Jacob dibble - MSc UD dissertation 2011-12 by ombretta romice

Think of the most beautiful Place you have ever been to… The odds are, it isn’t someplace new. There are no fancy decorations, overly ornate details, or stunningly impressive buildings. Most likely, this place is simple, elegant and beautiful but in comparison, it may be quite normal compared to other places. However, it isn’t the most beautiful Place that you have ever been to because of how the buildings look or how clean the street it. It is beautiful because it is lively, and there are things to do. There are places to sit and watch or to stand and participate. It seems lively at all hours of the day and there are just as many elderly people coming home from the supermarket as there are children playing. It is a great place to enjoy alone or to convene with friends.

The question that you must ask yourself, and that you obviously have already, is why there aren’t more places like this?

Table Of Contents 4.....................................................................................Chapter 1 16.......................................................Masterplanning Today 20................................................................................Flowchart 22............................................................Useful Terminology 24..................................................Analytical Assessment 74.............................................................Strategic Initiative 114...................................................Foundation Masterplan 124............................................................Local Urban Code 140...........................................................................Masterplan 168....................................................MCA Step- By- Step 180............................Sustainability on the Small Scale 182...........................................................................Your Space 187..........................................................................Works Cited

4 Introduction to My Dissertation For this dissertation to my MSc in Urban Design, I have chosen to write a manual for creating successful Masterplans titled “The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning”, based on the process, ideals and theories taught by Professor Sergio Porta, Dr. Ombretta Romice and the Urban Design Studies Unit (UDSU) team at the University of Strathclyde. Of course, this is not the only manual for Masterplanning available, but what sets it apart is the unique process towards Urbanism. I am confident that the approach taught at UDSU is the most effective and also the best guarantor of sustainable cities and towns. I think that what makes their program of urbanism successful is neither the process nor the ideals alone, but the combination of the two that when combined effectively and with good knowledge, will greatly influence an entire generation of Urban Designers, including myself. At a time when we grow more and more conscientious about our future and the growing need for sustainable development, the importance of good design is evident. I, and many of my colleagues, academics and professionals that work in the field of the built environment, feel that the process of designing places must involve more than the traditional mix of architects, planners and engineers and have a more agreed upon consensus of what our societies and cities actually need:

“This comes at a time when a number of authors have expressed concerns about the theoretical foundations of urban design. For example, Cuthbert (2007, p. 177) reviewed discourse and advancements in the field over the last years and denounced a lack of ‘‘any concerted attempt within the discipline to link the material creation or ‘designing’ of urban space and form to fundamental societal processes.’’ He criticized urban design as self-referential, lacking theoretical frameworks appropriate for today’s development scenarios, and failing to link to related disciplines of sociology, geography, politics, economics, psychology, amongst others. Cuthbert warned that urban design lacks a clear object around which to formulate needed theories. (Romice, Porta, Mehaffy, Thwaites) That is why this manual be directed towards a large audience. Especially because of the more recent trend of unsustainable development that results in cities, towns and places being built in an unsustainable way and that must be changed too frequently; in other words, there is not enough foresight given in designing our urbanities and there is not enough consideration to the factor of time in urban development:

its premises and outlines its essential features. The scope of this paper is not to deliver a comprehensive model for a new approach to urban planning and design, but to set the right framework and rise the right questions so that we can start thinking of issues such as urban regeneration, informal settlements and massive urbanization, community participation and representation, beauty and humanity in space, in a different way.

Chapter 1

This doesn’t necessarily means starting from scratch. We should not be obsessed by challenges are such – in terms of scale, type and urgency – that a much the quest for a new approach However, – like toocontemporary often happened in the past; we should, deeper shift is needed in urban disciplines just to start dealing with them (fig. 1). Some of us instead, restlessly search for a right approach. Our reflection leads to concepts like “Urban Seeding” and “Plot-Based Urbanism” that arethat inherently based evidence have recently argued what we still on miss is the serious consideration of the factor of time in coming from what we see on the ground as a manifestation of evolution through time: urbanism, or, in other words, a deeper “timeconscious” approach (Thwaites, Porta, Romice, & change embeds levels of permanency as well as of innovation, universality as well as Greaves, specificity. Distinguishing between these levels is all-important if change 2008). has to (Porta be and Romice) finally understood and inform our action on the ground.

I foresee this manual as being used in planning, design and architecture firms, by public or community groups, by city or town councils, and by anyone else that needs a guiding structure in the development of place. Further, I feel that the approach towards urbanism taught in this manual is the most responsive method of designing towns and cities and must be made more accessible and universally available. The way that I have written this manual is by applying my understanding of the course, its goals and its teaching to my work and my experience. The process that I adopted in creating this manual was by significantly altering and adapting the current teaching material in UDSU and combining it with my own knowledge and experience, as well as external studies, research and interviews with professionals.

Figure 1. The ”big shift” from conventional urbanism to the current Place Making/New Urbanism approach (the ‘Sustainable compact counterrevolution’), and the need for a deeper shift towards a more timeconscious approach, (Thwaites, Porta, Romice, & Greaves, 2008, p. 24).

This manual is necessary to promote the ideals and processes taught at UDSU so that they can be eventually applied in practice. I strongly believe that this approach towards urbanism is the correct one; it is timeless, universal and it promises places that will become like places I already hold dear. This manual is the means by which UDSU’s approach can transcend the educational realm and be put into practice.

fig. 1

6 The Uniqueness of UDSU’s Approach and PBU The ideals of Urbanism taught at UDSU are more than just ideals and teaching methods; they are a vision to ensure beautiful places that can adapt and sustain themselves easily through time. The way that this vision will be realized is through the adherence to a theory developed at UDSU called Plot Based Urbanism (PBU). PBU is a theory based on the study of the permanent structures which have allowed places to age and adapt in time without drastic changes. Assuming that if these structures have managed to adapt and change in time, then they must be inherently successful and require the minimal investment to ensure the continuity of these structures and the services they provide in the built form. While good urban design techniques are essential, they would be pointless without applying smart, sensitive and sustainable practices in the construction of buildings, and other measures on a smaller scale. Tying into UDSU’s beliefs, The Prince’s Foundation for Building Community supports traditional building methods which promote sustainability at a smaller scale. After all, there is no one guarantor of sustainability. Rather, it is a combination of the efforts of everyone involved in the formation of the built fabric. A further discussion of these sustainable and traditional techniques can be found in the Appendix title “Sustainability on the Small Scale”. Sustainability and Adaptability The effectiveness of PBU is that this system guarantees a place that can adapt and change easily over time, and therefore, becomes a lasting place. This ability to change an adapt with minimal intervention ensures the longevity and sustainability of the place:

Sustainability is maintaining the capacity of the joint economic- environmental system to continue to satisfy the needs and desires of humans for a long time into the future. (Brundtland Commission Report)

Ranging from the most basic needs, like food and shelter, to the least fundamental, like the ability to express creativity or hold a meaningful job, ensuring a sustainable future is the only way to protect our societies’ right to fulfil these needs and desires. This notion of adaptability is one of the most fundamental characteristics of sustainability, that to sustain ourselves, our societies and our planet, we must constantly adapt to changing environmental, social, economic The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Chapter 1

and political conditions. As much as we try to use recycled coffee cups or ride our bikes to work once a week, these are insubstantial measures to ensure the longevity of our societies. The most basic, lasting and impacting means to ensure a future in which our children can grow up healthily and happily is through the informed design of cities, towns and urban spaces, and the creation of lasting and enduring places:

Cities must become socially, economically, and ecologically sustainable, fulfilling basic human needs for shelter, subsistence, and social cohesion... But the challenge today goes beyond this. We need to understand the impact of our urban lifestyle on the planet, our home. We must take responsibility for creating an urban lifestyle that is compatible with sustaining an intact biosphere and all its living species. There is no one city that can serve as a model for what we have to achieve. But we can piece together examples from all over the world to show us what needs to be done, and what can be done. (Herbert Girardet)

The more permanent and irreversible effects that we have made on our planet and on our societies in the recent past has recently become more obvious:

Around the mid-1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s we started to understand the damage that had been done not only to the city but also to the citizensâ&#x20AC;Ś (Hildebrand Frey) A sustainable place is an enduring one, one that will survive the times and will always suit the needs of its users. However, our most recent predecessors did not build in this fashion. In fact, through the simplest and most basic techniques, our societies once created places that would last indefinitely, always being adaptable enough to suit the needs of anyone in those places. While technology, politics and economics change, amongst other things, so must societies and in turn, their built civilizations. Therefore, there is no need to live in places like where people lived 100 years ago, but rather to embellish the good qualities of these places and try to recreate the underlying characteristics that defined them:

Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody. (Jane Jacobs)

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

8 PBU as a Means of Delivering Sustainable and Adaptable Places The proven success of PBU results from the inherent establishment of places which can naturally and effortlessly respond to the usersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; changing needs, wants and preferences. Through constant and responsive adaptation, these places guarantee to always meet the needs of the users and therefore sustain themselves indefinitely.

Plot-Based Urbanism is the set of spatial principles conducive to urban spaces that are adaptable over timeâ&#x20AC;Ś These principles are spatial in nature, which means that they are not necessarily related with any particular kind of planning process: on the contrary, every process that embeds these principles is conducive to adaptable spaces. (Porta and Romice) Plot Based Urbanism is an approach to urban development whose main trait is to be able to develop urban structures that are adaptable in time to suit changing needs, but that at the same time possess qualities of formal character which make them structurally contemporary through time and result in their use. This system of development is being studied, researched and developed at UDSU, and itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s application in Masterplanning has been perfected and is one of the most fundamental creeds of this manual. It is a tried and true, time- tested means of ensuring adaptability, legibility, and beauty in placemaking which will last through time. PBU acknowledges that the building plot is the most fundamental element of the built form in any Urban Fabric. It is the key spatial element that ensures the adaptability of an area. A plot line and a property line are usually one in the same, but not always. A plot is defined by accessibility, where a plot is always accessible from the public domain. Fenced off or separated, the plot is ultimately the unit of development. This is a key concept because a large piece of property can easily be subdivided into plots and be dealt with on a smaller scale. PBU works to create places that are responsive now and tomorrow, which in time embed the spirit of their users, and distribute responsibilities in the management of space. These most fundamental strategies of PBU are lacking in current planning trends, and the results are evident. It is becoming more common for towns, councils and cities to strive for development that guarantees the same lasting benefits as PBU:

Good building design and placemaking can have a profound effect on the sustainability of our lifestyles in respect of the impact that we have on resources. (Policy on Architecture and Placemaking for Scotland)

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Chapter 1

To understand the implications of PBU, especially as compared to other means of development, think of a city block comprised of a single large piece of property. Imagine that this block is sold as is to the highest bidding developer. It is most likely that the end result of this process will be a building that is designed by one architect with a specific style, large to maximize the return on the investment, mono-functional or does not support many uses, and that is built for only the most current demands on the economy. Now imagine that the PBU system was implemented and this large property was split up and sold as X number of plots. Each plot could be developed individually. This means that there could be X architects designing the buildings, small buildings, various buildings built to meet various needs, and that are still built to meet the needs of the most current economy.

Freiburg, Germany - An excellent example, of the diversity and inherent liveliness created by plot- based approaches to placemaking and city building.

Immediately, there is a huge degree of variation along the block itself. From building widths to styles, colours, functions and feeling, the block changes. There is no monotony and there is already the feeling of a more human scale. But before development begins, what if one developer would really like to see a large structure be built on this block, or needs an excessive amount of space for their industry, or needs more space to build larger flats? This is entirely possible because these plots could be combined together.

The beauty of PBU is that there are so many possibilities for what can happen to the Urban Fabric, rather than dealing with the large, mono- functional building that was built to impress and make lots of money. The small plot system promotes spontaneity, as building conversions and extensions are much easier and more feasible on a smaller scale. It promotes beauty through variety. If for example, the design of one of the architects proves to be unsatisfactory, that single building can change without affecting the rest of the block or the larger context within the city itself. Effectively, change on this block is so easy and responsive to the users, that what survives time will be the most responsive to the needs of the users.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

10 are

Middle Age, Firenze, IT: Planning the Urban Expansion, 1250-1350

Author: Author: Gian Gian Luigi Luigi Maffei Maffei Between 1250 and 1350 the significant growth in population before the Great Plague Between 1250 and 1350 the significant growth in population before the Great Plague (1348) (1348) brought brought the the number number of of residents residents in in Florence Florence to to about about 100,000 100,000 people. people. The The urban urban developments developments that that sheltered sheltered this this additional additional population population were were built built in in two two successive successive phases, phases, first first at at Oltrarno Oltrarno in in 1259 1259 and and then then in in general general in in 1280/1333; 1280/1333; these these were were then then surrounded surrounded by by a a new new urban urban wall wall erected erected The trend in modern development has left with a city of monotonous, single- function buildings that outside one (constructed in outside the the earlier earlier one us (constructed in 1173/1175). 1173/1175). too large to change over time. As James Howard states Orders, in his conference The Tragedy of Suburbia, These areas owned by Hospitals Arts and Guilds, These areas were were ownedKunstler by Conventual Conventual Orders, Hospitals and and Arts and Crafts Crafts Guilds, which which therefore therefore became became the the promoters promoters of of allotments allotments which which constituted constituted the the new new urban urban developments. developments. Allotments, Allotments, like like the the San San Frediano Frediano estate estate which which is is reported reported below below in in fig. fig. 4, 4, were were usually usually designed designed The most salient problems in our society that theselines: places are notroutes” worth caring about. (Kunstler) along existing streets and property the were pre-existent routes which along existing streetsis and property lines: the “matrix “matrix routes” were pre-existent routes which were were built built up up in in the the first first pace, pace, then then orthogonal orthogonal streets streets were were built built and and finally finally the the urban urban block block was was closed closed by by aa fourth fourth path. path. The The link link between between path path and and plot plot is is still still clearly clearly And when the time comes to change them, we arelegible faced looking with a dilemma; we either loseareas” moneyof at fringe each legible looking at the the “pertinent “pertinent fringe areas” of by each front. front.

having to start over from scratch or we are left with a mundane building. With limited parties responsible for the management of this space, the decisions made regarding the future of this space are left in the hands of the few, promising to be unresponsive to the needs of the many. Neither of these are solutions, and rebuilding every time the predominant economic climate changes is wasteful, excessive and an unsustainable means of development. The Plot Based Urbanism system focuses on streets, street fronts, plots and blocks. An urban block is the area enclosed by streets. Traditionally, the buildings would be oriented towards the predominant or most important street and the street fronts of these buildings Figure would become important Figure 4. 4. The San Frediano estate, thresholds between the public The San Frediano estate, located southwest southwest of of the the located and the private or would host Arno River. The The estate estate was was Arno River. ground floor activities. As planned as as an an urban urban planned development between between mid mid development development progressed, the th and mid XIVth XIIIth XIII and mid XIVth plots would be built along centuries centuries by by the the monastic monastic Order Order of of Camaldoli Camaldoli that that the two adjacent streets. was was settled settled in in the the adjacent adjacent The street fronts here would Carmine Carmine Monastery. Monastery. In In this this cadastral drawing drawing houses houses not be as important, would cadastral are numbered numbered that that were were are most likely not host ground owned by by the the Order Order still still in in owned th the floor activities, but would the XVII XVIIth century. century. still desirable due to their The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

diversity. This is due, again, by the evolutionary character of the ordinary urban fabric: its formation is led by STREETS developing in time from the most to the less central, a process which is accompanied by the subdivision of adjacent land in PLOTS and therefore the constructions of STREET FRONTS. Urban BLOCKS are the result of this stepped process, not its constituent unit: they are formed by the completion of this cycle of formation when it reaches the point where four STREETS close up in a loop and their STREET FRONTS get consequently developed. Planning strategies, especially those related with coding, should acknowledge this peculiar process by assuming that the unit of analysis and coding is the STREET FRONT, rather than the BLOCK. This is indeed nothing new. The “spontaneous” growth of cities has always proceeded by parcelling and then building up the two fronts of STREETS, starting from the most central ones, where the city originated, and then generating and filling up the less central in time (see below Ch. 3.2: “400-MTS RULE”).

Chapter 1

11 11

proximity to the most important street.

Development would continue like this, where the city block would be divided into plots before development began. Case studies throughout the world show evidence of this system. Not only evidence that this was how development occurred, but that it works, as the same blocks are still divided into the same plots as they were historically. Included are examples taken from “Plot Based Urbanism- Towards Time Consciousness in Place- Making” (Porta and Romice).

According to Caniggia and Maffei: “However, it is wise to note especially the essential consequence of tracing “connecting routes”: the final achievement of the block concept as the most eye catching and widely used module of the urban aggregate. In a certain sense, it is also the most questionable, because it will soon be clear from the genesis reconstructed through route typology that blocks are progressively determined by the coordination of several pertinent strips of each route and that each pertinent strip is definitely more cohesive and consistent with the reciprocal one, inherent to the route itself, than those re-emerged in the block. This arises because of the contemporaneousness of buildings along opposite sides of the same route and due to these sides being constantly subject to progressive, similar changes during the course of their history” (Caniggia and Maffei, 2001, p.133).

Imagine a city where everything is close together, yet not cramped. Where the buildings pose a curious mix of new and old, regular and irregular, and where unnoticeable to the naked eye, there is a mix of activities taking place in these buildings. This is a beautiful place, rather than a place where you can live in one block and work in another.

Plot-Based Urbanism owes its denomination to the acknowledgment of the fundamental importance of Figure 3. An extract from the Amstel area development in the plot in the spatial structure of ordinary urban Amsterdam, an implementation of 1917 Zuid Plan designed fabrics. How the plot is shaped, its size and geometry, by Berlage. The figure shows the names of the architects in charge for the design of street fronts: the same names appear its relationship with the street and the street hierarchy, on both sides of the streets (Samuels, Panerai, Castex, & how it forms up street fronts and eventually urban Depaule, 2004, p. 85). blocks, how all this informs human activities and urban functions, and finally how the plot finds a DSU – Urban Design Studies Unit all that is fundamentally the matter of Plot-Based niversity of Strathclyde, Dept. of Architecture correspondence with property, usage and control, 15 Urbanism. However, Plot-Based Urbanism doesn’t mean that everything that is made of plots is fine. Plot-Based Urbanism is a specific kind of spatial structure made of a certain kind of plots, juxtaposed and mixed in a certain way, establishing a certain kind of relationship with the streets they front, etc. (Porta and Romice)

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

12 In 2012, as this is being written, the world is climbing out of one of the worst depressions since the Great Depression of 1928. We are very clearly suffering by our own hand, as there are countless buildings left vacant, storefronts left empty, and office buildings sitting idle. Had the principles of Plot Based Urbanism been implemented years ago, we could have much smaller buildings, which could change and adapt to the changing economic climate much quicker and easier. Think about the start- up company that just canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t afford the large office space or the young couple looking for their first home in 2012. Building owners, on a small scale, could easily adapt their buildings to meet the needs of these parties, but when they have already invested millions and millions into their big, beautiful (now empty) building, they have no incentive to change anything, just to hope things get better. In this scenario, everyone loses. Scotland is a prime example of the change needed in the way we approach our built environment. The Scotland Climate Change Act of 2009 has set ambitious goals for the reduction of greenhouse gases and carbon emissions, in an effort to achieve an economy which can maintain itself. Reducing greenhouse gas emissions and transitioning to a low carbon economy will help create a more successful country, with opportunities for all of Scotland to flourish, through increasing sustainable economic growth. (Scotland Climate Change Act website) Scotland is at the forefront of government initiatives to ensure longevity of their societies and while the proper establishment and maintenance of the structures which dictate the form of our built environment is only one of the measures necessary to protect our future, it is clear how essential it is to design our cities and town responsively. The vision at UDSU and the ideals of PBU urbanism respond directly to these needs, as well as recognizing that places do not need to be changed dramatically to meet the future, and that it is entirely feasible to create places like this. An Unfinished Conclusion

Java Island, Amsterdam - A place exemplifying on the fundamental Aspects of PBU. PBU is not only related with classical architecture or building styles.

This manual is not meant to be the final result. Hopefully, it could evolve into a product

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Chapter 1 that could be universally understood and applied. To do that, further research would need to be conducted on how this manual could truly be used. This means that it would have to be better suited to the people that it is being designed for. To accurately determine the ways in which this manual would be more appealing, easier to understand and easier to apply would require research, interviews, more drafts of the manual and opportunities to test its application. Additionally, to ensure that this manually could adequately be incorporated into practice would require a further investigation of existing Masterplanning manuals and their approaches to urbanism. In this way, a study of the successes and failures could be made useful in making â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanningâ&#x20AC;? more universal. Finally, further studies of other theories of urbanism would be useful in creating a final version of this Masterplan.

PBU is derived from traditional city- building techniques, such as those in Tarragona, Spain. The regular diversity makes the place beautiful and interesting, as well as adaptable and lasting.

