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Engels Grammatica niveau 6
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Inhoud 1
The article (het lidwoord).............................................................................................................. 5 1.1 The definite article: the (het bepaald lidwoord: de / het).................................................. 5 1.2 The indefinite article: a, an (het onbepaald lidwoord: een).............................................. 6 2 The noun (het zelfstandig naamwoord) ....................................................................................... 7 2.1 The plural (het meervoud) ............................................................................................... 7 2.2 The genitive (de genitief, de naamval voor bezit)............................................................ 9 2.3 The noun: adjectives used as nouns (adjectieven gebruikt als substantief) ................... 9 2.4 Collective nouns (verzamelnamen) ............................................................................... 10 2.5 The nouns: subject-verb agreement (overeenkomst onderwerp − werkwoord) ............ 11 3 The pronoun (het voornaamwoord) ........................................................................................... 13 3.1 The personal pronoun (het persoonlijk voornaamwoord) .............................................. 13 3.2 The possessive pronoun (het bezittelijk voornaamwoord) ............................................ 14 3.3 The reflexive pronoun (het wederkerend voornaamwoord)........................................... 14 3.4 The indefinite pronoun (het onbepaald voornaamwoord).............................................. 15 3.5 The indefinite pronoun: a lot (of), much, many (het onbepaald voornaamwoord: veel) 18 3.6 The demonstrative pronoun (het aanwijzend voornaamwoord) .................................... 19 3.7 The interrogative pronoun (het vragend voornaamwoord) ............................................ 19 3.8 The relative pronoun (het betrekkelijk voornaamwoord) ............................................... 20 3.9 Defining and non-defining relative clauses (beperkende en uitbreidende betrekkelijke bijzinnen) .................................................................................................. 21 4 The adjective (het bijvoeglijk naamwoord)................................................................................. 23 4.1 The adjective: general use (het algemene gebruik) ...................................................... 23 4.2 The comparative degree (de vergelijkende trap)........................................................... 24 4.3 The superlative degree (de overtreffende trap) ............................................................. 25 4.4 Nouns used as adjectives (substantieven gebruikt als adjectief) .................................. 26 4.5 Compound adjectives (samengestelde adjectieven) ..................................................... 27 5 The adverb (het bijwoord) .......................................................................................................... 28 5.1 The adverb: general use (het algemene gebruik).......................................................... 28 5.2 Position of adverbs (de positie van bijwoorden) ............................................................ 29 6 The prepositions (de voorzetsels).............................................................................................. 31 6.1 Basic scheme (het basisschema) .................................................................................. 31 6.2 The prepositions of TIME (de voorzetsels van tijd) ...................................................... 32 6.3 The prepositions of PLACE (de voorzetsels van plaats) ............................................... 32 6.4 The prepositions for means of transport (de voorzetsels bij transportmiddelen) .......... 33 6.5 Fixed expressions (vaste uitdrukkingen) ....................................................................... 33 7 The numbers (de getallen) ......................................................................................................... 34 7.1 The cardinal numbers (de hoofdtelwoorden)................................................................. 34 7.2 The ordinal numbers (de rangtelwoorden) .................................................................... 34 7.3 Calculating in English (rekenen in het Engels) .............................................................. 34 8 The verb in the present tense (de tegenwoordige tijd) .............................................................. 34 8.1 The simple present ........................................................................................................ 34 8.2 The present continuous ................................................................................................. 34 8.3 The imperative (de gebiedende wijs)............................................................................. 34 8.4 The present perfect continuous ..................................................................................... 34 9 The verb in the future tense (de toekomende tijd) ..................................................................... 34 9.1 The simple future ........................................................................................................... 34 9.2 The simple present expressing the future ..................................................................... 34 9.3 The future perfect........................................................................................................... 34 9.4 The future continuous .................................................................................................... 34 9.5 The future perfect continuous ........................................................................................ 34 10 The verb in the past tense (de verleden tijd).............................................................................. 34 10.1 The simple past.............................................................................................................. 34 10.2 The present perfect........................................................................................................ 34 10.3 The past participle (het voltooid deelwoord).................................................................. 34 10.4 The simple past or the present perfect? ........................................................................ 34
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11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24
25
10.5 Irregular verbs in the past tenses (de onregelmatige werkwoorden) ............................ 34 10.6 The past continuous ...................................................................................................... 34 10.7 The past perfect ............................................................................................................. 34 10.8 The past perfect continuous .......................................................................................... 34 The gerund (de ing-vorm) .......................................................................................................... 34 11.1 The gerund: general use (de ing-vorm: algemeen gebruik) .......................................... 34 11.2 Verbs followed by a gerund (werkwoorden gevolgd door een ing-vorm) ...................... 34 The infinitives (de infinitiefvormen) ............................................................................................ 34 12.1 Bare or unmarked infinitives .......................................................................................... 34 12.2 Nominal element + bare infinitive .................................................................................. 34 12.3 To infinitives or marked infinitives.................................................................................. 34 Phrasal verbs (woordgroep die als werkwoord fungeert) .......................................................... 34 13.1 Verb + preposition or adverb (werkwoord + voorzetsel of bijwoord) ............................. 34 The passive (het passief, de lijdende vorm) .............................................................................. 34 14.1 The simple passive tenses ............................................................................................ 34 14.2 The perfect passive tenses............................................................................................ 34 The affirmative sentence (de bevestigende zin) ........................................................................ 34 15.1 The affirmative sentence: basic structure (de structuur van positieve zinnen) ............. 34 The negation (de ontkenning) .................................................................................................... 34 16.1 The negation: basic structure (de basisstructuur van negatieve zinnen) ...................... 34 16.2 Negative sentences with 'to be' and 'to have' (negatieve zinnen met de hulpwerkwoorden 'zijn' en 'hebben') .............................................................................. 34 16.3 Negative sentences with modal auxiliaries (negatieve zinnen met de modale hulpwerkwoorden).......................................................................................................... 34 The question (de vraag) ............................................................................................................. 34 17.1 The question: basic structure (de zinsstructuur van vragen)......................................... 34 17.2 The question words (de vraagwoorden) ........................................................................ 34 The modal auxiliaries (de modale hulpwerkwoorden) ............................................................... 34 18.1 Affirmative sentence, negation and question (bevestiging, ontkenning en vraag) ........ 34 Question-tags (vraagconstructie na een zin) ............................................................................. 34 19.1 Question-tags with auxiliaries or modal verbs (vraagconstructie met hulpwerkwoorden).......................................................................................................... 34 19.2 Question-tags with ordinary verbs (vraagconstructie met gewone werkwoorden)........ 34 Short answers (korte antwoorden)............................................................................................. 34 20.1 Positive short answers (positieve korte antwoorden) .................................................... 34 20.2 Negative short answers (negatieve korte antwoorden) ................................................ 34 Causative sentences (causatieve zinnen) ................................................................................. 34 21.1 Causative verbs 'to have, 'to make' and 'to get'............................................................. 34 Conjunctions (voegwoorden) ..................................................................................................... 34 22.1 Conjunctions co-ordination ............................................................................................ 34 22.2 Conjunctions subordination (voegwoorden voor onderschikking) ................................ 34 Conditional clauses (de voorwaardelijke bijzinnen) ................................................................... 34 23.1 Conditionals ................................................................................................................... 34 Indirect (or reported) speech (indirecte rede) ............................................................................ 34 24.1 Direct versus indirect speech (directe vs indirecte rede)............................................... 34 24.2 Tense changes (wijzigingen in werkwoordstijden) ........................................................ 34 24.3 Other changes (andere wijzigingen) .............................................................................. 34 24.4 Questions (vraagstelling) ............................................................................................... 34 Pronunciation (uitspraak) ........................................................................................................... 34 25.1 The phonetic alphabet (het fonetisch alfabet) ............................................................... 34 25.2 Differences in stress (klemtoonverschillen) ................................................................... 34
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1
The article
(het lidwoord)
1.1 The definite article: the
(het bepaald lidwoord: de / het)
In English there is only one word for both de and het, namely the. Masculine Feminine Neutral
Singular the the the
Plural the the the
For example: the restaurant – the airport – the bistros –
het restaurant het vliegveld de bistro's
Note: a.
The is used before names of musical instruments, but NOT before names of sports. For example: to play the guitar, to play the piano, ... (gitaar spelen, piano spelen, ...) BUT to play tennis, to play football, … (tennis spelen, voetbal spelen, ...)
b.
Don't use the before names of meals, except to talk about a particular meal. For example: Breakfast is at seven. (Het ontbijt is om zeven uur.) BUT The breakfast we had this morning was wonderful! (Het ontbijt dat we deze morgen kregen, was heerlijk!)
c.
Don't use the before names of seasons, except to talk about a particular season. For example: In summer it's always hot. (In de zomer is het altijd warm.) BUT The summer of 1999 was rather cold. (In de zomer van 1999 was het vrij koud.)
d. Don't use the before abstract nouns such as love, nature, death, life, ... For example: Life is short. (Het leven is kort.)
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1.2 The indefinite article: a, an Masculine Feminine Neutral Before a vowel (a-, e-, i-, o-, u-)
Singular a a a an egg
(het onbepaald lidwoord: een) Plural -
Example a biscuit biscuits
– –
een koekje koekjes
an egg eggs
– –
een ei eieren
Note: a. A(n) can be used in expressions of speed, time and price (instead of per). For example: Twenty miles an hour (per hour). Twintig mijl per uur. Three days a week. Drie dagen per week. Once a month. Een maal per maand. It costs ten pounds a day (per day). Het kost tien pond per dag. b.
A(n) is used before names of professions but NOT before the name of a person. For example: I am a doctor. Ik ben dokter. I am Florence. Ik ben Florence. BUT I am Doctor Florence. Ik ben dokter Florence.
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2
The noun
2.1 The plural 2.1.1 car
2.1.2 bus boss wish church tax
2.1.3 tomato
2.1.4 penny country
2.1.5 leaf
2.1.6 child foot goose man mouse tooth woman person
2.1.7
(het zelfstandig naamwoord) (het meervoud)
Regular plurals: + S -
cars
auto
-
auto's
-
bussen bazen wensen kerken belastingen
-
tomaten
-
pennies landen
Nouns ending in -s, -ss, -sh, -ch, -x: + ES -
busses bosses wishes churches taxes
bus baas wens kerk belasting
Nouns ending in a consonant + -o: + ES -
tomatoes
tomaat
Nouns ending in a consonant + -y: + IES -
pennies countries
penny land
Nouns ending in -f or -fe change the -f(e) into -VES -
leaves
blad
-
bladeren
kind voet gans man muis tand vrouw mens/persoon
-
kinderen voeten ganzen mannen muizen tanden vrouwen mensen
Irregular plurals -
children feet geese men mice teeth women people
No plural (= uncountable) + See note 1 for extra information
Many kinds of food: bread tea cheese jam soup Many kinds of materials: cotton soap snow water wood
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Vele soorten voeding: brood thee kaas jam soep Vele soorten materialen: katoen zeep sneeuw water hout
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Many abstract nouns: advice information knowledge news
2.1.8
Vele abstracte woorden: advies informatie kennis nieuws
Always plural
clothes jeans trousers shorts police stairs goods
2.1.9
kledingstuk jeans broek short politie trap goed
-
kleren jeans broeken shorts politie trappen goederen
Nouns with the same form in singular and plural + See note 2 for extra information
fish salmon deer sheep
-
fish salmon deer sheep
vis zalm hert schaap
-
vissen zalmen herten schapen
Note 1: Uncountable nouns (tea, chocolate, bread...) have no plural. They can be made countable by adding one of the following constructions: Food: a bar a cup a loaf a plate a slice a jar
one bar of chocolate two cups of tea three loaves of bread four plates of soup five slices of cheese six jars of jam
Materials: a bale a bar a bottle a pile a kind Abstract nouns: a piece a bit a part a chunk
Voeding: een reep een kopje een bord een snee een pot
één reep chocolade twee kopjes thee drie broden vier borden soep vijf sneetjes kaas zes potten jam
one bale of cotton several bars of soap many bottles of water numerous piles of wood four different kinds of snow
Materialen: een baal een stuk een fles een stapel een soort
één baal katoen verschillende stukken zeep veel flessen water talrijke stapels hout vier verschillende soorten sneeuw
a piece of advice all the bits of information parts of knowledge chunks of news
Abstracte substantieven: een stukje een advies een beetje lett: al de beetjes informatie een deel delen van kennis een brok brokken nieuws
The group of uncountables denoting objects which consist of two equal parts can be made countable by adding: 'a pair of'. For example: one pair of glasses, two pairs of spectacles, three pairs of trousers, etc.
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Note 2: The plural of 'fish' can actually be either 'fish' or 'fishes'. 'Fish' refers to one species of fish or to caught fish, whereas 'fishes' is used for live fish of several species. Accordingly, if you are talking about two salmon, you say 'two fish', but if you are talking about a salmon and a trout, you say 'two fishes'.
2.2 The genitive
(de genitief, de naamval voor bezit)
1. For nouns add + 'S For example: 1 sister: My sister's room is painted blue.
De kamer van mijn zus is blauw geschilderd.
2. For nouns ending in -s add + ' For example: 2 or more sisters: My sisters' room is painted blue.
De kamer van mijn zussen is blauw geschilderd.
3. For proper nouns (eigennamen) ending in an s-sound add + 'S For example: I have two of Dickens's books. Ik heb twee boeken van Dickens. Note: In English there is also a construction called the double genitive = of + a genitive For example: a. indefinite article + noun + of + a genitive Tony is a friend of mine. (NOT * 'of me') A poem of his was published recently. (NOT * 'of him')
Tony is een vriend van mij. Een gedicht van hem is net verschenen.
b. demonstrative pronoun + noun + of + a genitive That dog of the neighbour's is dangerous. That dog of the neighbours' is dangerous.
Die hond van de buurman is gevaarlijk. Die hond van de buren is gevaarlijk.
2.3 The noun: adjectives used as nouns
(adjectieven gebruikt als substantief)
1. Adjectives used as nouns refer to a specific quality shared by a group of people. For example: the rich de rijken the poor de armen the young de jongeren the unemployed de werklozen the wise de wijzen
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2. To use an adjective that refers to a human characteristic as a noun, add 'the' to the adjective. For example: The rich should help the poor. De rijken moeten de armen helpen. 'The good, the bad and the ugly' is a famous movie. 'De goeden, de slechten en de lelijkaards' is een bekende film. Note: Adjectives indicating a nationality can be used as a noun to refer to: a.
a person of that country (singular) or a group of persons of that country (plural): For example: A Mexican (man) – two Mexicans (Mexican men) A Japanese (woman) – two Japanese (women)
b.
the whole nation (with or without plural 's' depending on the country): For example: without 's': the French, the Swiss, the English,... with 's': the Greeks, the Russians, the Belgians,...
c.
the language of the country (singular - NO article): For example: Do you speak English? – No, but I speak French fluently.
Remember: Adjectives or nouns referring to nationalities have capital letters in English.
2.4 Collective nouns 2.4.1
(verzamelnamen)
Form: definition and examples
A collective noun is a word that defines a grouping of people, animals, objects or concepts. This can be either - with an individual noun (e.g. folk, cattle, furniture) - or in combination with a plural noun (e.g. a class of students).
Some collective nouns can be combined with a lot of nouns.These are the so-called generic collective nouns (algemene collectiva). For example: - Set (een groep, een reeks) can be used as a collective noun in combination with another noun - for a vast number of concepts (e.g. a set of ideals, plans, ambitions, objectives) - for inanimate (typically manufactured) objects (e.g. a set of knives, spoons, keys, manuals) - Herd (een kudde, een troep) is a collective noun for dozens of animals. - Likewise, flock (een zwerm, een vlucht) is a collective noun for all sorts of flying birds. Besides the more generic collective nouns, there are also subject-specific collective nouns used to define a particular grouping of people, animals, objects or concepts. For example: Subject-specific collective nouns for people a band of men a cast of actors a crew of sailors a crowd of people
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een groep mannen een rolverdeling, bezetting van acteurs een bemanning (zeilers) een mensenmenigte
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a panel of experts een panel, een comité van experts a team of players een ploeg spelers Subject-specific collective nouns for things an armada of ships een vloot schepen a bouquet of flowers een boeket bloemen a bunch of grapes een tros druiven a deck of cards een spel kaarten a flight of stairs een trap a pile of books een stapel boeken Subject-specific collective nouns for animals a colony of ants een kolonie mieren a hive of bees een zwerm bijen a nest of vipers een nest slangen a pack of wolves een meute wolven a school of fish een school vissen Some collective nouns are generic as well as subject-specific. For example: a flock of birds a flock of sheep
een vlucht vogels een kudde schapen
For more examples, check out the following websites or enter 'collective nouns' in a search engine. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_noun; http://www.saidwhat.co.uk/spoon/collectivenouns.php; http://www.vigay.com/nouns/; http://www.learnenglish.org.uk/grammar/archive/collective_nouns.html
2.4.2
Use: subject-verb agreement
Many words denoting a group can be used with a singular or a plural verb. There is, however, a difference in meaning: when you use a singular verb, you refer to the group as a whole. When you use a plural verb, you refer to the individuals that form the group. For example: The herd of cattle were grazing peacefully. The team of players was determined to win.
De kudde runderen was vredig aan het grazen. De groep spelers was vastbesloten te winnen.
For more details, refer to the grammar scheme on the subject-verb agreement of nouns.
2.5 The nouns: subject-verb agreement
(overeenkomst onderwerp − werkwoord)
− Some collective nouns can only be used with plural verbs. These are: cattle, folk, gentry (lagere adel), people, police, royalty, vermin (ongedierte), clergy (geestelijkheid) and laity (leken). Be careful: in Dutch we usually use a singular verb! For example: The cattle are in the meadow. Some folk have all the luck. The police are looking for the burglar. These vermin in the kitchen are really annoying.
