH %RJ SR VYRPH PLORVUฤ X L PLORVWL ]D NUDWNR YULMHPH XPQRรงLRยฉ 2SRU.O 3RYODVWLFH VX GRNXPHQWL NRML VX QD VQD]L VDPR ]D YULMHPH YODGDYLQH RQRJD WNR LK MH SRGLMHOLR 6YD NLP QRYLP SRQWLILNDWRP PRUDOD VH ]DWUDรงLWL REQRYD SRYODVWLFH 6DPD .ODUD VYMHGRฤ L GD MH WDNR UD]ERULWR SRVWXSLOD ยชUDGL YHรพH VLJXUQRVWL SREULQXOD VDP VH GD JRVSRGLQ SDSD ,QRFHQW X ฤ LMH VPR YULMHPH ]DSRฤ HOH L GUXJL QMHJRYL QDVOMHGQLFL VYRMLP SRYODVWL FDPD Xฤ YUVWH QDรฅ ]DYMHW SUHVYHWRJD VLURPDรฅWYD NRMH REHรพDVPR *RVSRGLQXยฉ LVWR 5
6YLPD MH SR]QDW QDฤ LQ รงLYRWD .ODUH L GUXรงLFD QMLKRY UDVNLG VD VYLMHWRP XOD]DN X SRNRUQLฤ NL L NDVQLMH UHGRYQLฤ NL VWDOHรง QMLKRYR VYMHGRฤ HQMH HYDQฤ HOMD VYH MH WR MDY QR MHU MH GMHOR L VYMHGRฤ DQVWYR &UNYH L SRG RNULOMHP &UNYH 6
3RWSXQR X VNODGX V )UDQMLQLP Xฤ HQMHP QH RGUHรพL VH VDPR VWYDUv QHJR L รงHOMH ]D QMLPD
7
,]D RYH RGOXNH QH VWRML QLNDNDY RVORQDF QLWL SUL]LY QD ELOR NRML SRNUHW X &UNYL RQRJD YUHPHQD ฤ DN QL QD )UDQMX L 0DQMX EUDรพX VHVWUH VDPH VWRMH L]D RYH RGOXNH 8 3RVW.O %XOD PHฤ XWLP SRYH]DQRVW V )UDQMRP ELW รพH MDVQR VSRPHQXWD 8
2GOXND VH WHPHOML QD VDPRM ,VXVRYRM RVREL
9
'D MH RVNXGLFD WUDMQR SUDWLOD VHVWUH YMHUQH 3RYODVWLFL VLURPDรฅWYD VYMHGRฤ L 2NUXรงQLFD X SRYRGX VPUWL VY .ODUH U ยฒ ยช1H LPDWL XRSรพH ELOR NDNYH SRVMHGHยฉ L] U SRVWDMH RYGMH ยชRVNXGLFD X GREULPDยฉ 10
.UKNRVW FLMHOH QDรฅH ]HPDOMVNH HJ]LVWHQFLMH 1941
1942
VII. D OKUME NTI O SVETOJ KL ARI
1DSRNRQ 2QDM NRML KUDQL SWLFH QHEHVNH L RGLMHYD OMLOMDQH SROMVNH
XVS 0W QHþH YDV L]QHYMHULWL QL X KUDQL QL X RGMHþL VYH GRN YDP X YMHĀQRVWL QH GDUXMH VDPRJD VHEH XVS /N >RQGD@ NDGD YDV QMHJRYD GHVQLFD ]DJUOL XVS 3M MRå YHþRP UDGRVWL X SXQLQL 1MHJRYD PRWUHQMD 6WRJD11 NDNR VWH QDV ]DPROLOH VYRMRP DSRVWROVNRP QDNORQR åþX SRWYUāXMHPR YDåX RGOXNX R QDMX]YLåHQLMHP VLURPDåWYX L VQDJRP RYRJD VSLVD RGREUDYDPR GD YDV QLWNR QH PRçH SULVLOLWL GD SULPLWH SRVMHGH 1LNRPX GDNOH RG OMXGL QLSRåWR QH EXGL GRSXåWHQR RYDM VSLV QD åHJD GRSXåWHQMD SRQLåWLWL LOL PX VH GU]RYLWR XVSURWLYLWL 12 $NR EL VH WNR XVXGLR WR SRNXåDWL QHND ]QDGH GD þH XSDVWL X QHPLORVW VYHPR JXþHJD %RJD L EODçHQLK DSRVWROD QMHJRYLK 3HWUD L 3DYOD 'DQR X 3HUXāL UXMQD GUXJH JRGLQH QDåHJD SDSLQVWYD