This manual strives to ensure the creation of not just a beautiful place, but a lasting one, by establishing good urban structure. This structure is the foundation to which streets, buildings and parks will conform. While people will come and go, buildings and streets change and adapt, it is this structure that gives lasting dimension to good urban form. This manual depicts a process which allows you to understand every detail, every characteristic and every piece of information necessary to design a place which not only meets the needs of the current users, but that will undoubtedly meet the needs of the future users. As time, governments, people and economies change, so will cities, and ensuring a foundation on which the cities change is the most fundamental aspect to a timeless urban form. This approach supported by research, experience and creativity, taking a step by step process where each subsequent step is dependent on and reflective of the previous one, ensuring the most comprehensive results possible.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

14 There are 5 steps to creating a Masterplan: 1) Analytical Assessment 2) Strategic Initiative 3) Foundation Masterplan 4) LUC and Street Front Coding 5) Masterplanning Each of these five steps is expressed as chapters, detailed with subchapters and further explanations. All the steps are supported with visual aids, examples of applications and tips and notes for PBU in MalmĂś, Sweden further understanding. While the end result will ultimately be determined by the ability of the design team and their understanding and skills, there is more than enough information in this manual to fully grasp the concepts and to easily and effectively apply them towards Masterplanning and the creation of enduring and beautiful places. Broadly, there will first be an assessment of an area of interest (AOI) and the larger applicable context. This entails studying the built form, planning policies, the history of the area, peoplesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; perception of your place and network connectivity. This information will then be collated into more concise conclusions and move forward with that information to form an outline for intervention; a strategy. Concurrently, information will be gathered as part of the Local Urban Code, a system designed to ensure that the final Masterplan is integrated well into the existing built fabric, rather than being something foreign imposed on it. This information will set the basis for the Masterplan as a diagram of densities, streets, amenity centres, transportation networks and green spaces. With this fundamental design confirmed follows the creation of the final Masterplan and detailed design of places, spaces, roads, buildings, green spaces and the interaction between them. This manual is unique in that each of these steps is equally important. These steps are based on Urbanism as a process, which must continually change and adapt and will never have a final result. Urbanism is a means; it is not a finite process to start and finish, but rather it works to create a structure which can accommodate the ever- changing essence of towns and cities.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Chapter 1

This gives designers of the built environment huge responsibilities and challenges, because it means that they should not simply be concerned with what the output of their effort looks like and how it functions, etc., but they should also be concerned with how these outputs are brought into being. Rogers is quite clear that this involves close attention to social and ecological dimensions of urban life as well as the physicality of built form. (Thwaites, Porta, Romice, Greaves) Ideally, this Masterplan is to be used on interventions of a larger scale, but since any large scale intervention must also take into account the smaller and smallest scale, the Masterplan manual is also a good guide for smaller scale interventions. This manual is intended for anyone and everyone who wishes to better the environment in which they live. From local community groups to council planning departments, the manual is flexible, easy to understand and works at a variety of scales. There is so much to consider when making a Masterplan and planning intervention on any scale, but the larger the intervention, the more in depth the understanding of the AOI and greater context must go. This manual sets forth the process to understand everything from the largest scale to the smallest scale and to successfully apply it in order to ensure a lasting and sensitive Masterplan. It is for this that the manual is best suited for larger scale interventions. The ideals of Plot Based Urbanism will be applied in the final section of the manual, about the final creation of the Masterplan. After all the necessary foundations for structure in the city have been agreed upon, physical dimensions will actually be assigned and it is at this point that the ideals of PBU will be applied. Further ideas, instructions and examples about good design, especially as it relates to sustainability and adaptability will be included throughout the manual as well. Good urban form is timeless, and following the steps set out in this manual will provide a Masterplan that is responsive to the essence and character of the place. It will allow changes in time to suit continually changing societies without disrupting the underlying physical form. In this way, the end results will be a lasting, beautiful and esteemed place, which changes and varies efficiently in order to meet the constantly changing needs of the people in it.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Masterplanning Today

The purpose of this manual is to provide a guide for creating a Masterplan that will hopefully turn into something real. With the help of this manual and the theories behind it of Plot Based Urbanism and Sustainability, you will be able to create a place that is lasting, sustainable, beautiful and can adapt easily to the ever- changing world. Included in this section are some opinions of professionals in the field of Urban Design. Ideally, as this manual moves from a Master’s Dissertation to an authentic design manual, there will be hundreds more professional and non- professional opinions taken and considered. The opinions of these few professionals are meant to illustrate how Masterplans and Masterplanning are currently perceived and utilized, as well as some thoughts regarding the actual process and the theories behind this manual. Gordon Barbour Development Manager Glasgow Housing Association

Mr. Barbour is highly involved with the Urban Design profession and academia in Glasgow, and has regular meetings with the Urban Design program at the University of Strathclyde. In his professional life, Gordon is responsible for new projects which include or supply public housing in the greater Glasgow area and has much experience with Masterplans, their outcomes, successes and failures:

“You should approach the Masterplanning process in a more organic way, in order to impose the basic process which can change over time and push the fundamental priorities identified for the area”. The type of Masterplan that you will create from this manual does just that; it helps you impose the basics, the fundamentals, the most crucial structural elements of the city on which the built form can change and adapt. In fact, the theory of Plot Based Urbanism has extensive research indicating the success of this type of urbanism and not just that it is successful, but it has allowed places to change and adapt for hundreds of years and to continue adapting today:

“External factors prove that things will change over 25 years or even 5 years. Masterplans that lack the robustness to survive these changes are the ones that prove to be unsuccessful”. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

17 What this manual teaches is a process to not create a place, but to let a place create itself. The decisions that you make are informed decisions, based on analysis, interviews and research. You use all this information to propose a Masterplan that fits in the AOI, that works with the history of the place, the people, the existing built P Rideals ACTIC PRO F I L E rather + S T Uworking DIES AN D Pit R and OJECTS form, the current planning trends, etc. You are not imposing your onE the place, with taking the best from it to ensure its longevity into the future.

Willie Miller Willie Miller Dip TP Dip UD MRTPI FRSA Willie Miller Urban Design

Mr. Miller is a professional Urban Designer and since the early 90’s has run Willie Miller is a skilled urban designer and chartered town planner his own design firm out of Glasgow. Willie has extensive experience in academia, who has been involved in a broad range of urban design, research, private practice, public practice and international projects.

development, regeneration, conservation, landscape and environmental projects.

Mr. Miller warns of the dangers of Masterplans which result to be too prescriptive and in fact does not associate good results with ‘Masterplans’. However, Willie has 25 years of experience in the UK planning profession this is in reference to overly prescriptive Masterplans which prescribe to the fullest working in the public sector as well as private consultancy and detail exactly how the area will end up looking, especially regarding overly strict Beforedesign founding Willie Urbanwith Design building codes or academia. even architectural imposed on Miller the buildings the in 1996, he was Assistant Director of Planning for Monklands District Council Masterplan.

where he was responsible for a wide range of planning, design and regeneration initiatives. thisMasterplan, practical experience with Mr. Miller says that coding buildings, as He you combines will do in this is okay an academic background in urban design research. as long as it is “within the limits”. Referring to the plan for Edinburgh’s New Town At the Scott Sutherland School of Architecture, he specialised in and Burnham’s design for Chicago, Willie re-iterates that the “building types were Membership: design briefing and design control and maintains his contact with not the issue” and Institute that the success of these plans, of these Masterplans, clearly did not emanate from a highlyRoyal Town Planning education and theory through work with the School of Architecture Urban Design Masterplan Group prescriptive which detailed everything in the built form. at Strathclyde University in Glasgow. Town and Country Planning Association INTBAU resulting Masterplan should not be prescriptive. In fact, the only reference to architectural styles in CongressYour for the New Urbanism Since starting his own practice, Willie has been part of a wide range this manual was regarding the predominant building types that are found in the AOI and greater context, which Architectural Association of multi-disciplinary project teams carrying out diverse studies New Economics Foundation should be considered when creating a code. Your goal is to create regular urban fabric which can change and He hasarchitectural led innovative on the Clyde Academy of Urbanism adapt over time. If the success of a Masterplanthroughout is dependentthe on UK. the detailed stylestudies of the buildings in Fellow of The Prince’s Foundation Waterfront in Glasgow and community based work in North Belfast it, the plan will surely not succeed. for the Built Environment and well regarded studies in St Helier and Bolton. He has a

particular interest in collaborative approaches to regeneration in towns and cities involving business and residential communities with the widest range of multi-disciplinary professional inputs. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Masterplanning Today Mark Greaves Programme Manager for Scotland Princeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Foundation for Building Community Mr. Greaves is a professional Urban Designer and is very involved with the MSc in Urban Design at the University of Strathclyde. Mark works regularly with Masterplans and in Enquiry by Design workshops. He is familiar with PBU and the process taught at the University of Strathclyde and can see many benefits behind the process that is promoted in this manual.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;The process does not treat urban design as a creative indulgence but one that is based on a more thoughtful, considered and responsible approach. By critically examining how cities, towns, neighbourhoods, etc. function over a long-term time frame and basing the Masterplanning approach on providing a framework that allows for adaptation and long-term success PBU is different from a standard process.â&#x20AC;? This process is unique. It is a process that focuses on the underlying characteristics of an area, that when understood and utilized correctly, will result in more sensitive proposals for change. Pressed to say just three, Mr. Greaves considers three of the top aspects of placemaking to be:

1) Creating relatively high net densities which are high enough to support the viability of mixeduses 2) A permeable network of streets which give people the option of walking or driving, but that basically support walkability 3) Human scaled buildings that front streets and contribute to the character of the place and the street through active frontages In fact, these 3 characteristics are all inherent in the process towards Masterplanning outlined in this manual. Relatively high net densities are uncovered and assigned in the Strategic Initiative and Foundation Masterplan phase. The permeable street network is something that is identified in the Strategic Initiative, confirmed in the Foundation Masterplan, and finalized and detailed in the Masterplan phase. The Human Scaled Buildings that you will proposed are based on research in the Analytical Assessment about what this human The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

19 scale actually means to the AOI as well as what is the character of the place. These are only 3 aspects of good placemaking, outlined by only one professional. It is clear that the process in this manual addresses those qualities, but not just on the surface. Everything is based in a process of investigation, basic proposals and detailed designs. Without this process, something could be overlooked; this is what sets this method from “The Most Thorough Approach” apart from similar models. The process of developing the built environment is an intricate one, and involves professionals from many fields of work. There is bound to be conflict and it is often difficult for everyone involved to have the same motivation and ideas for work.

“Achieving this collaborative spirit doesn’t always happen but at least with a PBU-based masterplan you are starting from a higher baseline position and because it is largely based on precedent and historical success you have examples of places that work(and/or research).” Diarmaid Lawlor Head of Urbanism Architecture and Design Scotland Mr. Lawlor comments on the essence of a good masterplan as being sensitive to the “flexibility and competence in the tension of understanding what is fixed over time, what changes, and why”. The masterplan that you will create will have a solid foundation of that structure in the City which must not change, but it still accomodates, and has been proven to accomodate, to the ever- changing socieites in which we live.

“Poor masterplans are either too fixed or too loose. Either way it is a vulnerability”.

The analyses and investigations that you will conduct using this manual are not a coincidence; they have been designed to inform you of the degree of flexibility you can incorporate into your masterplan, as well as in what way. Diarmaid believes that masterplans must “impose themselves over time”. It is not something that you as the designer are placing in a City. Instead, you are setting the seeds for growth that is both sustainable and responsive to the needs of its users. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Useful Terminology

AOI (Area of Interest)

The location that is being investigated, or where intervention is proposed. Also referred to as the study area, the Area of Interest is abbreviated AOI and refers to the place to where your Masterplan will apply.

Block

A block is the land, and everything on it (buildings, open space, green space, etc.) enclosed by streets or other significant barriers.

Block Plan

A representation of all the blocks in an area or a city. Usually the blocks are colored in black and the streets and other open spaces (that donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t pertain to a block) are left in white.

Built Form

Also referred to as urban form or urban tissue, the built form refers to the aspect of civilization which has been physically constructed. Buildings, parks, and streets are the central components of an areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s built form.

Conceptual Plan

A compilation of the elements to which the built form can be simplified to. This includes nodes, densities, street networks, ecological networks and transportation networks.

Density

The concentration of useable units in an area, usually expressed as units per hectare (un/ha).

District

A larger area within a city, that has its own name (and sometimes identity) and has amenity centres and transportation links which serve that larger area.

Ecological Network

Also called the Green Network, this is the system of natural components that form the overall cityscape; trees, tree lines, green spaces and water.

Figure Ground

A representation of only the buildings in any given area. The form of the building is usually colored black and everything else is left white.

Foundation Masterplan

A basis for the final output of this manual, a Masterplan. A foundation Masterplan identifies a confirmed Conceptual Plan as well as the distribution of densities in The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

23 23 relation to Local and District Nodes. Greater Context

While the AOI is the area under direct scrutiny, the Greater Context refers to the larger area which incorporates the AOI.

Locality

Also referred to as a neighbourhood, a Locality is a small area within a City, incorporated by usually only one district, and that has its own name and identity. There are numerous neighbourhoods within a District.

LUC (Local Urban Code)

A collection of information (usually numeric) which quantifies and characterizes the built form in a certain context (LUC of a neighbourhood, district, city, etc.)

Map

In this manual, a map refers to any graphical display of information.

Masterplan

A map of building fooprints, plots, streets, and green spaces; all the elements of the built and unbuilt form which are being proposed. A Masterplan is the creation of the footprint for an area that will guide development over a fixed time frame.

MCA (Multiple Centrality Assessment) A scientific tool to visualize and understand various types of connections in a network. Node

A centre of amenities which serves either a District or a Locality.

PedShed

A map showing the area reachable from a fixed centre point within a set amount of time walking.

Plot

A division of property on a block which usually corresponds to ownership of the land as well. Plots are the space associated with buildings.

Strategic Plan

An overview of the goals for intervention.

Transportation Network

A system of public transportation infrastructure; buses, trams, rail, etc.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

The Goal: To develop a multi- faceted understanding of the Area of Interest (AOI) and the Areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s larger context, to serve as a basis and constant reference for all subsequent design decisions. Description: The Analytical Assessment is the first step of the entire Masterplanning process. This Assessment will give you an understanding of the AOI and the larger context, which will underpin all the decisions you make and will ensure a complete and receptive Masterplan. The analysis that you will be instructed to conduct in this phase will broaden your understanding of not just the built form of the area, but socio- economic factors, historical factors, the perception of the place, the way the place works and in general, what the place is. By undergoing this analysis through research, you will form a particular understanding of the AOI, unique to this process of Masterplanning. There are 6 components to the Analytical Assessment: 1_Analysising the Existing Built Form 2_Recording Changes in the Built Form 3_Studying Current and Future Planning Trends 4_Analysising Perceptions 5_Assessing the Network Connectivity of Streets (Multiple Centrality Assessment) 6_S.W.O.T. Analysis Your goal is to create a thorough understanding of the built form, and everything that influences it, before commencing the design process. Try to views these analyses as inter-related parts of a whole. Summary: The purpose of this phase of work is to form a comprehensive understanding of the AOI which encompasses every single piece of information which should influence your decision making process. Skipping this step or overlooking important information will surely return in the form of insensitive design plans that will ultimately result in the failure of your Masterplan. The Next Step: Begin your assessment by first detailing the current built form.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Mapping the Area of Interest

The Goal: To create a current, detailed mapping of the study area and greater context to serve as a basis for further design work. Description: Without a solid understanding and visualization of the AOI, your work could possibly overlook details in the built form. The map that you are about to create will be specific and detailed. Process: 1) Learn about the area. Experience it. Either by site visits, reading maps, reading books, looking at photos or using satellite imagery such as Google Maps or Bing Maps 2) Field work a. At this point, you will seek to update any maps or visual representations that you already have, as well as filling in any gaps and updating missing information. 3) Content a. It is your decision to what level of detail you are going to show on this map. It could be as precise as depicting each and every changing material on the ground, or as vague as land uses and building shapes alone. This depends on the scope of the project and your schedule. The maximum detail possible is recommended. b. However, there are several key elements which cannot be overlooked i. Prevalent land uses, especially on the ground floor ii. Building heights (by floors) iii. Building footprint dimensions iv. Open space arrangements Good Representation: This map will serve as a basis for all future work and must be in a form that is easy to manipulate and accurate. A wide range of software, such as AutoCad and GIS is available and recommended. Conclusion: This map will serve as a basis for all future work and must be in a form that is easy to manipulate and accurate. Try to be as efficient and detailed as possible, without overlooking the scope of your project or your time frame. The Next Step: Conduct research on the changing built form in the AOI and greater context in relation to key historic events.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

The detail of this map must coincide with the scale of your intervention. However, donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t overlook the 4 must- haves as detailed to the left. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

27 27

History & Stories - Overview

The Goal: To understand the history of the AOI and greater context by analysing changes in the built form in relation to relevant historical events, and to gain and understanding of life in these time periods. Description: Through an analysis of historical documents, maps, first hand accounts and interviews, you will compose a visualization of the way in which the AOI has changed over a reasonable historic timeline. Additionally, you will formulate an understanding of life over this timeline and how it related to the built form. There are 2 work packages to successfully create this analysis: 1) Mapping changes in the physical built form of the city 2) Gathering stories, recollections, photos and historical descriptions of the area Summary: Upon completion of this analysis, you will understand important historical events in the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history and how these events have influenced the built form. You are not trying to write a history of the area. Instead, you must determine the key events that impacted the built form of the AOI, in what way, and what were the lasting impacts of these changes. The Next Step: Research and draw up the changes in built form, at sensible intervals, over the relevant historical past.

This timeline of sections in the district of Govan (Glasgow, UK), is an interesting means of understanding pertinent historical changes over time. In this section there has been very little change, especially to the industry along the riverfront. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

The photographic accounts to the left are pinpointed on the map below. Not only are their discussions of change in time related, but the relation between the places is shown graphically.

A key element to understanding the history of an area as it applies to the built form is viewing historic events in a spatial context. Historical accounts are not often localized, especially as they relate to the built form. The task of this activity is to uncover those relationships. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

29 29

History & Stories - Mapping Changes in Built Form

The Goal: To show changes in the physical form of the study area over a practical time frame, at intervals which reflect major events influential on changes in the built form. Description: You will meet your goal by analysing changes in the block structure and the buildings on those blocks (figure ground). This will be done by a comprehensive analysis of historical maps, city plans and Ordnance Surveys. 1910 1930

The above figure ground map shows changes in the location of industrial units over time. Perhaps not pertinent to every type of investigation, this analysis is particularly relevant to this example in Govan (Glasgow, UK) due to the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s strong industrial tradition. At this point in time, the industry along the riverfront,a traditional stronghold of industrial development had slowed, but the concentrated industrial units in central- Govan continued to expand.

Good Research: This phase of work will definitely require a large amount of historical research, namely, accessing historical maps. Most local libraries or government authorities will have these maps. They could also be available as Ordinance Survey maps, through local historical recollection groups, or in museums. Old guide books, tour books, or city records could also be useful. Conclusion: You have now shown the changes in the built form in your area over a significant period of time. You must ask yourself, why? Why have these changes happened? Why hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t something else happened? Were these lasting changes? What is the lasting impact of these changes and does this still influence the area today? The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Form

Analytical Assessment 1890’s

1930’s

1960’s

1970’s

The above is a sequence of changes in Public Transportation in Glasgow as well as the presence and location of key community buildings. The conclusions drawn were that transportation infrastructure, of all sorts (rail, roads) always had priority over the built fabric of the community. The clearest example of this is in the 1970’s map when the construction of the M8 Motorway (1965-1972) through the centre of Glasgow pushed most of the communal life away from this central tract of land.

The Next Step: Research what life was like in the AOI The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

History & Stories - Mapping Changes in Built Form

Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End in 1841 was still developing. The red buildings on this Figure Ground map show new development since the last Figure Ground in this series.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Form

Analytical Assessment In the 55 years between this map and the last one taken, there had been huge tracts of development in the East End. This was caused by rapid expansion of industry and shipbuilding, and the East End was the home to most new immigrants. The purpose of these maps is to show the relation between significant historical events, such as rapid immigration to Glasgow, and the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s changing built form as a response.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

History & Stories - Recording Historical Accounts

The Goal: To form an understanding of what it was like to live, to work and to be in the AOI. Description: The purpose of this task is to gain the knowledge of what life in the area was like in the past, in an effort to more fully understand the relationship between the built form and the lives of the people there. Process: The most profitable results from this task come from drawing the relationship between events and the lives of the people, and the built form. Try to build that relationship through research and interviews and try to map that information. You should seek to answer the following questions: - Where did people go? - Why did they go there? - How did they go there? - How did political, economic, social changes influence this? - Where did people live, work and play? Through a smart investigation of historical accounts and photos of the area, it will soon become clear the way that the physical environment influenced the lives of the people that lived in this area. Good Research: The best means to complete this task are to speak with someone who has a first hand account of the time period that you are interested in. By asking the correct questions, the interviews will be mutually beneficial to the interviewers and the interviewees. Other information can be recovered in the local library, through historical recollection agencies, and from museum exhibitions. Photographs are powerful tools in understanding the past.

Simple photographs are an extremely powerful tool in understanding the quality of life and what the AOI was like. Above are some historical pictures of Glasgow, UK. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

unts

Analytical Assessment

Above is an excerpt from an Historical Analysis conducted in Glasgow, UK about the impact the construction of the M8 Motorway had on the city. There are two brief accounts of life in the time, with a diagram showing the spatial relationships present in a typical Glaswegianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s life. Supporting these historical accounts are photographs intending to broaden the understanding of the interviews conducted. At this step in the work, seek to create an understanding that could not be achieved through books or your other analyses. How did your city influence your life in the past?

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

History & Stories - Recording Historical Accounts

Above is a visualization of the changing functions along the River Clyde in Glasgow, UK. The Clyde revealed itself to be a protagonist during the historical accounts of this Masterplanning process. This diagram clearly illustrates the way in which development along the Clyde was strongly based on the shipbuilding industry, until the early 20th century, when docks began to close and be infilled.

Conclusion: By pairing the research on the built form of the AOI and first hand accounts, you should have a very comprehensive understanding of what life was like in the past. Try to understand how the built environment influenced the lives of the people and in turn, how the lives of the people influenced the built form. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

unts

Analytical Assessment The Next Step: Move from the past to the present and begin understanding the current and future policy plans and trends.

Meaningful photographs and explanations are consistently useful in understanding the past. Many significant events were sparked by lifestyles and living conditions that are foreign to us. For example, the rapid expansion of Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population resulted in slum- like living conditions in a large part of the City. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Planning Framework -Overview

The Goal: To form a complete understanding of current and future planning policies which relate to the study area. Description: Perhaps the best way to understand the influential effects of the study area is to study the political and planning responses to the area itself. This portion of the analysis is intended to reveal the current and future planning policies of the city, and how they (if at all) relate to the AOI or, if the AOI in any way influences these policies. Process: This portion of the Analytical Assessment is to be completed as two subcategories, examining the: 1) Existing Territorial Conditions 2) Current Planning Themes Good Research: The research conducted for this analysis will be quite in- depth and come from a variety of sources. Although a large portion of the analysis will be completed through fieldwork, this will not be enough. However, most cities and councils are quite meticulous in advertising current and future planning trends to the general public, and this information should be readily available. However, this information is usually quite broad and designed to fit into a larger picture for the development and planning policies of the city. Summary: It is part of the task now to analyse, interpret and pinpoint how the AOI fits into this larger picture. That is to say, how the AOI is defined by these policies, how it defines these policies and how they relate to each other. The Next Step: Discover the current area characteristics including land ownership, socio- economic trends and physical land conditions.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

One of the first investigations you should do is into the current ventures and plans in the area. The above map illustrates relevant projects in the area. These projects focused on regeneration of the rather impoverished East End, expansion of local infrastructure with the East End Regeneration Route, and preparation for the 2014 Commonwealth Games. Understanding the way in which current policies addresses the area is normally a good reflection of the way the area is perceived and related to the overall context of the city where it lies.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Planning Framework - Reading the Territory

The Goal: To assess and understand the current ground conditions and socio- economic trends in the study area. Description: The goal of this task is to reveal three major elements of the existing â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;groundâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; conditions, especially land ownership, socio- economic trends and statistics. Process: Through research and investigation of planning policies, site information and demographic studies, you will extract the information most pertinent to the AOI in an effort to examine the links, influences, and contributing factors to the relationship between the AOI and the entire scope of planning processes for the greater context. There are three components to this task: 1) Identifying Land Ownership 2) Identifying Soil Conditions 3) Identifying the Demographic and Socio- Economic Character Identifying Land Ownership: In this task, you will discover the variances in land ownership throughout the AOI and the larger context. This could be land owned by the council, region, country, local private ownership, external private ownership, public housing associations, etc. Identifying Soil Conditions: The goal of this task is to reveal the soil conditions, information which overlooked now could result in the failure of your Masterplan. The purpose of finding this information is to assess the feasibility of building in certain places, digging for rail lines, placing infrastructure, etc.

Representation of land ownership. Further divided to distinguish within the overall categories of public and private ownership. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

A soil conditions map showing underground lines, flood- proned areas and contaminated land. Quick investigations like the quality of the land on which you will build are essential. Overlooking details on the ground now will mean a lot of time lost later.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Planning Framework - Reading the Territory

Identifying the Demographic and Socio- Economic Character: The possible results and discoveries for this task are almost limitless. Think that your main goal is to reveal the demographic character of the area; that is to say, how can you characterize the uses in the area, and who uses this area? This sort of information is crucial to understanding various policies, especially those regarding regeneration and investment. This will really tell you a lot about the motivations behind current planning policies.