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− Some adjectives used as nouns which denote a collectivity can only be used with plural verbs. For example: The rich get everything. The sick were left to themselves. The young will get a better life. − Some plural nouns (in form) can only be used with a singular verb. For example: Some names of diseases: Measles ( mazelen) is a children's disease. Mumps ( de bof) is dangerous for pregnant women. Some names of games: Billiards is quite difficult. Darts goes back to the Middle Ages. Dominoes is played in many countries. Draughts (dammen) is usually played with black and white draught pieces. Names of disciplines ending in -ics: Athletics includes running, jumping, throwing etc. Economics wasn't part of our curriculum. Gymnastics is a beautiful sport. Mathematics is taught to all children. Politics influences a lot of people. ... Some towns or literary works: Brussels is the capital city of Belgium. Flanders is situated in the north of Belgium. The Canterbury Tales is a famous English book. The Times is an important British newspaper. ... − Many words denoting a group of people can be used with a singular or a plural verb. But there is a difference in meaning: when you use a singular verb, you refer to the group as a whole. When you use a plural verb, you refer to the individuals (several people) which form the group. For example: My family is everything to me. My family are always fighting among themselves. The group has split. The group have decided to go on. The personnel went on strike (in staking). (= De personeelsleden...) Personnel has lost my details (= De personeelsdienst heeft...)
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3
The pronoun
(het voornaamwoord)
3.1 The personal pronoun 3.1.1
As subject
(Als onderwerp) go home. go home. goes home. go home. go home. go home. go home.
I You He/she/it You We You They
3.1.2
(het persoonlijk voornaamwoord)
As direct object
Ik Jij Hij/zij/het U Wij Jullie Zij
(Als lijdend voorwerp)
(someone / something) Paul knows
3.1.3
(iemand / iets)
me. you. him/her/it. us. you. them.
As indirect object
Paul kent
He always buys
mij. jou. hem/haar/het. ons. jullie/u. hen.
(Als meewerkend voorwerp)
(to / for someone) Brian often gives
ga naar huis. gaat naar huis. gaat naar huis. gaat naar huis. gaan naar huis. gaan naar huis. gaan naar huis.
(aan / voor iemand) me you him/her/it us
flowers.
Brian geeft
a drink.
Hij koopt
He buys a drink for
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vaak bloemen. altijd een drankje.
jullie hen
you them Brian gives the flowers to
mij jou hem/haar ons
me. you. him/her/it. us. you. them.
Brian geeft de bloemen aan Hij koopt een drankje voor
mij. jou. hem/haar. ons. jullie. hen.
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3.2 The possessive pronoun This house is
mine. yours. his. hers. its.
(het bezittelijk voornaamwoord) Dit huis is van
ours. yours. theirs.
mij. jou. hem. haar. hem/haar. ons. jullie. hen.
Note: Possession can also be expressed with adjectives ( = possessive determiners). This is
my your his her its
car.
Dit is
I You You He/she We You
bought
auto.
ons, onze jullie, uw hun
our your their
3.3 The reflexive pronoun
mijn jouw zijn haar zijn/haar
(het wederkerend voornaamwoord)
myself a jacket. yourself yourself himself/herself ourselves yourselves
Ik heb Jij hebt U heeft Hij/zij heeft Wij hebben Jullie hebben
mij je zich zich ons je
een jas
gekocht.
Note: a.
There is a difference between each other and themselves. For example: They have hurt themselves. = Ze hebben zich pijn gedaan. They have hurt each other. = Ze hebben elkaar pijn gedaan.
b.
Not all verbs that are reflexive in Dutch are reflexive in English. For example:
to be mistaken <-> zich vergissen
Sorry, I was mistaken!
Sorry, ik heb me vergist!
to change <-> zich omkleden
I've still got to get changed.
Ik moet me nog omkleden.
to get dressed <-> zich (aan)kleden
I have to get dressed.
Ik moet me aankleden.
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to remember <-> zich herinneren
Now, I remember!
Nu herinner ik het me!
to shave <-> zich scheren
I shave every day.
Ik scheer me elke dag.
to wash <-> zich wassen
Have you washed?
Heb je je gewassen?
to worry <-> zich zorgen maken
We worry about you.
We maken ons zorgen over jou.
3.4 The indefinite pronoun
(het onbepaald voornaamwoord)
Indefinite pronouns refer to people and things in a more vague way. They can be used to avoid repetition. (gebruikt voor algemene verwijzingen en om herhaling te vermijden) Here is an overview of the most common indefinite pronouns:
3.4.1
All
All usually refers to three or more people or things, considered as a whole. 'All' can be used as a determiner (referring to a noun - first example) or as a pronoun (standing alone - second example): All these houses are for sale. Al deze huizen staan te koop. We are all interested. We zijn allen ge誰nteresseerd. Note: a. All the or all (without 'the') - All the has a definite sense. It refers to something concrete, possibly to something that has already been spoken about. - All (without 'the') is used in a general sense. For example: All the students were tense before the exam. (i.e. all the students from a certain subject) Alle / Al de studenten waren zenuwachtig voor het examen. All students like to enjoy themselves. (i.e. students in general) Alle studenten houden ervan zich te amuseren.
3.4.2
Every, each
Every refers to three or more people or things, viewed collectively. Every can only be used as a determiner (first example). Each refers to two or more people or things, considered individually. Each can be used as a determiner (second example) or as a pronoun (third example). Every street has its charm. Elke straat heeft haar charme. Each house has a garden. Elk huis heeft een tuin. Each of us will make a bid. Elk van ons zal een bod doen. Note: a. Sometimes each and every can be used interchangeably. For example: Prices go up each year. De prijzen stijgen elk jaar. Prices go up every year. De prijzen stijgen elk jaar.
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Often they have slightly different meanings. Each expresses the idea 'one by one'. It emphasises individuality. Every, on the other hand, considers people or things in group, as a whole. For example: That will be 12£ each, please. Every visitor will receive a free souvenir.
Dat is dan 12£ elk, alstublieft. Iedere bezoeker krijgt een gratis aandenken.
b. Every has the compound forms everybody, everyone (for people), every one (for people and things) and everything. Those forms are used as pronouns: they stand alone. For example: Everybody seems to have seen that film. Everyone was excited about the barbecue. Every one is handmade. Everything will be ready by then.
3.4.3
Iedereen lijkt die film gezien te hebben. Iedereen was enthousiast over de barbecue. Elk stuk is met de hand gemaakt. Alles zal tegen dan klaar zijn.
A lot, much, many
We go to the seaside a lot. I don't need much. How many are there?
Wij ga vaak naar de zee. Ik heb niet veel nodig. Hoeveel zijn er?
Note: a. Much and many are possible in + sentences after: too, as, so, very For example: I ate too much yesterday! Ik heb gisteren te veel gegeten. He hasn't spent as much as you. Hij heeft niet zoveel uitgegeven als jij. She worries so much that she can’t sleep Zij is zo bezorgd dat ze niet kan slapen. I like the holidays very much! Ik hou veel van vakantie. b. Much and many are also often used as adjectives, in combination with a noun. For example: You drink too much coffee. Je drinkt te veel koffie. I saw many friends yesterday! Ik heb gisteren veel vrienden gezien. For more details, refer to the grammar scheme devoted entirely to 'a lot (of), much, many'..
3.4.4
Plenty of
There’s plenty of snow!
3.4.5
Er is meer dan genoeg (voldoende) sneeuw!
Some, any
The forms some and any are used when a precise quantity is unknown. Can I get some? Kan ik een beetje krijgen? Did you buy any? No, there weren't any left. Heb je er gekocht? Neen, er waren er geen meer.
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3.4.6
Both
Both refers to exactly two people or things and expresses emphasis. It can be used as a determiner (first example) or a pronoun (second example). Both answers are correct. Beide antwoorden zijn correct. We are both coming! We komen allebei! Note: Both… and… (zowel… als…) is a useful expression to add structure to your text. For example: Both the government and the unions have signed the agreement. Zowel de regering als de vakbonden hebben het akkoord ondertekend.
3.4.7
Half
Half can be used as a predeterminer (first example) or a pronoun (second example). It is frequently followed by 'of'. The 'of' is obligatory when followed by a personal pronoun (third example). If 'half' is followed by the indefinite article, 'of' is ruled out (fourth example). Little Tim is already half as tall as me. Kleine Tim is al half zo groot als ik. Roughly half (of) the audience was crying. Ongeveer de helft van de zaal was aan het huilen. Half of them have taken this class before. De helft van hen heeft deze les al eens gevolgd. Half a dozen eggs, please. Een half dozijn eieren, alstublieft.
3.4.8
Other, another
I prefer this wine to the other (one). Have another (one)! I know you like it.
3.4.9
Ik heb deze wijn liever dan die andere. Neem er nog een! Ik weet dat je het lekker vindt.
One(s)
Do you want a copy? Yes, I want one.
Wil je een kopie? Ja, ik wil er een.
3.4.10 A little, a few A little is used to indicate an uncountable quantity Do you have much time? No, only a little. Heb je veel tijd? Neen, maar een beetje (tijd). A few is used to indicate a countable quantity Please, have a few more! Alsjeblieft, neem er nog een paar!
3.4.11 Either, neither Either and neither refer to two people or things. Either is positive and means 'the one or the other' (not both). Neither is negative. It means 'none of the two'. Do you want the blue pen or the black one? Wil je de blauwe of de zwarte balpen? - Om het - Either will do, thank you. even welke (is goed), dank je. Will you have tea or coffee? Neither, thanks. Wil je thee of koffie? Geen van beide, dank u.
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3.4.12
None (of)
Did you see any of them? No, none at all. I want none of your excuses!
Heb je iemand van hen gezien? Nee, geen één. Ik wil niets horen van je verontschuldigingen!
3.5 The indefinite pronoun: a lot (of), much, many (het onbepaald voornaamwoord: veel) 3.5.1
A lot (of): before plural countable and uncountable nouns in + sentences.
For example: There are a lot of people today! We need a lot of tickets.
3.5.2
Much: before plural uncountable nouns in - sentences and questions.
For example: We haven't got much work today. Is there much cake left?
3.5.3
Er zijn veel mensen vandaag! We hebben veel tickets nodig.
We hebben niet zoveel werk vandaag. Is er veel cake over?
Many: before plural countable nouns in - sentences and questions.
For example: There aren't many volunteers. How many people are there?
Er zijn niet veel vrijwilligers. Hoeveel mensen zijn er?
Note: a. Countable nouns = nouns that can be counted; they have a plural form. For example: one car - two cars - many cars één auto, twee auto's, meerdere auto's one house - two houses - many houses één huis, twee huizen, meerdere huizen b. Uncountable nouns = nouns that cannot be counted; they are always singular. For example: Many kinds of food: bread, cheese, soup, tea brood, kaas, soep, thee Many kinds of materials: snow, wood, water, soap sneeuw, hout, water, zeep Many abstract nouns: news, information, advice nieuws, informatie, advies c. Much and many are possible in + sentences after: too, as, so, very. For example: I ate too much cake yesterday! Ik heb gisteren te veel cake gegeten! I haven't got as much free time as you. Ik heb niet zoveel vrije tijd als jij. He has so many books in his library! Hij heeft zoveel boeken in zijn bibliotheek! The actress gets very many letters. De actrice ontvangt heel veel brieven. d. Much and many are also often used as pronouns. For example: I don't need much. How many did you get?
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Ik heb niet veel nodig. Hoeveel heb je er gekregen?
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3.6 The demonstrative pronoun
(het aanwijzend voornaamwoord)
Demonstrative pronouns like this, that, those and these are used to point out things.
3.6.1
This is used when the thing or person is close to the speaker.
For example: Here, this is what I was looking for!
3.6.2
That is used when the thing or person is further away from the speaker.
For example: There, that is what I was looking for!
3.6.3
Daar, dat is waar ik naar aan het zoeken was!
These is the plural of 'this'.
For example: No, you can't have these.
3.6.4
Hier, dit is waar ik naar aan het zoeken was!
Neen, je kunt deze niet hebben.
Those is the plural of 'that'.
For example: No, you can't have those.
Neen, je kunt die niet hebben.
Note: Adjectives (demonstrative determiners) can also be used to point out things. For example: I live here in this street. I live in that house over there.
3.7 The interrogative pronoun 3.7.1
Ik woon hier in deze straat. Ik woon in dat huis daar.
(het vragend voornaamwoord)
What?
For example: What's that? What do you do?
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Wat is dat? Wat doet u?
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3.7.2
Which?
For example: Which is yours? Which of these do you prefer?
3.7.3
Welke is van u? Welke van deze verkiest u?
Who?
For example: Who is there? Who asked that?
3.7.4
Wie is daar? Wie heeft dat gevraagd?
Whose?
For example: Whose is that letter?
3.8 The relative pronoun 3.8.1
Van wie is die brief?
(het betrekkelijk voornaamwoord)
Use
Relative pronouns – refer to a word or phrase in the main clause (antecedent). – join two clauses together, namely the main clause and the defining or non-defining relative clause. (see the grammar scheme on relative clauses)
3.8.2
Forms
The following tables give an overview of which form you should use in which context:
Persons
Subject who
which that
Things
DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Object Possessive who(m) whose that which that
of which whose
Persons
NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES Subject Object Possessive , who… , , whom… , , whose… ,
Things
, which… ,
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, which… ,
,of which… , , whose… ,
Preposition for whom whom… for that… for ∅… for for which which… for that… for ∅… for
Preposition , for whom… , , whom… for, , for which… , , which… for,
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Note: â&#x2C6;&#x2026; = a symbol that indicates that you do not have to write a relative pronoun there. For example: That's the man who won the race. = person, subject: He won it. She was a lady whom people really adored. = person, object: They really adored her. Our dog, which is still a puppy, escaped. = thing, subject: He (She) is still a puppy. The book that I've just read was a good one. = thing, object: I have just read it. The man, whose car was stolen, was very angry. = person, possessive: His car was stolen. That's a politician for whom I will never vote. = person, preposition: I will never vote for him. This is a jewel that people would kill for. = thing, preposition: They would kill for it. This is a jewel people would kill for. = thing, preposition, no relative pronoun: They would kill for it. red = subject (onderwerp) underlined = direct object (lijdend voorwerp)
3.9 Defining and non-defining relative clauses uitbreidende betrekkelijke bijzinnen) 3.9.1
(beperkende en
Defining relative clauses
Defining relative clauses (beperkende betrekkelijke bijzinnen) are essential to the meaning of the sentence. If the relative clause is left out, the sentence could be misunderstood. No commas are used.
3.9.2
Non-defining relative clauses
Non-defining relative clauses (uitbreidende betrekkelijke bijzinnen) are not strictly necessary to the meaning of the sentence. They merely contain additional information about the antecedent. Nondefining relative clauses are placed between commas. For example: (1) John has two sisters who are nurses. (= defining) (2) John has two sisters, who are nurses. (= non-defining) Sentence (1) can be paraphrased as 'John has several sisters, two of whom are nurses.' Sentence (2) means 'John has two sisters (not more), who are both nurses.' (3) The dog which Ron has adopted is really adorable. (= defining) (4) Our dog, which Ron took out for a walk, escaped. (= non-defining) In sentence (3) the relative clause 'which Ron has adopted' is necessary to understand the sentence correctly. It is not just any dog that is adorable, it is the dog which Ron has adopted that is adorable. In sentence (4) 'our dog' is sufficiently well defined without relative clause. The addressee (de geadresseerde) knows which dog is meant when the speaker says 'our dog'. That Ron took it out for a walk is merely additional information. (5) The man whose car was stolen was very angry. (= defining) (6) The man, whose car was stolen, was very angry. (= non-defining)
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Sentence (5) could be an answer to the question 'Which man was very angry?' Before this sentence is said, the addressee does not know which man is meant. Therefore, the information in the relative clause is new and necessary to understand the sentence correctly. When sentence (6) is said, the addressee already knows that the man's car was stolen. The relative clause contains additional information. Accordingly, the sentence could be paraphrased as: the man we have been talking about was very angry. (After all, his car had been stolen.)
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4
The adjective
(het bijvoeglijk naamwoord)
4.1 The adjective: general use
(het algemene gebruik)
In English adjectives have only one form. The position of adjectives in English sentences: - in front of a noun. - after verbs like to be, to seem, to look, to taste. For example: a happy boy the boy is happy
een blije jongen de jongen is blij
Note: a. Some adjectives are formed by adding -y to a noun. For example: wind → windy rain → rainy
wind regen
→ winderig → regenachtig
b. Adjectives are written with a capital letter when they refer to a nationality. For example: Belgian chips
Belgische frietjes
c. Use (not) as + adjective + as to compare two things or persons. For example: This tree is as old as that one. This tree is not as old as that one.
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Deze boom is even oud als die daar. Deze boom is niet zo oud als die daar.
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4.2 The comparative degree 4.2.1
(de vergelijkende trap)
General rule to form the comparative degree: ADJECTIVE + ER
For example: old → older
4.2.2
nice → nicer happy → happier
mooi → mooier gelukkig → gelukkiger
Some adjectives double the final consonant:
For example: big → bigger hot → hotter
4.2.4
→ ouder
If the adjective ends in -e or -y:
-e → only add +r -y → final -y becomes -i
4.2.3
oud
That table is bigger. This plate is hotter.
Die tafel is groter. Dit bord is heter.
Adjectives of two syllables ending in -ful, -re or -ed and adjectives of three or more syllables: MORE + ADJECTIVE (+ than...)
For example Be more careful when driving! He dreams of a more secure world. My daughter was more pleased than my son. His job is more important (than yours)!
Wees voorzichtiger wanneer je rijdt! Hij droomt van een veiligere wereld. Mijn dochter was blijer dan mijn zoon. Zijn werk is belangrijker (dan het jouwe)!
Note: a. There are some exceptions: good - better bad - worse little - less much - more many - more b.
- beter - slechter - minder - meer (ontelbaar) - meer (telbaar)
Use old, elder, eldest for comparison within a family. For example: my elder brother
c.
goed slecht weinig veel veel
mijn oudere broer
Use less... than to make a comparison expressing the opposite of more. (minder dan) For example: That present is less expensive than this one.
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Dat cadeau is minder duur dan dit hier.
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4.3 The superlative degree 4.3.1
(de overtreffende trap)
General rule to form the superlative degree: ADJECTIVE + EST
For example: old → oldest
4.3.2
oud
If the adjective ends in -e or -y:
-e → add +st -y → the -y changes to -i
4.3.3
nice → nicest happy → happiest
mooi → mooist(e) gelukkig → gelukkigst(e)
Some adjectives double the final consonant:
For example: big → biggest hot → hottest
4.3.4
→ oudst(e)
That's the biggest car. This is the hottest summer of all.
Dat is de grootste auto. Deze zomer is de warmste van al.
Adjectives of two syllables ending in -ful, -re or -ed and adjectives of three or more syllables: MOST + ADJECTIVE
For example: You're the most careful driver. This job is the most important (one)!
Je bent de voorzichtigste chauffeur. Dit werk is het belangrijkste (werk)!
Note: a. There are some exceptions: bad - worst good - best little - least much - most many - most late - last / latest
slecht goed weinig veel veel laat
- slechtst - best - minst - meest (ontelbaar) - meest (telbaar) - laatste
For example: my last and final decision the latest news
mijn laatste en finale beslissing het laatste (meest recente) nieuws
b. Use old, elder, eldest for comparison within a family: For example: my eldest brother
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mijn oudste broer
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4.4 Nouns used as adjectives
(substantieven gebruikt als adjectief)
In English some nouns can also be used as adjectives. To this end, you simply place the original noun before another noun. For example: gold goud a gold watch een gouden horloge (noun) (noun as adjective + noun) Nouns that can be used as adjectives often belong to one of the following categories: - Material For example: a brick cotton iron leather oak
a brick wall a cotton dress an iron fence a leather jacket oak furniture
een stenen muur een katoenen jurk een ijzeren poort een leren jas eiken meubels
- Sex or age For example: a baby een baby a woman een vrouw
baby corn a woman doctor
kleine ma誰s een vrouwelijke dokter
- Relational position For example: a back een achterkant a bottom een onderkant a front een voorkant a top een bovenkant
a back door the bottom rung the front row the top floor
een achterdeur de onderste sport / trede de eerste rij de bovenste verdieping
- Time or place For example: the Baroque Brussels London Sunday winter
a Baroque church Brussels sprouts London Zoo a Sunday paper winter sports
een barokkerk spruitjes de Zoo van Londen een zondagskrant wintersporten
een steen katoen ijzer leder eik
de barok Brussel Londen zondag winter
Note: In some cases the material noun and material adjective exist side by side, but have different meanings. For example, brass, flax, gold and silver literally refer to the material, whereas the adjectives brazen, flaxen, golden and silvery have figurative meanings. For example: a brass vase een bronzen vaas a brazen voice een schelle stem a flax bag flaxen hair a gold watch golden years a silver earring a silvery bell
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een vlassen zak vlasblond haar een gouden horloge gouden jaren, gloriejaren een zilveren oorbel een zilverachtig belletje
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4.5 Compound adjectives 4.5.1
(samengestelde adjectieven)
In general
Compound adjectives are adjectives made up of two or more words, often with hyphens between them. For example: a densely-populated town a good-looking man sun-dried tomatoes a last-minute ticket
4.5.2
een dichtbevolkte stad een knappe man zongedroogde tomaten een last-minute ticket
Common patterns to form compound adjectives
- The combination of an adjective or adverb + past participle is one of the most commonly used patterns when forming compound adjectives. For example: Most animals are warm-blooded but all reptiles are cold-blooded. He was a cold-blooded murderer and showed no emotion of any kind. She lived in an old-fashioned house, but was kind-hearted and open-minded. Nevertheless, she held deeply-rooted beliefs about a life after death. Note: Adverb + past participle combinations with a copular verb like 'be' or 'seem' are not hyphenated when they come after the noun they modify. For example: The brightly-lit streets in our town discourage burglars. The streets in our town are brightly lit and discourage burglars.
(compound before a noun) (compound after a noun)
- The combination of an adjective / adverb / noun + present participle is another very commonly used pattern when forming compound adjectives. For example: The good-looking chef was sitting in front of a free-standing cooker. The dishes he had prepared with those labour-saving devices were all mouth-watering. We signed a long-lasting agreement for his services, which we hoped would be never-ending. - Other commonly used patterns when forming compound adjectives include: noun + past participle: shop-soiled, tongue-tied, sun-dried, noun + adjective: trouble-free, lead-free, world-famous, adjective + noun: deep-sea, full-length, last-minute, number + noun: two-door, twenty-page, forty-mile. For example: If you want trouble-free motoring, make sure you use only lead-free petrol. The sun-dried tomatoes that we sell are world-famous. She was wearing a full-length dress, quite unsuitable for deep-sea diving. The forty-mile journey in the two-door, open-top convertible was ill-advised in such inclement weather. Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/grammar/index.shtml
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5
The adverb
(het bijwoord)
5.1 The adverb: general use 5.1.1
(het algemene gebruik)
An adverb is used:
- with a verb: This flower grows slowly. - with an adjective: This music is really good. - with another adverb: This man sings incredibly well.
5.1.2
General rule: adverb = adjective + ly
For example: soft → rapid →
5.1.3
Deze bloem groeit traag. Deze muziek is echt goed. Deze man zingt ongelooflijk goed.
softly rapidly
zacht snel
Additional changes in spelling if the word ends in:
-y vowel+ -l -le -able -ible -e
→ → → → → →
the -y changes to -i the -l is doubled the -le changes to -ly the -e is dropped the -e is dropped the -e is retained except:
happy final simple capable sensible extreme
→ → → → → →
happily finally simply capably sensibly extremely
gelukkig ten slotte eenvoudig in staat bewust extreem
true due whole
→ → →
truly duly wholly
waarlijk,echt behoorlijk, stipt compleet
Note: There are some exceptions: a. Adjective: good → adverb: well For example: That was a good speech. - Yes, he speeches well. b. Words that have the same form as adjective and adverb: For example: daily, early, far, farther, further, fast, hard, low, much, near, straight, then, weekly She is a fast runner. (adjective) Zij is een snelle loper. She runs fast. (adverb) Zij loopt snel. He swam to the farther side. (adjective) Hij zwom naar de verder gelegen kant. Walk farther carefully. (adverb) Loop voorzichtig verder. Stay here till further notice. (adjective) Blijf voorlopig hier. I want to look further. (adverb) Ik wil elders zoeken.
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c. Adverbs that get a different meaning when -ly is added: For example: hard <> hardly He works hard. He hardly works.
hard <> nauwelijks Hij werkt hard. Hij werkt nauwelijks.
late <> lately They came home late. Have you visited him lately?
laat <> onlangs Ze kwamen laat thuis. Heb je hem onlangs bezocht?
near <> nearly We live near the lake. We are nearly home.
vlakbij <> bijna We wonen dichtbij het meer. We zijn bijna thuis.
5.2 Position of adverbs 5.2.1
(de positie van bijwoorden)
Adverbs answering the question: How often? For example: I seldom phone my friends, but I often write them emails and they answer me regularly. (Ik bel mijn vrienden zelden, maar ik schrijf hen vaak e-mails en ze antwoorden me regelmatig.)
5.2.2
Adverbs answering the question: How? For example: Ze beantwoordde de vraag snel. She answered the question quickly. She quickly answered the question. Quickly she answered the question.
5.2.3
Adverbs answering the question: When? For example: Gisteren zag ik haar niet, maar ik zal haar morgen zien. I didn’t see her yesterday, but I will see her tomorrow. I didn’t see her yesterday, but tomorrow I will see her. Yesterday I didn’t see her, but I will see her tomorrow.
5.2.4
Adverbs answering the question: Where? are placed at the end of the sentence. For example: The box is here.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
De doos staat hier.
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5.2.5
Also is placed before the verb. Too is placed at the end of the sentence when it means ook BUT before the adjective when it means te. For example: Brian Jones also lives in Littleton. He has a cat and a dog too. Those animals make too much noise.
5.2.6
Either is placed at the end of a negative sentence. Neither is placed at the beginning of a negative sentence. (+ inversion: verb + subject). For example: I haven’t got one either. Neither do I.
5.2.7
Is het badwater warm genoeg? Heb je genoeg zeep?
Fairly, quite and rather are placed before the word they describe. They have a similar meaning, but a varying degree of strength: rather is stronger than quite and quite is stronger than fairly For example: That’s a fairly good price. It’s quite expensive. That’s a rather cheap product.
5.2.9
Ik heb er ook geen. Ik ook niet.
Enough is placed before or after the word it describes. For example: Is the bath water hot enough? Do you have enough soap?
5.2.8
Brian Jones woont ook in Littleton. Hij heeft een kat en ook een hond. Die dieren maken teveel lawaai.
Dat is een redelijk goede prijs. Het is vrij duur. Dat is een eerder goedkoop product.
Yet is used at the end of questions and in negative sentences. For example: Haven’t you heard the news yet? No, I haven’t heard it yet. No, I still haven’t heard the news. Yes, I have already heard it.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
Heb je het nieuws nog niet gehoord? Neen, ik heb het nog niet gehoord. Neen, ik heb het nog steeds niet gehoord. Jawel, ik heb het al gehoord.
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6
The prepositions
6.1 Basic scheme aan aan de andere kant van aan de overzijde achter als behalve beneden bij binnen boven buiten dankzij dicht bij door gedurende gezien in jegens langs met na naar naast nabij om om te ondanks onder op over per sedert sinds tegen tegenover ten opzichte van terwijl tijdens tot tussen uit van vanwege vanaf via volgens voor voorbij wegens zonder
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
(de voorzetsels) (het basisschema) to on the other side of across behind if, as except under, beneath, below at in, into up, above out of, outside thanks to close to, by, near through, because of during given, considering, in view of in, inside towards, to, for along with after to, towards next to near to, around, round (=om de hoek) to in spite of under, below, underneath, among on over by, per since, for since, for against, by, towards, for opposite, in front of compared to while during till, until between out, out of from because of from, since via, through according for, in front of, before past because, because of without
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6.2 The prepositions of TIME
(de voorzetsels van tijd)
1. An exact time: AT At 12 o'clock I have lunch.
Ik lunch om 12 uur 's middags.
2. A certain day: ON On Sundays I watch television.
Op zondag kijk ik televisie.
3. A certain period: IN In summer they go to the seaside.
In de zomer gaan ze naar de zee.
4. Not later than: BY By next week you'll hear from us.
Tegen volgende week hoor je van ons.
5. Earlier than: BEFORE We will arrive before dinner.
We zullen voor het avondeten aankomen.
6. Later than: AFTER She doesn't go out after midnight.
Ze gaat niet buiten na middernacht.
7. Starting at a certain point in time: SINCE He has been here since lunch.
Hij is hier sinds het middagmaal.
8. During a period of time: FOR They have lived here for years.
Ze hebben hier jaren gewoond.
9. In the past, measured from the present: AGO I met her two months ago.
Ik heb haar twee maanden geleden ontmoet.
6.3 The prepositions of PLACE
(de voorzetsels van plaats)
1. FROM -TO I moved from a village to a town.
Ik verhuisde van een dorp naar een stad.
2. AT Let's arrange to meet at the restaurant.
Laten we afspreken aan het restaurant.
3. IN a country, a town or a village. We live in Belgium.
We wonen in BelgiĂŤ.
4. TO He will drive you to the airport.
Hij zal jullie naar de luchthaven brengen.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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6.4 The prepositions for means of transport
(de voorzetsels bij transportmiddelen)
Usually: BY We go
BUT: ON We go
by by by by by by
plane. boat. train. car. underground. bus.
Wij gaan
met het met de met de met de met de met de
vliegtuig. boot. trein. auto. metro. bus.
on on
foot. horseback.
Wij gaan
te te
voet. paard.
Note: a. IN, INTO or OUT OF a car, a taxi. For example: Get into the car, we're leaving. Get out of the taxi at the station.
Stap in de auto, we vertrekken. Stap uit de taxi aan het station.
b. ON, ONTO or OFF a bus, a train, a plane. For example: We got onto the train in Brussels and we got off in London.
We zijn op de trein gestapt in Brussel en we zijn uitgestapt in Londen.
6.5 Fixed expressions
(vaste uitdrukkingen)
1. AT I'm good at tennis. Look at her! They live at no 37, Lakeside Road. They live at no 37, Lakeside Road. We were pleasantly surprised at the number of participants. Only one person may speak at a time.
Ik ben goed in tennis. Kijk naar haar! Ze wonen op nr. 37 in de Oeverstraat. Ze wonen op nr. 37 in de Oeverstraat. We waren aangenaam verrast door het aantal deelnemers. Er mag maar ĂŠĂŠn persoon per keer spreken.
2. BEYOND Due to circumstances beyond our control, the summer camp has been cancelled.
Het zomerkamp is wegens onvoorziene omstandigheden afgelast.
3. BY I broke it by accident. The rainforest must be preserved by all means.
4. FOR This flat is for rent. Paul is too late for work.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
Ik heb het per ongeluk gebroken. Het regenwoud moet absoluut bewaard blijven.
Dit huis is te huur. Paul is te laat voor het werk
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5. FROM / FROM... TO(WARDS) This temporary loss has to be set apart from the general positive financial evolution. The river winds its lazy way from the mountains towards the sea. 6. IN Are you interested in English books? He's in doubt about his decision. She will call in advance. Make sure you're in time for the plane! I'm in a hurry. The manager wants to talk to me in connection with a new project. Many elderly prefer ageing in place.
Dit tijdelijk verlies moet losgekoppeld worden van de in het algemeen positieve financiële evolutie. De rivier kronkelt lui van de bergen naar de zee toe.
Ben je geïnteresseerd in Engelse boeken? Hij twijfelt aan zijn beslissing. Ze zal op voorhand bellen. Zorg dat je op tijd bent voor het vliegtuig! Ik ben gehaast. De manager wil me in verband met een nieuw project spreken. Vele ouderen geven er de voorkeur aan thuis oud te worden.
7. OF We're tired of the noise. Relax, we've got plenty of time. I'm fond of my cat. Marlon Brando was elected the greatest actor of all time.
We zijn het geluid beu. Wees gerust, we hebben nog veel tijd. Ik ben erg gehecht aan mijn kat. Marlon Brando is tot beste acteur aller tijden verkozen. Geoffrey wants to get on top of that computer language as Geoffrey wil die programmeertaal zo snel soon as he can. mogelijk onder de knie krijgen. Some took advantage of the chaos to commit crimes. Sommigen hebben van de chaos misbruik gemaakt om misdaden te plegen. He did not reply to the insult, but he took notice of it and Hij beantwoordde de belediging niet, maar took revenge later. hij nam er nota van en nam nadien wraak. 8. ON Florence is on call this weekend. If you default on your mortgage repayment, you risk losing your house. What on earth is Patrick doing here? Now that I passed my driving test, I have become less reliant on others. Be on time. The bus will not wait.
Florence is van wacht dit weekend. Indien je de aflossing van je hypotheek niet nakomt, dan riskeer je je huis te verliezen. Wat in vredesnaam doet Patrick hier? Nu ik mijn rijbewijs behaald heb, ben ik minder afhankelijk van anderen. Wees op tijd. De bus wacht niet.
9. OUT The toilet is out of service.
Het toilet is buiten gebruik.
10. TO Let's count from 1 to 10. That dog only listens to his master. Fair trade, as opposed to free trade, aims to pay local farmers a fair price for their produce.
Laten we van 1 tot 10 tellen. Die hond luistert enkel naar zijn baasje. In tegenstelling tot vrije handel streeft fair trade ernaar plaatselijke boeren een eerlijke prijs voor hun producten te geven. Does Megan always hold on to her ideas like that? - Yes, Houdt Megan altijd zo aan haar ideeën she can be quite stubborn. vast? - Ja, ze kan zeer koppig zijn. The Van de Veldes look forward to seeing their daughter De Van de Veldes kijken er naar uit hun again. dochter terug te zien. Mr Smith is out to lunch until 2 p.m. Meneer Smith is tot 2 uur gaan lunchen.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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Chandler, may I introduce you to Ms Simons? - Pleased to meet you, Ms Simons. Candidates should be prepared to travel up to 50% of their time. Our lunch was short and to the point. After dinner we went down to a disco. Joel is willing to help us out at the barbecue. The Red Cross said that the prisoners had been subject to torture. It is terribly cold in this cold store, isn't it? - Yes, it is, but we have become accustomed to the temperature. Try to concentrate. It will work out if you just put your mind to it. My father has always dreamed of retiring to a farm in the countryside. For security reasons iron spikes have been welded on to the railings around the embassy.
11. WITH Are you still with me? His mother is angry with him. The children are bored with this game. She availed herself of the weekend to catch up with some friends. Healthy eating goes hand in hand with active living. The table in the living room is cluttered up with old newspapers. His smile was in contrast with the harsh words he was speaking.
Chandler, mag ik jou aan mevrouw Simons voorstellen? - Aangename kennismaking, mevrouw Simons. Kandidaten moeten bereid zijn om tot 50% van hun tijd te reizen. Onze lunch was kort en zakelijk. Na het eten zijn we naar een discotheek afgezakt. Joel is bereid om ons op de barbecue een handje te helpen. Het Rode Kruis heeft gezegd dat de gevangenen onderworpen werden aan folteringen. Het is verschrikkelijk koud in dit koelhuis, niet? - Ja, dat is zo, maar we zijn gewend aan de temperatuur. Probeer je te concentreren. Het zal lukken als je er je aandacht op richt. Mijn vader heeft er steeds van gedroomd om met pensioen te gaan in een boerderij op het platteland. Uit veiligheidsoverwegingen werden er ijzeren spaken gelast op de omheining rond de ambassade.