11
1DNRQ HYDQāHRVNLK L PLVWLĀQLK UHGDND SRQRYQR QDVWXSD VOXçEHQL UMHĀQLN DXWR ULWHWD NRML SRWYUāXMH ªRGOXNX R QDMX]YLåHQLMHP VLURPDåWYX© 2YD þH ªRGOXND© SRVWDWL ª]DYMHW NUDMQMHJ VLURPDåWYD© X 3RVW.O %XOD
12
3UHPGD *UJXU ,; SUHX]LPD RYGMH ULMHĀL MHGQH UDQLMH 3RYODVWLFH RQH QDNRQ SR ]QDWRJ GRJDāDMD ²VXNRED V .ODURP X 6YHWRP 'DPMDQX XVS /HJ.O RG]YDQMDMX JRWRYR NDR SUL]QDQMH YODVWLWH SRJUHåNH 3RYODVWLFD VLURPDåWYD SRVOMHGQML MH VSLV NRML MH RVWDR NDR VYMHGRĀDQVWYR SULMDWHOMVWYD GYRMH VWDULK )UDQMLQLK SULMDWHOMD *UJXUD L .ODUH XVS 0 %DUWROL .ODUD $VLåND 6DPRVWDQ VY .ODUH L /DXGDWR G R R =DJUHE VWU
PISMO PAPE GRGURA IX. SV. KLARI I REDOVNICAMA SVETOG DAMJANA EPISTOLA GREGORII IX. AD S. CLARAM
8YRG L SULMHYRG 0$5,-$ 7$5=,&,-$ ÿ,ÿ0$.
3,602 3$3( *5*85$ ,; 69 ./$5, , 5('291,&$0$ 69(72* '$0-$1$ 8YRG 3LVPR SDSH *UJXUD ,; VY .ODUL L UHGRYQLFDPD 6YHWRJ 'DPMDQD
U๏ ถ๏ ฏ๏ ค 1DNRQ VYRMHJD L]ERUD ]D SDSX RรงXMND NDUGLQDO +XJR OLQ ยฒ VDGD SDSD *UJXU ,; ยฒ ]DGUรงDR MH VYRMH YH]H VD VDPRVWDQLPD 6LURPDรฅQLK JRVSRฤ k YLGMHYรฅL X QMLPD YHOLNX VQDJX REQRYH X &UNYL 3LVPR 'HXV 3DWHU FXL YRV QH QRVL RELOMHรงMD SULVQRVWL SLVPD $E LOOD KRUD NRMH MH NDUGLQDO +XJROLQ SLVDR .ODUL L VHVWUDPD 8 QDVORYX VH QH REUDรพD ยช.ODULยฉ QHJR ยช2SDWLFLยฉ 1 1DNDQD MH SLVPD SRGVMHWLWL ยช]D WYRUHQH UHGRYQLFHยฉ 6YHWRJD 'DPMDQD QD SR QMHPX WHPHOMQH VWYDUL QMLKRYD รงLYRWD NODX]XUX L SRNRUX 8 PDOR UHGDND SDSD RSLVXMH SUDYX WHRORJLMX NODX]XUH SRฤ HYรฅL RG MDVQLK SUL]LYD QD FLVWHUFLWVNX WHRORJLMX R PLVWLฤ QRM VYDGEL 2 8SUDYR VYDGEHQL YLGLN ]D *UJXUD ,; RSUDYGDYD L JODYQL MH UD]ORJ NODX]XUH 3 , XSUDYR X WRM WRฤ NL SDSD VSRPLQMH X SLVPX ยชVWYDULยซ NRMH YDP VH ฤ LQH JRUNLPD >NRMH VX@ WYUGHยซ RรฅWUHยฉ NRMH WUHED ยชSUHWUSMHWL ]D .UL VWD NRML MH ]D QDV SRGQLR PXNX VUDPRWQH VPUWLยฉ 1H ]QDPR WRฤ QR QD รฅWR SDSD PLVOL PRรงGD VH UDGL R QRYLP REOLFLPD SRNRUH SRVW รฅXWQMD NODX ]XUD NRML VX ELOL QDPHWQXWL UHGRYQLFDPD 6YHWRJD 'DPMDQD VD VWUDQH SDSH D NRML QH RGLรฅX RQLP GXKRP HYDQฤ HRVNH VORERGH NRMH PX LK MH Xฤ LR )UDQMR QLWL RQLP GXKRP UD]ERULWRVWL L PDMฤ LQVNH EULJH NRML MH SURYRGLOD .ODUD 3DSD NDR GD รงHOL L QMLPD SRUXฤ LWL RQR รฅWR รพH NDVQLMH SRUXฤ LWL -DQML 3UDรฅNRM GD ]D QMLK QLMH YLรฅH ยชPOLMHNR ]D QRYRUR ฤ HQฤ DGยฉ QHJR VX YHรพ ]UHOH ]D ยชWYUGX KUDQXยฉ 4 ,]YRU 6 ODWLQVNRJ L]YRUQLND SUHYHOD 0DULMD 7DU]LFLMD รฟLฤ PDN SUHPD %XOODULXP )UDQFLV FDQXP , VWU EU 1
0 3LD $OEHU]RQL VPDWUD GD MH SLVPR 'HXV 3DWHU FXL YRV ]DSUDYR RNUXรงQR SLVPR UD]DVODQR KXJROLQVNLP VDPRVWDQLPD 6WRJD JD VH QH EL WUHEDOR XEUDMDWL X NODULMDQVNH L]YRUH XVS 0 3 $OEHU]RQL &KLDUD H LO SDSDWR (GL]LRQL %LEOLRWHFD )UDQFHVFDQD 0L ODQR VWU ELOM 2
,]ERU GMHYLฤ DQVWYD VWROMHรพLPD VH SRYH]LYDR V SRMPRP PLVWLฤ QH รงHQLGEH V .ULVWRP 2YDM GXKRYQL SUDYDF QDรฅDR MH VYRM QDMYHรพL L]UD] NRG VY %HUQDUGD L] &ODLU YDX[D 7LMH NRP VUHGQMHJD YLMHND QDMYLรฅH WXPDฤ HQD NQMLJD %LEOLMH XSUDYR MH 3MHVPD QDG SMHVPD PD 0LVWLฤ QH ]DUXNH GXรฅH V %RJRP SRVWDOH VX WHPD GXKRYQH SRERรงQRVWL L XMHGQR ]D PQRJH รงHQH WDNR UHรพL LGHMQL WHPHOM QMLKRYD รงLYRWQRJ L]ERUD 3
9LGLN NRML รพH ]D .ODUX ELWL UD]ORJRP GD SULMHฤ H SUHNR ]LGRYD NODX]XUH ELOR VYRMRP NRQWHPSODFLMRP ELOR VYRMRP รงHOMRP ]D PXฤ HQLรฅWYRP ELOR VYRMLP GRSLVLYDQMHP V -D QMRP ELOR VYRMLP REOLNRP รงLYRWD 4
8VS $QJHOLV JDXGLXP RG VYLEQMD X * * =RSSHWWL H GL 0 %DUWROL D FXUD GL 6DQWD &KLDUD Gยท$VVLVL 6FULWWL H GRFXPHQWL (GLWULFL )UDQFHVFDQH 6 0DULD GHJOL $QJHOL ยฒ $VVLVL VWU 1945
P๏ ฉ๏ ณ๏ ญ๏ ฏ ๏ ฐ๏ ก๏ ฐ๏ ฅ G๏ ฒ๏ ง๏ ต๏ ฒ๏ ก IX. ๏ ณ๏ ถ. K๏ ฌ๏ ก๏ ฒ๏ ฉ ๏ ฉ ๏ ฒ๏ ฅ๏ ค๏ ฏ๏ ถ๏ ฎ๏ ฉ๏ ฃ๏ ก๏ ญ๏ ก S๏ ถ๏ ฅ๏ ด๏ ฏ๏ ง D๏ ก๏ ญ๏ ช๏ ก๏ ฎ๏ ก /MXEOMHQRM NรพHUL 2SDWLFL L ]DMHGQLFL ]DWYRUHQLK PRQDKLQMD 6YHWRJD
'DPMDQD X $VL]X
%RJ 2WDF NRMHPX VWH VH SULND]DOH NDR VOXรงEHQLFH PLORVUGQR YDV MH SRNรพHULR L SR GMHORYDQMX PLORVWL 'XKD 6YHWRJD ]DUXฤ LR YDV VD VYRMLP -HGLQRURฤ HQLP 6LQRP *RVSRGLQRP ,VXVRP .ULVWRP YDรฅLP QHEHVNLP =DUXฤ QLNRP >V NRMLP@ รพH YDV VUHWQR RNUXQLWL X QHEHVNRP NUDOMHYVWYX 6WRJD MHU LPDWH L]QDG VYHJD OMXELWL VYRMHJD =DUXฤ QLND ยฒ NRML OMXEL RQH NRML QMHJD OMXEH L ฤ LQL LK VYRMLP VXEDรฅWLQLFLPD ยฒ PR