ANALYSIS // PLANNING FRAMEWORK

GROUP3 // Eghosa Aiyevbomwan _Alessandra Feliciotti_Jak Ho_Maria Siti

LOCAL AMENITIES // CATCHMENT AREAS FOR LOCAL SERVICES CHURCHES Churches and Religion Buildings within a 400m catchment area

RETAILS Shops within 200 m catchment area Supermarket within 800 m catchment area

OTHER PUBLIC LEISURE FACILITIES Leisure activities within 400 m catchment area

GREEN FACILITIES Small Parks within 200 m catchment area Large Parks within 800 m catchment area

HEALTHCARE Doctor/Dentist/Pharmacy within 200 m catchment area Health Centre within 800 m catchment area

CAFE’ AND RESTAURANT Bar and Café within 200 m catchment area Pubs and restaurant within 400 m catchment area

DIVERSITY OF LOCAL SERVICES A few examples of expressing the socio- demographic characteristics of the AOI. TheALL emanating colours showWITH concentrations of these local services. This chart reveals LOCAL SERVICES COMBINED BARRIERS Train/Subway Station Bus Stop

major in certain areas,School as well as a disconnection between Green Spaces and amenities/ centres for life. Churchshortages of amenities Green Facilities Retails

Other Public Facilities

Healthcare Bar and Restaurant

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

Try to focus your investigation around the following four characteristics: 1) Identifying Land Use: Here, you will differentiate between residential and nonresidential land uses. Further, indicate what types of nonresidential land uses are present ZONING OF LAND USES modified from The Glasgow City Plan 2

map 31

GROUNDFLOOR USE GREEN SPACES MAIN TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE CIVIC, HOSPITAL AND TERTHIARY EDUCATION INDUSTRIES AND BUSINESS PRINCIPAL OFFICE AREA RESIDENTIAL AND SUPPORT USES PRINCIPAL RETAIL AREA MIXED USE DEVELOPMENT

A simple representation of land uses in the AOI by block. If there are multiple land uses per block, determine the most predominant use on the block.

2) Ground Floor Uses: Non- residential ground floor uses tend to be retail units. The location, types, quality and demographics of these uses will reveal a great deal about the way the AOI is BUS STOP SCHOOLS Bus stops a 400 m catchment Nursery andthrough Primary Schools with a 400 mmanual. catchment area Try to examine the units used, and will bewithstudied inareamore detail as you move this Secondary School and Colleges with 800 m catchment area accessible to the public from the ground floor which are nonresidential in nature and record what they area. Be sure to distinguish between different types of commercial units.

LOCAL AMENITIES // CATCHMENT AREAS FOR LOCAL SERVICES TRAIN/SUBWAY STATION Train Stations with a 1600 m catchment area Subway station with a 400 m catchment area

3) Trace Analysis: Another way to think about your objectives is to try to pinpoint precise phenomena, including poverty, unemployment, racial or ethnic separation, concentrations of goods and services, anti- social behaviours, etc. Although fieldwork may be sufficient to pinpoint these characteristics, a statistical analysis will always reveal information that could not be recorded The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Planning Framework - Reading the Territory through on- site field work. 4) Household Composition: Determine information such as the presence of children, household income, education, single parent households, etc.

A trace analysis of employment and housing statistics. Other trace analyses could include a study of crime rates and population, or multiple deprivation statistics for example. Understanding the demographics of the area will influence many later design decisions, especially such as battling poverty, safety issues or just well- being.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

Conclusion: Thinking broadly, think what you are trying to achieve from this step. You are trying to quantify and rationalize the AOI, the people in the AOI, and the physical condition of the AOI. While the outcomes tends to be quite statistical, your experienced eye can reveal just as much from standing and observing the day to day behaviour on a street corner. The Next Step: Find the relationship between current planning themes and the AOI.

One of the fastest ways to understand the overall demographic in the area is to investigate the property owned by public housing associations. In Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End, there is a high amount of public housing as well as a concentration of this type of housing in certain areas, namely along Duke Street (yellow) and in Bridgeton (multi- colour). Public housing in itself is not necessarily a detriment to the quality of the area, but concentrations of single- demographics of any sort could be dangerous for the success of your AOI.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Planning Framework - Identifying Planning Themes

The Goal: To discover and analyse the relevant policies and planning initiatives which concerns AOI and its greater context. Description: While it would be a rather simple task to only document planning initiatives which affect the AOI, you must go beyond that. The purpose of this exercise is to determine how the AOI directly influences relevant planning framework, how this framework shapes and defines the AOI, and to understand the relationship between them. Process: Most planning directives are made public and can usually be accessed via the city or town council. Try to separate the relevant information to the AOI and larger context into three categories: a) Planning themes a. These are the predominant planning themes that will influence all subsequent initiatives and individual projects. b) Local Initiatives: a. These represent smaller scale initiatives and themes which are all immediately influenced by the larger presiding planning themes. c) Individual projects a. Pinpoint projects in progress, failed projects, cancelled projects, projects with planning permission and all proposals. This will allow you to see to what degree the overall planning themes and local initiatives are applied.v Representation: Most of the planning themes will already be in written form. Your goal should be to interpret this information and represent it visually. A spatial illustration of these plans will come in handy during later phases of the work and should be reflected in your final design. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t forget: Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t forget why you are trying to understand the current policy framework in the city: you must see how these plans, set out independently of you and your project, will relate to your Masterplan. That is to say, you must draw connetions between your task, your study area and your goals with the presiding planning themes and initiatives already enacted. Without doing this, you will come up with a Masterplan that does not align with the goals of the City and will surely not be given planning permission. Conclusion: Your task in identifying planning themes is to see how these plans, will relate to your Masterplan. That is to say, you must draw connections between your task, the AOI and your goals with the presiding planning themes and initiatives already enacted. A full understanding in the current planning themes would be The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

hemes

to concretely understand how planning trends impact the AOI and how these planning trends respond to what is happening in the AOI.

ANALYSIS // PLANNING FRAMEWORK The Next Step: Begin the analysis of how the place is used, perceived and felt.

GROUP3 // Eghosa Aiyevbomwan _Alessandra Feliciotti_Jak Ho_Maria Siti

PLANNING POLICIES FRAMEWORK WITHIN THE SURROUNDING AREA // MAIN DEVELOPMENT AREAS modified from The Glasgow City Plan 2 and The Glasgow Local Development Startegy

KEY REGENERATION AREAS modified from The Glasgow City Plan 2

map 13

map 14

STRATEGIC GROWTH CORRIDOR METROPOLITAN GROWTH CORRIDOR

An overview of planning policies in Glasgow, UK in 2012. Most of this information can be found through council documents, however extracting the information pertinent to the AOI and relating it to the task at hand will require effort, a good understanding of the overall policies, and good logic. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

EXISTING RAIL LINES AND RAILSTATIONS EXISTING SUBWAY RING AND STATIONS M8 MOTORWAY

ne 2011

8 East Upgrade n to Newhouse

reparation

10 % 40% 80% 00% 00%

1 - Broomhouse/Balliston/Carmyle 2 - Easterhouse 3 - Robroyston

The Plan sets out a strategic vision for the structure plan area and a metropolitan development strategy for the period to 2025 taking account of the National Planning Framework for Scotland.

pressure for urban expansion; enhancing amenity and increasing the attractiveness of the area for economic investment through the development of a Green Network. The Plan also includes provision for the development of a number of Community Growth Areas utilising sustainable development principles along transport corridors.

Planning Framework - Identifying Planning Themes Strategic Freicht Transport Hubs: 1 - Eurocentral / Mossend

GROUP3 // Eghosa Aiyevbomwan _Alessandra Feliciotti_Jak Ho_Maria Siti 2 - Gartsherrie

LAND DERELICT AND VACANT AREAS

nt, on Scottish Vacant and Derelict Land Survey 2009

2 Decembre 2010

3 - Deanside 4 - Glasgow International Airport 5 - Ocean Terminal

MAIN SOURCES

Metropolitan Development Projects: National Planning Framework 2 2009 -2030 1 - Glasgow City Centre, Including the University Campus

NATIONAL PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR SCOTLAND

The National Planning 2 - Glasgow International AirportFramework (NPF) is a strategy for the long-term development Initiatives of Scotland's towns, cities and coun3 - Glasgow New Neighbourhood tryside.Educational The NPF is about 4 - Glasgow West and shaping CulturalScotland's Quarterfuture and is concerned (particularly with how Scotland over the next 20 years and 5 - Green Network the develops Clyde Gateway) how to make that possible. The NPF identifies key strategic infrastructure needs to ensure that each part of the country can Flagship Initiatives develop to its full potential. National Planning Framework 2 was published4on June 25 1 2 3 2009. It sets the spatial strategy for Scotland's development to 2030, and designates 14 national developments of strategic importance to Scotland. The Planning etc. (Scotland) Act 2006 requires Scottish Ministers to prepare a national planning framework. It also requires planning authorities to take NPF2 into account in development plans and development management decisions.

1 - Clyde Waterfront including Glasgow and The Clyde Valley Development Plan Clydebank RebuiltStrategic Urban Regeneration Company June 2011 to 2030 (Submission by June 2013) Clyde Waterfront Partnership those plans, Urban a far-reaching sustainableCompany planning strategy, lookRiverside Inverclyde Regeneration ing twenty years ahead and more. The Structure Plan’s strategy was reviewed in 2006 and continues to have real resonance with the needs of the city-region and of Scotland as a whole as 3 - Clyde Gateway Including its key planning concepts and proposals have been adopted by the Scottish within Scotland’s National Planning Clyde Gateway UrbanGovernment Regeneration Company Framework 2 (NPF2). As a statutory document, the SDP aims to be/ bold and long-term, to provide clear direction about the 4 - Ravenscraig Motherwell / Wishaw including future of the city-region. does this by setting a strategic direction of travel as to the RavenscraigIt Ltd future development shape of the city-region. It seeks to provide a guide to the constituent local planning authorities in The Strategic Development Plan (SDP), is the PLANNING WAITING FOR FUNDING their /more detailed local planning/ofAPPROVED areas and to the investfirst of a new generation of strategic plans ment and development sectors about where investment is best developed in line with Scotland’s modernised UNDERplaced. CONSTRUCTION Above all, it seeks to reflect the needs and wishes of Planning legislation. It builds upon a legacy of the population about the place where they live, work and play. internationally recognised strategic plansCOMPLETED that The SDP is the joint response of the eight constituent councils have been instrumental in transforming the ABORTED through the GCVSDPA to their strategic planning task and it city-region since 1949. The Authority’s predeseeks the reader’s representations on its content and overall cessor body, the Structure Plan Joint Commitstrategic direction. tee, oversaw the publication in 2000 of one of

2 - City Centre

GLASGOW CITY PLAN 2 August 2009 - 2014 The City Plan forms part of the city’s development plan. It is used to guide the location, scale and quality of developments and, also, to inform decisions on planning applications. The Plan’s 20 year vision lays the foundation for development across the City and includes development proposals up to 2014. It takes account of other national and local strategies and plans, including the City’s community plan and a wide range of subject plans ranging from biodiversity and housing to transport and waste management. Many policies are included in the Plan to help address these issues and tackle the City’s carbon footprint. The ultimate aim of the Plan is to improve the quality of the physical environment and the quality of life for people living and working in the City and provide the conditions to promote sustainable development and tackle the City’s carbon footprint.

THE LOCAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FOR GLASGOW 2011 - 2014 The City Council has a duty to prepare, and keep up-to-date, a Local Development Plan (LDP) for Glasgow. As well as setting out the Council’s land use strategy for the coming years, the LDP will provide a basis for assessing planning applications. To ensure that the City’s coverage remains up-to-date and relevant, the City Council is preparing a new LDP for Glasgow which, on completion (scheduled to be 2014), will replace City Plan 2. In doing so, it is important to take on board the views of the public and other interested parties. The proposed new approach looks to build on Glasgow’s current strengths, as a place, so that the City is well positioned to meet the challenges of both the post-recession period and a low carbon future. It has a greater focus on improving health and making Glasgow one of Europe’s most sustainable Cities.

Above and Left: Planning policy information is normally regularly available to the public. Internet searches or enquiries at the local council are usually quite helpful.

OTHER SOURCES Right: A visual summary of the planning policies affecting the greater Glasgow City Statistics, information about projects, analysis of future plans andCouncil ClydeforRiver area. It is always important to understand the AOI and its policies in the larger context. Unfortunately, these policies are all regarding expansion and Future Glasgowof-http://www.futureglasgow.co.uk/ upgrading motorway infrastructure as a means to transport people to and from Glasgow more effectively. First: Bus Operating Company- http://www.firstgroup.com/ukbus/glasgow/

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning Strathclyde Partnership for Transporthttp://www.spt.co.uk/subway/

Glasgow and the Clyde Valley Joint Structure Plan

hemes

Analytical Assessment

THE WIDER CONTEXT // GREATER GLASGOW AND THE CLYDE VALLEY DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES modified from Glasgow and the Clyde Valley Joint Structure Plan 2008, Glasgow and The Clyde Valley Strategic Development Plan 2011

map 04

Clydeside Expressway (A814)

East End Regeneration Route Phase1: Oatlands Section May 2010

February 2008

M74 Completion 28 June 2011

M80 Stepps-Haggs

Airdrie - Bathgate Rail Line 2 Decembre 2010

Phase2 April 2012

Community Growth Areas: 1 - Broomhouse/Balliston/Carmyle 2 - Easterhouse 3 - Robroyston

Phase3:

Strategic Freicht Transport Hubs:

after 2014

1 - Eurocentral / Mossend 2 - Gartsherrie 3 - Deanside 4 - Glasgow International Airport 5 - Ocean Terminal

Metropolitan Development Projects: 1 - Glasgow City Centre, Including the University Campus 2 - Glasgow International Airport 3 - Glasgow New Neighbourhood Initiatives 4 - Glasgow West Educational and Cultural Quarter 5 - Green Network (particularly the Clyde Gateway)

Flagship Initiatives 1

Glasgow Airport Rail Link

1 - Clyde Waterfront including Clydebank Rebuilt Urban Regeneration Company Clyde Waterfront Partnership Riverside Inverclyde Urban Regeneration Company

17 September 2011

Strategic Walkway and Cycleway National Cycle Network - Route 75 National Cycle Network - Route 74

2 - City Centre 3 - Clyde Gateway Including Clyde Gateway Urban Regeneration Company

M8 West Update Seaward Street Improvement November 2010

Metropolitan Development Projects Urban Renewal Areas Community Growth Areas Strategic Freight Transport Hub

A8 to M8 East Upgrade J29-26 Ballieston to Newhouse in preparation

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

4 - Ravenscraig / Motherwell / Wishaw including Ravenscraig Ltd PLANNING / WAITING FOR FUNDING / APPROVED UNDER CONSTRUCTION

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Overview

The Goal: To understand and characterize the intangible qualities of the study area and the greater context. Description: While the other work units in the ‘Analytical Assessment’ involve the study of hard facts, accounts, studies and details, the Experiencing and Comparing Places task is the means by which you will uncover and PEDSHED ANALYSIS understand the less tangible attributes of the place. In other words, you will be researching the feelings and The pedshed analysis is a way to view the places accessible within a 200m ANDERSTON STATION - 2012 WEST ARGYLE STREET - 2012 BROOMIELAW AT THE KINGSTON BRIDGE - 2012 perceptions associated with your AOI. and a 400m radius. These are critical values because in a 400m radius, every place within that area should be reachable by foot within 10 minutes, an important method of understanding a ‘neighbourhood’. This index is important to understand the availability of local or district amenities to residents of a certain area. These percentages of areas reachable are calculated based on routes traversable by foot. They were calculated at:

To organize your research in this step of the Analytical Phase, there will be two steps:

t Anderston Station, t West Argyle Street (Site of future district centre), t Future sight of the New Kingston Bridge.

1) Experiencing the AOI 2) Making comparisons within the AOI

Dramatic improvements have been made in the walkability of this area, namely: t Anderston Interchange Station now hosts a significantly larger pedestrian area,

t West Argyle Street is within 5 minutes of St. Vincent Street and the Summary: The end result of this analytical package is that you will have a comprehensive understanding of what City Centre, t At the site of the New Kingston Bridge, the South of the River is now this place is; what is good about it, what is bad about it, what is worth keeping and what isn’t; how it is perceived. accessible within 10 minutes walking. to Understand this information: You will understand how the local residents understand, use and feel about the place, as well as the rest of How the city users. Sites within 5 minutes of each other: from any point to any other point is walkable within 5 minutes

Sites within 10 minutes of each other: from any point to any other point is walkable within 10 minutes Routes within 5 minutes of each other

AreaNext accessible within 5 minutes: 12.11% accessible within 10.68% Areaknowledge accessible within 5 minutes: 12.56% and your The Step: Begin experiencing theArea AOI and5 minutes: learn from the subjective of the inhabitants Area accessible within 10 minutes: 40.98% Area accessible within 10 minutes: 45.03% Area accessible within 10 minutes: 38.68% Area outside 10 minute walking threshold: Area outside 10 minute walking threshold: 54.97% Area outside 10 minute walking threshold: 61.32% own experience and feelings. 59.02% Pedshed Numerical Analysis

Routes within 10 minutes of each other

WEST ARGYLE STREET EXTENSION - 2037

BROOMIELAW AT THE NEW KINGSTON BRIDGE - 2037

Existing and proposed percentages of walkable area are compared to the best possible cases where 100% of the routes within 200m are accessed in 5 minutes and 100% of the routes in within 400m are accessed in 10 minutes.

Theoretical Area reachable in 10 minutes

Left: A PedShed analysis; one of the tools you will be in this part Area accessible within creating 5 minutes: 16.60%of the Area accessible within 10 minutes: 65.27% Masterplanning process. Area outside 10 minute walking threshold: 34.73%

2037 Area reachable in 10 minutes

Area accessible within 5 minutes: Area accessible within 10 minutes: Area outside 10 minute walking threshold:

BLOCK ANALYSIS 1960 - 63 BLOCKS

24.21% 74.69% 25.31%

Area accessible within 5 minutes: Area accessible within 10 minutes: Area outside 10 minute walking threshold:

18.16% 69.97% 30.03%

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

2012 - 39 BLOCKS

2012 Area reachable in 10 minutes Theoretical Area reachable in 10 minutes

2037 GLASGOW @ HAND - 97 BLOCKS

38.7% 100.0% 16.6% 12.5% 23.9%

70% 45.0% 100.0% 18.2% 10.7% 25.2%

ANDERSTON INTERCHANGE STATION

2012 Area reachable in 10 minutes

65.3%

ARGYLE STREET WEST

2037 Area reachable in 10 minutes

AREA REACHABLE (% of total area) THE NEW KINGSTON BRIDGE

ANDERSTON INTERCHANGE STATION - 2037

This chart is to see an overview of the walkable area in the plan for Glasgow @ Hand.

74.7% 41.0% 100.0% 24.2% 12.1% 32.8% 0%

50%

100%

Analytical Assessment

Overview

A composite of different barriers in Bologna, Italy, These could be highways, specialized land uses, military barracks, etc. and all influence greatly the feelings

Fig Railways, highways or heavily trafficked roads in general,, as is well large enclaves of specialist like and 4. perceptions within the place. Movement, connectivity and accessibility within any place one as of the inherent characteristics which makesland-uses the place a good hospitals, airports or military barracks: allpatterns work as â&#x20AC;&#x153;barriersâ&#x20AC;? (light ina this image Bologna, Italy) between place to be. Lack of connectivity, isolation and poorthese movement in themselves donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t make grey the area bad place to be,of rather they facilitate other factors which districts contribute tothat the poor perception area, such (light as isolation, of upkeep and maintenance, neighbourhood and lower theirof the potential to danger, dark lack red) to develop well etc. integrated, thriving communities across all scales of the urban organism. Source: CAIRE Urbanistica, 2002.

Fear map. This is a simple but effective exercise that helps you build an overall impression of the degree of safety and personal comfort of an area. It is fairly straightforward as a concept: a map which The Mostone Thorough Approach: to Creating Places Through Masterplanning indicates the areas where feels moreA Guide or less safeLasting walking/living etc. this map should indicate gradients of safety or sense of discomfort.

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Experience Intro

The Goal: To understand how the AOI is perceived by monitoring the experience in the place and of the users. Description: What you are trying to do is to understand how the place is perceived by understanding the way in which people use the place, view the place, and understand it. There are two steps that you must follow: 1) Visit the site and create composite Mental Maps 2) Explain how the AOI is perceived through the following ways: a. Permeability map b. Fear map c. Legibility map d. Maintenance issues e. Street Front Assessment Summary: There are certain emotions, perceptions, views and opinions you form while being in the AOI and using them. The task at hand is to extract and compile those opinions. The average city user does not normally attempt to answer the questions that you will be asking. It is your job to extract the important information about their experiences in the AOI. The Next Step: Visit the Site and create composite Mental Maps.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

xperience Intro

Analytical Assessment

One example of the type of analysis you will now undergo. This was carried out by students in Urban Design in Milan, Italy. The 5 Fig.1. Oneelements example of Lynchan worked out by students the Urban Design Course Milan in year 2008. of legibility wereanalysis mapped out as a composite of variousofopinions, professional and non-inprofessional. The five elements of cityscape are identified and mapped through a structured interrogation of sources, which may be either inhabitants (residents in the neighbourhood or district) or ‘professionals’ (students themselves). Source: Porta and Morello (2008).

Mental maps: residents’ perception. This will be a fairly challenging task. You will need to do it on site, stopping people in the streets or visiting groups in their own premises. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning Bring with you paper (A3 is as big as you should use, since people will be put off by too large sheets of paper) and approach people explaining what you are doing and the purpose of this exercise.

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Mental Maps

The Goal: To research the way in which the study area is perceived. Description: Broadly speaking, the result of this work package will be a complete understanding of the relationship between people and space, and how each influences and is effected by the other. There are many ways to analyse environmental perception, and the tools laid out in this Masterplanning strive to aid you in finding the most comprehensive understanding of the true perception of the place. While completing this working detail, strive to answer the following questions: - What is the composite image held by residents, users, professionals, etc. of the area and how do these images vary and to what degree? - What are the main character areas and how are the related? - What is the perception of safety in the area? - How legible is the area and what features contribute to that legibility? - What is the state of maintenance and repair of the area, and what contributes to this state? You will start this analysis in three steps: 1) Familiarizing yourself with the site 2) Creating mental maps of perception 3) Describing the character areas Familiarizing Yourself With the Site: At this point in the analysis, you should be quite familiar with the study area, its history, its demographics and its situation in the overall context of the city or town. Your task is to now understand how the site works; how is it used? In what way? By whom? What is it like walking through there? Driving? What about public transportation? Try to experience the site as would a regular user, a child, a commuter, etc. To support this research, investigate what literature is available about the siteâ&#x20AC;Ś from newspaper articles to biographies, anything to contribute to your understanding of what the area feels like is essential. Creating Mental Maps of Perception: Without using any maps, try to draw the area from memory, including its boundaries. Work with mental maps is based on Kevin Lynchâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s studies and theories. A mental map should try to include boundaries, landmarks, Districts, edges, paths and nodes. If these concepts are too schematic, try to map what you think is important, recognizable, memorable, etc. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Mental Maps

Analytical Assessment This is a mental map. Every mental map is meant to be different, as are human opinions. Your task is to collate as many mental maps as you see necessary, in order to create a standard mental map of the perception of the area. This process is ideally repeated through a variety of subjects; of mothers, fathers, students, professionals, children, the elderly, businessmen, etc. This ensures the widest understanding possible as well as giving you, the designer, the knowledge you need: since you are not designing this place for just one demographic, rather for the interaction of all the demographics, your approach and background knowledge of the place must be diverse.