Ben je nog mee? (Kan je volgen?) Zijn moeder is boos op hem. De kinderen zijn dit spel beu. Ze profiteerde van het weekend om met een aantal vrienden bij te praten. Een gezonde voeding gaat hand in hand met een actief leven. De tafel in de woonkamer is bedolven onder de oude kranten. Zijn glimlach stond in contrast met de strenge woorden die hij sprak.
Phrasal verbs consist of a verb and another word or phrase, often a preposition. This combination creates a new meaning, which can be very different from the original meaning of the verb. (Woordgroepen die als werkwoord dienst doen, bestaan uit een werkwoord en een ander woord of woordgroep, vaak een voorzetsel. Deze combinatie kan een heel andere betekenis hebben dan die van het oorspronkelijke werkwoord.) A complete list is to be found at: http://www.eslcafe.com/pv/pv-mng.html http://takeoff.to/phrasalverbs http://www.eflnet.com/pverbs/index.php or use a search engine and type: Phrasal Verbs.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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7
The numbers
(de getallen)
7.1 The cardinal numbers
(de hoofdtelwoorden)
7.1.1
From 0 till 100
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
o, nought, zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
twenty-one twenty-two twenty-three twenty-four twenty-five twenty-six twenty-seven twenty-eight twenty-nine
30 31 32
thirty thirty-one thirty-two
60 61 62
sixty sixty-one sixty-two
90 91 92
ninety ninety-one ninety-two
40 41 42
forty forty-one forty-two
70 71 72
seventy seventy-one seventy-two
50 51 52
fifty fifty-one fifty-two
80 81 82
eighty eighty-one eighty-two
7.1.2
Above 100
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
one hundred, a hundred two hundred three hundred four hundred five hundred six hundred seven hundred eight hundred nine hundred
101 105 110
one/a hundred and one one/a hundred and five one/a hundred and ten
236 568 897
two hundred and thirty-six five hundred and sixty-eight eight hundred and ninety-seven
1,000 1,526 5,000
one thousand, a thousand one thousand five hundred and twenty-six five thousand
10,000 1,000,000 1,000,000,000
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
ten thousand one million one billion
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7.2 The ordinal numbers 7.2.1
First, second, third,...
1st 2nd 3rd
7.2.2
(de rangtelwoorden)
first second third
20th 30th 40th
twentieth thirtieth fortieth
50th 60th 70th
fiftieth sixtieth seventieth
80th 90th
eightieth ninetieth
The general rule for ordinal numbers = cardinal numbers + th For example: 4th fourth 7th seventh 10th tenth 1,000th thousandth
Note: a. There are some exceptions: For example: five fifth twelve twelfth eight eighth nine ninth b. Only the last digit changes when a cardinal number becomes an ordinal number: For example: 101st one hundred and first 16,756th sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty-sixth 20,231st twenty thousand two hundred and thirty-first c. Combinations with four (4): always with ou, except in forty (40) en fortieth (40th).
7.3 Calculating in English
(rekenen in het Engels)
4+4=8
Four plus four is eight. Four and four is eight.
an addition
– een optelling
15 – 5 = 10
Fifteen minus five is ten. Fifteen less five is ten. Fifteen take away five is ten.
a subtraction
– een aftrekking
3 x 4 = 12
Three times four is twelve. Three multiplied by four is twelve.
a multiplication – een vermenigvuldiging
20 : 2 = 10
Twenty divided by two is ten.
a division
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
– een deling
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8
The verb in the present tense
(de tegenwoordige tijd)
8.1 The simple present 8.1.1
General use
- to express a habit, a repeated action or an unchanging situation. - to express a general truth. - to give directions or instructions. For example: They watch TV every Sunday evening. The sun shines often in summer. You take the first street on the right.
Ze kijken elke zondagavond naar TV. De zon schijnt vaak in de zomer. Je neemt de eerste straat rechtsaf.
Note: Use the present continuous (to be + verb + ing) to express actions happening NOW. For example: I'm going to the supermarket.
8.1.2
Ik ga naar de supermarkt.
Form
I, you, we, they + infinitive (without to) he/she/it + infinitive (without to) +s I You He/she/it We You They
to play play play plays play play play
basketball.
Ik Jij Hij/zij/het Wij Jullie Zij
spelen speel speelt speelt spelen spelen spelen
basketbal.
Note: a. Use do / does / did (not) + infinitive (without to) to make negative or interrogative sentences. For example: We don't visit them very often. We bezoeken hen niet zo vaak. Does he write to you every week? Schrijft hij je elke week? b. Some irregular verbs: to have I have You have He/she/it has We have You have They have
Ik Jij/u Hij/zij Wij Jullie Zij
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
hebben heb hebt heeft hebben hebben hebben
I You He/she/it We You They
to be am are is are are are
Ik Jij/u Hij/zij Wij Jullie Zij
zijn ben bent is zijn zijn zijn
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I You He/she/it We You They
to do do do does do do do
Ik Jij/u Hij/zij Wij Jullie Zij
doen doe doet doet doen doen doen
I You He/she/it We You They
to go go go goes go go go
Ik Jij/u Hij/zij Wij Jullie Zij
gaan ga gaat gaat gaan gaan gaan
I You He/she/it We You They
can can can can can can can
Ik Jij/u Hij/zij Wij Jullie Zij
kunnen kan kunt kan kunnen kunnen kunnen
I You He/she/it We You They
must must must must must must must
Ik Jij/u Hij/zij Wij Jullie Zij
moeten moet moet moet moeten moeten moeten
8.2 The present continuous 8.2.1
General use
- To describe an action that is going on at this moment or during a period of time. - To describe a more exceptional action or situation. (in contrast with habits). - To express movement and arrangements planned for the future. For example: He's reading the newspaper at the moment. Are you going home at six today? (exceptionally) I am seeing my brother next Thursday.
8.2.2
Hij is momenteel de krant aan het lezen. Ga je vandaag om zes uur naar huis? Ik ben volgende donderdag met mijn broer afgesproken.
Form
The present continuous = the present form of to be + the present participle of the verb. The present participle = verb + -ing. For example: I am You are He/she/it is We are You are They are
studying working sending talking playing going
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
English. too hard. a message. to you. the piano. on a holiday.
Ik ben Engels aan het studeren. Je bent te hard aan het werken. Hij is een bericht aan het sturen. We zijn tegen jou aan het spreken. Jullie zijn piano aan het spelen. Zij gaan op vakantie.
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Note: a. Some extra rules to form the present participle: Verbs ending in a silent -E: the -E is dropped to come → Are you coming?
Kom je? (ben aan het komen)
Verbs ending in -IE: the -IE becomes -Y to lie → The cat is lying in the grass.
De kat ligt in het gras. (is aan het liggen)
Verbs ending in a short vowel + a consonant and the stress on the last syllable: the consonant is doubled Het begint! (is aan het beginnen.) to begin → It is beginning! Verbs ending in -L: the -L is doubled to travel → We are travelling to Scotland.
Verbs ending in -IC: -C is followed by -K to picnic → They are picnicking along the canal.
We reizen naar Schotland. (zijn aan het reizen)
Ze picknicken langs het kanaal. (zijn aan het picknicken)
b. The following verbs are not used in the continuous tenses: Verbs of the senses : feel, hear, see, smell, but also notice and observe. Verbs expressing feelings and emotions : like, hate, love, prefer, want, hope, wish, ... But: when the verbs are used as deliberate actions, they can be put into continuous tenses. For example: see can mean 'visit' or 'meet by appointment' I am seeing London right now and it's fantastic! Ik bezoek net London en het is geweldig. I am seeing my sister today. Ik heb afgesproken met mijn zus vandaag. Verbs of mental activity: think (= having an opinion), understand, know, believe, mean, doubt, remember, suppose, imagine, realise, recognise, forget, interest Verbs of possession: belong, owe, possess. The auxiliaries (except be and have in certain cases).
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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8.3 The imperative
(de gebiedende wijs)
1. The imperative is used to give orders, instructions or warnings. The form is very simple: the infinitive of the verb without to. For example: Go and get a doctor! Mind the step!
Ga een dokter halen! Pas op voor het trapje!
2. To form a negative imperative add do not / don't. For example: Do not touch it! Don't forget to post that letter!
Niet aanraken! Vergeet niet die brief te posten!
3. To make an order sound more polite: - use do before the imperative; - use please at the beginning or the end of the sentence; - add will you at the end of the sentence. For example: Do sit down, Sir. Sign here, please. Close the door, will you! 4.
Gaat u zitten, meneer. Hier even tekenen, alstublieft. Sluit the deur, alstublieft.
The imperative of to have can be used to formulate an invitation or an offer: For example: Have another drink! Have a seat!
Neem nog een drankje! Zet je gerust neer!
Note: a. Let... can be used to formulate an instruction. For example: Let him come in. Let her go home.
Laat hem binnen komen. Laat haar naar huis gaan.
b. Let us ... or Let's ... can be used to formulate an offer or suggestion. For example: Let's go for a walk.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
Laten we gaan wandelen.
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8.4 The present perfect continuous 8.4.1
General use
To describe an action that began in the past and is still going on or has been finished a short time ago. It emphasises the duration of the action. For example: He has been reading the newspaper for two hours.
8.4.2
Hij heeft twee uur lang de krant gelezen.
Form
The present perfect continuous = the present perfect of to be + present participle present perfect of to be = have / has been present participle = verb + -ing For example: I You
have have
been been
singing trying
He/she/it
has
been
sleeping
all morning. to get home all evening. all night peacefully.
We
have
been
dancing
since eleven o'clock.
You
have
been
playing
for four hours now!
They
have
been
working
too hard lately.
Ik heb de hele morgen gezongen. Jij hebt de hele avond geprobeerd thuis te geraken. Hij/zij/het heeft de hele nacht vredig geslapen. We zijn sinds elf uur aan het dansen. Jullie zijn al vier uur aan het spelen! Ze hebben de laatste tijd te hard gewerkt.
Note: Have a look at the present continuous tense grammar scheme â&#x2C6;&#x2019; for some extra rules on the present participle, â&#x2C6;&#x2019; for a list of verbs that are normally not used in continuous tenses.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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9
The verb in the future tense
(de toekomende tijd)
9.1 The simple future 9.1.1
General use The simple future is used to talk about the future, to predict something in the future. For example: One day, I'll build a house on this spot.
Ooit bouw ik een huis op deze plaats.
Note: a. The simple future is used with I or we to express a decision. For example: I'll drive you home.
Ik zal je wel naar huis brengen.
b. The simple future is used with you to invite somebody. For example: Will you dance with me?
9.1.2
Wil je met mij dansen?
Form: will (or the contracted form of 'll) + infinitive without to
For example: 'll â&#x2020;&#x201C; I 'll You 'll He/she/it 'll We 'll You 'll They 'll
verb â&#x2020;&#x201C; call get arrive write receive do
you. a nice present. soon. her a postcard. an invitation. their best.
Ik zal jou opbellen. Je zal een fijn cadeau krijgen. Hij zal binnenkort arriveren. We zullen haar een postkaartje schrijven. Jullie zullen een uitnodiging krijgen. Ze zullen hun best doen.
Note: a. The negative form of the simple future is won't. For example: I won't call you.
Ik zal je niet opbellen.
b. Shall is used instead of will to offer or suggest something. For example: Shall I get your coat? Shall we meet at eight o'clock?
Zal ik uw jas halen? Zullen we afspreken om acht uur?
c. The present continuous (to be + -ing-form) can also be used to express plans for the future. For example: When are you going on holiday? I'm leaving on Sunday.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
Wanneer ga je op vakantie? Ik vertrek op zondag.
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9.2 The simple present expressing the future 9.2.1
General use
â&#x2C6;&#x2019; The simple present is sometimes used to express a planned future action which is an expected certainty. For example: I go home tomorrow. What time does the train arrive? â&#x2C6;&#x2019; The simple present is used in subordinate clauses to talk about the future, after conjunctions of time and condition (as soon as, when, if, unless, until, before, etc). For example: I shall/will come as soon as I can. We shall/will keep our promise unless something unexpected happens.
9.2.2
Form
See simple present
9.3 The future perfect 9.3.1
General use:
To talk about something that will be completed and finished at a certain time in the future.
9.3.2
Form:
The future perfect Past participle
= will / shall / 'll + have + past participle = verb + ED
For example: shall / will / 'll
to have
verb+ -ed
I
will / shall / 'll
have
arrived
before dinner.
You
will / 'll
have
received
the email by five o'clock.
He/she/It
will / 'll
We
will / shall / 'll
have have have
fixed stopped finished
your car in time. raining by Sunday. our meal in half an hour.
You They
will / 'll will / 'll
have have
learned walked
ten new words at the end of the exercise. for eight hours by the end of the day.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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Note: Some extra rules to form the past participle: a. If the verb ends in: - e or ie - a, e, i, o, u + L -y - ic
+ d: the -L is doubled the -y changes to -i + ked:
smoke travel try picnic
=> smoked => travelled (in Br. Eng.) => tried => picnicked
b. Verbs ending in a single, stressed vowel (klinker) + a consonant (medeklinker): double the consonant. to stop => stopped to occur => occurred BUT: to weaken => weakened to look => looked to save => saved
(the stress is on the first syllabe: to WEAken) (two vowels) (verb does not end in a consonant)
9.4 The future continuous 9.4.1
General use
a. The future continuous is used for an action that will be going on in the future. It expresses an idea of duration. For example: At this time next week, you will be sunbathing on the beach. Op dit moment volgende week zal je op het strand aan het zonnebaden zijn. b. The future continuous is used instead of the simple future (= shall/will + infinitive) to avoid the idea of will or intention. Accordingly, it is also often used to say something in a polite way. For example: My name is Harry Bates and I will be accompanying you through the various activities today. Mijn naam is Harry Bates en ik zal je begeleiden gedurende de activiteiten van vandaag.
9.4.2
Form
The future continuous = the simple future of 'to be' (= shall/will + be) + the present participle (= ING form). For example: I You He/she It We You They
will / shall will will will will / shall will will
be be be be be be be
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
studying lecturing hiking raining playing saving going
French this time next week. English each day next term. all summer long. for months. football all afternoon. more money than before. on a holiday for a month.
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Note: a. Have a look at the present continuous tense grammar scheme for: - some extra rules on the present participle, - a list of verbs that are not normally used in continuous tenses. b. Simple future or future continuous? Compare: (1) I will meet the personal director tomorrow. (2) I will be meeting the personal director tomorrow.
(simple future) (future continuous)
(1) could mean (although it does not have to) that the 'I' person wants to see the personal director, i.e. he or she has made arrangements for an appointment. In (2), this reading is excluded. There is no strong volition coming from the 'I' person. The sentence only expresses future time. But sometimes the difference in meaning between simple future and future continuous is very subtle.
9.5 The future perfect continuous 9.5.1
General use
To talk about something that will be completed and finished at a certain time in the future. It emphasises the duration of the action. (This tense is not frequently used.) For example: By then he will have been reading the newspaper for two hours. Tegen dan zal hij gedurende twee uur de krant aan het lezen geweest zijn.
9.5.2
Form
The future perfect continuous = the future perfect of to be + present participle future perfect of to be = will / shall / 'll + have + been present participle = verb + -ing For example: I will have been practising in the choir for two years next week. Volgende week zal ik twee jaar aan het zingen geweest zijn bij het koor. When she retires, my mother will have been working there for thirty years. Wanneer ze met pensioen gaat, zal mijn moeder daar dertig jaar aan het werken geweest zijn. Note: Have a look at the present continuous tense grammar scheme for: - some extra rules on the present participle, - a list of verbs that are not normally used in continuous tenses.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
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10
The verb in the past tense
10.1
The simple past
10.1.1
(de verleden tijd)
General use:
The simple past is used for completed actions in the past. For example: We worked hard yesterday. He visited us last week. Did you learn English last year?
We werkten hard gisteren. Hij bezocht ons vorige week Leerde jij Engels vorig jaar?
Note: The simple past is also used to talk about a past habit. For example: They never travelled by train. He always smiled at us.
10.1.2
Zij reisden nooit met de trein. Hij glimlachte altijd naar ons.
Form
−..The simple past in affirmative sentences = infinitive without to + ED For example: I invited You posted
all my friends. the invitations.
Ik nodigde al mijn vrienden uit. Jij postte de uitnodigingen.
−..The simple past in negative or interrogative sentences = DID (NOT) + infinitive without to For example: I didn't invite you post Did
my friend. the invitations?
Ik heb mijn vriend niet uitgenodigd. Postte jij de uitnodigingen.
Note: Some extra rules to form the simple past: a. If the verb ends in: - e or ie - a, e, i, o, u + L -y - ic
→ + d: → the -L is doubled → the -y changes to -i → +ked:
smoke travel try picnic
=> smoked => travelled => tried => picnicked
b. Short verbs ending in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) + a consonant (b, c, p, t, …) double this consonant. to stop => stopped c. Check the list of irregular verbs for the exceptions to these rules.
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10.2 10.2.1
The present perfect General use
- an action that started in the past and continues in the present or that is recently completed. - an action that was repeated in a period between the past and now. - the result of an action in the past. For example: to have ↓ I have You have He/she/it has We have You have They have
10.2.2
(just) ↓ (just) (just) (just) (just) (just) (just)
verb+ -ed ↓ arrived. recieved parked answered asked walked
an email. the car. the phone. a question. home.
Ik ben (net) aangekomen. Je hebt (net) een e-mail ontvangen. Hij heeft (net) de auto geparkeerd. Wij hebben (net) de telefoon beantwoord. Jullie hebben (net) een vraag gesteld. Zij zijn (net) naar huis gewandeld.