UDWH VH X QMHPX WDNR VYRP GXรฅRP UDGRYDWL GD YDV QLNDGD QLรฅWD QH X]PRJQH UDVWDYLWL RG QMHJRYH OMXEDYL =ERJ WRJD VWH VH ERรงDQVNL QDGDKQXWH ]DWYRULOH X NODX]XUX GD ELVWH VH VSDVRQRVQR RGUHNOH VYL MHWD L VYHJD รฅWR MH X QMHPX WH QHRNDOMDQRP OMXEDYL JUOHรพL VYRMHJD =DUXฤ QLND WUฤ DOH ]D PLRPLULVRP QMHJRYLK SRPDVWL XVS 3M GRN YDV QH XYHGH X ORรงQLFX VYRMH 5RGLWHOMNH XVS 3M GD YDV GRYLMHND RNUHSOMXMH VODWNRรพRP VYRMH OMXEDYL 1D VYDNL QDฤ LQ DNR RYH VWYDUL NDNR VH SRX]GDMHPR L VD VLJXUQR รฅรพX QDGDPR SURPDWUDWH SR]RUQR L SRPQR RQH NRMH YDP VH ฤ LQH JRU NLPD VSDVRQRVQR YDP SRVWDMX VODWNLPD WYUGH >YDP@ SRVWDMX PHNLPD D RรฅWUH >YDP@ SRVWDMX EODJLPD GD VH SURVODYLWH ]DYULMHGLWH OL รฅWRJRG SUHWUSMHWL ]D .ULVWD NRML MH ]D QDV SRGQLR PXNX VUDPRWQH VPUWL -HU VWH XLVWLQX X QHEURMHQLP JRUฤ LQDPD L EHVNUDMQLP WMHVNRED PD NRMLPD VPR QHSUHVWDQR XGDUDQL YL QDรฅD XWMHKD PROLPR YDรฅX ]DMHGQLFX L SRWLฤ HPR X *RVSRGLQX ,VXVX .ULVWX L DSRVWROVNLP SLV PLPD YDP QDODรงHPR GD SUHPD RQRPH NDNR VWH SULPLOH RG QDV XVS 6RO KRGHรพL L รงLYHรพL SR 'XKX XVS *DO L ]DERUDYLYรฅL QD RQR รฅWR MH ]D YDPD V DSRVWRORP XYLMHN WHรงLWH ]D RQLP รฅWR MH SUHG YDPD XVS )LO QDWMHฤ XรพL VH ]D EROMH PLORVQH GDURYH XVS .RU WDNR GD RELOXMXรพL VYH YLรฅH L YLรฅH NUHSRVWLPD SURVODYLWH %RJD X VHEL L GRSXQLWH QDรฅX UDGRVW >EXGXรพL@ GD YDV JUOLPR X QDMLVNUHQLMRM OMXEDYL NDR L]DEUDQH NรพHUL รฅWRYLรฅH JRVSRฤ H DNR MH ]JRGQR UHรพL MHU VWH ]D UXฤ QLFH QDรฅHJD *RVSRGLQD -HU VWH GRLVWD NDNR VH SRX]GDMHPR SRVWDOH V .ULVWRP MHGDQ GXK WUDรงLPR RG YDV GD QDV VH XYLMHN VMHรพDWH X VYRMLP PROLWYDPD X]GLรงXรพL SRERรงQH UXNH N %RJX PROHรพL JD QHSUHVWDQR GD QDV 2Q NRML ]QD GD PL X XYMHWLPD WROLNLK SRJLEHOML SR OMXGVNRM NUKNRVWL QH PRรงHPR RGROMHWL VQDรงL VYRMRP VQDJRP GD ELVPR RG QMHJD SRYMHUH QX QDP VOXรงEX WDNR GRVWRMQR L]YUรฅDYDOL GD WR EXGH QMHPX QD VODYX DQฤ HOLPD QD UDGRVW D QDPD L RQLPD NRML VX SRYMHUHQL QDรฅHP XSUDY OMDQMX >EXGH@ QD VSDVHQMH 1946
PI SM O J ANJ E ASI ŠK E NJ E ZI NO J SE ST R I K L AR I
EPISTOLA S. AGNETIS AD S. CLARAM
²
8YRG L SULMHYRG 0$5,-$ 7$5=,&,-$ ÿ,ÿ0$.