Part of the success of compiling the mental maps will come from creating a variety of mental maps based on the perceptions of various groups of people. A city is used by everyone and must be designed for everyone. Collating all the mental maps you organize into a more legible one promises a more complete resource at your disposal.. The above mental map for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End very clearly shows the District boundaries as well as the way in which the railroad tracks act as barriers. Also, the well- defined Districts (yellow) are clear to everyone polled in the creation of these Mental Maps. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Mental Maps

To support this work, especially during interviews, try to ascertain the following information from the participants: - Pretend you are moving away from the study area. What will you carry in your mind? - What do you like and dislike about the area? - If a friend of yours is coming to visit the area, can you sketch what places you would take him/ her and how those places are connected? - Which places are worth pointing out to visitors from other parts of the city? - Can you draw the route you would take to get from point A to point B and the most relevant things you would see. Describe the Character Areas: Through interviews, your site visits and the mental maps, you should have a clearer understanding of the areas that are distinctly characteristic, and in which way. Although perceptions and opinions regarding these character areas will vary, try to map the most agreed upon divisions between places. Refer to other analytical assessments, especially regarding planning policies, to help with this task. Summary: Upon completion you will have an extremely thorough and objective understanding of how the area is perceived, by everyone that the area effects. This knowledge is essential to your Masterplan, as you will be designing an area which must maintain the ways in which your place is perceived well and amend the ways in which the area is not perceived well. The Next Step: Begin understanding the experience of the place through observation.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Mental Maps

Analytical Assessment

This2.is Identify a composite commonly defines areas they withinhave Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End. Because there are no Fig andmapping map allwhat character areas. In different these case, a different colour overlapped to official the figure ground of the area. A side you legenda names one. Separate boards where then prepared boundaries, must find whateach is generally agreed upon as pertaining to a certain area. to describe in detail each one.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Observations

The Goal: To understand the experience of the place through observation Description: The task at hand is to understand the AOI by investigating several attributes of the place that people do not have at the front of their minds. In other words, you will be investigating topics which everyone can answer, but is not something that is usually thought of or discussed in day to day lives, regardless of how much it actually impacts the daily lives of the inhabitants. There are 5 key components to this analysis: 1) Permeability study 2) Creating a fear map 3) Legibility and imageability study 4) Maintenance and general upkeep study 5) Street Front Assessment Permeability Study: While creating the mental maps in the preceding work package, you characterized the various areas, including districts and edges. Now, you need to analyse the various degrees to which all these areas are interconnected, how they are connected, what routes are taken to travel from one district to another or within a district, and how easy it is to traverse these routes, in other words, how permeable the area is. Creating a Fear Map: This is a simple but effective exercise that helps you build an overall impression of the degree of safety and personal comfort of an area. It is fairly straightforward: your goal is to indicate the areas where one feels more or less safe walking, living, driving, etc. This representation should indicate gradients of safety or sense of discomfort; for example demonstrating the changing feelings of safety at different points of the day. While subjective in nature, this task should be compared with an objective fear map, for example by mapping confirmed gang areas/ activity, police patrols, and The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

A permeability study showing ease of passage between Districts.

bservations

Analytical Assessment

possibly arrests/ illegal activities by area. This fear map was compiled by mapping gang ‘territories’ in the area.

Legibility: Legibility is the degree to which the area is actually easy to explain, recreate through drawings, or distinctive. You must analyse the degree to which the place is easy to understand. Is it easy to remember what buildings are on what streets and what special views are there, or is it difficult?

This fear map was created by mapping areas where Govan’s youth fear. Similar maps could be made for the perceptions of fear by the elderly, the middle-aged, etc. Fear maps don’t relate to every place, but when crime and violence is an established problem, this information is very useful to the design team. Below, these sections are used to describe the legibility of the area as it related to the built form.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Observations

Maintenance: There is no doubt that you have already observed the quality of maintenance of the area. From exceptionally unkept and broken down to particularly tidy and inviting, it is essential to visualize what the overall condition is like, how this is related to users perception and fear, and within the area, what variance of maintenance is evident.

The easiest way to record the quality of upkeep and maintenance is through documenting and organizing photographs. The term â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Maintenanceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; must extend past city street- cleaners and into the way in which city users look after their own spaces, even if they are public spaces.

Street front Assessment: This is a tasked aimed at understanding several simple spatial characteristics of street fronts that heavily impact communities and the life of inhabitants. Your goal is to represent the overall quality of the street fronts. This subjective exercise can be made much more objective by assigning tangible qualities to these evaluations, such as including the degrees of: rubbish unkept, vacancies, continuity of the street front, visual richness, and anything else that can be characterized and evaluated, which is relevant to understanding the overall characteristics of the street fronts in your area which define, and are defined by the communities they serve. Summary: What you are attempting to do in this phase is to discover information that everyone inherently knows or feels, but cannot or does not verbalize, think about or react to. Many of the reactions to the

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

bservations

Analytical Assessment

An example of a Street Front Assessment. Streets are categorized from being pleasant to distressing, based on pre- determined characteristics. The street front is where a majority of the interaction between public and private life happens, and the liveliness and appearance of these fronts often define the feeling in an area.

information that you are now revealing are almost instinctive, like someone avoiding a dark alleyway or a place in which they feel uncomfortable. The Next Step: Understand the connectivity and accessibility of and within the AOI.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Movement

The Goal: Understand the connectivity and accessibility of and within the AOI. Description: The feelings and perceptions that characterize the experience of the AOI are highly influenced by the way people move within the area. To better understand this experience and what shapes it, you will investigate movement, connections, and accessibility within the AOI. The first step towards understanding this connectivity and accessibility is to analyse the accessibility in the AOI, that is to say if the inhabitants have a means of actually getting to different places within the AOI and how easily. In addition to your understanding and observations, the following are strong indicators of accessibility and how it influences the experience in the place. Distance of the Object to a Particular Target (centre of the district, transportation hub, commercial uses, public park): This index can be computed after determining the centroid of the object itself and then measuring the Euclidean distance to the target. Pedestrian access is usually encouraged if targets are within a 1â &#x201E;4 - mile (or 400mts) distance (Duany and Plater- Zyberk, 1992). Rate of Connectivity: Counting how many points of interest are included in a defined area, like for example inside the 1â &#x201E;4 - mile radius walking area. Subcategories like for example retail, green areas, transportation can be the object of the analysis (refer to the figure below). This analysis produces maps that can describe the distribution of accessibility values if computed on a fine-grained grid. For example we propose the following procedure: - To count the number of existing activities per subcategory (we consider: residential, shops, offices, health, entertainment, utilities); - To calculate the variety index (or diversity index) of the categories that are present around the point of observation. Simpson Diversity Index = 1- ÎŁ (n/N)2 where n = the total number of units in a single category N = the total number of units in all categories.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

Movement

The table below (tab.1) summarizes previous indicators and should be used as a reference by students.

Connectivity Indicators Connectivity Indicators related to the street network Intersection Density Street Density Internal Connectivity or Connected Node Ratio (CNR) Link-Node Ratio Connectivity of the object Grid pattern ratio The strong grid pattern ratio The weak grid pattern ratio Street network permeability Connectivity Indicators related to the urban block Block Area Block Density Block Length Accessibility Indicators Distance of the object to a particular target Rate of connectivity PedShed Analysis Percentage of area reachable within 400 meters radius Percentage of area reachable within 800 meters radius

Table 1. The list of indicators presented in WP1.

A table like this one, or something similar, could easily be used to record your findings.

An example of application of connectivity and accessibility indicators inside an urban The Most Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning design code: the LEED NDThorough pilot version

Experiencing & Comparing Places - Movement

The next step you will take is to formuate PedShed analyses. PedShed analyses are one of the single most important indicators of how movement in the area actually work. PedShed studies show what area is accessible within a given amount of time walking, usually 5 minutes or 10 minutes. The following, provided by ISTP Murdoch University and Western Australia Ministry for Planning, 2001, is a clear way to understand and form these PedShed analyses. Try to use places within the AOI which are influential, conflicting, opportunistic, unique, etc to form the PedShed. (see opposite page) Summary: The way that users move within the area is one of the most important indications of the overall quality and defining characteristics of the place. Creating accessibility and PedShed maps will be a constant reference in this design process and are great indicators of how this place affects and influences the lives of its inhabitants. The Next Step: Begin understanding the network of street connections using a Multiple Centrality Assessment.

The areas marked in dark red are the zones which are accessible within 5 minutes walking. This means that travelling from any point in the dark red area to any other point, will not take more than 5 minutes walking. This is not based on distance, but rather that streets that are difficult to cross, pavements which either allow or donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t allow easy movement, and any other factors which determine the time it takes to walk through the area. The areas in light red are the places reachable in 10 minutes walking; from any point to any other. A 10 minute walk is the furthest a normal person would walk to get to another place before considering the viability of Public Transportation. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Movement

Analytical Assessment

Fig. 4. An example a PedShed Murdoch University and Western Australia Ministry for TheofMost Thoroughanalysis. Approach:Source: A GuideISTP to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning Planning, 2001.

book, Economic Networks such as business ound. A network is a model used to represent n es. A network is composed of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;nodesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; (the ela onship between the nodes, rather than the

ned by exis ng nodes in built environments. For s between sta ons are edges. In Urban Street are edges. A)

increases the visibility of a place. Generally this n al to sustain higher densi es of services and ac vi es and place; this is why we use Mul ple

MENT

s by turning the Network into a mathema cal lated and then displayed graphically to indicate , where blue indicates the least central nodes.

ng network and indicates central nodes that are to build scenarios and test proposed future w poten al changes will a ect the centrality of raightness, Betweeness and Closeness.

Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA) Bc

The Goal: To create varying assessments of the differing centrality criteria of the area and the greater context of Sc Cc the area by using the MCA networking tool. Bc

Cc Description: What is a Multiple Centrality Assessment? The MCA tool is used to understand the various types of connectivity present in the AOI and in the larger context. The tool can be manipulated to look at how the area in question fits into the larger scale of the city, or the connectivity of the larger context with respect to the study area as the centre. The tool works by analysing the links between places via the overall road network. To see a full description on how to use the MCA tool and produce the actually analysis, refer to APPENDIX ADDENDUM MCA.

HIGH CLOSENESS The Barras market has high Closeness Centrality as it is in the middle of our network; it is the most central in terms of distance and acts as a central hub for the surrounding community.

LOW CLOSENESS Areas on the outskirts of our scope of network, for instance extending south of the river, have very low Closeness Centrality as they are further away in rela on to the middle of the network. Hence, meaning, people are to travel longer distance to get to them from the centre.

HIGH BETWEENESS Du Duke Street has high Betweeness Centrality as it links major nodes in Dennistoun with major nodes in the City Centre. Tra c is high as people use Duke Street to get to and from important des na ons in the City Centre and Dennistoun. Ce

A typical result of an MCA analysis: Red indicates high levels of centrality while blue shows low levels of centrality. As you will see, the results of the MCA analyses will all be quite distinct, but each uses the same colour system.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

A central place o ers easy accessibility, increased connec vity and increases the visibility of a place. Generally this a racts people, which is important as busy places have the poten al to sustain higher densi es of services and life. Centrality can be used to measure the rela onship between ac vi es and place; this is why we use Mul ple Centrality Assessment.

CLOSENESS

Closeness centrality is an important concept for urban street network analysis. Closeness centrality measures to which extend all nodes within the network are connected all other nodesbyviaturning the shortest paths.into These nodes MCA is used to measure the centrality of UrbantoStreet Networks the Network a mathema cal theare best posi onand intothen whatdisplayed is happening aroundto the equa on. The distance and connec vity betweenhave nodes calculated graphically indicate network theywhere are closer to all other nodes in the the centrality of each node. Red indicates the most centralas nodes, blue indicates the least central nodes. system and could interact with all other nodes in the The produc on of an MCA image shows the potenshortest al of theperiod exis ng andexample indicatesAcentral nodes that are ofnetwork me. For has the most shor strong candidates for development. MCA can connec also beons used to network build scenarios and testand proposed in the but B has direct indirect future developments to the Urban Street Network as an indicator of how poten al changes will a ect the centrality of es that allow it to access all nodes in the network more the network. MCA measures three separate typesquickly of centrality: Straightness, and Closeness. than anyone else. ItBetweeness has the shortest path to all

MULTIPLE CENTRALITY ASSESSMENT

others.

Analytical Assessment Bc has the poten al to develop commercially such as Retail

The Barras market has high Park, o ce blocks andinalso supermarkets; it could also Closeness Centrality as it isCc public services development such as health the bene middletoffrom our network; it is or parks as they are the closes to all other the centres most central in terms of distance and acts as a central network. hub for the surrounding community.

There are 6 assessments available through an MCA analysis:

In urban street network, a space with closeness centrality has the poten al to develop commercially such as Retail Park, o ce blocks and also supermarkets; it could also bene t from public services development such as health Closeness centrality is an important concept forcentres urban or parks as they are the closes to all other street network analysis. Closeness centrality measures to network. which extend all nodes within the network are connected to all other nodes via the shortest paths. These nodes have the best posi on into what is happening around the network as they are closer to all other nodes in the system and could interact with all other nodes in the shortest period of me. For example A has the most shor connec ons in the network but B has direct and indirect es that allow it to access all nodes in the network more quickly than anyone else. It has the shortest path to all others.

CLOSENESS

others.

InCLOSENESS urban street network, a space with closeness centrality HIGH

1) Local Betweenness Centrality The Barras market has high Closeness Centrality as it is in 2) Global Betweenness Centrality the middle of our network; it is the most central in terms of 3) Local Closeness Centrality distance and acts as a central hub for the surrounding 4) Global Closeness Centrality community. 5) Local Straightness Centrality HIGH CLOSENESS

away in rela on to the middle of the network. Hence, meaning, people are to travel longer distance to get to them from the centre.

Areas on the outskirts of our scope of network, for instance extending south of the river, have very low Closeness Centrality as they are further away in rela on to the middle of the network. Hence, meaning, people are to travel longeris based on an idea that a node Betweeness Centrality distance to get to them from which is located between other nodes provides a link the centre.

BETWEENESS

between the other nodes along the shortest path. This is the most important index for street networks in urban design. This explains to us how important a space in the city that people pass through to commute to other nodes without any other choice of origin or other des na on. For example to get from A to B, you must rst pass HIGH BETWEENESS through C. It is not possible to pass from A to B directly.

major nodes environment, in the City Centre.nodes with high Betweeness urban Tra Centrality c is high are as people usehave larger amounts of people likely to Duke Street to get to and from These nodes have poten al to passing through them. important des na ons in the become important landmarks or junc ons within the city, City Centre and Dennistoun. Ce

Betweenness: Betweenness is a measure of the degree to which any place is along a route from one place to to become public spaces that will be supported by another. In other words, a place with high betweenness is alife,location that falls the route from many increased inc public or to sustain increased densityalong of services. tobemany other Betweenessplaces Centrality can used to iden fy nodes places. Conversely, a place with low betweenness is a place that one must go out of within the city that have to be used when traversing the their way to reach. urban environment, nodes with high Betweeness

Centrality are likely to have larger amounts of people passing through them. These nodes have poten al to become important landmarks or junc ons within the city, to become public spaces that will be supported by Betweeness Centrality is based on an idea that increased a node public life, or to sustain increased density of inc which is located between other nodes providesservices. a link between the other nodes along the shortest path. This is the most important index for street networks in urban design. This explains to us how important a space in the city that people pass through to commute to other nodes without any other choice of origin or other des na on. For example to get from A to B, you must rst pass through C. It is not possible to pass from A to B directly.

BETWEENESS

Betweeness Centrality can be used to iden fy nodes within the city that have to be used when traversing the urban environment, nodes with high Betweeness Centrality are likely to have larger amounts of people passing through them. These nodes have poten al to become important landmarks or junc ons within the city, to become public spaces that will be supported by increased public life, or to sustain increased density of inc Communica on between two nodes is most e cient Communi services. along the shortest path ( g1). Generally the busiest streets are straight streets that have many other streets branching o from them ( g 2). The divergence of many streets from a centrally straight street adds to the connec vity and accessibility of the street. As well as providing e cient communica ons, straighter streets make ma it easier for the individual to nd their way around a much larger complex urban environment.

STRAIGHTNESS

Straightness Centrality can be used to iden fy poten al major communica on routes through the Urban Street Network, iden fy streets that could become signi cantly developed streets, and iden fy areas that may need to be be er linked. Therefore it is important to measure the straightest alignment of nodes in the street network to iden fy the Centres of Straightness. Communica on between two nodes is most e cient Communi along the shortest path ( g1). Generally the busiest streets are straight streets that have many other streets branching o from them ( g 2). The divergence of many

STRAIGHTNESS

To the far left is Duke street in Glasgow. This area exhibits High Betweenness centrality as it falls on the path from many places in the City Centre to many places in the East End. It is a well travelled path. To the closer left is Glasgow Green. A public green space with very low betweenness. Glasgow green suffers as a public space and this MCA confirms that it is not along many well- travelled paths. Finally, the diagram is an example of what betweenness represents. A and B have Low Betweenness while C has high Communica on between two nodes is most e cient Communi betweenness. It is apath point thatGenerally falls along route from one place to another. along the shortest ( g1). the abusiest

Glasgow Green has low vehicular betweeness centrality as it does not provide a link between the surrounding road junc ons.

LOW BETWEENESS Glasgow Green has low vehicular betweeness centrality as it does not provide a link between the surrounding road junc ons.

LOW BETWEENESS

Glasgow Green has low vehicular betweeness centrality as it does not provide a link between the surrounding road junc ons.

STRAIGHTNESS

LOW BETWEENESS

LOW CLOSENESS

All types of centrality are assessed on either a local or a global scale. An assessment on a local scale LOW CLOSENESS means that the AOI is the centre, and all centrality measures are shown in respect to the AOI being the Areas on the outskirts of our BETWEENESS scope ofshows network, for the instancecentrality centre. A global assessment of the with another place being the centre, so as to Duke Du Street AOI has high Betweeness Centrality extending south of the river, Betweeness Centrality as it linkscan be used to iden fy nodes have very low Closeness within city that have nodesthe in Dennistoun with to be used when traversing the see the connectivity of the AOI in respect to themajorlarger context. Centrality as they are further

In urban street network, a space with closeness centrality has the poten al to develop commercially such as Retail Park, o ce blocks and also supermarkets; it could also bene t from public services development such as health centres or parks as they are the closes to all other Betweeness Centrality is based on an idea that a node network. which is located between other nodes provides a link between the other nodes along the shortest path. This is the most important index for street networks in urban design. This explains to us how important a space in the city that people pass through to commute to other nodes without any other choice of origin or other des na on. For example to get from A to B, you must rst pass through C. It is not possible to pass from A to B directly.

LOW CLOSENESS

streets are straight streets that have many other streets branching o from them ( g 2). The divergence of many streets from a centrally straight street adds to the Theconnec merchant high vitycity andhasaccessibility of the street. As well as Straightness it providing eCentrality cient communica ons, straighter streets indicates that this area is easy to make ma it easier for the individual to nd their way around navigate as the straight, long a much larger complex urban environment. streets provide views through HIGH STRAIGHTNESS

HIGH STRAIGHTNESS The merchant city has high Straightness Centrality it indicates that this area is easy to navigate as the straight, long streets provide views through the city. People can see where they are and where they are going.

the city. People can see where Straightness Centrality can be used to iden fy poten al they are and where they are major communica on routes through the Urban Street going.

Network, iden fy streets that could become signi cantly developed streets, and iden fy areas that may need to be be er linked. Therefore it is important to measure the straightest alignment of nodes in the street network to iden fy the Centres of Straightness.

LOW STRAIGHTNESS HIGH STRAIGHTNESS The merchant city has high Straightness Centrality it The Most Thorough indicates that this area is easy to navigate as the straight, long streets provide views through

Bridgeton industrial estate has very low Straightness Centrality,

ng the to areaCreating is di cult toLasting Places Through Masterplanning Approach:indica A Guide navigate due to the winding roads and the low visibility of the network.

LOW STRAIGHTNESS Bridgeton industrial estate has very low Straightness Centrality, indica ng the area is di cult to navigate due to the winding roads and the low visibility of the network.

Multiple Centrality Assessment (MCA)

Closeness: Closeness is a measure of the degree to which one place is close to another, based not on physical proximity but of connections along the road network. A place with high closeness is a place that has many connections to many other places, all at a short distance. A place with low closeness means there are few links to other places and/ or those paths are quite long. rk.

To the far left is the Barras Market in Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End. The area exhibits High Closeness Centrality as it is one of the most central places in the area and is very well connected. Though not every central location exhibits High Closeness Centrality, the Barras Market has a well integrated street network. To the closer left is an area just south of the River Clyde in Glasgow. Physically distant from the City Centre and poorly connected, the place does not have many connections to other places. The diagram to the immediate left shows B as having the Highest Closeness Centrality: it exhibits the most connections to the most amount of nodes (places).

Straightness: Straightness is a measure of how direct a route there is from one place to another. A place with a high degree of straightness signifies that there are many direct routes to many other places in the contextual area. A place with low straightness means that there are very few direct links between this place and others. A place with high straightness could have very low closeness, or vice versa. This is because straight, direct routes (high straightness) may not be very frequent or well integrated into the overall street network. L B v i n r t

To the far left is Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Merchant City. This area hosts a grid network of long, straight streets that provide very direct routes from one point to another. This is an area of High Straightness Centrality. To the closer left is the residential area of Bridgeton. This place has many windy streets with cul de sacs and dead ends. There are no straight, direct routes from each other and therefore Low Straightness Centrality. The diagram to the close left shows the concept of a street (network) which is very straight and one which is not.

The following discussion reflects what high and low centrality levels mean, more than just how they are calculated: Betweenness: As stated before, high betweenness levels mean that a place is between many other places. What is this implication on the built form? High Levels of Betweenness: - the place is highly travelled by cars and pedestrians alike. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment - has the possibility to support commercial functions (i.e. nodes). - may be busy, loud and/or crowded. - Depending on what places are linked by this one, the area may be busier at night or during the day, which could lead to varying levels of safety and user sentiment. Low Levels of Betweenness: - the area is not along the route from one place to another - it may be more isolated. High Levels of Closeness - the place is considered to have a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;good locationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. - it is well connected and accessible. - if in walking distance, public transport options may not be a priority. - Need for vehicular transport may be low. Low Levels of Closeness - the area is not well connected to the larger context. - public transportation may be a necessity. - the option of private vehicular transport may be more tempting. High Levels of Straightness - this may be the preferred path for movement in the city; people almost always choose the most direct route for transportation. - Cars may exhibit a tendency to speed. Low Levels of Straightness - Do not mean that the area is not well connected. - Depending on betweenness and closeness levels, the route may not be travelled as consistently as streets with high straightness. Conclusion: The MCA is an extremely powerful tool that can reveal a lot of information that could not be seen through other analyses. However, the connectivity indicators which you reveal in the MCA are only a few measure of how the overall place functions. The implications discussed above are common but not definitive and should be always be used in conjunction with other discoveries and information you reveal. The Next Step: Review and rethink your research to this point and begin to formulate a more unified and concise understanding of the Strengths, Weaknesses, Threats and Opportunities which are present. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

S.W.O.T.