Form
The present perfect Past participle
= HAS / HAVE + past participle = verb + ED
For example: to work → I have worked.
Ik heb gewerkt.
Note: Some extra rules to form the past participle: a. If the verb ends in: - e or ie - a, e, i, o, u + L -y - ic
→ + d: → the -L is doubled → the -y changes to -i → +ked:
smoke travel try picnic
=> smoked => travelled => tried => picnicked
b. Verbs ending in a single stressed vowel (klinker) + a consonant (medeklinker): double the consonant. to stop => stopped to occur => occurred BUT: to weaken => weakened (the stress is on the first syllable: to WEAken) to look => looked (two vowels) to save => saved (verb does not end in a consonant) c. Check the list of irregular verbs for the exceptions to these rules.
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10.3
The past participle
(het voltooid deelwoord)
General rule: verb + ed For example: to work → I have worked.
Ik heb gewerkt.
Note: Some extra rules to form the past participle: a. If the verb ends in: - e or ie - a, e, i, o, u + L -y - ic
→ + d: → the -L is doubled → the -y changes to -i → +ked:
smoke travel try picnic
=> smoked => travelled => tried => picnicked
b. Verbs ending in a single stressed vowel (klinker) + a consonant (medeklinker): double the consonant. to stop => stopped to occur => occurred BUT: to weaken => weakened (the stress is on the first syllable: to WEAken) to look => looked (two vowels) to save => saved (verb does not end in a consonant) c. Check the list of irregular verbs for the exceptions to these rules.
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10.4
The simple past or the present perfect?
simple past
present perfect
To talk about an action in the past
To talk about an action in the past
1. when the time is given.
- when the time is NOT given.
For example: You saw him yesterday. (Jij hebt hem gisteren gezien.) 2. that happened some time ago in sentences with words such as: yesterday, the day before yesterday, last summer, ten years ago...
For example: I haven't seen him. (Ik hem hem niet gezien.) - that has only just finished but still has an actual or implied connection with the present with words such as: just, ever, never, yet, already, lately, recently,...
For example: I invited them three days ago. (Ik nodigde hem drie dagen geleden uit.)
For example: I have just phoned him. (Ik heb hem net gebeld.)
Last summer we were in France. (Vorige zomer waren we in Frankrijk.)
I have never been to New-Zealand. (Ik ben nog nooit in Nieuw Zeeland geweest.)
3. when the period of time is mentioned and is completed.
- when the period of time is mentioned and is still continuing.
For example: At 3 p.m.: I had three cups of tea this morning. (I don't drink tea in the afternoon) (Ik dronk 3 kopjes vanmorgen.)
For example: At 10 a.m.: I have had three cups of tea this morning. (So far, but there'll be more) (Ik heb (al) 3 kopjes gedronken vanmorgen.)
He worked here for two years. (but doesn't anymore) (Hij werkte hier twee jaar lang.)
He has worked here for two years. (and still does) (Hij heeft hier (al) twee jaar lang gewerkt.)
Note: Some examples of indications of time that ask for the present perfect: Just expresses a recently completed action. We have just landed in Paris.
We zijn net geland in Parijs.
Ever expresses an indefinite time in questions. Have you ever travelled to New Zealand?
Ben je ooit al naar Nieuw-Zeeland gereisd?
Never means: at no time up to now. I have never learned Italian.
Ik heb (tot nu toe) nooit Italiaans geleerd.
Lately / recently: a period of time that has only just finished or that is still going on. I have been very busy lately. Ik heb het erg druk gehad de laatste tijd. I have been ill recently. Ik ben onlangs ziek geweest.
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Yet is used to talk about things we expect to happen. Have you watched that programme yet?
Heb je al naar dat programma gekeken?
Already is used to talk about things that happened earlier than expected. Unbelievable! They have already arrived! Ongelofelijk! Ze zijn al aangekomen!
10.5
Irregular verbs in the past tenses
(de onregelmatige werkwoorden)
infinitief
simple past
past participle
Nederlands
to awake to be to begin to break to bring to build to burn to buy can to choose to come to cost to cut to do to draw to drink to drive to eat to fall to feed to feel to find to fly to forbid to freeze to get to give to go to grow to hang to have to hear to hit to hold to hurt to keep to know to lay to lead to leave to lend to let to lie (liggen) to lie (liegen) to light
awoke was / were began broke brought built burnt / burned bought could chose came cost cut did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt found flew forbade froze got gave went grew hung had heard hit held hurt kept knew laid led left lent let lay lied lit / lighted
awoken been begun broken brought built burnt / burned bought chosen come cost cut done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt found flown forbidden frozen got given gone grown hung had heard hit held hurt kept known laid led left lent let lain lied lit / lighted
wakker worden zijn beginnen breken brengen bouwen verbranden kopen kunnen kiezen komen kosten snijden doen trekken, tekenen drinken rijden eten vallen voeden (zich) voelen vinden vliegen verbieden bevriezen krijgen geven gaan groeien hangen hebben horen slaan houden pijn doen houden weten leggen leiden vertrekken lenen laten liggen liegen verlichten
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to lose to make may to mean to meet must to overtake to pay to put to read to rent to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to sell to send to set to shake shall to shine to show to shut to sing to sink to sit to sleep to slide to smell to speak to spend to spill to split to spread to stand to steal to stick to sting to strike to swear to sweep to swell to swim to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to understand to wake to wear will to win to write
lost made might meant met had to overtook paid put read rent rode rang rose ran said saw sold sent set shook should shone showed shut sang sank sat slept slid smelt spoke spent spilt / spilled split spread stood stole stuck stung struck swore swept swelled swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore would won wrote
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lost made meant met overtaken paid put read rent ridden rung risen run said seen sold sent set shaken shone shown shut sung sunk sat slept slid smelt spoken spent spilt / spilled split spread stood stolen stuck stung struck sworn swept swollen / swelled swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written
verliezen maken mogen menen ontmoeten moeten inhalen, overvallen betalen zetten lezen huren rijden bellen opstaan rennen zeggen zien verkopen zenden zetten schudden zullen, moeten schijnen tonen sluiten zingen zinken zitten slapen glijden ruiken spreken uitgeven morsen splitsen spreiden staan stelen steken steken slaan zweren vegen zwellen zwemmen nemen onderwijzen scheuren zeggen denken gooien verstaan waken dragen willen, zullen winnen schrijven
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10.6 10.6.1
The past continuous General use
- To describe an action that was going on continuously in the past. (If another action suddenly takes place in this continuum, this verb will be in the simple past). - To describe two actions taking place and continuing at the same time in the past, for example with 'while'. - To express a feeling of irritation. The past continuous is then used with 'always' to express a frequently repeated action in the past. - To ask a question in a more polite or indirect way. For example: He was reading the newspaper when she called. She was talking while I was listening to the radio. He was always asking questions. I was wondering whether you could bring me home?
10.6.2
Hij was de krant aan het lezen toen zij belde. Ze was aan het praten terwijl ik naar de radio aan het luisteren was. Hij was altijd maar vragen aan het stellen. Ik vroeg me af of jij me misschien naar huis zou kunnen brengen?
Form
The past continuous = the simple past of to be + present participle. The present participle = verb + -ing. For example: I was You were He/she/it was
studying working sending
English. too hard. a message.
We
were
talking
to you.
You They
were were
playing listening
the piano. to the radio.
Ik was Engels aan het studeren. Je was te hard aan het werken. Hij/zij/het was een bericht aan het sturen. We waren tegen jou aan het spreken. Jullie waren piano aan het spelen. Zij waren naar de radio aan het luisteren.
Note: Have a look at the present continuous tense grammar scheme - for some extra rules on the present participle, - for a list of verbs that are normally not used in continuous tenses.
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10.7
The past perfect
10.7.1
General use
To describe an action in the past that happened before another action in the past. For example: to have I You He/she It We You They
10.7.2
had had had had had had had
adverb (optional) not yet just already already already
verb+ -ed arrived received parked stopped answered asked walked
when it started to rain. the email when he called. when he saw the parking-lot attendant. raining when they went out. the phone before she entered the room. questions before I began to speak. home before the sun rose in the east.
Form
The past perfect Past participle For example: to work
= HAD + past participle = verb + ED I had worked.
Ik had gewerkt.
Note: Some extra rules to form the past participle: a. If the verb ends in: - e or ie - a, e, i, o, u + L -y - ic
+ d: the -L is doubled the -y changes to -i + ked:
smoke travel try picnic
=> smoked => travelled => tried => picnicked
b. Verbs ending in a stressed, single vowel (klinker) + a consonant (medeklinker): double the consonant to stop => stopped to occur => occurred BUT: to weaken => weakened (the stress is on the first syllable: to WEAken) to look => looked (two vowels) to save => saved (verb does not end in a consonant) c. Check the list of irregular verbs for the exceptions to these rules.
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10.8
The past perfect continuous
10.8.1
General use
- To describe an action that began some time in the past and went on up to a later time in the past. - The past perfect continuous emhasises duration. For example: He had been writing for years to get that book ready by the year 2000. Hij had jaren geschreven om dat boek klaar te krijgen tegen het jaar 2000.
10.8.2
Form
The past perfect continuous = the past perfect of to be + present participle. The past perfect of to be = had + been The present participle = verb + -ing For example: I
had
been
drawing
for a couple of minutes when, suddenly, she fell.
Ik was sinds enkele minuten aan het tekenen (geweest) toen ze plotseling viel.
You
had
been
diving
for half an hour or so when a shark appeared.
Je was een half uurtje aan het duiken toen een haai verscheen.
He (She / it)
had
been
working
there for years when they dismissed him.
Hij was daar jaren aan het werken (geweest) toen ze hem ontsloegen.
We
had
been
driving
for hours before the car finally stopped.
We waren uren aan het rijden (geweest) voor de auto eindelijk stopte.
You
had
been
hoping
for so long till it happened at last.
Jullie waren al zo lang aan het hopen tot het eindelijk gebeurde.
They
had
been
waiting
for ages when he finally came.
Ze waren al uren aan het wachten voor hij eindelijk kwam.
Note: Have a look at the present continuous tense grammar scheme for - some extra rules on the present participle, - a list of verbs that are not normally used in the continuous.
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11
The gerund
11.1
The gerund: general use
11.1.1
(de ing-vorm) (de ing-vorm: algemeen gebruik)
The general rule to form a gerund = infinitive without to + -ing.
For example: As subject: Walking on the lawn is forbidden. As object: I like singing in the rain.
11.1.2
Op het gazon lopen is verboden. Ik hou van zingen in de regen.
The gerund is also used in short prohibitions with No:
For example: No parking! No drinking!
Verboden te parkeren! Verboden te drinken!
Note: Some extra rules to form the gerund: a. Verbs ending in a silent -E: the -E is dropped to come → Coming home is always nice
Thuiskomen is altijd leuk.
b. Verbs ending in -IE: the -IE becomes -Y to lie → Lying in the sun is her hobby.
In de zon liggen is haar hobby.
c. Verbs ending in a short vowel + a consonant and where the stress is on the last syllable: the consonant is doubled Zwemmen is gezond! to swim → Swimming is healthy! d. Verbs ending in -L: the -L is doubled to travel → I enjoy travelling abroad.
Ik geniet van reizen naar het buitenland.
e. Verbs ending in -IC: -C is followed by -K to picnic → Picnicking in the park is forbidden.
Picknicken in het park is verboden.
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11.2
Verbs followed by a gerund
11.2.1
(werkwoorden gevolgd door een ing-vorm)
The most important verbs followed by a gerund are:
admit anticipate appreciate avoid consider defer (= postpone) delay deny detest dislike dread (be afraid of) enjoy
escape excuse fancy (= imagine) finish forgive imagine involve keep (= continue) loathe mind (= object) miss pardon
For example: He admitted lying to his father. She lowered her voice to avoid waking the baby. He postponed paying his grandmother a visit. I remember talking to them about their project.
postpone practise prevent propose (= suggest) recollect (= remember) remember (= recollect) resent (take offence) resist risk stop suggest understand (toegeven) (vermijden) (uitstellen) (herinneren)
To find out whether other verbs take a gerund or an infinitive, check the following website: http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aa090999.htm
11.2.2
The gerund can also be used after certain expressions and phrasal verbs, such as:
be used to can't help (= just have to) can't stand (= can't endure) feel like
it's no fun it's no good it's no use it's worth while
For example: He is used to walking long distances. She can't help crying when she hears that song. I feel like singing whenever the sun shines. It's no fun going out without our friends. We look forward to hearing from you.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
give up go on look forward to save oneself the trouble of (gewoon zijn om) (niet anders kunnen dan) (zin hebben om) (niet leuk zijn) (uitkijken naar)
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11.2.3
Many verbs can take a gerund or an infinitive, either with or without a difference in meaning.
For example: - without difference in meaning He started to go to the cinema when he was little. He started going to the cinema when he was little.
(beginnen) (beginnen)
- with difference in meaning I heard her talk with him. (= the whole conversation) I heard him talking to her. (= only part of the conversation)
(het geheel horen) (een gedeelte horen)
For more information, have a look at the grammar scheme of To infinitives or marked infinitives.
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12
The infinitives
12.1
Bare or unmarked infinitives
12.1.1
(de infinitiefvormen)
General use and examples
- The bare infinitive is used - with modal verbs: shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, - in negative and interrogative sentences with dare and need and - with the auxiliary do. For example: You should see that film. He daren't touch it. Need I come right now? I don't want to pay for it. Note: Negative and interrogative sentences with need or dare can be regular (need / dare + to + infinitive) or irregular (need / dare + bare infinitive): For example: He daren't touch it. He doesn't dare to touch it. Need I come right now? Do I need to come right now?
(irregular: dare + bare infinitive) (regular: dare + to infinitive) (irregular: need + bare infinitive) (regular: need + to infinitive)
- The bare infinitive is also used - with would rather, would sooner and had better. For example: Are we staying? - No, I would rather go now. Blijven we? - Nee, ik zou nu liever doorgaan. Would you like to live here? - Never. I would sooner live in the city than in this village. Zou je hier graag wonen? - Nooit. Ik zou liever in de stad dan in dit dorp wonen. I think we'd better go home now. - Yes, most people have already left. Ik denk dat we nu beter naar huis zouden gaan. - Ja, de meeste mensen zijn doorgegaan. - And finally, the bare infinitive can be used - with help and a few expressions with let and make. For example: They have asked whether they could help organise the festival. It's a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity! - Yes, we shouldn't let it slip away. Let go of the dog! He'll drag you over the street! Let's make believe it's wonderful. There isn't much food in the fridge; we'll have to make do with what is left.
12.1.2
Form
The bare infinitive = infinitive without to
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12.2
Nominal element + bare infinitive
12.2.1
General use and examples
- The nominal element + bare infinitive can be used - with the following verbs of perception: feel, hear, see, watch, notice, observe, perceive. For example: I felt the sun shine on my face. I saw a bird eat a cherry. I watched the bee climb into the flower. Note: You can also use the present participle instead of a bare infinitive. Then you say something about the action in progress and not about the whole action. I saw a bird eat a cherry. : the action (eat) is completed, i.e. the bird ate the cherry. I saw a bird eating a cherry. : the action is in progress, i.e. the bird was eating the cherry. - The nominal element + bare infinitive is also used with some verbs - expressing causation (make, have), - expressing experience (have, have known) - expressing permission (let, won't have, can't have). For example: The mother made the children go to bed early. They got / caused the mother to read a story. I have this happen to me also! (also: ...happening to me) I've known the children call me back if I forgot about it. They won't even let us leave. And the children won't have the babysitter do it! . - The nominal element + bare infinitive can also be used with help. - I'll help you get ready. - She helps me do the shopping.
12.2.2
Form
The nominal element + bare infinitive Note: - The nominal element = a personal pronoun (me, you, him...), a demonstrative pronoun (this, that) or a noun (the children) functioning as an object. - The bare infinitive = infinitive without to
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12.3
To infinitives or marked infinitives
12.3.1
General use
- To infinitives can be the subject of a sentence. For example: To say such a thing would be lying. It would be stupid to read the end of the story first. Indeed, that's a strange thing to do. - To infinitives can be nominal predicate (= naamwoordelijk gezegde). For example: What I like most about being in nature is to live at my own pace. - To infinitives can be the object of a verb For example: I don't know how he manages to get free tickets every time. He asks me to accompany him whenever he wins. A list of verbs that can take a to infinitive as an object: agree aim appear arrange ask attempt (also + gerund) bear (also + gerund) beg begin (also + gerund) bother (also + gerund) care cease (also + gerund) choose claim come condescend consent continue (also + gerund) decide demand desire deserve determine disdain (also + gerund)
elect endeavour expect fail fear (also + gerund) forget (also + gerund) go on (also + gerund) guarantee happen hate (also + gerund) hesitate hope intend (also + gerund) learn like (also + gerund) long love (also + gerund) manage mean (also + gerund) offer omit (also + gerund) plan (also + gerund) prefer (also + gerund) prepare presume
pretend proceed profess promise propose (also + gerund) reckon refuse regret (also + gerund) remember (also+ gerund) request resolve seek seem start (also + gerund) swear tend threaten trouble try (also + gerund) undertake (beloven) venture volunteer vow want wish
(also + gerund): these verbs also take the gerund, but they get a different meaning. (See 2. Differences in meaning) For example: INF + to : He chose to ask me to accompany him. INF + To or GERUND + TO without difference in meaning (see also further) He started to go to the cinema when he was little. He started going to the cinema when he was little.