3LVPR -DQMH $VL책NH QMH]LQRM VHVWUL .ODUL
U๏ ถ๏ ฏ๏ ค 2YR SLVPR -DQMH $VLรฅNH 1 PODฤ H .ODULQH VHVWUH VYMHGRฤ L R รงLYLP YH]DPD L]PHฤ X .ODUH L VDPRVWDQk X NRMH MH VODOD VYRMH VHVWUH GD LK XSXWL X VYHWRGDPMDQVNL REOLN รงLYRWD -DQMD VSRPLQMH .ODULQH RSR PHQH L ]DSRYLMHGL NRMH VH X QMH]LQRPH VDPRVWDQX2 RSVOXรงXMX SUHPD X]RUX QD 6YHWL 'DPMDQ 0RรงGD MH ULMHฤ R ยชREVHUYDQWLDH UHJXODUHVยฉ NRMH MH )UDQMR GDR SUYRWQRM ]DMHGQLFL 3LVPR VSRPLQMH WDNRฤ HU GD MRM MH ยชJRVSRGLQ SDSD X VYHPX L QD VYDNL QDฤ LQ NDNR VDP PX UD]ORรงLOD L ]DWUDรงLOD SUHPD 9DรฅRM L PRMRM QDNDQL X SR]QDWRM 9DP VWYDUL XGRYR OMLR QDLPH รฅWR VH WLฤ H SLWDQMD SRVMHGkยฉ 9MHURMDWQR VH UDGL R 3RYODVWLFL VLURPDรฅWYD XGLMHOMHQRM L QMH]LQRPH VDPRVWDQX ELOR QD .ODULQX ELOR QD -DQMLQX PROEX EDUHP X XVPHQRPH REOLNX 3 .UDWDN DOL YHRPD YDรงDQ SRGDWDN MHVW VSRPLQMDQMH EUDWD ,OLMH NDR GRND] XVNH VXUDGQMH L]PHฤ X .ODUH L QMHJD 2EMH VHVWUH Rฤ LWR VX JD VPDWUDOH MHGQLP RG QDMYMHUQLMLK )UDQMLQLK VOMHGEHQLND QD NRMHJD VX VH PRJOH RVORQLWL X WHรฅNRPH UD]GREOMX SRYLMHVWL 6LURPDรฅQLK JRVSR ฤ D NRMH VX VH SRG YRGVWYRP .ODUH L -DQMH 3UDรฅNH ERULOH ]D VYRM LGHQWLWHW 4 3RVWDQDN SLVPD PRJDR EL VH VPMHVWLWL X JRGLQX WR MHVW X JRGLQX LOL NRMX NDVQLMH NDGD MH -DQMD VWLJOD X 0RQWLFHOOR 3LVPR MH SUHGLYDQ SULPMHUDN IUDQMHYDฤ NH ฤ XYVWYHQH NQMLรงHYQRVWL NRMX QDOD]LPR X QDMUDQLMLP GRNXPHQWLPD .ODULQLK VOMHGEHQLFD ,]YRU 6 ODWLQVNRJ L]YRUQLND SUHYHOD 0DULMD 7DU]LFLMD รฟLฤ PDN SUHPD $UFKLYXP )UDQFLV FDQXP +LVWRULFXP 1
,]YRUQLN SLVPD PRรงH VH QDรพL X ยช&KURQLFD ;;,9 *HQHUDOLXP 2UGLQLV 0LQRUXPยฉ $QDOHFWD )UDQFLVFDQD VLYH &KURQLFD $OLDTXH 9DULD 'RFXPHQWD DG +LVWRULDP )UDWUXP 0LQRUXP 6SHFWDQWLD W ,,, HG 3DWULEXV &ROOHJLL 6 %RQDYHQWXUDH $G &ODUDV $TXDV 4XDUDFFKL 7\SRJUDSKLD &ROOHJLL 6 %RQDYHQWXUDH ยฒ 2
6DPRVWDQ VYHWH 0DULMH X 0RQWLFHOOX NRG )LUHQFH LOL QDMYMHURMDWQLMH X 0RQWHOXFHX NRG 3HUXฤ H XVS 3 (W]L ,XULGLFD )UDQFLVFDQD 0RQRJUDIVNL SURKRGL SRYLMHรฅรพX ]DNRQR GDYVWYD WULMX )UDQMHYDฤ NLK UHGRYD ),.0 6SOLW VWU 3UHGDMD JRYRUL WDNRฤ HU R -DQMLQX ERUDYNX X 9HURQL 9HQHFLML 3DGRYL L 0DQWRYL XVS 0 3 $OEHU]RQL &KLDUD H LO SDSDWR (GL]LRQL %LEOLRWHFD )UDQFHVFDQD 0LODQR VWU ELOM 3