The Goal: To collate all the information and research gathered during the ‘Analytical Assessment’ in order to create a concise report on the most prominent characteristics of the AOI. Description: A S.W.O.T. analysis is a brainstorming session, in which you will discuss (if working in a team) and record the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats affecting the AOI. This S.W.O.T. session is basically a way to assemble all the information and research that you gathered during the ‘Analytical Assessment’ and to characterize it in a way which will be easy to address and form responses to it. Process: Rely on the all the information from your recent research, studies and interviews. Try not to base your results on your own opinions and beliefs but rather on the wealth of information you now have at your disposal. Discuss and organize the following four criteria: Strengths: Evidently, these are the good things in your study area. These are what make the people feel comfortable, good network connections and investment by the council. These are the historically esteemed places and beautiful places. These are all the defining elements of the study area that must be preserved, appreciated and expanded. Weaknesses: The Weaknesses of the AOI are the characteristics of the place that prevent the place from succeeding. These may be as simple as un-kept street trees or a lack of parking, but may be as perilous as overall poor design, lack of legibility, or problems with crime and violence. Regardless of this Weakness, this problem, this characteristic that prevents your area from thriving, will be an essential trait that must be addressed through good design in your Masterplan and any supporting initiatives. Opportunities: The Opportunities in your study area represent the aspects of the area that show potential to making the place better. These are qualities that must be expanded upon, supported, and strengthened so that in a S.W.O.T. analysis of the study area after the implementation of your Masterplan, these qualities would be considered Strengths. Threats: Threats are the qualities of your neighbourhood which, if not addressed immediately, will ultimately negatively affect the vitality and success of the area. Threats must be seen as unique from Weaknesses because the threats are not yet causing harm to the AOI. Rather, they are potentially dangerous to the ultimate success of your Masterplan. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment Examples: could be visual (better) or written Summary: A definitive S.W.O.T. Assessment will directly influence all subsequent steps in the creation of your Masterplan. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a study to which you will constantly refer and all the initiatives of your Masterplan should respond directly to the Strengths, Opportunities, Weaknesses and Threats which you have extracted in this study. The Next Step: Begin forming an overall strategy for intervention in the AOI.

This S.W.O.T. Analysis, resulting from a detailed Assessment of Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End highlights good urban form in Dennistoun (upper right). It recognizes the existing industry in Bridgeton as being an opportunity due to its established presence and historical roots as an industrial area. The Barras Market in red is shown as a weakness, as it is not perceived well by the community and leaves a large tract of land vacant during the entire week. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

S.W.O.T.

There are countless ways to form a S.W.O.T. analysis. It will usually be too difficult to condense your findings from the Analytical Assessment into a single S.W.O.T. study. You should cater this analysis depending on your intervention, but some ideas are to summarize your findings in terms of economic factors, cultural factors, (un)employment, built form (urban fabric), planning, connectivity or social factors.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Analytical Assessment

This S.W.O.T. study for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End reveals a mix of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats in terms of the community and the economy. The findings, like some of the highest levels of Multiple Deprivation in Scotland will serve as major motivations in the forming of strategies in the next step of the Masterplanning process.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

The Goal: To form a strategy for intervention, creating a program to which your Masterplan will follow. Description: You will now use the in- depth analysis and summary of these results you have recently formed in order to create a plan for intervention. This strategy will depict what you would like to achieve and what you would like the AOI to look like, at a conceptual level. There are three components to the strategic phase of work. You will first discover and propose amendments to some of the underlying conceptual elements of the built urban form, then you will create a simplified vision for what the area will look like upon implementation of the Masterplan. The work in this phase is still at a conceptual level. You are not yet dealing with real dimensions or specific designs, instead you are formulating a strategy to which your design must fulfil. Summary: It is during this phase of work that you decide what type of intervention you are going to make, at what scale, and why. The decisions that you make at this point of the Masterplanning process will guide all future designs. It is important to remain patient and not to delve directly into detailed design work. With a successful Concept and Strategic plan, based in the detailed Analysis and SWOT study you have already completed, your designs will be much more meaningful, viable and ultimately more successful. The Next Step: Characterize and understand the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Conceptualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; elements of the AOI and greater context.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Overview

The Goal: To understand the ‘Conceptual’ elements of the built form of the AOI and to record them graphically. Description: The first step in creating a strategy for intervening in the AOI is that you must look below the surface in order to understand the non- physical structure that gives shape to the AOI. This is done through a ‘Conceptual Analysis’ of the AOI, where you will be looking at overall networks and systems, in order to understand the most fundamental characteristics of the area. Throughout this process, you should refer frequently to the Analytical Analysis and S.W.O.T. study, and begin forming ideas for change. Try to notice the weaknesses, the strengths, etc. In the following piece of work, you will propose amendments to these characteristics, to these underlying concepts. Now, you will work to understand the: - Transportation Network - Density - Nodes - Street Hierarchy - Green Network Summary: The characteristics of the AOI’s built form that you are now seeking to understand will be outlined in the following sections. It is important that you relate these concepts to each other and constantly refer to the work you have already completed. The characteristics, networks and traits that you are about to reveal give the structure to the built form, the life in the AOI, daily interactions and overall feeling of place. Overlooking the relation between them will surely be to the detriment of your design. The Next Step: Map the public transportation networks in the AOI and larger context.

Right: An existing Concept Plan for Glasgow’s Govan area. This is the end result of the first step in forming your Strategic Initiative The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Mapping the Existing Transportation Network

The Goal: To accurately determine the different networks of public transportation in the AOI and for the larger context. Description: Through a brief, yet thorough investigation, it will be possible to properly visualize the various networks of public transportation in the AOI. This includes buses, trains, subways, ferries, light rail and any other option for public transport. It is also a good idea to classify bicycle paths, lanes and routes in this system. Routes (streets) which only host private vehicular traffic or where bicyclists do not have special rights will be considered as part of the Street Hierarchy.

A good representation of the Existing Transportation Network, showing bus, rail, subway and bicycle routes and stations for a large portion of Glasgow, UK. Charting every bus line may be quite time consuming; consider showing only which streets are serviced by any given bus route. Another tip: varying by location, designated bus lanes are meant to serve buses, taxis, and bicycle traffic. In the above map, there is a distinction made between above and below ground rail lines because it can also be used to understand a bit better the conditions of the area and relate to the S.W.O.T. analysis, especially in terms of physical barriers limiting permeability of certain areas. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

sportation Network

Existing Public Transportation Network

1:10000 0

100

Legend

250

500

1000

Public Rail Catchment Area - 400m radius from station

Public Bus Route Catchment Area- 200m

SPT Subway Line

Note: Ferry lines have been knowingly omitted from this analysis because They are not meant to be a regular means of transporation.

The Existing Public Transporation Network fails in many places, most Above is another style of representing theseems Existing Transportation notably at the Riverfront. The transporation along the Riverfront is difficult to Network. stopstoand rail stations are shown as catchment access, andHere, is onlybus in place grant access to global amenities, i.e. those to which one would not stop travelusually on a regular basis. Without properatransporation areas. A bus serves an area of about 200 metre networks that meet the daily, regular needs of users, development and regeneration along radius and train stationsProposals 400 metres. Thebe scope this intervention the Riverfront is pointless. will later madeof for simple solution which would facilitate transporation in turn, would called for less regular detailed work on a opportunities larger scale,which and mapping the promote growth and stability in the area as well as diminish the dependency on private transportation network to the level of the street was not necessary. vehicular travel. 9

Summary: It is of utmost importance to ensure that every city user has adequate access to the Public Transportation Network and that this network can be a viable option instead of using private vehicles or walking uncomfortable distances. Additionally, the Public Transportation Network is key in bringing users to and from Local and District Nodes, to and from work, and for transportation within the Locality or District. Sustaining high density areas that are not in short walking distance of other important places would also be impossible without adequate public transportation options. The Next Step: Understand and indicate Local and District Nodes. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Node Detection

The Goal: To identify, distinguish and map the locations of Local and District nodes throughout the AOI and larger context. Description: One of the most fundamental attributes of good city accessibility is the access to Local and District Nodes by any user. A node is an aggregation of mostly retail shops and stores.

The above example shows clearly the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;areasâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; associated with Local and District Nodes. While never exact, these areas refer to the catchment areas, or the areas to which these Nodes service, based on walkability. Often, especially in Great Britain, Nodes take the form of High Streets, as shown in the Eastern section of this map. They therefore take on a linear shape. Whether you consider the true node as the middle- most point of the amenities or the entire street occupied depends on the Node itself and you must make that decision. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

Local Node: A Local Node is a retail amenity centre serving a small area, or a neighbourhood. The catchment area, or the area to which this node caters, is approximately 400 metres from the cluster of shops (radius =400m, diameter = 800m). This radius is an approximation of area accessible in 5 minutes walking. A local node is a place where users can purchase items of a daily necessity; a pint of milk, a pint of beer, a newspaper, etc. A district node provides these options, but on a larger scale, and also provides goods and services which would support the users for a longer time; dry cleaners, restaurants, larger supermarkets, some specialty shops, etc.

A small local node on Clarence Drive in Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s West End. Here there is a specialty grocer, post office, liquor store, restaurant, cafe and corner shop: these shops only serve the most local community. This Local Node is serviced by a few bus lines, a bicycle path, and is on a moderately trafficked street. It is normal to see children playing and adults stopping to chat in the widened area in front of the shop fronts.

District Node: A District Node is a retail amenity centre serving a large area, or a congregation of neighbourhoods (District). Where a local node serves only the day-to-day needs of a small community, a District Node hosts retail amenities of a larger scale that could meet the extra- daily needs of users. The catchment area of a district node is approximately 800 metres from the cluster of shops (radius = 800m, diameter = 1600m). This radius is an approximation of area accessible in 10 minutes walking. Local and District nodes are places which serve the regular or normal needs of city users. These must not be confused with Global Nodes, which serve the non- regular needs of users. For example, a commercial unit / aggregation of units which would attract users regardless of its location, must be considered a Global Node. For example, think about the nearest Apple store. This store will attract users regardless of where it The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Node Detection

is located. If it is not along a highly travelled walking or public transportation route, there is a good chance that it will host some sort of parking facilities. The distinction between Local, District and Global nodes must be made because while Local and District nodes are an important part of the everyday lives of the people, Global Nodes are not and do not impact the day-to-day use of the AOI.

Compare the Local Node on Clarence Drive to this District Node on Duke Street, in Glasgow’s West End. The District Node has a much higher concentration of shops. There are more shops and a larger variety as well. It is clear from the differences in the built form that there is a higher density of people in this area and the District Node serves them well. It is also clear that there is a high density along this street (to be discussed later). Duke Street is well serviced by many bus routes and bicycle lanes, and is also an important link in the overall street network. A key distinction between a Local and District Nodes is that District Nodes are often supported by a higher form of Public Transportation: in this case, Duke Street Rail Station. The aggregation of shops along this street serves the community for a much larger area; it provides the services that the surrounding Local Nodes do not.

Conclusion: In this portion of work, it is only necessary to locate the Local and District nodes. At this point, you are not yet proposing changes or modifications to these nodes, but be sure to understand the way that these nodes work as places, especially in relation to the analysis conducted in the ‘Analytical Assessment’. The Next Step: Determine the Hierarchy of Streets in terms of the relation between vehicular and non- vehicular uses. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

While forming the Existing Concept Plan, you will investigate the location of the Nodes independent of the other elements of the Conceptual Network. However, making proposals in a later step will require that you consider the relationship between all the elements of the Existing Concept Plan. Above, a Nodes map is shown with the Transportation Network to better understand the relation between Public Transportation and these centres of Local and District amenities in the AOI. This will be discussed further in the section titled Proposed Concept Plan. You can see that some areas are not covered by nodes, despite geographic proximity, due to some sort of barrier. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Street Hierarchy Recognition

The Goal: To determine the Hierarchy of Streets of the AOI and greater context. Description: The Hierarchy of Streets is a way of understanding each street in the overall street network, based on the interaction between vehicles and pedestrians. Local Street: Local streets are pedestrian- oriented streets that almost exclusively serve as entrances to residential land- uses. Usage favours pedestrians.

White Street, Glasgow UK

East 83rd Street, New York, USA

Carrer de Sant Antoni, Tarragona, Spain

Calthorpe Street, London, UK

It is clear that these local streets are oriented for pedestrians. Parking is in abundance and it would not be difficult to cross the street. Three of the four above streets are one way only, and White Street in Glasgow is laid with bricks to ensure that cars maintain a safe speed.

Local Main Street: Local main streets exhibit an even balance between pedestrian and vehicular usage. In other words, there is no predominant priority to either vehicular or foot traffic. These roads are form connections within Districts. Local Main Roads exhibit moderate conflict between vehicles and pedestrians; pedestrians can still cross freely but both cars and pedestrians must be more aware of each other. Often, there are Local Nodes along Local Main streets. Parking is usually available, sometimes controlled according to time. Local Mains are the means by which Local Roads reach the rest of the street network. Grays Inn Road, London, UK

Highburgh Road, Glasgow, UK

West Addison Street, Chicago, USA

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Calthorpe Street, London, UK

Strategic Initiative

ion

Urban Main Street: Urban Main Streets exhibit the highest level of conflict between vehicular and pedestrian uses. These streets are highly trafficked by pedestrians, vehicles, and other forms of traffic (buses, light rail, bicycles, emergency vehicles). These roads connect one District to another and are a central channel of mobility in a City.

Byres Road, Glasgow, UK

West Madison Street, Chicago, USA

Corso Buenos Aires, Milan, Italy

Urban Main Streets are busy. There is a high amount of vehicular traffic as well as pedestrians. The streets are busy with activity in the public realm and in store fronts: District Nodes are almost always supported by Urban Main Roads. Urban Mains host high levels of Public Transportation, like key bus links or subway stops. The high conflict between motorists and pedestrians could be unsafe or uncomfortable.

High Speed Road: These are roads exclusively trafficked by vehicles moving at high speeds. Normally inaccessible to pedestrians, these roads are designed to transport a high volume of motor vehicles across long distances, from opposite ends of a city or from one city to another. These are typically motorways, expressways and non- Urban Boulevards.

Avenida del Mediterraneo, Spain

Harbor Freeway, Los Angeles, USA

M8 Motorway, Glasgow, UK

High Speeds Roads are exclusively for vehicular purposes. Pedestrian usage is unlawful, if not extremely dangerous. While there is no conflict between pedestrians and motorists, the impact of this infrastructure on the surrounding urban fabric is surely disruptful. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Street Hierarchy Recognition

Summary: The purpose of understanding the Street Hierarchy is to understand streets and roads in terms of the conflicts in everyday usage. Of course, there will undoubtedly be some form of conflict between pedestrians and vehicles, but the degree to which this is acceptable is something you must determine and amend in your Masterplan. For now, it is necessary only to understand the relationship between cars and people and to understand how and why these points of conflict arise. The Next Step: Visualize the Green (Ecological) Network of the AOI and greater context.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

ion

Strategic Initiative

Near Left: The research and visualizations you produce should reflect the scope and purpose of your intervention. For the Street Network in Glasgow’s East End, a comparison has been made between the historical and the current road network. The area has deep historical roots and as the primary location of public interaction, the historical significance of the area’s streets cannot be overlooked. Far Left: The Street Hierarchy in Glasgow’s City Centre. Highlighted are the interchange points with the M8 Motorway. The intervention was focused on this Motorway, one element of the Street Network and therefore careful consideration was given to the relation between that street and others in the Network. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Visualizing the Ecological Network

The goal: To highlight the urban components that comprise the Ecological Network of the AOI and greater context. Description: The Ecological, or Green Network of an area is the assemblage of Green Areas, Green Lines and water. The Ecological Network should ideally be connected, with distinctive divisions between Districts and softer divisions between Localities or neighbourhoods. Green Area: The area constituted by woodlands, undefined green space (open land which is not clearly assigned in use or in property), and defined green spaces (green open land like parks, gardens and public sports facilities). Private green spaces are not to be considered part of the overall Green Network since they do not contribute to the public interaction in the Urban Ecological Network. Green Lines: Tree lines, hedges, linear gardens or parks and riverbanks. Water: rivers, creeks, ponds and lakes.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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Strategic Initiative

Summary: The green network serves two major purposes: to create purposeful definitions between Localities and Districts and to provide a natural (un-built) environment for the people. While mapping and beginning to understand the Ecological Network, attempt to see where the network is disconnected, or poses barriers in inappropriate locations. You will propose changes to the Network later. The Next Step: Calculate the block, plot and street front densities throughout the AOI and greater context.

Representation of the Green Network is very straightforward. You should differentiate between public and private, kept and unkept green spaces, as well as water. Above, Glasgow’s Govan area and greater context’s Green Network. Right, Glasgow’s City Centre and greater context’s area. The map to the right also indicates S.L.O.A.P. (Space Left Over After Planning) spaces, which are essentially unplanned green spaces. S.L.O.A.P. spaces are not the same as park spaces (designated green areas) and must be identified separately as they do not form a purposeful part of the Ecological Network. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Calculating Density

The Goal: To determine the density of the non- specialist built up areas throughout the AOI and greater context. Description: The density of a built- up area is a way to understand the concentration of liveable and useable units. The density can be seen on a block, street front or on a plot. This analysis does not reveal conditions of overcrowding, just how many units there are in one area (measured in units per hectare). Block Density: units per hectare, calculated for an entire city block - the most universal measurement of density - must be calculated within the property lines of the block, public domain (streets, sidewalks, etc.) are not part of the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;blockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Plot Density: units per hectare, calculated over a single plot - In a standard perimeter block, the plot density will be very similar to block density - This standard of measurement would be used to find the average plot density for any given block. Although more accurate than calculating density by block, it is more time consuming and the differences in results may be trivial. Street Front Density: units per hectare calculated along a single street front of a given block - This type of analysis is more geared towards understanding the densities in terms of their effect on the public domain. For example, the street front density would be a better indicator towards the perception of denseness of an area by pedestrians, since on a typical perimeter block the interior of the block would not be visualized by the pedestrians. The density is a number given as units per hectare. Although the most accurate means of determining the density of a city block, plot or street front would be to actually count the units present, this information is often ambiguous or difficult to accurately attain. There are formulas that give reasonable, consistent results. Block Density = (Building Footprint in m2 x Height in number of stories) / 10,000 Plot Density = (Building Footprint on an individual plot in m2 x Height in number of stories) / 10,000 Street Front Density = (Building Footprint for entire street front in m2 x Height in number of stories) / 10,000

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative To the left is a typical city block in Glasgow, UK. The red line represents one urban block, and the green lines highlight two of the six building plots on this block. Tools such as Bing Maps or Google Street view are very useful in attaining this information and also information about the building heights. Using the formulas given, and information of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s footprint (m2) and height (number of storeys), street front density, plot density and block density are calculable. Especially on blocks where the building heights change frequently, it is a good idea to use a program like Microsoft Excel to keep your information organized. This block, with buildings of about 5 storeys in height, has a block density of about 350 un/ha.

As the formation of the existing concept plan is underway, it is only necessary to calculate the varying densities of the study area. In a later phase of Masterplanning, these densities will be changed according to the placement of local and district nodes, transportation networks and the overall type of place that is being created. At this point, it is crucial to understand the inconsistencies in densities, namely, where the densities change too dramatically from block to block, or where the densities are too high or too low. For example, the areas surrounding a district node will typically be higher, as ground floor amenities could not survive without high foot traffic, and transportation links are mundane without users. Unbalanced densities could lead to various problems, such as to much traffic, unsafe places and overcrowding. Specialist Areas are zones or blocks that are not part of the regular Urban Fabric. Heavy industrial units, hospitals, schools, rail stations, etc. are specialist in nature. Therefore, computing the density of units is not possible. Instead, understand how these specialist functions contribute to the life in that area. Do they bring people and activity? Do the workers take part in other day-to-day activities in the area?

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Existing Concept Plan - Calculating Density

Summary: Calculating the densities should not be a complicated process. The results will never be exact without actually counting the units per hectare. Rather, this information must be understood as a means to explain the other day-to-day behaviours in the area. High densities provide business for Local and District Nodes, but cannot be sustained without good accessibility or public transport. Low Densities are often appropriate, but within a certain context. Try to understand how high and low densities / concentrations of units in an area, relate to your greater analysis of the area. Are certain phenomena caused by high or low concentrations of people, or vice versa? The Next Step: Review the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Concept Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; you have just made. Confirm strengths, weaknesses and inconsistencies. Then begin, your proposal for modification to serve as a basis for further design work.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

Left : A map depicting the Public Transportation Network with Glasgow’s Block Density. Densities are shown as ranges and also colour- coded according to the predominant land use which constitutes that Density. The ranges of Density will vary place by place, but you should give consideration to what constitutes ‘High’, ‘Medium’, or ‘Low’ Densities and try to create your ranges from there. Above: An organized way of understanding Density as it applies to the household

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Proposed Concept Plan - Overview

The Goal: To propose remedies to the inconsistencies and weaknesses identified in the ‘Existing Concept Plan’. Description: In the previous steps, you discovered and mapped the existing Conceptual components of the AOI and greater context. Relating this to the ‘Analytical Assessment’ and ‘S.W.O.T.’ analysis, it should be clear where certain problems in the Built Form and Socio- Economic climate of the AOI emanate from. Now, you will form a proposal for change, to serve as a basis for your final Masterplan design. It’s important to understand that you are not yet designing. You are not working with dimensions or real attributes of the AOI. Instead, you are forming the framework to which your design must adhere to, a strategy. For example, in the analysis you have noted that your neighbourhood is suffering and maybe is the protagonist of certain planning policies. Then, by forming the ‘Existing Concept Plan’, you see that there are no Local Nodes in the neighbourhood, and the people are forced to walk long distances to meet even the most trivial of their daily needs. You also notice that the road they must walk along is difficult to cross and does not have adequate public transportation options. Now, before you move on to actually change what the built form looks like, you will propose the underlying characteristics of this area which you must change. Perhaps you see that a Local Node would create a neighbourhood centre and make the lives of the people more comfortable, or that the street the walk along could benefit from having less conflict between cars and pedestrians. Now, you will make the proposals to amend these problems, without actually designing a place in detail. Note on Scale: This Masterplanning handbook can be used as a guideline from designing the smallest city block to large scale interventions in large urbanities, and your proposed conceptual plan must reflect this. For minimal interventions in a small portion of the city, without need to change existing Urban Fabric, your plan must reflect this. Depending on the scale of your intervention, changing street layouts, creating new streets and establishing or de-constructing nodes may or may not be possible. Summary: It is not yet time to start designing in detail. The purpose of analysing the ‘Existing Concept Plan’ and forming a ‘Proposed’ one is to confirm exactly what it is you are doing. The buildings, streets and green spaces you design in your final Masterplan will fail if you don’t consider why you are designing them. Your ‘Proposed Concept Plan’ will ensure that the underlying characteristics that define your AOI will solid and sensitive to the ‘Analytical Assessment’. Overlooking this important step will result in a lack of strategy and a design which does not respond to the deeper needs of the AOI and greater context. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

The Next Step: Understand the properties of a well- functioning Transportation Network and propose changes to the existing.