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INF + To or GERUND + TO with difference in meaning (see also further) He would love to see this film. (= particular occasion: this particular film) He loves seeing films. (= general) - The to infinitives are also used in combination with the following auxiliaries: to be to have
ought used
to dare to need
For example: We have to be there before 8 o'clock. We used to go to the cinema on Wednesdays. - To infinitives can be the adjunct to an adjective (which expresses a feeling or a state of mind). For example: They were glad to see us. - To infinitives can be adverbial adjuncts expressing purpose or result, sometimes even reason. For example: He listens to the radio from morning till evening to participate in all the quizzes. - The to infinitive is used after only to express disappointment. For example: He hurried to the shop only to find it closed. (He went there and was disappointed because it was already closed.) - The infinitive can be used after the first, the second, the last... For example: We were the first to taste the new flavour. - The infinitive after too: too + adjective/adverb + to infinitive For example: The soup is still too hot to eat. It is too soon (for me) to decide. - The infinitive after enough: adjective/adverb + enough + to infinitive For example: This pot is large enough to cook spaghetti in it. The child behaves well enough to take it to a restaurant. - The infinitive after so... as: so + adjective + as + to infinitive For example: She was so naive as to believe everything he told her. (Ze was zo na誰ef dat ze alles geloofde wat hij zei.) - To infinitives are also used with how/what/when/where/which: verb + how/... + to inf (+ noun) For example: We discovered how to open oysters (oesters). - To infinitives are also used with whether: whether + to infinitive For example: We were wondering whether to chew (bijten) it or not. - To infinitives ar only used with to dread in combination with 'to think'. Otherwise 'to dread' is used with a gerund. For example: She dreads to think about what would happen to her. She dreads telling him the truth.
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12.3.2
Differences in meaning Verbs
+ to infinitive
+ gerund
To like, to love, to hate, to prefer...
a particular occasion
in general
To allow, to advise, to forbid, to permit, to recommend, to require
with a personal object
without personal object
To forget, to remember, to regret
future (or present) reference
past reference
To go on
"proceed-did next"
"continued"
To mean
"intend to"
"result in"
To stop
"stopped in order toâ&#x20AC;?
"ceased"
To try
"make an effortâ&#x20AC;?
"experiment"
To consider
"opinion"
"thinking about"
To dread
only in 'to dread to think'
in other combinations
For example: I would like to go there. (= some day) I like going there. (= always) I can't allow you to smoke in a nonsmoker area. I can't allow smoking in a nonsmoking area. Did you remember to lock the door? (= future (in the past)) They fondly remember going to Brighton. (= past) First he showed some pictures and then he went on to talk. He didn't show any pictures, he just went on talking. I didn't mean to make her cry. If you take that job, it will mean getting home late every night. The tourists stopped to look at some wild animals. The tourists stopped looking for wild animals. (i.e. they ceased) I tried to stop smoking but I failed. Why don't you try stopping with the help of some medicine? He is considered to be a good doctor. (= people's opinion about him) He has considered going to the doctor. (= he has thought about it)
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13
Phrasal verbs
13.1
Verb + preposition or adverb
13.1.1
(woordgroep die als werkwoord fungeert) (werkwoord + voorzetsel of bijwoord)
Introduction
Phrasal verbs are verbal forms that consist of a verb and a preposition or an adverb. The meaning of phrasal verbs cannot be derived from its constituent parts (i.e. the meaning does not correspond to the meaning of the verb + the meaning of the preposition or adverb). Rather, a phrasal verb has an entirely new meaning, which has to be learnt as such. For example: Harry has decided to give up smoking. He could not go on like this much longer.
(phrasal verb = to quit) (phrasal verb = to continue)
Note: Phrasal verbs differ from ordinary verbs with prepositions. As was said above, the meaning of a phrasal verb cannot be guessed from its separate parts, whereas with ordinary verbs with prepositions it can. For example: We looked up the word in the dictionary. We looked up at the grey sky.
13.1.2
(phrasal verb = to try to find) (verb + preposition = literally 'to look' + 'up')
List of phrasal verbs
Phrasal verbs are very common in everyday English. In spoken English especially, they are often preferred to single-verb equivalents. Thus, you will more often hear 'to go on' (phrasal verb) than 'to continue' (single verb). To understand and speak natural English, it is important that you learn a lot of phrasal verbs. There are hundreds of phrasal verbs in English. The following list offers only a limited selection. More extensive lists can be found at: http://www.eslcafe.com/pv/pv-mng.html http://takeoff.to/phrasalverbs http://www.eflnet.com/pverbs/index.php For example: Account to account for Bottle to bottle up
vormen In most countries, women account for about 50% of the population. opkroppen Don't bottle up your feelings. Sooner or later you'll pay for it.
Break to break away
zich afscheuren In the early 1980s some members of the British Labour Party broke away to form the Social Democratic Party.
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to break down
autopech hebben My car broke down, and I had to call the AA.
to break up
uit elkaar gaan After they broke up, he remained single for a long time.
Bring to bring over to bring up
overbrengen The speaker managed to bring over his enthusiasm to the audience. 1. ter sprake brengen Don't bring up the topic of dismissing personnel; I don't want to talk about it. 2. grootbrengen Betty was brought up to be a career woman.
Build to build up
opbouwen The Malloys are the founders of the company. They built it up from scratch ten years ago.
Bump to bump into Calm to calm down Catch to catch up on to catch up with Charge to charge up Check to check in
tegen het lijf lopen (informeel) You'll never guess who I bumped into at the cinema. kalmeren Have some camomile tea. It will calm you down. inhalen (wat betreft...) Have you seen that film? - No, I still have to catch up on the latest films. bijpraten, (iemand) inhalen She availed herself of the weekend to catch up with some friends. opladen The battery of my mobile phone is low. Where can I charge it up? inchecken, zich aanmelden For intercontinental flights, you are requested to check in at least two hours in advance.
Clean to clean up
opruimen On Saturdays, Alec cleans up the bathroom.
Clutter to clutter up Come to come across to come along
rommelig maken All these old newspapers clutter up the table in the living room. tegenkomen, (toevallig) vinden When building a house, you are bound to come across some difficulties. meekomen I'm going to the cinema. Do you want to come along?
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to come in
binnenkomen, aankomen Am I calling at an inconvenient moment? - No, not at all. Please come in.
to come out
buitenkomen, naar buiten komen Owls sleep during the day and come out at night.
to come up
ter sprake komen Surprisingly, his transfer request did not come up at the meeting.
to come up with
op de proppen komen met The mathematician came up with a solution to the problem.
Cool to cool down Cut to cut back on to cut down on Deal to deal with
Dial to dial through Doze to doze off
inkrimpen, bezuinigen, verminderen I'm a bit short of money. I'll have to cut back on drinks. inkrimpen, bezuinigen, verminderen The management decided to cut down on production costs. 1. gaan over This book deals with the cultural highlights of the Renaissance. 2. aanpakken The website provides tips on how to deal with hyperactive children. doorverbinden Just a moment, I'll dial you through. indutten, indommelen As soon as I lay down, I dozed off.
Draw to draw up
opstellen She drew up a proposal to take over the firm.
Dress to dress up
zich verkleden People at Notting Hill Carnival dress up wonderfully.
Drift to drift apart Drop to drop by
afkoelen Take a dive into the swimming pool. That will cool you down.
van elkaar vervreemden After 10 years' marriage, the couple began to drift apart. langskomen (informeel) I was in the neighbourhood, so I thought I'd drop by.
to drop in
binnenspringen (informeel) Did you visit Suzy yesterday? - Yes, I dropped in on her in the afternoon.
to drop off
afzetten (informeel) Thanks for the lift. You can drop me off at the station.
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Dwell to dwell on
blijven stilstaan bij, (lang) doorgaan over, doordrammen over Mr Evans loves to dwell on his past accomplishments.
Eat to eat up
opeten I can't believe she's eaten up the whole cake!
End to end up + ING form Figure to figure out Fill to fill up
uiteindelijk..., belanden, eindigen How did you end up in Winchester? - Well, I visited as a tourist and never left. bedenken I could not figure out how to put the cupboard together. tanken Ben had to fill up on the way to Dover.
Find to find out
te weten komen Do you know who stole your car? - No, the police are trying to find that out.
Fire to fire up
stimuleren The surprise act really fired up the audience.
Follow to follow along Fool to fool around
Get to get across
volgen, meedoen Although she did not know the steps yet, Daisy tried to follow along. rotzooien (informeel) Did the young couple have a good time? - I guess so; all they did was fool around. doen aanslaan, doen overkomen Norman is a good speaker. He always manages to get his ideas across.
to get along
zich redden Although still quite young, Trevor is getting along fine on his own.
to get along with
(kunnen) opschieten met We are lucky to be getting along so well with our neighbours.
to get around
zich verspreiden, rondtrekken The new virus is getting around fast.
to get around to + ING form
er toe komen (iets te doen) Mark received so many phone calls, he did not get around to doing anything else.
to get back to
terugbellen Denise got back to me with the information I had requested.
to get by
overleven, zich redden After he had been dismissed, he just managed to get by.
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to get on
oud worden Oh, I'm not interested in travelling anymore. - You're getting on, dad.
to get on with
opschieten met We are lucky to be getting on so well with our neighbours.
to get over
heenkomen over Getting sacked is a blow, but I am sure I will get over it.
to get up
opstaan It's 10 o'clock already! - We really have to get up.
Give to give out
verspreiden Sometimes television programmes give out the wrong message to children.
Go to go about + ING form
aanpakken How should I go about tidying the archive?
to go ahead
zijn gang gaan, doen Shall I continue? - Yes, please go ahead.
to go along
vorderen, vooruitgaan We will solve problems as we go along.
to go by
voorbijgaan Months went by without hearing anything from her.
to go down
verminderen Oil prices have finally gone down.
to go down to
gaan naar, afzakken naar After dinner we went down to a disco.
to go in for
deelnemen aan, meedoen met Mabel is going in for the local bowling competition.
to go on
voortgaan, doorreizen From Waterloo International, all passengers went on to their final destination.
to go out
uitgaan Are you coming to Ron's party tonight? - No, I don't want to go out today.
to go round
ronddraaien The child watched the big black wheels of the silver car go round.
to go through
beleven, meemaken After Connor divorced, he went through some turbulent months.
to go up
stijgen The cost of living goes up every year.
to go with
opteren voor (informeel) What are you taking? - I think I'll go with salmon.
Grow to grow out of
ontgroeien As she became older, she grew out of her selfishness.
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to grow up
opgroeien Sometimes it is difficult for parents to see their children grow up.
Hand to hand down to hand over Hang to hang about
overleveren That manuscript has been handed down to us from the twelfth century. overhandigen They handed over the keys of the bungalow to the next tenants. rondhangen ²What did you do this weekend? - Erm... nothing. I just hung about.
to hang on
aan de lijn blijven, aan de telefoon blijven Hang on. I'll look her number up for you.
to hang out
buitenhangen We have hung the linen out to dry.
to hang up
ophangen (telefoon) We have been on the phone for an hour and a half now. I think we had better hang up.
Head to head for
gaan naar Shall we leave? - Yes, let's head for the exit.
Hold to hold on (to) to hold out
vasthouden (aan), niet loslaten Does Megan always hold on to her ideas? - Yes, she's quite stubborn. standhouden Despite the cold, the demonstrators held out for an entire week.
Hollow to hollow out Hush to hush up
uithollen The bird hollowed out space for a nest in the tree-trunk. verzwijgen To Peter's dismay, his colleagues wanted to hush up the news.
Join to join in
deelnemen, meedoen The children asked the new girl to join in with their game.
Kick to kick off
aftrappen, beginnen (informeel) They kicked off five minutes late.
to kick up
doen opstuiven By painting the house in that flashy colour, they kicked up dust.
Knock to knock down
omverrijden The cycle path is so small that one of these days a cyclist will be knocked down.
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Light to light up
1. verlichten The fire lit up the entire living room. 2. een sigaret aansteken Joshua went outside and lit up.
Line to line up
in de rij gaan staan Refugees were lining up at the food distribution point.
Lock to lock out
buitensluiten I have given a spare key to a neighbour, just in case I ever lock myself out.
to lock up
opsluiten When we have guests, we always lock up the dog.
Look to look forward to + ING form to look into
ernaar uitkijken te The Van de Veldes look forward to seeing their daughter again. bekijken, bestuderen Those are serious accusations. We shall certainly look into the matter more deeply.
Make to make for
zich begeven naar What are the climbers hoping to achieve? - They're making for the top of the mountain before nightfall.
to make up
uitmaken Women make up 50 percent of aids sufferers.
to make (oneself) up
(zich) maquilleren, (zich) opmaken Do you use cosmetics? - Yes, I make myself up every day.
Mix to mix up
door elkaar gooien Was it in 1993 or in 1996? I can't remember, I'm mixing things up.
Move to move about
rondlopen, heen en weer gaan The lady of the house was moving about, making sure her guests were fine.
to move ahead of
voorbijsteken, de loef afsteken Last summer, that table-tennis player really moved ahead of his competitors.
to move in
intrekken, (ergens) gaan wonen Samuel would like Lisa to move in with him.
to move on
vooruitkomen, zich opwerken You'll have to work harder if you want to move on in life.
to move on to
overgaan tot We shall now move on to the highlight of the evening: the prize-giving.
Mow to mow down
neermaaien The front lines of the army were mown down by the fire of the enemy.
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Narrow to narrow down Open to open up
openbloeien Since he had a girlfriend, he has really opened up.
Pack to pack up
volpakken My photo albums are all packed up in cardboard boxes.
Page to page through Pass to pass on
doorbladeren Have you read that book? - No, I've only paged through it. doorgeven Could you pass that DVD on to Matthew when you've watched it?
Pay to pay off
1. afbetalen You still owe me ÂŁ200. - Yes, I know and I will pay off my debt before Christmas. 2. lonen Ron's efforts paid off: he won the race.
Phone to phone round Pick to pick out
rondbellen Florence was phoning round for a baby-sitter. uitkiezen It's difficult to choose a bicycle, isn't it? - Yes, I can't pick one out.
to pick up
1. oppikken I've dropped my hat. - Let me pick it up for you. 2. meenemen He picked up a magazine and a packet of chewing gum for the flight. 3. (de telefoon) opnemen Rrrring! Rrrring! - Could somebody please pick up the phone?
Pile to pile up
(zich) opstapelen If you don't clean up from time to time, rubbish will keep piling up.
Point to point out
attent maken op The speaker pointed out the dangers of smoking.
Pop to pop over
to pop up
beperken The number of candidates has been narrowed down to three.
gaan naar (informeel) While we are in London, would you mind if I popped over to the British Museum? opduiken This message keeps popping up every time I want to close my document. Just click 'Save'.
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Prey to prey on
jagen op (een prooi) Lions prey on antelopes, zebras, giraffes and even sub-adult elephants.
Provide to provide for Put to put down
voorzien in The contract does not provide for compensation in case of a bankruptcy. neerzetten Where do you want this box? - Just put it down in the hall.
to put forward
aanbrengen, aanvoeren (idee, argument) Whose idea was this? - Well, it was Frank who put it forward.
to put in
besteden, stoppen (in) We've put in a lot of time and effort to make the house look nice.
to put off
1. afschrikken Potential buyers were put off by the price of the house. 2. uitstellen He's sick. We'll have to put off his birthday party for a week.
to put on
1. aantrekken What should I put on for the party? 2. opzetten Do you want to hear some music? - Yes, put the radio on, will you?
to put out
laten horen, verspreiden The girl has put out descriptions of her missing cat in the entire neighbourhood.
to put through
doorverbinden I'll be in a meeting, Cindy. Please don't put any calls through.
to put (someone) up
(iemand) te logeren leggen Can I stay at your place tonight? - Of course, I can put you up.
to put up with
verdragen She decided not to put up with his eccentric ideas any longer.
Refer to refer to
Roll to roll over Rule to rule out Run to run off Scare to scare off
raadplegen Language learners should take the habit of referring to a dictionary spontaneously. zich omdraaien Megan rolled over to let her back tan. uitsluiten We cannot rule out the possibility of a new tsunami. weglopen, er vandoor gaan When things get heated, he simply runs off. afschrikken An alarm is always useful to scare off burglars.
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See to see to
zorgen voor Jennifer, will you see to it that this package gets posted?
Set to set apart from
scheiden van This temporary loss has to be set apart from the general positive financial evolution.
to set off
vertrekken They set off for the south, without really knowing where they were going to.
to set up
1. oprichten The Kenyan government have set up an information service for farmers. 2. installeren (software) A help desk assistant set up the programme for me.
Settle to settle down to settle on
zich thuis gaan voelen Luke settled down in his new flat pretty quickly. overeenkomen We have decided to go on holiday together, but we still have to settle on a destination.
Show to show up
komen opdagen Sadly, her blind date did not show up.
Shut to shut up
zwijgen Terry is a real chatterbox. She never shuts up.
Shy to shy away from Sift to sift through Sign to sign up
uit de weg gaan, terugdeinzen voor Those gang members do not shy away from violence. uitziften (ook figuurlijk) We first sifted through all the letters to retain the good ones only. zich inschrijven I strongly advise you to sign up for the newsletter.
Sing to sing along Sit to sit down
meezingen Sing with us! Yes, come on, sing along! gaan zitten, zitten Tim took off his coat and sat down.
Slip to slip away
wegglijden, glippen The stones on this slope are wet. I'm slipping away!
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Slow to slow down Sniff to sniff out
vertragen Slow down. We're nearing a dangerous curve. opsporen The airport uses dogs to sniff out drugs.
Speed to speed up Split to split up
versnellen He sped up so quickly that you could hear the engine roar. opsplitsen The profit was split up in equal shares among the business partners.
Spring to spring up Sort to sort out
plotseling opkomen Sushi restaurants have sprung up all over town. ontwarren, oplossen Many practical difficulties still have to be sorted out.
Spread to spread out Stake to stake out
Stand to stand for
(zich) verspreiden They spread out to search the whole area. posten bij, in de gaten houden (informeel) The police staked out the hotel where the two terrorists were reported to be staying. betekenen (afkorting) What does 'UNESCO' stand for? - It stands for the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organisation.
to stand out
zich onderscheiden This hotel is exceptionally beautiful! - Yes, it stands out from all the others.
to stand up
opstaan Would the accused stand up please?
Start to start off Step to step up
Stick to stick out to stick to
beginnen, op weg zetten Someone gave her two chickens and that started her off. Now she has a farm. doen toenemen The Republicans have stepped up their efforts to bring more blacks into the party. uitsteken, opvallen I'm not too happy about my nose. It really sticks out, doesn't it? blijven bij You are departing from the essentials. Please stick to the point.
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Stock to stock up on
Sum to sum up
een voorraad inslaan van The shops are stocking up on sun cream because a heat wave has been forecast. opsommen, samenvatten Let's sum up all the pros and cons before we make our decision.
Take to be taken aback
verbaasd zijn, van zijn stuk gebracht zijn He was taken aback by their aggressive behaviour.
to take in
1. opnemen People should take in enough liquid on warm days. 2. gaan zien, bijwonen, meepikken While I was in Britain, I took in several movies that do not play here.
to take off
afzetten, uitdoen Would you mind taking off your sunglasses, so I can see your eyes?
to take over
overnemen His daughter took over the business after his retirement.
Tear to tear down Think to think up
bedenken We must think up a good excuse why we do not want to attend his speech.
Tidy to tidy up
opruimen We are receiving friends this afternoon, so I would like to tidy up the house.
Top to top up
bijvullen He signalled the barman to top up the glasses.
Trace to trace back Try to try on to try out Turn to turn off
neerhalen, afbreken I hope they will tear down that ugly building.
zijn oorsprong vinden in Their family tree can be traced back to the sixteenth century. aanpassen May I try your hat on? uitproberen You can try out the programme free for one month. afzetten What a bad film! - Then turn off the television!
to turn on
aanzetten Shall we watch TV? - Yes, turn it on, will you?
to turn out
1. uitdoen You left the lights on. - You're right, I'm sorry, I forgot to turn them out.
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2. blijken Patricia turned out to be a hard worker and a good team player. to turn up
luider zetten Could you turn up the volume, please? I can't hear what they're saying.
Wake to wake up
wakker worden I usually wake up at 7:30 a.m.
Ward to ward off
afweren The Celts wore masks on Halloween to ward off evil spirits.
Wash to wash up
afwassen I did the cooking, so you can wash up.
Wind to wind up
afronden One minute left. Please wind up your presentation.
Work to work out
uitwerken Before taking action, you ought to work out a plan.
Wrap to wrap up
inpakken Is your present for Geoff ready? - No, I still need to wrap it up.
Write to write down
opschrijven Are we going to have a test? - Yes, first write down your name.
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14
The passive
14.1
The simple passive tenses
14.1.1
(het passief, de lijdende vorm)
General use
− The passive is used to put more emphasis on the former object of the active sentence. For example: The car is cleaned every week. (I clean the car every week.) The cat is already fed. (I have already fed the cat.) − The passive is often used when: a. the agent (= the person performing the action) is: − unknown For example: The politician was brutally murdered. (by the murderer = unknown) − obvious For example: The tourists were shown round town. (by the guide = obvious) − unimportant For example: The police were notified that three prisoners had escaped. (by someone = unimportant) b. the speaker / writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent (= the person performing theaction) until the last part of the sentence or wishes to avoid mentioning the agent at all. For example: I was called in the middle of the night by a man with some very interesting news. c. the action or what is acted upon is more important than the agent performing the action. For example: The Empire State Building was built in less than 15 months.
14.1.2 active:
Form The sheer size of New York overwhelms Lisa.
passive: Lisa is overwhelmed by the sheer size of New York. a. The object of the active sentence becomes subject of the passive sentence. b. The subject of the active sentence − is dropped if it is of less importance. For example: I clean the car every week. --> The car is cleaned every week. − becomes the object of the passive sentence and is then preceded by BY. For example: She answered the question. --> The question was answered by her.
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c. The verb of the active sentence is changed into 'to be + past participle'. To be' needs to be put in the same tense as the tense of the verb of the active sentence. simple present = simple present of to be + past participle For example: He inspects their boarding cards. --> Their boarding cards are inspected. His knowledge impresses Lisa. --> Lisa is impressed by his knowledge. simple past = simple past of to be + past participle For example: He inspected their boarding cards. --> Their boarding cards were inspected. His knowledge impressed Lisa. --> Lisa was impressed by his knowledge. simple future = simple future of to be + past participle For example: They will inspect your luggage. --> Your luggage will be inspected. His knowledge will impress Lisa. --> Lisa will be impressed by his knowledge.
14.2 14.2.1
The perfect passive tenses General use
− The passive tense is used to put more emphasis on the former object of the active sentence. For example: The car has been cleaned. (I have cleaned the car.) The cat had already been fed. (I had already fed the cat.) − The passive is often used when: a. the agent (= the person performing the action) is: − unknown − obvious − unimportant For example: He has been warned that it would not be easy. The tourists have been shown round town. The police have been notified that three prisoners have escaped. b. the speaker / writer wishes to postpone mentioning the agent (= the person performing the action) until the last part of the sentence or wishes to avoid mentioning the agent at all. For example: He had been told that his presentation skills needed improvement. c. the action or what is acted upon is more important than the agent performing the action. For example: In just one day, all his wrong presentation habits have been corrected.
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14.2.2 active:
passive:
Form The sheer size of New York has overwhelmed Lisa.
Lisa has been overwhelmed by the sheer size of New York.
a. The object of the active sentence becomes subject of the passive sentence. b. The subject of the active sentence − is dropped if it is of less importance. For example: I have cleaned the car.
-->
The car has been cleaned.
− becomes the object of the passive sentence and is then preceded by BY. For example: She has answered the question. --> The question has been answered by her. c. The verb of the active sentence is changed into 'to be + past participle'. To be' needs to be put in the same tense as the tense of the verb of the active sentence. − The present perfect passive tense = present perfect of to be + past participle. For example: We have told her not to be late. --> She has been told not to be late. We have redecorated our house. --> Our house has been redecorated. − The past perfect passive tense = past perfect of to be + past participle. For example: They had told us it was typical for the sixties. --> We had been told it was typical for the sixties. They had taught us how to drive a bus. --> We had been taught how to drive a bus.
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15
The affirmative sentence
(de bevestigende zin)
15.1
The affirmative sentence: basic structure
(de structuur van positieve zinnen)
= subject + verb / verbal phrase + additional sentence parts ((in)direct object, complement,...) For example: He shouts. It is raining. I am reading a book. You have listened to the radio. I live in London.
Hij roept. Het is aan het regenen. Ik ben een boek aan het lezen. Je hebt naar de radio geluisterd. Ik woon in Londen.
Note: Adverbs and adverb phrases are sometimes used in the beginning, middle or end of the sentence. For example: Last week it rained a lot. He often visits us. I was still at home. We also watch television. He drove home slowly.
Grammatica Engels Versie: 1.0
Vorige week regende het veel. Hij bezoekt ons vaak. Ik was nog steeds thuis. Wij kijken ook naar de televisie. Hij reed traag naar huis.
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The negation
(de ontkenning)
16.1 The negation: basic structure I live in London.
(de basisstructuur van negatieve zinnen) Ik woon in Londen.
To make this sentence negative, add do, does of did + not in between subject and verb. I don’t (do not) live in London. He doesn’t (does not) have a job. We didn’t (did not) visit her.
16.2
Ik woon niet in Londen. Hij heeft geen werk. We zijn niet bij haar op bezoek geweest.
Negative sentences with 'to be' and 'to have' (negatieve zinnen met de hulpwerkwoorden 'zijn' en 'hebben')
To be and to have are auxiliaries (hulpwerkwoorden). They help to form the present continuous and present perfect tenses. For example: I am reading a book You have listened to the radio.
Ik ben een boek aan het lezen. Je hebt naar de radio geluisterd.
To formulate negative sentences, use the negative form of the auxiliary (= + not / -n't). For example: I am not reading. You haven't (have not) listened.
Ik ben niet aan het lezen. Je hebt niet geluisterd.
Note: The verb to have can be used as a main verb in the simple present or simple past. In this case the sentence is made negative with the auxiliary to do + not / -n't. For example: I have a cold. I don't have a cold. I had a bath every day. I didn't have a bath every day.
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Ik heb een verkoudheid. Ik heb geen verkoudheid. Ik nam elke dag een bad. Ik nam niet elke dag een bad.
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16.3
Negative sentences with modal auxiliaries
(negatieve zinnen met de modale hulpwerkwoorden)
The following verbs are modal auxiliaries - NO s in the 3rd person singular; - NO auxiliary do in negative sentences (and in questions). 1. can / could For example: I can't drive a bus.
kunnen / zouden kunnen Ik kan niet met een bus rijden.
2. dare For example: You daren't drive a bus.
durven Jij durft niet met een bus rijden.
3. may / might For example: He may not come.
mogen, mogelijk zijn Het is mogelijk dat hij niet komt.
4. must For example: She mustn't be here.
moeten Ze moet hier niet zijn.
5. need For example: We needn't worry.
nodig zijn, nodig hebben Het is niet nodig ons zorgen te maken.
6. ought to For example: They oughtn't to wait too long.
moeten (iemands mening) Ze mogen niet te lang wachten.
7. shall / should For example: You shouldn't hurry.
zullen, zouden moeten Je zou je niet moeten haasten.
8. will / would For example: I won't tell him.
zullen, zouden Ik zal het hem niet vertellen.
Note: a. Dare can also be used as an 'ordinary' verb in combination with an infinitive (with or without to). In that case, it takes do, does, did. Do you dare to say hello to her? Durf jij haar goedendag te zeggen? b. May doesn't have a contracted form. Always use may not.
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c. Need can also be used as an 'ordinary' verb and then it takes don't, doesn't, didn't. I need new glasses. Ik heb een nieuwe bril nodig. I don't need new glasses. Ik heb geen nieuwe bril nodig. d. Negative sentences with nobody / anybody Nobody has come. Niemand is gekomen. Use anybody if the sentence is already made negative with verb + not. I don't see anybody. (= I do not see anybody.) Ik zie niemand. e. Negative sentences with nothing Nothing will stop us. Niets zal ons stoppen. Use anything if the sentence is already made negative with verb + not. I haven't done anything! (= I have not done anything!) Ik heb niets gedaan! f. Negative sentences with never We never organise trips.
Wij organiseren nooit uitstappen.
g. Negative sentences with no... more There are no more. Er zijn er geen meer. Use anymore if the sentence is already made negative with verb + not. Arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t you having anymore? Eet je nog wat? It's not hurting anymore. Het doet geen pijn meer. I'm not coming anymore. Ik kom niet meer.
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17
The question
(de vraag)
17.1
The question: basic structure
You come home at six oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock. -
Je komt thuis om zes uur.
To form a question add do, does or did to the beginning of an affirmative sentence: For example: Do you come home at six oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;clock? Does he play the guitar? Did they ask anything?
-
(de zinsstructuur van vragen)
Kom jij thuis om zes uur? Speelt hij gitaar? Hebben zij iets gevraagd?
Except when the verb in the sentence is a modal verb from the following list: can, could kunnen may, might mogen, mogelijk zijn must moeten shall, should zullen, moeten will, would willen, zullen ought to moeten (volgens iemand anders) need moeten (nodig zijn, nodig hebben) dare durven then don't use do, but put the verb before the subject. (inversion) For example: Can you speak French? Could we ask a question? Must I leave now? Should we tell her? Will they be there in time? Would you mind? Need I worry? Dare you go out alone?
Kun jij Frans spreken? Zouden we een vraag kunnen stellen? Moet ik nu weggaan? Zouden we het haar moeten vertellen? Zullen zij er op tijd zijn? Zouden jullie het erg vinden? Moet ik me zorgen maken? Durf jij alleen uitgaan?
Note: a. To need can also be used as an 'ordinary' verb and then it takes do, does, did. Do I need new glasses? Heb ik een nieuwe bril nodig? Do we need a passport? Hebben we een paspoort nodig? b. To dare can also be used as an 'ordinary' verb in combination with an infinitive (with or without to) and then it takes do, does, did. Do you dare to say hello to her? Durf jij haar goedendag te zeggen?
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17.2
The question words
(de vraagwoorden)
Wie? Wat? Welk? (De)welke? Waarom? Hoe? Waar(heen)? Hoeveel? Wanneer?
Who is the youngestt? What did you buy? Which shop sells bread? Which one do you prefer? Why canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t you stay? How do you do? Where do you live? How much time do we have? When do you leave?
Who? What? Which? Which one? Why? How? Where? How much? When?
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Wie is de jongste? Wat heb je gekocht? Welke winkel verkoopt brood? (De)welke verkies / wenst u? Waarom kan je niet blijven? Hoe gaat het met u? Waar woon je? Hoeveel tijd hebben we? Wanneer vertrekt u?
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18
The modal auxiliaries
(de modale hulpwerkwoorden)
18.1
Affirmative sentence, negation and question
(bevestiging, ontkenning en vraag)
The following verbs are modal auxiliaries - NO s in the 3rd person singular; - NO auxiliary do in negative sentences or in questions. 1. can / could For example: I can speak English. I can't drive a bus. Can you ask it?
kunnen Ik kan Engels spreken. Ik kan niet met een bus rijden. Kan je het vragen?
2. dare For example: You dare speak English. You daren't drive a bus. Dare we ask it?
durven Jij durft Engels spreken. Jij durft niet met een bus rijden. Durven we het vragen?
3. may / might For example: He may have a ticket. He may not come. May I?
mogen, mogelijk zijn Mogelijk heeft hij een ticket. Het is mogelijk dat hij niet komt. Mag ik?
4. must For example: She must go now. She mustn't be here. Must they ask it?
moeten Ze moet nu gaan. Ze moet hier niet zijn. Moeten zij het vragen?
5. need For example: We need a dictionary. We needn't worry. Need I ask it?
nodig zijn, nodig hebben We hebben een woordenboek nodig. Het is niet nodig ons zorgen te maken. Is het nodig dat ik het vraag?
6. ought to For example: They ought to call the emergencies. They oughtn't to wait too long. Ought she ask it?
moeten (iemands mening) Ze moeten de hulpdiensten bellen. Ze mogen niet te lang wachten. Vind je dat zij het moet vragen?
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7. shall / should For example: You should ask her. You shouldn't hurry. Shall we go?
zullen, moeten Je zou het haar moeten vragen. Je zou je niet moeten haasten. Zullen we gaan?
8. will / would For example: I will show you. I won't tell him. Would he care?
willen, zullen Ik zal het je tonen. Ik zal het hem niet vertellen. Zou hij het zich aantrekken?
Note: a. May doesn't have a contracted form. Always use may not. b. Need can also be used as an 'ordinary' verb and then it takes don't, doesn't, didn't. For example: I need new glasses. Ik heb een nieuwe bril nodig. I don't need new glasses. Ik heb geen nieuwe bril nodig. Do you need new glasses? Heb je een nieuwe bril nodig?
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19
Question-tags
(vraagconstructie na een zin)
19.1
Question-tags with auxiliaries or modal verbs
(vraagconstructie met hulpwerkwoorden)
A question-tag is a short question at the end of a sentence to ask for confirmation (bevestiging). General rule: Repeat the auxiliary or modal verb (+ NOT) + the subject of the sentence. Note: a. Only if the sentence is affirmative, add NOT to the question-tag. b. There will be repeated as 'subject' in the question tag, if the sentence begins with there. c. For affirmative tag questions in the first person singular, you can use aren't I (contracted form) or am I not (full form) in the question tag: For example:
+ ↓ I am old enough, You can visit him, There were a lot of people, He has called us, We shall be famous, You will come to my party,
↓ I'm not old enough, You couldn't help it, She hadn't informed us about it, We shouldn't tell them, You wouldn't be pleased, They oughtn't be so rude,
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↓ aren't I? am I not? can't you? weren't there? hasn't he? shan't we? won't you?
Ik ben oud genoeg, is het niet? Jij kan hem bezoeken, niet? Er waren veel mensen, niet? Hij heeft ons gebeld, is het niet? We zullen beroemd worden hé? Jullie komen toch naar mijn feestje, niet?
+ ↓ am I? could you? had she? should we? would you? ought they?
Ik ben niet oud genoeg, is het niet? Jij kon er niks aan doen, is het niet? Zij had ons niet verwittigd geloof ik. We zouden hen toch niet moeten vertellen? Jullie zouden er niet blij mee zijn, niet? Ze zouden niet zo brutaal mogen zijn, niet?
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19.2
Question-tags with ordinary verbs
(vraagconstructie met gewone werkwoorden)
General rule: do / does / did (+ NOT) + the subject of the sentence. For example:
+ ↓ You live in a big city, He came home late yesterday,
↓ I didn't say anything wrong, She doesn't play the piano,
↓ don't you? didn't he?
Jij woont in een grote stad, niet? Hij kwam gisteren laat thuis, niet?
+ ↓ did I? does she?
Ik heb toch niets verkeerd gezegd, of toch? Zij speelt geen piano, geloof ik?
Note: Only if the sentence is affirmative, add NOT to the question-tag.
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20
Short answers
20.1
Positive short answers
(korte antwoorden) (positieve korte antwoorden)
General rule: 1. Ordinary verbs: 'Yes,' + subject + DO, DOES or DID. For example: Do you know him? Yes, I do. Does he take the same bus? Yes, he does.
Ken je hem? Ja, (ik ken hem). Neemt hij dezelfde bus? Ja, (hij neemt dezelfde bus).
2. Auxiliary or modal verbs: 'Yes,' + subject + auxiliary or modal verb. For example: Is there going to be a lot of sun? Yes, there is. Will she call us? Yes, she will.