6DPRVWDQX X 3HUXฤ L *UJXU ,; MH SRGLMHOLR MHGQX WDNYX 3RYODVWLFX 9,, %) , VWU 3UHPD SUHGDML SRJODYDULFD WRJD VDPRVWDQD NRMD QLMH QDVORYOMHQD QDVOR YRP DEEDWLVVD ]YDOD VH -DQMD 4
.ODUD SUHSRUXฤ D L -DQML 3UDรฅNRM QHND VH X VYHPX RVODQMD QD EUDWD ,OLMX 3-D 2S รฅLUQLMH R RGQRVX .ODUH L EUDWD ,OLMH YLGL 0 3 $OEHU]RQL &KLDUD H LO SDSDWR FLW VWU ยฒ 1949
P๏ ฉ๏ ณ๏ ญ๏ ฏ J๏ ก๏ ฎ๏ ช๏ ฅ A๏ ณ๏ ฉ๏ ฝ๏ ซ๏ ฅ ๏ ฎ๏ ช๏ ฅ๏ บ๏ ฉ๏ ฎ๏ ฏ๏ ช ๏ ณ๏ ฅ๏ ณ๏ ด๏ ฒ๏ ฉ K๏ ฌ๏ ก๏ ฒ๏ ฉ 6YRMRM ฤ DVQRM PDMFL L JRVSRฤ L X .ULVWX QDGD VYH OMXEOMHQRM JRV
SRGDULFL JRVSRฤ L .ODUL L ฤ LWDYRM QMH]LQRM ]DMHGQLFL -DQMD SRQL]QD L QH]QDWQD VOXรงEHQLFD .ULVWRYD SURVWUWD GR QMH]LQLK QRJX VD VYRP SRGORรงQRรฅรพX L RGDQRรฅรพX รงHOL >QMRM L QMLPD@ รฅWR JRG VH OMHSรฅH L GUDJR FMHQLMH X VYHYLรฅQMHJD .UDOMD PRรงH SRรงHOMHWL 6XGELQD VYLMX VWYRUHQD MH WDNR GD VH QLNDGD QH PRรงH RVWDWL X LVWRPH VWDQMX ]DWR NDGD QHWNR YMHUXMH GD MH X VUHรพL >XSUDYR@ RQGD ELYD XURQMHQ X QHVUHรพX 6WRJD ]QDM PDMNR GD PL WLMHOR L GXรฅD WUSL QDMYHรพX PXNX L QHL]PMHUQX รงDORVW GD VH RVMHรพDP SUHNRPMHUQR RS WHUHรพHQD L PXฤ LP VH >WROLNR@ GD >JRWRYR@ QH PRJX JRYRULWL รฅWR VDP WLMHORP RGYRMHQD RG 9DV L GUXJLK VYRMLK VHVWDUD V NRMLPD VDP VH QD GDOD QD RYRPH VYLMHWX รงLYMHWL L XPULMHWL 2YD รงDORVW LPD VYRM SRฤ HWDN DOL QH SR]QDMH VYRM NUDM NDR GD QLNDGD QH MHQMDYD QHJR XYLMHN UDVWH SRMDYLOD PL VH QHGDYQR DOL YHRPD VODER LGH N VYRPH ]DOD]X XYLMHN MH X]D PH L QH รงHOL VH RG PHQH XGDOMLWL 9MHURYDK GD รงLYRW L VPUW LPDMX XMHGLQLWL RQH NRMH รพH SURYRGLWL LVWL รงLYRW X QHEHVLPD L GD LVWL JURE LPD SRNULYDWL RQH NRMLPD MH ]DMHGQLฤ NR URฤ HQMH $OL VDP VH NDNR YLGLP YDUDOD L VDGD รงLYLP WMHVNREQD QDSXรฅWHQD QHYROMQD VD VYLK VWUDQD 2 PRMH SUHGREUH VHVWUH WXJXMWH L SODฤ LWH VD PQRP L SRJOHGDMWH MHU QHPD EROL NDNYD MH PRMD ERO XVS 7Xรง , PROLP %RJD GD QH ELVWH QLNDGD >YL@ WDNYR รฅWR SUHWUSMHOH 2YD ERO XYLMHN PH UD]DSLQMH RYD EROHVW VWDOQR PH PXฤ L RYD รงHVWLQD XYLMHN PH VDรงLรงH =ERJ WRJD PH VD VYLK VWUDQD VQDOD]H WMHVNREH L QH ]QDP รฅWR PL MH ฤ LQLWL XVS )LO 3RPR]LWH PL PROLP YDV VYRMLP SRERรงQLP PROLWYDPD GD PL RYD PXND SRVWDQH SRGQRรฅOMLYRP L ODNRP 2 SUHVODWND PDMNR L JRV SRฤ R รฅWR UHรพL MHU VH YLรฅH QH QDGDP GD รพX LNDGD SRQRYQR YLGMHWL X WLMHOX YDV VYRMH VHVWUH" 2 NDG ELK PRJOD L]UD]LWL PLVDR VYRMH GXรฅH NDNR ELK KWMHOD 2 NDG ELK PRJOD QD RYRM VWUDQLFL RWNULWL YDP GXJRWUDMQX ERO NRMH VH ERMLP NRMD MH XYLMHN SUHGD PQRP 'XรฅD PL L]QXWUD L]JDUD PXฤ HQD YDWURP EHVNRQDฤ QLK EROL VUFH PL XQXWUD MHFD L Rฤ L PL QH SUHVWDMX URQLWL SRWRNH VX]k 6YD VDP LVSXQMHQD WXJRP L YHรพ SRVYH NORQXOD GXKRP 1H QDOD]LP XWMHKH SUHPGD MH WUDรงLP XVS 7Xรง 3ULPDP ERO QD ERO NDG X VUFX UD]PLรฅOMDP GD VH QH PRJX QDGDWL LOL Rฤ HNLYDWL LNDGD YLGMHWL 9DV L VYRMH VHVWUH 1950
Pi smo Janj e Asi ลกke nj ez i noj s estri Klari
1951
6 MHGQH VWUDQH QHPD QLNRJD L]PHฤ X VYLK PRMLK GUDJLK NRML EL
PH XWMHรฅLR DOL V GUXJH VWUDQH YHRPD VDP XWMHรฅHQD WDNR GD ELVWH VH PRJOH UDGRYDWL ]DMHGQR VD PQRP ]ERJ LVWRJD QDLรฅOD VDP QDLPH QD YHOLNX VORJX RYGMH QH QD SRGMHOX YLรฅH QHJROL VH PRรงH ]DPLVOLWL L VYH VX PH SULPLOH V YHOLNRP UDGRรฅรพX L YHVHOMHP L YHRPD RGDQR PL V SRรฅWRYDQMHP REHรพDOH SRVOXรฅQRVW 6YH VH RQH SUHSRUXฤ DMX %RJX 9DPD L 9DรฅRM ]DMHGQLFL L MD 9DPD SUHSRUXฤ DP VDPX VHEH L QMLK ยฒ X VYHPX L QD VYDNL QDฤ LQ ยฒ GD ELVWH R PHQL L R QMLPD XSUDYR NDR R VYRMLP VHVWUDPD L NรพHULPD YRGLOL PDUOMLYX EULJX =QDMWH GD L MD L RQH รงHOLPR NUR] VYH YULMHPH VYRMHJD รงLYRWD QHSRYUHGLYR RSVOXรงLYDWL 9DรฅH RSRPHQH L ]DSRYLMHGL ,]PHฤ X RVWDORJD QHND ]QDWH GD PL MH JRVSRGLQ SDSD X VYHPX L QD VYDNL QDฤ LQ NDNR VDP PX UD]ORรงLOD L ]DWUDรงLOD SUHPD 9DรฅRM L PRMRM QDNDQL X SR]QDWRM 9DP VWYDUL XGRYROMLR QDLPH รฅWR VH WLฤ H SLWDQMD SRVMHGk 0ROLP 9DV GD ELVWH ]DWUDรงLOL EUDWD ,OLMX GD EL VH VPDWUDR GXรงQLP SRQRYQR PH L ฤ HรฅรพH SRKRGLWL L XWMHรฅLWL X *RVSRGLQX
PU NO M O Ć DANA O PO RT U LU
POTESTAS FACIENDI AD OPORTULUM
8YRG SULMHYRG L ELOMHåNH 0$5,-$ 7$5=,&,-$ ÿ,ÿ0$.