If you refer to page 79 when you started identifying the Existing Concept Plan, you should now better understand the diagram representing the existing concept plan in the AOI, Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Govan neighbourhood. Above is a Proposed Concept Plan for the same place.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Proposed Concept Plan - Overview

Here is an example of an Existing and a Proposed Concept Plan for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s M8 Motorway corridor. The Strategic Initiative of this project was to depress the Motorway into the Earth, while maintaining its same course. The Existing Plan (left) shows a sparsity of Nodes along the course of the motorway and the Proposed Plan works to amend this. The details, dimensions and design of these nodes will come through in the final step, designing the Masterplan. There are also increases to the Transportation Network, especially as it relates to the location of the Nodes; this means that new Local and District Nodes will be dependent on either already existing and establish Transport lines or on new ones. In this project, only small changes were proposed to the Ecological Network.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Proposed Concept Plan - Transportation Network Properties

The Goal: To understand the characteristics of a Public Transportation Network which meets the needs of the people, and to propose changes to the existing Transportation Network based on these theories, the current situation, your S.W.O.T. analysis and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Analytical Assessmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Description: It is important to look at the Public Transportation Network in the larger context of what is happening in the AOI. Trying to amend the Network without taking into consideration the relation between the Network and the other conceptual elements you have revealed is pointless. Begin by answering the following questions: - What areas are not adequately serviced by Public Transport, and how is this reflected in the overall socio- economic condition and built form? - How does Public Transport affect the Local and District Nodes - Is there an equal option for all city users? Adjusting the public transportation network does not always mean adding in more routes, lines or stops, contrary to popular belief. Remember, controlling this infrastructure will do much more than give people an option for transportation. It is an essential way to promote or establish certain densities, it could influence the uses of certain roads, it could promote the use of Local or District nodes, it could influence the safety of the area or the general accessibility and quality of life. Qualities of a good Transportation Network: - The catchment area of a bus stop is a 200m radius (400m diameter) - The catchment area of a train stop is 400m radius (800m diameter) - Every District should ideally be serviced by a higher form of public transportation - Every Locality (neighbourhood) should be serviced by some sort of public transportation, at least bus lines - The ideal locations for principal Transportation interchanges are at Local and District Nodes. Note on Sustainability: It cannot be forgotten that it is almost always easier for someone to take their car from point A to Point B, and this right cannot be revoked. However, it is your task to create a system of public transportation that will always be a viable option. In other words, there are certain trips which would simply not The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

twork Properties

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make sense in a personal automobile. It is your task, to increase that number. By having a well- established, effective and affordable system of public transportation, it becomes a more and more convincing option that, if done correctly, will systematically reduce the need and desire to travel by car. Summary: Before exploring options to settle inconsistencies and solve problems with the Transportation Network, consider again the influence that the Transportation Network has on the Built Form in the AOI. Although the relation varies place to place, good transportation links are one of the most basic features to a good place; it must be accessible to everyone, convenient and easy to reach, and transportation interchanges naturally attract a great deal of people. Local and District Nodes depend on accessibility and movement of the people and high density areas will soon show many â&#x20AC;&#x153;For Saleâ&#x20AC;? signs if there are not adequate means of mobility. Most importantly, do not overlook the relation and the influence that the Transportation Network has on the other conceptual elements of the AOI and vice versa. The Next Step: Understand the properties of well- functioning Local and District Nodes and propose changes to the existing.

This Proposed Transportation Network uses the exact same representation techniques as for the Existing Network diagram, seen on page 78. Using the same representation ensures an easy before and after comparison. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

100 Proposed Concept Plan

- Node Placement

The Goal: To understand the characteristics of Local and District nodes which meet the needs of the people, and to propose changes to the existing Local and District Nodes based on these theories, the current situation, your S.W.O.T. analysis and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Analytical Assessmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Description: The physical layout of these Nodes, the type and frequency of users, the relation of the situation of the Nodes to Public Transport, Densities, and the established Street Hierarchy, etc. should be quite clear at this point. This also means that you understand both the positive and negative relations between the Local and District nodes and the AOI. Qualities of well- functioning Nodes: - Local Nodes are situated along Local Main Roads - Local Nodes include moderate public transportation options, i.e. along a few bus routes, or possibly with bicycle paths - Local Nodes are situated in areas of medium density (respective to the overall city and average density) o However, in very dense city- scapes, local nodes may be present anywhere, regardless of the density, especially if the density is consistently high over a large area - Entrances are easily accessible and inviting - The area is safe at all times of the day - Shops open with reasonable hours - District Nodes are situated along Urban Main Roads - District Nodes host strong public transportation connections, possibly near an underground or train station, or near a bus depot or highly trafficked exchange. - District Nodes are in areas of the highest density, respective to the overall densities in the city. - A District Node is 10 minutes walking distance to any of the Local Nodes within that District. On the next page is a representation of the ideal layout of Local and District Nodes. This diagram is quite conceptual and the placement of Nodes will never align so perfectly. However, the principal behind it is key when you are establish your new Local and District Nodes. A District is a larger area of the city, centred at a District Node, along an Urban Main Road, with key Public Transportation links and a higher density. This area encompasses an area of about 800 metres in diameter. Now, centred along the outside of this 800 metre conceptual border should be the centre of various Local Nodes, or the centre of Localities. Localities are like neighbourhoods, centred at a small local node along a Local The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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A representation of the ideal structure of Local and District Nodes

Main street, with moderate Public Transportation links. Although this layout is ideal, what is important to understand is that from the centre of any Local Node (neighbourhood) to the centre of the encompassing District Node (District Centre) should not be more than 10 minutes walking. Further, in an ideal situation, travelling from one Local Node within a District to another, should be a 5 minute walk. Summary: Like every proposal you are making to the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Concept Planâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, no one element is distinct from another. Nodes are not independent from the Green Network as the Transportation Network is not The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

102 Proposed Concept Plan

- Node Placement

independent from the distribution of Densities or the Street Hierarchy. As you are making proposals, looking at real world precedents and making decisions, always attempt to look at the larger picture. Consider now that the Nodes are the primary location of vibrancy in the community. It is here that people can truly experience the neighbourhood. Your proposals must be sensitive the needs of the community. The Next Step: Understand the properties of a well defined Street Hierarchy and propose changes to the existing.

A Local Nodeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s catchment area refers to the distance an average person can walk in 5 minutes. So, if someone is forced to walk more than 5 minutes to buy a pint of milk, they will either a) not go, b) take the car, c) go somewhere else. Three contributing factors to the failure of a Local Node. Local nodes must be placed strategically so that users can have easy access to daily essentials, like a pint of beer or a pint of milk. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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This Proposed Concept Plan for Glasgow’s Govan neighbourhood is an excellent example of how applying the qualities of ideal Node Placement, as shown by the diagram on page 101. Above, Local Nodes are incorporated into the catchment area of the District Nodes. However, the arrangement is not perfect as the design team recognized there were reasons not to establish more Local Nodes, not even to create the ‘perfect diagram’. The results from the Analytical Assessment and your S.W.O.T. study are the most important tools in determining the locations of new Nodes; do not try to recreate exactly the ideal Node Placement diagram. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

104 Proposed Concept Plan

- Street Hierarchy Properties

The Goal: To understand the characteristics of Street Hierarchies which meet the needs of the people, and to propose changes to the existing Street Hierarchy based on these theories, the current situation, your S.W.O.T. analysis and the ‘Analytical Assessment’. Description: Using the theories outlined in this section and your observations from forming the ‘Existing Concept Plan’, you will propose amendments to the Street Hierarchy. You should work to ensure that the relationship between the other conceptual elements and the Street Hierarchy work in harmony, as well as remediating the points of excessive conflict between vehicular and non- vehicular usage. Streets serve many purposes in any Urban Place. They form key links from one place to another and can often become a place in themselves. Streets are the most public area in any Urbanity and should be given very special treatment. Of course, it is impossible to remove vehicles from the picture, but the balance of usage must be distributed properly; this is what you will now do. Qualities of a good Street Hierarchy: - Urban Mains should connect at least 2 Districts together - Local mains should connect at least 2 Localities (neighbourhoods) within a District together - All local roads should easily feed into a Local Main - High Speed roads should only be accessible from Urban Mains, in places where vehicular dominance does not interrupt regular use. - Approximately every 200 meters, there should be an alteration between Local and Urban Mains - Local Mains should accompany Local Nodes - Urban Mains should traverse District Nodes A very common point of conflict on streets is when a street is designed to function higher in the Street Hierarchy than it needs to, for example a Local Main Street which is laid out as if it were an Urban Main. In the later design phase, you will propose the exact changes to the street layout in your Masterplan. For now, you must only indicate how this Street will change on the Street Hierarchy. Summary: Your task in this step is to determine if the streets in the AOI are serving the purpose that they are meant to. So many points of conflict come from small details on the street scale and severely impact the usability nature of the AOI. Consider that you are trying to design on a human scale, not a vehicular one. A common The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

on of ont

Strategic Initiative

d street

Properties een

levard

tion

/ New k ehicus Link

External interactions between areas will

105

Regeneration of the River Front

comprehensive and misconception is that streets are designed for cars, when streets help areto achieve just aasmoreimportant for the movement Anderston has been severed by the M8, and its communiintegrated structure of neighbourhoods. ty deadened. Regeneration is critical. of the people and traditionally worked that way. Again, understand the relationship between the Street Expand IFSD influence. Create a strong internal network, supporinfrastructurein and Urban Fabric will support a more by efficientproposals and vibrant urban you environs.are now New Hierarchy and how the changes you are proposing will affect thetedother making, balanced regeneration and integration across the Clyde. Create a basis for cross-Clyde unity. what way, and to what extent.

STREET NETWORK

The Next Step: Understand the properties of a well- defined Green (Ecological) Network and propose changes to the existing.

CURRENT STATE

PROPOSAL

Road Types:

Bicycle Route Boulevard

Motorway

Tree LINE

High Speed

Public Green/ Park

Urban Main

Undefined Green Space

Local Main

Clyde River

Local

Boundary

tions between areas will more comprehensive and ure of neighbourhoods.

Regeneration of the River Front

internal network, suppornd vibrant urban environs. cross-Clyde unity.

Expand IFSD influence. New infrastructure and Urban Fabric will support a more balanced regeneration and integration across the Clyde.

Anderston has been severed by the M8, and its community deadened. Regeneration is critical.

This proposal for altering the Street Hierarchy along Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Clyde Riverfront focused on the tunnelling of the M8 Motorway The Types: current Street(runs Network be viewed hierarchy. The entire street system a set of options to access the High Road Northcannot / South)currently and the conversion of as theaA814 Expressway (runs East / West) into is anonly Urban Boulevard. Additionally, this strategy Speed Roads (M8, A814) area. existing All the streets remaining streets are left leading from to nowhere. The the 2037 Street Hierarchy focusedinonthe utilizing and establishing a better connected roadnowhere network which could handle traffic diversions fromhas the Motorway High Speed disrupting Street more variety of streets, whereRoads Localwithout Streets do not the leadoverall directly toHierarchy. High Speed Roads. Local Streets lead to Local Mains, which lead to

es along the olar lighting bicycle net-

Urban Mains, which now create a better network of connections through a better defined area. High Speed

You can see that many of the existing roads stay in the same place but are upgraded or downgraded in the Street Hierarchy. The exact physical layout that these street will adopt will be detailed in the final design phase, but for right now you only need to indicate how these Urban Main streets will change and why. Local Main Remember, preference cannot always be given to vehicles. There have been numerous studies that when traffic speeds are slowed or Local roads are narrowed, motorists will eventually find a way to get where they are going without excessive delays or problems. Moreso, this diversion of traffic could provide useful as the distribution of traffic will be more evenly applied throughout the AOI. Boundary

NODES MAP CURRENT STATE Bicycle Routes: Existing

PROPOSAL

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Current State: Local Node

106 Proposed Concept Plan

- Ecological Network Properties

The Goal: To understand the characteristics of Ecological Networks which meet the needs of the people, and to propose changes to the existing Ecological Network based on these theories, the current situation, your S.W.O.T. analysis and the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Analytical Assessmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Description: The green element to a City is much more than somewhere natural within a built environment. The Ecological Network must assist in creating subtle barriers between places in order to better define them, as well as providing a safe, convenient place to enjoy. Qualities of a Good Ecological Network: - The entire Green Network must be permeable and safe, friendly and clean - The goal is to ensure that any location in this network of Green Spaces, Tree Lines and Water/ Waterfronts is easily accessible and integrated into the overall context - The Green Network should create purposeful borders between Localities and Districts, not within them. Examples of poor implementation: Glasgow Green Examples of good implementation: Summary: Forming a successful Green Network is more than building a park or putting benches at a waterfront. The seamless integration of a safe, accessible and clean Green Network into an Urbanity is what makes places beautiful. This Green Network must be sensitive to the other concepts you are currently reviewing, as well as responsive to the S.W.O.T. analysis. It is clear through the preceding examples that Green Spaces or parts of the Green Network can easily become neglected, unsafe and ultimately unsuccessfully places in the City. This is why it is absolutely essential to propose a Green Network in response to your previous analyses of the AOI. The Next Step: Understand the properties of a good distribution of Densities and propose changes to the existing.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

rk Properties

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107

Above: London’s Hyde Park is an example of an asset to the City’s Ecological Network. Although very large in size, the park effectively works with the City. It creates a natural, yet permeable boundary between Districts, not within them. Indicated on the above photo are a few of the surrounding neighbourhoods (blue); it is clear that the Park functions as a useful link between them (red). Left: Glasgow’s Sighthill Park, one of the most dangerous and foreboding places in the City. Bordered by the M8 motorway to the South, and an industrial park to the West, Sighthill Park does not so much form a boundary between Districts or Localities but rather sits at their outskirts. While Hyde Park is at the edge of many Districts, connecting them so to speak, Sighthill Park is at the edge of a Neighbourhood and functions as a barrier, not an integrator. An additional difficulty of Sighthill Park is that the Park serves as a second barrier, since the Motorway is almost impossible to cross and already blocks travel into the neighbouring City Centre. Shown in yellow or the boundaries to the Park and the red Lines show how the surrounding fabric cannot integrate with this park; the Park remains isolated, unused and dangerous. Part of the task in amending the Ecological Network, is to ensure that green spaces integrate into the AOI and form purposeful boundaries, not barriers. Depending on the scope and focus of the project, this could mean amending the park’s layout or the surrounding built fabric. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

108 Proposed Concept Plan

- Density Proposals

During the formation of the Concept Plan, you will not propose any changes to the overall Density of the AOI. It is advisable to create a Concept Plan focusing on the Transportation Network, Nodes layout, Street Hierarchy and Green Network. The changes you will make to the Density will respond directly to this Concept Plan and will be left for the following steps in your Masterplanning process.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

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110 Forming a Strategic Overview The Goal: Form a visualization of the Strategic Aims of your intervention. Description: The Strategic Plan is a representation of what you would like the area to look like upon successful implementation of the Masterplan. This is not showing detailed designs, but rather changes in socio- economic conditions, changes in usage, locations of important places and how the imposed Concept Plan will influence the AOI. The Strategic Plan should answer the following questions: - What are the most important interventions you seek to realize? - What will the effects be on the AOIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greater context? - What kind of information cannot be shown in the Concept Plan? - What strategic aims must be made clear to anyone reviewing your proposal? Summary: The Strategic Plan is a visualization of your goals and the effects that the Proposed Concept Plan will have on the AOI. The Strategic Plan should be concise and clear, yet not overlook any of the important details. Through attentive design, your Masterplan should turn your Strategic Plan into a reality. The Next Step: Begin the Foundation Masterplan and form an immediate basis for all design work.

Some example Vision Statements. A Vision Statement should be concise, descriptive and easy to remember. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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A Strategic Overview Plan for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Govan area, focusing on new Nodes as a means of sparking the local economy and better integrating the existing industry. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

112 Forming a Strategic Overview

The above Strategic Plan for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End is an exemplary output of the Strategic Initiative work which is currently underway. The diagram is clear, succinct and easy to visualize. The focus of the proposed intervention is to strengthen Glasgow Cross (pictured West of the red building) into a transport hub. This is the location where the two main streets of the East End diverge from a single street which leads directly to the City Centre. The focus on this key area will be manifested through later design work.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Strategic Initiative

The above Strategic Plan focuses on a new main street in Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Govan area. This street is the focus of the neighbourhood and provides key transportation links and connections, and will become the home of many new Local and District Nodes. This Strategic Overview does a good job of illustrating what the area will look like upon the successful implementation of the Masterplan.

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113

The Goal: To transform the Strategic plan and Proposed Concept Plan into a legible structure from which your final Masterplan will be derived. Description: You will now begin your final Masterplan. The purpose of the Foundation Masterplan is to begin turning your Strategic Initiative, into a structure on which you will design buildings, green spaces, streets, etc. The phase of work focuses on confirming the Street Hierarchy, shaping blocks in the AOI, and planning for a new distribution of Densities on these blocks. In order to that, a careful consideration of which buildings will be kept and modified, relating to the overall scale of your intervention, will be undertaken. While creating a Masterplan involves designing the building footprints and building typology, designing streets and designing public spaces, creating the foundation Masterplan will not go into so much detail. Where you would be choosing building typology and designing the footprint in the Masterplan, the Foundation Masterplan requires that you choose the appropriate density for that building (street front), which will later help choose the appropriate building typology. Where you would be designing streets in the Masterplan, you will only be confirming the Street Hierarchy and preparing possible layouts for these streets. Finally, where you will be designing public and green spaces in detail during the Masterplan, the foundation Masterplan only demands choosing the location and general function of these places. Summary: At this point in the Masterplanning phase, many designers would leap ahead and delve directly into the design of the area. However, forming a foundation to the Masterplan is an important step that cannot be overlooked. This foundation will serve as just that; as a foundation and a constant reference while you are creating the Masterplan. It is the intermediate step between the conceptual and the actual, a passage that poses many problems, especially to impatient designers. A proper distribution of densities in the AOI is what will tie together all your Strategic Initiatives and ensure that the Proposed Conceptual Plan becomes a reality through good design work. The Next Step: Review and confirm the proposed distribution of streets in the Street Hierarchy.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

116 The Goal: To confirm the Street Hierarchy that was established in the Formation of the Proposed Concept Plan. Description: Now is a good time to review and revise, if necessary, the Street Hierarchy that you formed during the formation of the Proposed Concept Plan exercise in the Strategic Initiative Phase. These decisions will be less flexible as you move further into the design and could be reviewed in conjunction with the assignment of the densities you will undergo in the next steps. The Next Step: Confirm the confirmation areas and buildings that not be changed in the Masterplan.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Foundation Masterplan

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117

118 glasgow

The Goal: To decide which buildings will remain as are, will be remodelled, or destroyed, as well as to pinpoint listed buildings.

JacobDIBBLE+AlessandraFELICIOTTI Description: According to the scope of your intervention, you may be working intimately with existing â&#x20AC;&#x153;To understand cities, we have to deal outright with combinations or mixtures of uses, notreview separate uses, as thebuildings, essential phenomena.... A mixture of uses, if it is to be sufficiently complex to sustain city buildings or starting from scratch. Now, refer to the analysis and listed and make a final safety, public contact, and cross- use, needs an enormous diversity of ingredients.â&#x20AC;? determination of which buildings will remain as are and which will be removed. The next step, the assignment of Janes Jacobs Discussing Conditions of Diversity densities, will not be successful without taking into consideration existing buildings. From The Life and Death of Great American Cities The Next Step: Determine the new allocation of densities in the AOI. THE SIX AREAS: DENSITY GRAPHS The success of any area of a City can largely be attributed to the proper placement and distribution of functional densities. The @ Hand area is comprised of 6 sub- areas, all of which work together and whose success is mutually dependent, yet in unique ways. These unique manners of functioning are driven by various densities and allocations of residences, offices, active frontages, light industrial space, community/ public uses and other commercial functions. Below, the densities of these 6 areas are analyzed for the area as a whole, rather than block by block. The density graphs below compare these different areas to properly functioning and well established places in Glasgow, based on predominant uses, existing densities, node placement, etc. First, the distribution of the densities by function is shown (in un/ha) and later as percentages of total density in the area. The 6 areas are either compared to existing places throughout Glasgow or a unique street front is analyzed. The 6 areas are, briefly: 1) CCEI (CITY CENTRE EXPANSION INITIATIVE)pushing the City Centre Eastwards and Southwards 2) OLD ARGYLE STREET- a neighbourhood revolving around the reconnection of Argyle Street 3) SOUTH COMMONS- a wide variety of uses, densities, new and existing functions and buildings, featuring integrated light industrial spaces 4) NEW FINNIESTON- a local node established to the South West and new developments along previously empty street fronts 5) KINGSTON WEST- remediation efforts in place to ensure post- 25 year development 6) TRADESTON CENTRAL- The new South Central rail station links a previously disconnected and isolated area to the rest of the City. Right: The areas of the @ Hand plan and successfully integrated existing and landmark buildings. DENSITY GRAPHS OFFICE RESIDENTIAL LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONTAGES COMMUNITY OTHER USES

6 AREAS MAP CCEI SOUTH COMMONS KINGSTON WEST NEW FINNIESTON TRADESTON CENTRAL OLD ARGYLE INTEGRATED EXISTING BUILDINGS

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Foundation Masterplan

ThisKey example how Left: listed shows and existing certain existing buildings buildings are shown in red. willmap be integrated intothese the The explains how Masterplan. Theintegrated seleciton into buildings are reof key buildings shown in the proposed Urban Fabric red is a range of listed and other important buildings. Right: Confirmation areas, those that work well and are proposed to be untouched by the Masterplan, are shown in brown. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

119

High Speed

120 Assigning Densities

Urban Main Local Main Local Boundary

The Goal: To determine the appropriate allocation of Densities of the AOI. Description: Based on the location and type of Nodes you proposed in the Strategic Initiative, you will propose a new distribution of Densities in the AOI. This distribution will relate directly to the buildings that will not change and the location of Local and District Nodes.