Zal er veel zon zijn? Ja, er zal veel zon zijn. Zal zij ons bellen? Ja, (zij zal ons bellen).
Note: There is always repeated in the answer.
20.2
Negative short answers
(negatieve korte antwoorden)
General rule: 1. Ordinary verbs: 'No,' + subject + DON'T, DOESN'T or DIDN'T. For example: Do you know him? No, I don't. (= do not) Does he take the same bus? No, he doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t.
Ken je hem? Neen, (ik ken hem niet). Neemt hij dezelfde bus? Neen, (hij neemt niet dezelfde bus).
2. Auxiliary or modal verbs: 'No,' + subject + auxiliary or modal verb + NOT. For example: Is there going to be a lot of rain? No, there isn't. (= is not) Will she call us? No, she won't. (= will not)
Gaat er veel regen zijn? Neen, (er gaat niet veel regen zijn). Zal zij ons bellen? Neen, (ze zal ons niet bellen).
Note: There is always repeated in the answer.
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21
Causative sentences
21.1
Causative verbs 'to have, 'to make' and 'to get'
21.1.1
(causatieve zinnen)
General use
− The causative verbs have, make and get are used to show that one person or thing causes another person to do something (hence causative). For example: She made me come home immediately. Ze liet me onmiddellijk naar huis komen. She had me lie down on the sofa. Ze deed me op de sofa neerliggen. She got me to calm down and rest. Ze kalmeerde me en deed me rusten. The examples show that causative constructions in Dutch are formed with laten or doen + infinitive. Note, however, that English let (the literal equivalent of Dutch 'laten') can absolutely NOT be used in a causative way: Some patients let doctors experiment on them. Sommige patiënten laten toe dat dokters op hen experimenten uitvoeren. (The patients allow doctors to experiment on them, they do not make them do so.)
21.1.2
Form
− These are three frequently used causative constructions (active forms): have + object + bare infinitive (without to) For example: The children had me bake a cake.
De kinderen hebben me een cake doen bakken.
make + object + bare infinitive (without to) For example: They made me put a bean in it.
Ze hebben me er een boon in doen stoppen.
get + object + to infinitive For example: They got me to cut the cake in four.
Ze hebben me de cake in vier doen snijden.
Note: See also Nominal element + bare infinitive.
21.1.3
Extra
Causative constructions can also be used passively, with past participles instead of infinitives. Note that in sentences with get, the there is no 'to' in this case! For example: The doctor had her temperature taken. De dokter liet haar temperatuur opnemen. The patient made his grievances known. De patiënt maakte zijn klachten bekend. The nurse got the problem fixed all by herself. De verpleegster loste het probleem helemaal alleen op.
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22
Conjunctions
(voegwoorden)
Conjunctions are words that connect sentences.
22.1
Conjunctions co-ordination
1. And joins two main clauses For example: This bicycle is fast and it is very safe.
Deze fiets is snel en hij is erg veilig.
2. Or expresses an alternative For example: You can buy it or you can rent it.
Je kunt het kopen of je kunt het huren.
3. But expresses a contrast For example: He is not in here, but his colleague is here.
Hij is er niet, maar zijn collega is hier.
4. Either... or expresses a choice between two possibilities For example: You can either take the bus or go by train.
Je kan (of) de bus nemen of met de trein gaan.
5. Neither... nor can be used when none of the options is true or possible For example: She can neither call nor write him.
22.2
Conjunctions subordination
A reason: We can walk there as the weather is very nice. Take your hat because it is quite hot. I am working tomorrow so I'll have to leave now.
A contradiction: I want to buy it although it is expensive. A condition: If I come to your party, I will bring a present.
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Ze kan hem (noch) bellen noch schrijven.
(voegwoorden voor onderschikking) We kunnen ernaartoe wandelen, aangezien het mooi weer is. Neem je hoed, want het is vrij heet. Ik moet morgen werken, dus ga ik nu vertrekken.
Ik wil het kopen ofschoon het duur is.
Als ik naar je feestje kom, breng ik een cadeau mee.
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Interrogatives: I don't know what I have to do! I feel happy when I'm walking. I don't know where I'm going on holiday yet. Tell me why you like Great Britain.
Others: I don't know how he did it. I know that you can do this exercise. We'll go on until it is finished.
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Ik weet niet wat ik moet doen! Ik voel me goed wanneer ik wandel. Ik weet nog niet waar ik op vakantie ga. Vertel me waarom je van GrootBrittanniĂŤ houdt.
Ik weet niet hoe hij het deed. Ik weet dat je deze oefening kunt doen. We gaan door tot het gedaan is.
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23
Conditional clauses
23.1
Conditionals
(de voorwaardelijke bijzinnen)
1. Sentences with a conditional clause (voorwaardelijke bijzin) consist of two parts: − the conditional clause, beginning with if, unless, as long as and − the main clause, (sometimes) beginning with then. For example: If I get the job, I'll phone you immediately.
Als ik de job krijg, bel ik je onmiddellijk.
2. There are three main types of conditionals: I: IF + simple present + (THEN) + shall/will This is the open conditional: it is possible that the condition will come true. II: IF + simple past + (THEN) + would This is the hypothetical conditional: it is unrealistic today or it is less probable that the condition will come true in the future. III: IF + past perfect + (THEN) + would have This is the closed conditional: it is impossible that the conditional will come true. For example: I: If I get the job, I'll phone you immediately. Als ik de job krijg, bel ik je onmiddellijk. II: If it snowed at Easter, the Easter eggs would keep for a long time. Indien het met Pasen sneeuwde, dan zouden de paaseieren lang goed blijven. III: If I had been a computer scientist, I would have had the job. Als ik een informaticus geweest was, had ik de job gekregen. Note: Instead of WILL or SHALL you can also use CAN, MAY or MIGHT. Can > may > might indicate decreasing levels of probability (afnemende graden van waarschijnlijkheid). For example: You can improve your cycle skills if you choose the correct lesson. (= je kan) You may improve your cycle skills if you choose the correct lesson. (= je kan of je zou kunnen - a bit less certain than 'can' that this will actually happen) You might improve your cycle skills if you chose the correct lesson. (= je zou kunnen - still less certain than 'may' that this will happen; a type II conditional)
3. The other types of conditionals: − To give advice: IF I WERE YOU, + WOULD For example: If I were you, I would not go alone. − To make a suggestion more polite: IF + simple past, + WOULD For example: I would be very happy, if you drove more slowly.
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â&#x2C6;&#x2019; To make a request: IF + WOULD, + WOULD For example: I would be grateful if you would bring me home too. Note: Use this construction very sparingly (zuinig), if at all. In normal conditionals if + would is NOT correct! â&#x2C6;&#x2019; To give an order: IF + present tense, + imperative For example: If it's cold, put on your jacket.
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24
Indirect (or reported) speech
24.1
Direct versus indirect speech
(indirecte rede) (directe vs indirecte rede)
There are two ways of relating somebody's words (berichten over wat iemand gezegd heeft): direct and indirect. Compare: (1) Sheryl said, 'I've bought a new bike.' (2) Sheryl said she had bought a new bike.
Sheryl zei: 'Ik heb een nieuwe fiets gekocht.' Sheryl zei dat ze een nieuwe fiets gekocht had.
Sentence (1) is an instance of direct speech. The original speaker's words are repeated in their exact form. They are placed between inverted commas (aanhalingstekens) and preceded by a comma. By contrast, sentence (2) is an example of indirect (or reported) speech. The exact meaning of the original speaker's words is repeated here too, but there may be some changes in the language. No comma or inverted commas are used. Note: The most common introductory verbs in direct speech are say and tell. a. Say can either introduce a statement (3) or follow it (4). If it follows the statement, inversion (omgekeerde woordvolgorde) of 'say' and noun subject is possible (5). Inversion of 'say' and a pronominal subject is never possible (6). Examples: (3) Sheryl said, 'I've bought a new bike.' (4) 'I've bought a new bike,' Sheryl / she said. (5) 'I've bought a new bike,' said Sheryl. (6) * I've bought a new bike,' said she.
Sheryl zei: 'Ik heb een nieuwe fiets gekocht.' 'Ik heb een nieuwe fiets gekocht.' zei Sheryl /ze. 'Ik heb een nieuwe fiets gekocht.' zei Sheryl. * 'Ik heb een nieuwe fiets gekocht.' ze zei.
b. Tell requires an object (in (7): 'me'). In direct speech 'tell' + object should follow the statement. Inversion is not possible. Example: (7) 'I've bought a new bike,' Sheryl told me.
24.2
Tense changes
'Ik heb een nieuwe fiets gekocht.' vertelde Sheryl me.
(wijzigingen in werkwoordstijden)
When turning direct speech (DS) into indirect speech (IS), it is often necessary to change the verb tense of the original speaker's words. For example: DS: 'I don't eat meat,' he explained. IS: He explained that he didn't eat meat.
(simple present) (simple past).
Let us now consider when tense changes are necessary, as well as of what nature they are.
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24.2.1
Present-tense introductory verb
If the introductory verb is in a present tense, no tense changes are necessary. For example: (1) Sheryl says, 'I've bought a new bike.' (2) Sheryl says she has bought a new bike.
(present perfect) (present perfect)
In sentence (1), the direct speech contains a present perfect. When (1) is turned into indirect speech (2) and introduced by a verb in the present ('says'), we can see that the verb tense remains unchanged. It is still a present perfect.
24.2.2
Past-tense introductory verb
More often you will find indirect speech introduced by a verb in the past tense. In that case, turning direct speech into indirect speech will require tense changes. For example: Sheryl said, 'I've bought a new bike.' Sheryl said she had bought a new bike.
(present perfect) (past perfect)
The arrows on the following diagram show how the tenses need to be changed. Non-continuous verb tenses simple present
present perfect
simple past
past perfect
simple future
future perfect
present conditional
past conditional
Continuous verb tenses present continuous
present perfect continuous
past continuous
past perfect continuous
future continuous
future perfect continuous
present conditional continuous
past conditional continuous
Note that the transformations for verbs in the continuous are similar to those for verbs in noncontinuous tenses. For example: simple present â&#x2020;&#x2019; simple past DS: 'I don't eat meat,' he explained. IS: He explained he did not eat meat. present continuous â&#x2020;&#x2019; past continuous DS: 'I'm writing a novel,' she answered. IS: She answered she was writing a novel.
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present perfect → past perfect DS: Sheryl said, 'I've bought a new bike.' IS: Sheryl said she had bought a new bike.' simple past → past perfect DS: 'I was married for five years,' Marc told me. IS: Marc told me he had been married for five years. simple future → present conditional DS: 'I'll keep in touch,' she promised me. IS: She promised me that she would keep in touch. Note: a. I/we shall as an alternative to I/we will (future tense) normally changes to would in indirect speech: For example: 'We shall come at three o'clock,' said Lyndon. Lyndon said they would come at three o'clock. b. In theory the simple past is changed into a past perfect and the past continuous into a past perfect continuous. For example: 'They played very well,' he assured me. He assured me that they had played very well. 'They were discussing their strategy,' she pointed out. She pointed out that they had been discussing their strategy. In spoken English, however, the simple past and the past continuous are often left unchanged: For example: 'They played very well,' he assured me. He assured me that they played very well. 'They were discussing their strategy,' she pointed out. She pointed out that they were discussing their strategy. This is not common in written English, where past tenses usually do change to the past perfect. c. Would, should, ought to, had better, might, used to, and could do not normally change. For example: 'That would be great,' I admitted. I admitted that that would be great. 'They had better not be late,' she grumbled. She grumbled that they had better not be late.
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24.3
Other changes
(andere wijzigingen)
Besides changes in the verb tense, turning direct speech into indirect speech may require some other transformations too.
24.3.1
Pronouns and possessive determiners
Pronouns and possessive determiners change in exactly the same way as they would in Dutch. Those changes always take place, regardless of whether the introductory verb is in the present or the past. Compare: 'You only think about yourself,' he complains. "Je denkt alleen aan jezelf", klaagt hij. He complains that she only thinks about herself. Hij klaagt dat ze alleen aan zichzelf denkt. 'I would do anything for you,' she protests. "Ik zou alles voor je doen", protesteert ze. She protests that she would do anything for him. Ze protesteert dat ze om het even wat voor hem zou doen. 'My granny is celebrating her 100th birthday today,' you proudly said. "Mijn grootmoeder viert vandaag haar 100ste verjaardag", zei je trots. You proudly said your granny was celebrating her 100th birthday that day. Je zei trots dat je grootmoeder die dag haar 100ste verjaardag vierde.
24.3.2
Adverbs of time and place
Direct speech today yesterday the day before yesterday tomorrow the day after tomorrow next week / year / ... last week / year / ... a year ago
Indirect speech (introductory verb = past) that day the day before two days before the next day / the following day in two days' time the following week / year / ... the previous week / year / ... a year before / the previous year
For example: 'My granny is celebrating her 100th birthday today,' you proudly said. You proudly said your granny was celebrating her 100th birthday that day. 'We must find a solution before the end of next week,' he stressed. He stressed they had to find a solution before the end of the following week.
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Note: Here is changed into there if it is clear what place is meant. Else, you transform it into a phrase. For example: 'Littleton is a nice place,' said Ellen. 'I love living here.' Ellen said that Littleton was a nice place and that she loved living there. 'You can leave your coat here,' said Carl. Carl said I could leave my coat in the cloakroom (vestiaire).
24.3.3
'This' and 'these'
When introduced by a past-tense verb, this and these usually undergo one of the following three transformations: a. this (these) → that (those) in time expressions For example: 'It has rained a lot this month,' the weatherman noticed. The weatherman noticed that it had rained a lot that month. b. this / these → the when used as determiners (i.e. followed by a noun) For example: The forester explained, 'We planted these trees two years ago.' The forester explained that they had planted the trees two years before. c. this (these) → it (they / them) when used as pronouns (i.e. on their own) For example: He offered her a bouquet of flowers. 'These are for you,' he said. He offered her a bouquet of flowers, saying they were for her.
24.4
Questions
(vraagstelling)
Like statements and negative sentences, questions can also be reported in indirect speech. For example: She asked, 'At what time is your flight?' She asked at what time my flight was.
Ze vroeg: 'Wanneer is je vlucht?' Ze vroeg wanneer mijn vlucht was.
Verb tenses, pronouns, possessive determiners and adverbs of time and place behave the same as in statements (see other schemes on indirect speech). There are, however, a couple of additional changes: 1. The interrogative form of the verb changes to the affirmative form. The question mark (?) is replaced by a full stop. For example: She asked, 'At what time will the plane take off?' She asked at what time the plane would take off.
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Ze vroeg: 'Wanneer stijgt het vliegtuig op?' Ze vroeg wanneer het vliegtuig op zou stijgen.
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2. The introductory verb must be a verb of inquiry, such as ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc. Note that only 'ask' can take an object. Compare: She asked me at what time the plane would take off. Ze vroeg me wanneer het vliegtuig op zou stijgen. She wanted to know at what time the plane would take off. Ze wou weten wanneer het vliegtuig op zou stijgen. * She inquired / wondered / wanted to know me at what time the plane would take off. 3. If the direct question begins with a question word (e.g. who, what, when, at what time, how, ...), the question word is repeated in the indirect question. For example: 'Who will look after the children?' she wondered. She wondered who would look after the children. Ze vroeg zich af wie er voor de kinderen zou zorgen. 'How did she manage to break the code?' he said. He wondered how she had managed to break the code. Hij vroeg zich af hoe ze er in geslaagd was de code te ontcijferen. Otherwise, if or whether must be inserted. For example: 'Do you know any good restaurants around here?' the tourist inquired. The tourist inquired if/whether we knew any good restaurants in the area. De toerist vroeg of we een goed restaurant in de buurt kenden.
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25
Pronunciation
25.1
The phonetic alphabet
(uitspraak) (het fonetisch alfabet)
The phonetic alphabet is used to explain the pronunciation of a word. Many letters of the phonetic alphabet resemble the normal alphabet, but some letters are different. This is necessary, because some letters can be pronounced in different ways. You probably remember this from the exercises: The word 'back': does it sound like 'baker' or like 'backstage' ? The answer is 'backstage'. Back should be pronounced as: /bæk/. These are the special signs we use:
Consonants: ð dδ ŋ ∫ t∫ Ө 3
For example: then jam sing fish chewing gum thing pleasure
Vowels: a: æ ai aiə au auə e ei eiə ə Λ eə 3: i i: iə o: Þ Þi Þiə əu əuə u u: uə
For example: calm bad bite, buy tired now tower bed make player user but wear first in eat ear board body boil employer boat lower foot boomerang poor
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25.2
Differences in stress
(klemtoonverschillen)
It's important to put the stress right, otherwise words can be misunderstood.
25.2.1
Rules
In phonetic alphabet each stressed syllable is indicated with a quotation mark. As in Dutch the stress is usually on the first syllable in short words. For example: running = 'rΛniŋ
lopend(e)
As in Dutch a word can have more than one stressed syllable. For example: biographic = 'baif'grwfik
25.2.2
biografisch
Meaning
A word can have a different meaning when the stress is different. (Like in Dutch: 'verSPRINGEN' and 'VERspringen'.) For example: SUSpect to susPECT
25.2.3
verdacht verdenken
Varieties of English
Words can have differing stress patterns when they occur in different varieties of English. BE ciga’rette ‘brochure ad’dress (noun) la’boratory ‘garage ‘harassment
AE ‘cigarette bro’chure ‘address ‘laboratory ga’rage ha’rassment
Source: http://www.uta.fi/~sanni.siurua/ame1.html http://www.language-capitals.com/english_varieties_british_american.php
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Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap Afdeling Volwassenenonderwijs Hendrik Consciencegebouw Koning Albert II-Laan 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1210 Brussel Tel. 02 553 97 85 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Fax 02 553 97 75 www.bisonline.be
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