381202ý '$1$ 232578/8 8YRG 3XQRPRþ GDQD 2SRUWXOX
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$ )RUWLQL ยช/ยทDXWHQWLFLWj GHO GRFXPHQWR GHO ยฉ $UFKLYXP )UDQFLVFDQXP +LVWR ULFXP ยฒ 2
2SRUWXOR %HUQDUGRY ELR MH RQDM SRWHVWDW JUDGD $VL]D ]D NRMHJD MH VYHWL )UDQMR VD VWDYLR RQX NLWLFX R RSURรฅWHQMX X 3MHVPL EUDWD 6XQFD ยช+YDOMHQ EXGL PRM *RVSRGLQH ]D RQH รฅWR RSUDรฅWDMX UDG OMXEDYL 7YRMH L SRGQRVH EROHVW L QHYROMX %ODJR RQLPD NRML LK SRGQHVX PLUQR MHU รพHรฅ LK 7L 6YHYLรฅQML RNUXQLWLยฉ 3M6X ยฒ 1955
1956
VII. D OKUME NTI O SVETOJ KL ARI
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3 4
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P O >2YDM VSLV VDPRVWDQD VYHWRJD 'DPMDQD YMHURGRVWRMDQ MH ]DSLV L GRVWR MDQ SDçQMH SUHSLVDQ V L]YRUQRJD UXNRSLVD @ 8 ,PH *RVSRGQMH $PHQ *RVSRāD .ODUD RSDWLFD VDPRVWDQD VYHWRJD 'DPMDQD X $VL]X X VYRMH LPH L X LPH VSRPHQXWRJD VDPRVWDQD X QD]RĀQRVWL SR YROML L X]D VXJODVQRVW GROMH SRWSLVDQLK JRVSRāk LOL VHVWDUD RGUHGLOD MH LPH QRYDOD L R]QDĀLOD JRVSRGLQD 2SRUWXOD %HUQDUGRYD ]D SURNXUDWRUD L HNRQRPD VYRMHJD L LVWRJD VDPRVWDQD GD SURGD LOL RWXāL FUNYL LOL NDSWROX VY 5XILQD X $VL]X MHGDQ RJUDāHQL SRVMHG NRML VH QDOD]L X &DPSLJOLML NDR L MHGQR ]HPOMLåWH NRMH JUDQLĀL V QMLPH 2JUDāHQL SR VMHG JUDQLĀL V MHGQH VWUDQH V 7HVFLR D V GUXJH GYLMH VWUDQH RPHāXMX JD GYLMH FHVWH ]HPOMLåWH VH VYRMLP GYMHPD VWUDQDPD GRWLĀH RJUDāH QRJD SRVMHGD VYRMRP WUHþRP VWUDQRP GRWLĀH VH SROMD 0DUDJRQRYLK D VYRMRP ĀHWYUWRP VWUDQRP SROMD %DOGXLQRYLK 2SRUWXOR VH REYH]XMH L REHþDYD GD þH X LPH VSRPHQXWRJD VD PRVWDQD ĀXYDWL VSRPHQXWL RJUDāHQL SRVMHG L VSRPHQXWR ]HPOMLåWH L XĀLQLWL GD SULMHāX X YODVQLåWYR JRUH VSRPHQXWH FUNYH LOL NDSWROD LOL QMLKRYD SUHGVWDYQLND WH GD þH XUHGLWL L L]YUåLWL VYH WR NDNR PX VH EXGH XĀLQLOR VKRGQLP SULOLNRP RYH SURGDMH 6YH RQR åWR þH RQ XĀLQLWL X VNODGX V RYLP XJRYRURP JRVSRāD .ODUD REHþDYD VPDWUDWL YDOMDQLP L NRQDĀQLP 6OLMHGH LPHQD JRVSRāk LOL VHVWDUD $JQH]D 5 )LOLSD -DNRED ,OX PLQDWD &HFLOLMD (JLGLMD $JQH]D $QDVWD]LMD $JQH]D .ULVWLMDQD 6 -DNRELQD %DOYLQD 0DQVXHWD $PDWD %HQYHQXWD %RQDYHQWXUD %HQ YHQXWD %HQULFHYXWD .RQVRODWD $QGUHD $XUHD /HRQDUGD $JDWD )HOLFLWD $QJHOXFFLD )HOLFLWD 7 0DVVDULROD 0DULMD *UHJRULMD 0DULMD 5
,PHQD VHVWDUD NRMH VX ELOH VYMHGRNLQMH QD SRVWXSNX ]D SURJODåHQMH .ODUH VYHWRP QDSLVDQD VX NXU]LYRP 6
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1958
VII. D OKUME NTI O SVETOJ KL ARI
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]HULMX PRJOR EL VH UDGLWL R SRJUHรฅQRP ฤ LWDQMX WDNR GD EL QDPMHVWR MHGQH )HOLFLWH VWD MDOD )UDQFLVND 'UXJD SUHWSRVWDYND PRรงGD YMHURMDWQLMD MHVW GD MH )UDQFLVND SRWSLVDOD OLVW VYRMLP NUVQLP LPHQRP 0DVVDULROD ]DMHGQR V UHGRYQLฤ NLP