THE PLAN FOR A MORE ACCESSIBLE GLASGOW Network cannot currently be viewed as a hierarchy. The entire street system is only a set of options to access the High A814) in the area. All the remaining streets are left leading It from nowhere nowhere. Thenodes 2037 Street hascentres. This is one of the most fundamental concepts of should betoclear that areHierarchy amenity eets, where Local Streets do not lead directly to High Speed Roads. Local Streets lead to Local Mains, which lead to creating a good h now create a better network of connections through a better defined place, area. in that these commercial units are the most basic element of interaction in the public

ATE

By tunnelling the M8 and converting the Clydeside Expresssway into an Urban Boulevard, Glasgow is going to change in practical and essential ways. Glasgow is going to be more practically integrated into the Country and the City will finally unite through new, invaluable TRANSPORTATION LINKS, more INTEGRATED AND ACCESSIBLE NEIGHBOURHOODS, and IMPROVED LAND VALUES. This winwin plan is Glasgow’s solution to function at its full potential without sacrificing it’s character, heritage or existing structure.

realm. Not only do they provide an important service, by supplying the goods necessary to daily life, but they serve as a meeting place, a central location, a public transportation hub and a stimulus to the most local economy. They draw people in and out at most hours of the dayFOUNDATION and MASTERPLAN bring an element of community and safety toPROPOSAL the area. The Glasgow at Hand Masterplan uses a small portion of the City as an example for the large scale change that will come to Glasgow and that will improve the City and prepare it for the future. This strategy will make Glasgow part of a larger system and unite all the smaller, independently functioning systems within the City. Closely knit neighbourhoods, more accessible parts of the City, better connections to exterior locations, Glasgow will be available to all, it will be accessible, it will be @ Hand…

Current State: Local Node 800 m

Global Node Proposals: Local Node 800 m

Local and District Node 2400 m

Global Node

Global Node Medium Density High Density + = -

RAILWAY STATION

HIGH SPEED ROAD

SPECIALIST AREA

Invaluable Transportation Links: The Glasgow bypass line will make Glasgow a crucial part of the national train network. This new train line will also create, for the first time ever, a North / South link in the intra- City subway system and also create an unhaltered North / South bypass of the City.

istribution of Local and District amenities, necessaryLeft: services to support residency arethe completey absent. The sporadic The Nodes Map derived from Strategic Initiative. Right: The Nodes with Densities in the Foundation Masterplan. Darker block fronts correspond to higher en sufficient for the most basic needs. The Glasgow @ Hand Node distribution adequately covers theDensities entire area, and is arewell concentrated at the Local and District Nodes. ic Transport and is well defined by a new street hierarchy. By drawing District Centres ever closer to the River Clyde, y in the City will be encouraged.

EPT PLAN

HIGH DENSITY (H)

URBAN MAIN ROAD

CONFIRMATION AREA

LOCAL MAIN ROAD

KEY AREA

EXISTING LANDMARK

+ = -

MEDIUM DENSITY (M)

+ = -

LOW DENSITY (L)

PROPOSED LANDMARK

SQUARE

LOCAL ROAD

PUBLIC GREEN / PARK

BICYCLE ROUTE

BOULEVARD

PEDESTRIAN ONLY

TREE LINE

More Integrated and Accessible Neighbourhoods: The Neighbourhoods in Glasgow will finally receive the essential local and district amenities that have been unable to survive due to the M8 coursing through the City. Proper densities will be established, centred on new local and district centres. The entire City will become more accessible through improved public transporation and a more clearly defined street network. Block quantity will increase dramatically as size decreases to promote permeability, safety and compatibility within neighbourhoods. Improved land Values: High- potential land will no longer remain derelict in valuable areas of the City. Immediate effects will be seen with the M8 out of sight, yet equally accessible, as valuable space will be created in geographically precious sights close to the City Centre and the Clyde River, linking already established and functioning areas of the City.

Local and District Nodes support the inhabitants in the area and like all commerce, will die if it is not supported properly. This is why it is important to understand the relationship between density and the survival of local and district nodes. Without people, business, families and children, there would not be enough users to support the nodes, the nodes would fail, and the above qualities that are so fundamental to good placemaking BOUNDARIES

Boundary

Boulevard

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning Tree Line Public Green/

Foundation Masterplan

121

(mentioned above) would be lost and possibly result in the failure of the area/ your Masterplan. This phase of the work will convert the local and district nodesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; catchment areas, which you derived in the Proposing Concept Plan phase, into actual distributions of densities.

Local and District Nodes have a share a mutual dependency with Density in the AOI. Higher Densities are necessary to provide business to the Nodes and similarly, High Density can only be supported when users have enough amenity centres to live comfortably and have all the services they need close to home.

Process: Referring to the study of Densities in the Strategic Initiative, discover the highest and lowest densities in the AOI and greater context. Depending on your strategy for intervention, the conclusions from the S.W.O.T. and Analytical Assessment and your goals, determine what kinds of densities you deem fit for the AOI. The densities will be distributed as such: - The area 400 metres around a District Node will have the Highest Density - The area 800 metres around a District Node (not including the first 400m) will have an Intermediate Density - The area 200 metres around a Local Node will have an Intermediate Density - The area 400 metres around a Local Node (not including the first 200 metres) will have a Low Densityf The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

122 Assigning Densities These areas are derived from the 5 and 10 minute walking principles and should already be shown in your Concept Plan. Will this information in mind, form the three ranges of Density which you deem fit for the AOI; High, Medium and Low. The relationship between Nodes and Densities is quite direct. Higher level Nodes must be supported by higher densities and lower level Nodes must be supported by a strong density, but ensuring that a small local node can still meet the needs of its users. A balance must be achieved because areas with too high or too low densities will not be supported by Local or District Nodes and could jeopardize the success of your Masterplan. The distribution of densities will be such that densities will be slightly higher on predominant street fronts and lower as the street becomes less important. Do this by dividing your three categories of Densities, High, Medium and Low, into 9 subcategories. The easiest way to do this is H+, H=, H-, M+, M=, M-, L+, L=, L-. If your highest density range was 200-300 units per hectare, then H+ could be 200-235, H= could be 236-265 and H+ could be 266-300 units per hectare. You must now subdivide the blocks according to how buildings and plots would traditionally evolve on them. Refer to the PBU ADDENDUM APPENDIX to understand this further. You will now indicate the density of these subdivisions according to the importance of the street front (based on the Street Hierarchy you have just confirmed) and the location in respect to Local and District Nodes. Summary: The distribution of densities, along with the Local Urban Code you will formulate later, will serve as the most direct basis upon which you will complete the designs for your Masterplan. Without the concrete decision and allocation of densities and street types, your Masterplan will not have enough direction and you could be unsuccessful in realizing your Strategic Initiatives. The Next Step: Begin formulating or expanding on the Local Urban Code, as necessary.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Foundation Masterplan

This Foundation Masterplan for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Port Dundas Area is an excellent example of distribution of Densities by Street Front. Street Fronts are defined by the category of the street in the Street Hierarchy (shown on map) and then assigned a Density. These Densities emanate from the centre of the Nodes. Notice that the recognizable changes in Density happen at about 400 metres from the centre of a District Node and at 200 metres from Local Nodes. In this way, Local and District Nodes will work harmoniously with the Density of users in the area. The Densities H+, H=, H-, M+, M=, M-, L+, L=, L- are used to indicate what range of Density should be achieved through the design of the buildings in the Masterplanning design phase. These ranges must be determined based on your Strategic Initiatives and what you would like to become of the AOI.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

123

The Goal: To characterize common built forms (building typologies) throughout the AOI and greater context. Description: During the formation of the Local Urban Code, henceforth referred to as the LUC, you will characterize the most prevalent built forms in the AOI and greater context in terms of values, numbers and quantifiable characteristics. This information will serve as a reference when designing building footprints in the Masterplan phase. The Local Urban Code is a set of information that defines different buildings, focusing on the building’s interaction with the public realm, the plot, the street front, and the block. Most of this information is numerical, however there are many aspects of the LUC which are simply indicators or determinants. The Local Urban Code is comprised of visualisations of streets fronts which are representative of common building typologies, and information pertaining to that front. During the Foundation Masterplan phase, you have assigned densities to the AOI, and in the Masterplanning phase, you will convert these densities into building footprints, based on the information gathered in the LUC. This means that after gathering a large enough sample of data in the LUC, you can begin to understand the ‘average’. In other words, you will look at what physical characteristics of buildings are present and recurring throughout AOI and greater context, and you will determine which of these characteristics you deem necessary to mimic when creating your Masterplan. The LUC portion of this manual will indicate good representation codes and the most pertinent information to the code, what values to obtain and show, and several examples. Summary: You will begin by choosing an appropriate selection of blocks and street fronts which are pertinent to the AOI. You will then represent them visually by applying the colour references on page 122 and finding the values requested in the tables on page 124. You will hold this information as a reference point and will apply it in the next step of work. The Next Step: Begin your final design.

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The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Local Urban Code

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127

128 Coded Traits

- Street Fronts

The following 19 characteristics comprise the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Street Frontâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; element of the Local Urban Code. After choosing the Street Front you would like to analyse and add to the LUC, obtain the following values and keep them organized, with other relevant information about the Street Front and the visual representation you just conducted. Most of this information can be attained through GIS software or other measuring tools and requires some brief calculations. This information will direclty influence the dimensions of the buildings that are adopted in your Masterplan, and therefor special care and consideration should be given. Trait

Quality

F 01 Street Front Length

F 02 Built Front Ratio F 03 Active Street Front Ratio

Value

Description

Linear extension of the street front. If the street front includes crossings with streets orthogonal to the reference street, the width of the crossings should not be taken into account.

m/m

Linear extension of the street front that presents buildings within the band obtained by offsetting the perimeter 8m Inside, on the total extension of the street front.

m/m

Linear extension of the street front that presents nonresidential activities at the ground floor, on the total extension of the street front.

F 04 Plot Edge on Street (mean)

Average extension of the plot front on street.

F 05 Plot Edge on Street (standard deviation)

Standard deviation of the extension of the plot front on street calculated over all the plots in the street front.

F 06 Accesses from Street (pedestrian ratio)

n/m

The number of pedestrian accesses from street on the total extension of the street front. One access leading to many units counts as 1.

F 07 Accesses in Plot (ratio)

n/n

The number of pedestrian accesses located in the inner space of the plot on the total number of accesses from the street.

F 08 Street Section Width F 09 Street Centrality

m CB

Width of the reference street (average). The betweenness centrality of the street.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Local Urban Code F 10 Distance from City Centre F 11 F 12 F 13 F 14 F 15 F 16

Single Family Houses (isolated in field/ plot/ allotment) Single Family Houses (aggregated in row/ court) Multi Family Houses, Line simple, Isolated in n field/plot Multi Family Houses, Line simple, Aggregated n in row Multi Family Houses, Line double, Isolated in n field/plot Multi Family Houses, Line double, Aggregated n in row/court

Multi Family Houses, Line double coupled, n Isolated in field/plot Multi Family Houses, Line double F 18 coupled, n Aggregated in row/court Multi Family Houses, Line multiple, n F 19 Single/Aggregated F 17

129

Distance from the City Centre, measured in a straight line.

n n n n n n n n n

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

130 Coded Traits

Now you will conduct a similar analysis as that of the Street Front, except this one focuses on the Plots of your selected block. Note that while you can compile this information individually and Trait by Trait, the application of the LUC in the final Masterplan will require that you link and understand the relation between these characteristics of the Street Front and the Plot.

Trait P 01 P 02 P 03 P 04

Quality Plot Area Private Buildings Area Public Buildings Area Residential Area

Value m2 m2 m2 m2

Description

Refer to land use at the ground floor 1.1. Refer to land use at the ground floor 1.2. Refer to land use at the ground floor 1.3.

P 05 Uncovered Area

Uncovered Area includes all un-built spaces inside the plot, for example m2 permeable/green spaces as well as paved open spaces.

P 06 Covered Area

Specialized Private Buildings Areas + Specialized Public Buildings Area + Residential m2 Areas: P06 = P02 + P03 + P04 The mixiteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; index can be measured for the main three uses (Specialized private areas + Specialized public areas + Residential areas) applying the diversity index: Where:

P 07 Mixite Index

p = proportion of the area occupied by the considered function (for each of the 3 uses mentioned above) to the total covered area, (i.e. the sum of the areas of the three destinations of use) N = number of categories, i.e. the 3 uses. The higher D, the greater the mix of functions in the area. D will instead be equal to zero when only one of the three intended uses is present on the plot.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Local Urban Code P 08 Total Floor Area in the Plot

P 09 Perimeter of the Plot

P 10 Plot Front

P 11 Compactness Index

Plot Density

P 12

131

The covered area of each building in the plot by its number of storeys (basements to be m2 counted only when inhabitable). Linear extension of the plot front on the reference street.

The ratio between the Plot Area (11) and the area of the circle within which the plot itself can be inscribed: Compactness = A plot / (Ď&#x20AC;* r 2); NB. The radius r is the longest radial taken from the centre of mass to the perimeter of the plot. For ease, the circle in which the plot is inscribed can be determined graphically with Autocad. Density in Units per Hectare. Units are conventionally calculated on the basis of one unit = Un/ha 100m2. Calculate the floor area of each bulding (covered area by number un/ha of storeys) and divide it by 100: this is the n. of units in that building. Repeat for all buildings and sum up. Then divide by the area of the plot in hectares (1ha=10,000m2).

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132 LUC

- Documentation

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Local Urban Code Depending on how you deem fit to organize the information in your LUC, you will find different arrangement techniques more useful. It is often useful to include photos and situation plans as well. This will help in the Masterplanning design phase, when you will need to refer to the not just the coded values of the building, but how the building fits into the overall context of the City. On page 128 is information for overall land use, built space, green space, and indications to the ownership of the spaces (private, communal or public). On this page is information about the building typology. This is a typical tenement building in Glasgow and is classified as a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Line Double Aggregatedâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; structure. This means that for one plot, there is one door/ entryway which gives access to two flats per floor. It is aggregated because all the plots on the block are connected. The arrangement and dimensions of plots will be something you workout in the Masterplan design phase. While compiling the LUC, look for nuances in the urban fabric; that is to say, where are there irregularities and why?

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Jacob Dibble & Alessandra Feliciotti

01.A.b Isolated // ANNIESLAND CROSS

Jacob Dibble & Alessandra Feliciotti

01.A.b Isolated // ANNIESLAND CROSS

Jacob Dibble & Alessandra Feliciotti

01.A.b Isolated // ANNIESLAND CROSS

134 LUC - Documentation

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Isolated

Jacob Dibble & Alessandra Feliciotti

02.B.b

LUMA

Jacob Dibble & Alessandra Feliciotti

02.B.b

Jacob Dibble & Alessandra Feliciotti

02.B.b

LUMA

GARDENS

Local Urban Code

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136 LUC

- Documentation LOTS

BLOCK 01 ID

INDICATOR

TABLE 02

UNIT

WOODLANDS GATE lynedoch place AREAS at street level L01

Total area of the lot

3,195.00

L02

Specialized private buildings area

0.00

L03

Specialized public buildings area

0.00

L04

Residential area

1,860.00

Ch ur

Uncovered area

1,335.00

Covered area

1,860.00

L07

MixitĂ¨ index

L08

Histogram with the areas of the lot

L09

Pie diagram with the areas of the lot

LYNEDOCH

PLACE

L05 L06

FLOOR AREAS

L10

Total floor area of the lot

7,440.00

L11

Specialized private buildings floor area

0,00

L12

Specialized public buildings floor area

0,00

L13

Residential floor area

7,440.00

ur ch OTHER PARAMETERS L14

Perimeter of the lot

305.00

L15

Linear extension on street

143.00

L16

Compactness Index

L17

Lot density

1/ha

0 228.00

INDICATORS RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTIVE SCHEMES

scale 1:1000

no scale

C_Distributive schemes and lots subdivision

D_Identification of lots

L18

Total Number of accesses

L19

Total Number of dwellings

112

L20

Total Number of services

L21

Number of Single Family Houses, Isolated in field/lot/allotment

L22

Number of Single Family Houses, Aggregated in row/court

L23

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line simple, Isolated in field/lot

L24

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line simple, Aggregated in row

L25

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line double, Isolated in field/lot

L26

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line double, Aggregated in row/court

L27

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line double coupled, Isolated in field/lot

L28

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line double coupled, Aggregated in row/court

L29

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line multiple, Single/Aggregated

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Local Urban Code

137

LOTS

BLOCK 01 ID

INDICATOR

TABLE 02

UNIT

WOODLANDS GATE lynedoch place AREAS at street level L01

Total area of the lot

3,195.00

L02

Specialized private buildings area

0.00

L03

Specialized public buildings area

0.00

L04

Residential area

1,860.00

Ch ur

Uncovered area

1,335.00

Covered area

1,860.00

L07

Mixitè index

L08

Histogram with the areas of the lot

L09

Pie diagram with the areas of the lot

LYNEDOCH

PLACE

L05 L06

FLOOR AREAS

L10

Total floor area of the lot

7,440.00

L11

Specialized private buildings floor area

0,00

L12

Specialized public buildings floor area

0,00

L13

Residential floor area

7,440.00

ur ch OTHER PARAMETERS L14

Perimeter of the lot

305.00

L15

Linear extension on street

143.00

L16

Compactness Index

L17

Lot density

1/ha

0 228.00

INDICATORS RELATED TO THE DISTRIBUTIVE SCHEMES

scale 1:1000

no scale

C_Distributive schemes and lots subdivision

D_Identification of lots

L18

Total Number of accesses

L19

Total Number of dwellings

112

L20

Total Number of services

L21

Number of Single Family Houses, Isolated in field/lot/allotment

L22

Number of Single Family Houses, Aggregated in row/court

L23

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line simple, Isolated in field/lot

L24

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line simple, Aggregated in row

L25

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line double, Isolated in field/lot

L26

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line double, Aggregated in row/court

Number of Multi Family Houses, Line L27 all ‘Line Simple These plots are double coupled, Isolated in field/lot Number Multi plot, Family Houses, Line Aggregated’ plot typologies. Onofthe L28 double coupled, Aggregated in row/court one entry way leads to L29 oneNumber flat per of Multifloor. Family Houses, Line

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

multiple, Single/Aggregated

138 LUC

- Documentation

It is best to keep the information in your LUC well organized. This information is not only essential when designing your Masterplan, but it is essential in ensuring that the Masterplan be properly integrated into the existing urban fabric, rather than imposed on it.

Local Urban Code

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The Goal: To create a sensitive, detailed, flexible and overall effective Masterplan, employing all the knowledge and research that has been conducted in the subsequent steps of this process. Description: You will employ all your previous research, analyses and strategic initiatives to create a Masterplan for your area, the footprint of what the area will look like in the future. The key to a successful Masterplan is that you employ all the information that you have gathered during the subsequent phases and apply it all in a sensitive and accurate way, in order to ensure the most effective end results possible. At this point in your work you have a finalized Foundation Masterplan that includes new streets, densities, local nodes, green networks and the transportation network. These are quite conceptual ideas and it is now time to make them a reality. The challenge of creating a successful Masterplan is that it cannot be viewed piecemeal. Unlike the other tasks in this Masterplanning manual, every design decision you make will be the result of another one and will surely influence a third. This is why you have conducted such extensive research and been so exhaustive in forming concepts, strategies and foundations for the work that you are about to undertake. The key to converting your work up to this point into a successful Masterplan is always referring to that work. This means that you must not overlook any research you have conducted or ignore any strategic initiatives you have set. Your work up until this point is accurate and complete. Summary: Your goal is to turn your Strategies into a reality by following the footprint you have laid in the Foundation Masterplan Phase, sensitively implementing the LUC and always considering the research you conducted in the Analytical Assessment. It is up to you to employ all your tools of creativity and decision making, in order to create a Masterplan that fulfils all the needs of the people and the AOI, as well as creating a beautiful and lasting place. The Next Step: Because the Masterplan must not be completed sequentially, there is no next step. For a design with this level of complexity, it is up to you to employ all the tools you have created for yourself, constantly changing, testing and reviewing your decisions.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

142 Finalizing the Streets The Goal: To convert the theoretical Street Hierarchy into real streets, including dimensions, lane distribution, parking and loading zone assignments and pedestrian crossings. Description: In the previous phase, the Foundation Masterplan, you confirmed what types of streets were necessary and where, as per the rules of the Street Hierarchy. Now, you will design the streets in detail so that they will actually function according to the position in the Street Hierarchy you have proposed. Process: The best place to start is by studying the typical sizes, proportions and layouts of existing streets and to determine which one of these, or which combination of these would work best. For example, if you have determined Street A to be a local street where there was no street before, you need to determine the layout of this street and add it to the Masterplan. This process works efficiently for any street in the street hierarchy. These layouts should be based on real precedences and your design ideas. Sometimes, streets will not be created, just amended. In this case, you must determine in what way the streets will be amended and if the physical dimensions must change. For example, a street that is currently operating as an Urban Main but you have designated to become a Local Main is a candidate for amendment. Streets like this may change in one or several of the following ways: - Changing the size of the pavements - Adding or removing parking - Designating bus lanes - Adding bicycle lanes - Adding or removing carriageways - Changing pavements - Narrowing or widening carriageways or parking spaces This list is not definite and is best left to your discretion. The point is that you must determine what the streets will actually look like; including dimensions, information on carriageways and pavements, and the layout of street vegetation. You may even wish to go as far as proposing locations of CCTV systems, street lighting or traffic signals, according to the depth of your proposal and level of intervention in the AOI.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

200

100

300

400

500

600

700

Area accessible within 5 minutes:

800

100

200

300

400

18.16%

Area accessible within 5 minutes:

500

600

700

800

12.56%

100

200

300

400

Area accessible within 5 minutes:

500

600

700

143

800

16.60%

Conclusion: While not completed of other design your Masterplan, the 65.27% 69.97% Area accessibleindependently within 10 minutes: 8.68% decisions Area accessible in within 10 minutes: Area outside 10 minute walking threshold: 30.03% Area outside 10 minute walking threshold: 61.32% Area outside 10 minute walking threshold:your ‘Proposed 34.73% confirmation of street layouts and dimensions is one of the ways in which you will realize Concept Plan’. You are giving dimension and life to what was before only a classification of the streets. 100%

12.1%

Pedshed Numerical Analysis

32.8%

24.2%

41.0%

100.0%

10.7%

Area accessible within 10 minutes:

2037 Area reachable in 10 minutes

This chart is provided to see

The Next Step: Because the Masterplan must not be completed sequentially, thereanisoverview no next step. For a of the walkable 2012 Area reachable in 10 minutes area in the Glasgow @ Hand design with this level of complexity, it is up to you to employ all the tools you haveplan. created for yourself, Existing and proposed Optimal Area reachable in percentages of walkable area constantly changing, testing and reviewing your decisions.Theoretical 10 minutes 50%

AREA REACHABLE (% of total area)

made in the

2037 Area reachable in 5 minutes 2012 Area reachable in 5 minutes

significantly ea, minutes of St. tre, n Bridge, the ssible within

200

74.7%

100

Masterplan

25.2%

18.2%

54.97%

200

100.0%

king threshold:

38.7%

10.68% 45.03%

65.3%

nutes: inutes:

200

70%

800

300

45.0%

700

300

23.9%

600

300

12.5%

500

400

16.6%

400

100.0%

300

400

THE NEW KINGSTON BRIDGE

ARGYLE STREET WEST

ANDERSTON INTERCHANGE STATION

Theoretical Optimal Area reachable in 5 minutes

are compared to the best possible cases where 100% of the routes within 200m are accessed in 5 minutes and 100% of the routes in within 400m are accessed in 10 minutes.

STREET TRANSFORMATION DIAGRAM The (MCA) is a means of interpreting the connectivity in the road network of the entire City. The proposed street network and connections are compared to the existing ones. Note that these are ‘global’ rather than ‘local’ comparisons. The analyses are run taking into account the entire City, rather than in reference to a certain point. Global Betweenness: A zone with high betweenness signifies a well travelled path. The 2037 MCA shows high betweenness on all Urban Main Routes and streets with local or district nodes. Global Straightness: A high straightness represents the ease of travelling between two places and will often be the route usually chosen for travel. The 2037 MCA has few points of low straightness, showing a likeliness of travel through the area. Global Closeness: Low closeness levels represent isolated areas. The 2037 plan has the highest closeness possible. PRESERVED INFRASTRUCTURE LOW

HIGH

CHANGE IN LAYOUT

CHANGE IN LAYOUT AND SIZE

The backbone of this regeneration plan lies in the street network. The plan capitalizes on existing roads and preserves as many as possible. While some roads are maintained exactly, various changes in ‘layout’ are applied to others. These changes include pavement width, trees, medians, traffic calming measures or changes to parking and lane usage. Several streets This example verymodified analytical are alsoshows kept abut approach determining new street in to size. Where the possible, network. In this approach, structural changesthe instreets the were layout were applied, first categorized as being either: but the streets characterized by a ‘change in layout and size’ a) completely new are normally to be increased b) remainaining the necessary same in size. Where new c) upgraded on the street streets(moving are to beup constructed. Overall, hierarchy list) this plan places a high emphasis on on the d) downgraded (moving down said list) preservation of existing e) modified streets and applying necessary changes to their This served as thesoimmediate base for structure that they can designing thethe dimensions the are streets. serve purpose of they COMPLETELY NEW intended to serve in the street heirarchy.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

144 Finalizing the Streets

03 SECTION 03 - LANCEFIELD STREET (SHARED SPACE) PROPOSED CURRENT STATE

04 SECTION 04- PAISLEY ROAD CURRENT STATE

Lancefield Street is the optimal location for a shared surface space. At the centre of a very mixed use community, the street here will become the meeting point of the community. Here, the original dimensions are preserved.

Paisley Road, traversing Tradeston and the future site of the South Central rail station, is today very bland and dominated by vehicles. The street hosts fast moving traffic with wide lanes. Associated with the limited activity in the area, the street is quite desolate and cars merely move across it, rather than to it.

The proposed Paisley Road will serve as an essential connection for bicycle lanes, bus lanes and pedestrians. The street has been improved to accomodate these functions but preserve original dimensions.

SECTION 05 - HYDEPARK STREET

CURRENT STATE

PROPOSED

SECTION 06 - ARGYLE STREET

CURRENT STATE

PROPOSED

Anderston Cross and Argyle Street, 1910

Before the M8, Anderston Cross was a bustling intersection where Argyle street (connected entirely East to West) traversed one of the most lively centres of Glasgow. The @ Hand regeneration plan was highly motivated by the historic use of Argyle street and first- hand accounts of the liveliness that this street brought to the area. In 2037, the re-connected Argyle street will accomplish what it did in 1910, and more. As well as being a key link between the City Centre and the West End, it will host a vibrant high street and countless transportation connections. 07

SECTION 07 - CLYDESIDE BOULEVARD

CURRENT STATE (A814 Expressway)

PROPOSED

SECTION 08 - HOULDSWORTH STREET

CURRENT STATE

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

PROPOSED

92.57 m

ction of the all the @ Hand initiatives. The former site of ground streets, boulevards, and public spaces, but more ting sites that were impossible to establish with the

Masterplan

ails, separate N/ W carriageways of the M8, a service M8 connectivity and usage will not change but the bypass connections throughout the entire country.

4.5 % grade

interchange at St. Vincent. Here, the slips roads run at ance of 4.27m while covered. The new motorway scheme he M8 or interchanges with the City.

TRAFFIC CALMING STRATEGY Active fronts exhibit the lowest level of privacy. Here, the line between public and private is blurred as ground floor commercial units are a permeable interface between the private and the public spaces. Buildings are built directly to the pavement with no form of barrier between the public and private space.

MINIMUM LEVEL OF PRIVACY

LOW LEVEL OF PRIVACY MODERATE LEVEL OF PRIVACY HIGH LEVEL OF PRIVACY

ACTIVE FRONT

VACY

exit ramp length: 584.23m clearance height: 4.27m total rise: 26.81

Street fronts with a minimal level of privacy host buildings with similar characteristics as those with active fronts, but do not have ground floor commercial units. There are no significant barriers to the public/ private interface. This functionality is commonly applied in the City Centre where there is such high density and quantity of pedestrians for which efforts to increase street front privacy would be fruitless.

SEMI-SHARED SPACE RIVERFRONT

SHARED STREETS NEIGHBOURHOOD

Along the riverfront, the ‘semi- shared’ space allows for the maximum pedestrian permeability of the area, without disrupting vehicular flow on this Urban Main road. Bus/ bike lanes blend together with pedestrian space while the vehicular carriageways have been reduced to only two lanes.

Shared space areas provide the optimal traffic calming measures. With unclear divisions between parking, greenery and pedestrian spaces, vehicles are forced to slow down and proceed cautiously. This type of environment also fosters pedestrian permeability and serves as a gathering / community point.

LOW LEVEL OF PRIVACY

Street fronts with low levels of privacy usually have a very discreet barrier between the public and the private space. Low fences, light vegetation, pavement changes and bollards are typical examples. These subtle measures are ways of informing Left: Examples of demonstrating pedestrians that there is only a small of the public realm changes in portion the physical layout which is not ‘theirs’. Low levels of of existing streets. front privacyBecause are typicalyour found to local / district nodes. Masterplanadjacent may exhibit repeating

MODERATE LEVEL OF PRIVACY

street patterns, establishing a few With ‘moderate’ levls of way privasections for reference is a good buildings are offset slightly to understandcy, and show the changes more from the street front (at you are trying2-3m) to make toprivacy the streets. and the barriers a bitexamples more emphasized. Before andare after are also There may be more concentratvery clear to a largerslightly audience. ed vegetation, taller

SHARED SPACE BOULEVARD

Another unprecedented traffic calming endeavour is the shared space boulevard. Here, a large pedestrian area between lanes, a light bend in the road and changes of pavement force vehicles to proceed cautiously. This is implemented very close to the M8 / St. Vincent Junction, to ensure pedestrian safety.

POSSIBLE ROUTE PERCEIVED ROUTE BUS ONLY ROUTE PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTS POSSIBLE DANGER AWARENESS INDUCED SPEED REDUCTION

INTEGRATED BUS STOP

CHICANE AND GREENERY

RAISED INTERSECTION

fences, gates or even empty space in front of basement Right: Traffic calming is afront term units. Moderate levels are foundtraffic in transitional used forprivacy controlling and places between the very public increasing pedestrian safety through and the least public.

HIGH LEVEL OF PRIVACY

good design of streets. Good traffic calming should be inherently based Street fronts with ‘high levels in establish aofgood Street Hierarchy, privacy’ are implemented exclusively on vehicularmust domibut certain extra measures nated streets fronts and in be taken, especially in areas of very private areas. This ensures thebetween greatest separation high conflict vehiclesbetween and public and private space. These pedestrians. buildings are offset 5m from the street front, and include a strong mix of fencing, gates, vegetation and pavement changes. Here, the separation of public and private space is

The integrated bus stop is the implementa-

A chicane is a tried and true traffic calming

Implemented at strategic sites through-

tion of a traditional bus stop that also serves device. While the space between buildings out the @ Hand area, the entire intersecThe Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning as a traffic calming measure. An extended does not change, pedestrian pavement tion (including driving space and zebra shape that traverses the pedestrian and vehicular space which hosts a change of

extends and contracts to implement light curves in the driving lanes. With added veg-

crossings) is slightly raised. Changes in color and materials raise attentiveness and pro-

145

146 Finalizing the Streets

A unique visualization of the changes that are being proposed in the AOI. Renderings give an idea of the feel of the street while detailed sections and plans give technical information. Streets are the most public place in any AOI and careful design must be given to them. From the smallest detail, every proposal you make is important. Especially if you need to explain or present the proposals you are making, detailed renderings, sections and plans allow for easy understanding. This intervention focused on amending the existing situation in Govan; the representation makes it easy to see the way in which the proposals upgrade existing urban fabric in order to create a more humane and friendly place.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Masterplan

For larger AOIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, many typical street layouts will be applied, especially if there are similar changes throughout the area. Below is an easy to follow representation of the before and after of a proposed Masterplan. The streets in the area were all failing in the same ways, and semi- standard changes in layout to these streets was proposed.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

147

148 Creating Density

- Overview

The Goal: To translate the densities established in the Foundation Masterplan into plots, building typologies and building footprints. Description: You will now design the building footprints in the AOI, choose building typologies and create plots. All of these values, dimensions and sizes will be extracted from the Local Urban Code, which gives the information you need for similar buildings and plots. The density of the built form is a measure of the congestion of units per hectare. This measure is important to understand the overall compactness of the area and thus, how may users are there. This density can further be analysed and studied as sub- portions, to understand the distribution of units and users. It is good to know this information because most basically, the allocation of local and district nodes and of the transportation network, correspond directly to the quantity of inhabitants in the areaâ&#x20AC;Ś it is a symbiotic relationships as local and district nodes would fail with either too high or too low of a density and further, without a sufficient density, it would be impossible to support these nodes. Now, it is necessary to convert these proposed densities into actual Urban Fabric, of which the densities can actually be calculated. This will be done in two steps: 1) Creating plots 2)Assigning building footprints You can now directly apply the Local Urban Code to ensure that the building footprints and plots are sensitive to the existing fabric in the area and that the important characteristics of the fabric can be extracted and shaped to create your Masterplan. Summary: You are not just trying to turn the proposed densities in to real densities. Your most important goal is to plan buildings, building footprints, plots, streets and green spaces which are beautiful, functional, fulfil your strategic aims, and will ultimately create a better place. The density is only one aspect of what you are trying to do in your Masterplan, but the process of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;de-conceptualizingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; the density will serve as the majority of the labour is assigning the final building footprints. In other words, it will be the base to which small changes in building size, typology, layout, etc. will be applied. The Next Step: Because the Masterplan must not be completed sequentially, there is no next step. For a design The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Masterplan

149

with this level of complexity, it is up to you to employ all the tools you have created for yourself, constantly changing, testing and reviewing your decisions.

A portion of a Final Masterplan in Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Govan neighbourhood. The building plots and building footprints are particularly sensitive to the predominant building style in Govan and this Masterplan proves to be unobtrusive on the existing built fabric. The buildings, plots, streets, vegetation, etc. are represented with the same standard as indicated in the Local Urban Coding section of this manual, with slight variations for presentation. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

150 Creating Density

- Assigning Plots and Building Footprints

The Goal: To use the LUC to assign building plots and building footprints. Description: There are two elements to determining the location and positioning of buildings in your Masterplan. These are assigning the plot lines and actually imposing the building footprint. These elements are mutually dependent and both are done by utilizing information from the Local Urban Code. A building plot is the division of land on which a building is built and includes both the built and unbuilt space. Normally, plot lines are also property lines. The plot is essentially the most fundamental element of Urban Form. All too often, the importance of the plot is overlooked and this fact will always result in the detriment of your Masterplan. A full description of the plot and the implementation of the plot in Plot- Based Urbanism (PBU) can be found in the ADDENDUM APPENDIX to this manual. Your goal now is to draw the plot lines on your Masterplan and to indicate the footprint and typology of the building. Because the footprint, typology and plot are all mutually dependent, this cannot be done sequentially, but rather as a holistic process. Think about what you are trying to do, how the buildings interact with the public and private realm and how these realms interact with the building. Use the LUC as a guideline, especially when determining the dimensions of the plots and the buildings. Note, however, that as the plot width or depth changes, so will the dimensions and possibly the height of the building, and as you deem necessary buildings of varying density characteristics, the information from the LUC will change as well. The best starting point is to refer to the LUC according to the type of building that you think is suitable. From there, find information about buildings which comprise areas of similar density to that of which you have indicated in the Foundation Masterplan and use the information from the LUC to indicate the plot lines and building footprint dimensions. Summary: It is here that your creativity as an Urbanist truly comes through. You are designing spaces. Built spaces, unbuilt spaces, street spaces and road spaces. Each detail on your design corresponds directly to every other detail in the design. It is a complex process, but using the tools, research and knowledge acquired in the earlier steps of this manual, combined with your creativity, experience and understanding of the AOI, the result Masterplan will surely be sensitive to the needs of all the users and will one day turn into a lasting and impressive place. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

be constant

151

Masterplan

Footprints

Left: a low street of the

Right: The space street, refurbished at the top. Ad existing offic posed Light dences.

SHARED SURFACE linking the neighbourhood - view to the North

LOCAL SHARED SPACE as the centre of a community - low density lateral street

The Next Step: Illustrate your Masterplan with detailed drawings, perspectives and sketches.

THE LOCAL URBAN CODE The @ Hand masterplan is extremely sensitive to the existing built form in Glasgow. Although unique, the basis of the proposed Urban Structure in this regenerative plan lies in the Local Urban Code. Studied, adjusted and implemented, the application of the LUC ensures that that @ Hand area will be unique, yet consistent with the greater Urban Form in Glasgow.

PRIVATE GREEN PRIVATE PAVEMENT ROAD SURFACE ACTIVE FRONT

To the right are three tables depicting the manner in which Glasgow’s Local Urban Code has been implemented. All the development in the @ Hand masterplan area is derived from some sort of manipulation of the LUC, and by focusing on buildings, street fronts and blocks which exhibit the characteristics desired in what is being created. Above are the compared plots on the block, for both the existing and proposed situations. The three tables are representative of much more in- depth analyses of the LUC. Shown are the more important values pertaining to standard High, Medium and Low Density fronts, the same values for proposed plots, and a numerical comparison showing the degree (as a percentage) to which these values have been adjusted to fit proposed development. Although important, the LUC must be understood as something fluid. It must be adjusted and applied distinctly block by block and plot by plot.

HIGH DENSITY FRONT

MEDIUM DENSITY FRONT

LOW DENSITY FRONT

SAMPLE

PROPOSAL

SAMPLE

PROPOSAL

SAMPLE

PROPOSAL

GREAT WESTERN ROAD

ARGYLE STREET

KINROSS AVENUE

SOUTH COMMONS (SHARED SPACE)

HOLMHEAD ROAD

SOUTH COMMONS (CLYDESIDE B

UNITS

GREAT WESTERN ROAD

OLD ARGYLE STREET

% CHANGE

398.2

312

- 21.65

AVERAGE BUILDING HEIGHT

0.00

DEPTH OF THE PLOT

23.77

+ 0.96

N. OF PEDESTRIAN ACCESSES

0.00

None

COMPARATIVE CODING High Density PLOT AREA

PREVAILING PUBLIC/PRIVATE TRANSITION BUILT FRONT RATIO

UNITS

KINROSS AVENUE

SOUTH COMMONS (SHARED SPACE)

% CHANGE

236.4

313.5

+ 24.59

PLOT AREA

AVERAGE BUILDING HEIGHT

+ 33.33

AVERAGE BUILDING HEIGHT

DEPTH OF THE PLOT

32.5

33.01

+ 1.54

DEPTH OF THE PLOT

31.1

20.29

N. OF PEDESTRIAN ACCESSES

0.00

N. OF PEDESTRIAN ACCESSES

Light Green

COMPARATIVE CODING Medium Density PLOT AREA

PREVAILING PUBLIC/PRIVATE TRANSITION

COMPARATIVE CODING Low Density

UNITS

PREVAILING PUBLIC/PRIVATE TRANSITION

HOLMHEAD ROAD 519.96

1 Strong Green

SOUTH COMMON (CLYDESIDE B 497.66

Strong Gre

m/m

0.00

BUILT FRONT RATIO

m/m

0.00

BUILT FRONT RATIO

m/m

.82

.55

PLOT EDGE ON STREET

15.52

- 9.79

PLOT EDGE ON STREET

7.4

9.5

+ 22.11

PLOT EDGE ON STREET

16.72

24.62

PLOT EDGE ON STREET STANDARD DEVIATION

2.36

1.78

- 24.58

PLOT EDGE ON STREET STANDARD DEVIATION

2.26

2.75

+ 17.82

PLOT EDGE ON STREET STANDARD DEVIATION

.934

3.93

PERCENTAGE OF COVERED AREA

22.58

PERCENTAGE OF COVERED AREA

47.12

53.85

+ 12.49

32.78

36.03

+ 9.00

45.7

UNCOVERED AREA

209.47

144

- 31.26

UNCOVERED AREA

159.7

200.56

+ 20.37

UNCOVERED AREA

356.76

385.3

COVERED AREA

187.63

168

- 10.46

COVERED AREA

77.5

112.94

+ 31.38

COVERED AREA

163.2

112.36

PERIMETER OF THE PLOT

85.63

+ .43

PERIMETER OF THE PLOT

79.3

85.11

+ 6.83

PERIMETER OF THE PLOT

95.64

89.69

MIXITÉ INDEX ACTIVE FRONT RATIO CENTRALITY

.38

.375

0.00

MIXITÉ INDEX

m/m

0.00

ACTIVE FRONT RATIO

0.00

CENTRALITY

0.00

MIXITÉ INDEX

m/m

0.00

ACTIVE FRONT RATIO

m/m

+ 50.0 0

CENTRALITY

The typical tenement block is a very standard building typology in Glasgow. Along an acKinross Avenue was an ideal model for many medium density street fronts in the @ Hand tablechanges illustrates application of with the active Localfrontage Urban Code into the plots inand building footprints Masterplan. This table tiveThe front,above the building slightly.the A typical tenement plot along plan, especially the South Commons. The blockof hasthe a significant amount of open space Great Western Road is compared to the proposed development. Variances are limited to and also a variety frontages densities. Adaptations the LUCrepresentative have been made to compares the most regularly occurring characteristics in the proposed Masterplan toofthe sameand characteristics of thetomost roughly a 30% change (maximum). Here, this change comes in covered area as block sizes make the block / plot / front more urban in nature. Changes are limited to not much more a typology that Note wasthe being imitated. graph compares a standard tenement building Glasgow’s Western Road to arebuilding smaller andof plots have less space. minimal changes inThe perimeter, depth of the thatn 30% and most are increases. Noteon similarities in plotGreat dimensions and size. plot and plot edge. Overall,similarly the proposed tenements are very, very similar to existing ones.Masterplan, as well as typical medium density fronts. proposed tenement buildings in the

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Key adaptations have been made between standard low density typo the Glasgow @ Hand area. Typical low density typoligies are extremely su and exhibit little variance on the street front. The variance in plot edges in the South Commons, for instances, is almost 75% while plot area only 4.5%. This shows that the basic elements of the plot are retained, yet t nant variety on the street front due to changes and variations in each bu

CHARACTERISTIC PLACES - COMPARATIVE CODI

152 Creating Density

- Assigning Plots and Building Footprints

The above Masterplan focuses on integrating light industrial units (purple) into the existing urban fabric. The area has a strong industrial heritage, but poor design and excessively long streets inhibit any other type of activity. In such a monotonous area, there is little activity and the place becomes quite dangerous and dull. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Footprints

Masterplan

153

The focus of this Masterplan was the integration of exceptional buildings along the Clyde Riverfront into regular urban fabric, in an effort to make the entire area more vibrant. The Riverside Museum (in blue, North of the River), is proposed to be the highlight of a neighbourhood, rather than standing alone in a field. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

154 Creating Density

- Assigning Plots and Building Footprints

The uniqueness of this Masterplan lies in the adherence to the existing Street Network and sensitivity to the existing built fabric in Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Calton area, a place plagued by socio- economic problems and poverty. Notice the way in which buildings on important street fronts and corners are made prominent through the design of the plot. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Footprints

Masterplan

155 155

This Masterplan for Glasgowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s East End focuses on the reparation of streets. The Street Network in this area is well established, although not functioning well. This Masterplan proposes adaptations on these streets through new street vegetation and linking this connected Green Network to the neighbouring park. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

156 Illustrations The Goal: To illustrate and bring your Masterplan to life through drawings, sketches and renderings. Description: Although sensitive, detailed and dynamic, the people who will view and evaluate your Masterplan may not understand your intentions as well as you do. Through a variety of artistic means, you will need to illustrate what your area will feel like. Depending on the characteristics you would like to exhibit, a variety of hand drawings, water colours, renderings or simple sketches will suffice. Your goal is to give your Masterplan a human element; something that can be seen, felt and anticipated. The Next Step: Finalize the details of your Masterplan.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

g interesting. In the refuradd an element of beauty to of streets, neighbourhoods

Soon to be started, this is a project to connect Germany and Denmark via a 17.6km underground bored tunnel. The soon to be tunnelled M8 will also integrate the train network into the underground tunnel, although in a different arrangement. As the impact of large motorways becomes more clear, tunnels are becoming a worldwide option.

When an earthquake forced the closure of the Embarcadero Freeway, the City of San Francisco made an excellent decision to replace the motorway with a boulevard. At no expense to motorists or the overall traffic patterns, it is clear how an Urban Boulevard is a completely viable option for large scale infrastructure remediation.

Traffic calming, a sense of community and the predominant beauty of the area are only three of the benefits associated with sharing space between pedestrians and motorists. The initiatives of the Olympic Villiage are reflected in the Glasgow @ Hand Masterplan.

The similarities between these streets and those in some areas of Glasgow @ Hand are unmistakable. The changes in pavement and materials, proper placement of trees to control traffic, integration of bicycle lanes and general priority given to pedestrians are all outstanding characteristics commonly mirrored in the @ Hand Plan.

A unique inclusion of a public transport hub into the regular street network. Separating the transportation interchange and providing a safe place for users is feasible, even between two normal streets.

In Venice, the riverfront and the buildings blend together to become a true place. The discountinous line of the buildings create many unique places and a generally interesting place.

Masterplan

The central intersection in the @ Hand plan uses a similar design to create a central bus interchange.

The Clyde River will soon become a part of Glasgow; it will become an outstanding place in Glasgow.

e the most remarkable area of the Glasgow @ Hand 2037 City. With unbridled public transportation will be well travelled by all. The new Anderston station opens up to the impressive central stage and ll of which are defined by three key ‘stages’.

o this place as per crossing a threshold, ‘stages’ have been implemented in three strategic points, all of give definition to important vistas and thoroughfares. The stages work together, yet independently. The urposefully break the ‘rules’ of what is traditional in Glasgow, but with good reason.

Outstanding examples of plot- based urbanism are clear throughout the City. Various yet continous, the attractiveness of plot- based urbanism is evident.

CENTRAL AVENUE looking North from the New Kingston Bridge

Left and Above: Hand drawings bring the viewer’s attention to the humanity and comfort in the place. Right: Computer renderings can have different effects than hand drawings. The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning ST. VINCENT STREET looking South over tunnelled M8 slip roads

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The @ Hand plan is extremely conscientious of the importance of the plot for adaptability, usability, economics and longevity of the City.

158 Illustrations

SECTION B

SECTION D

SECTION C

Sections are an important tool in explaining your Masterplan. They can quickly give an overview of what the area looks like architecturally, anything happening below the surface, and they can easily show the scale of the AOI.

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Masterplan

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The means of representing your Masterplan depends on what you are trying to achieve. The renderings below carefully draw attention to certain details in the proposal. They do a good job of showing what the space will be like and how it could be used.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

160 Phasing & Delivery The Goal: To decide on the timeline of implementing your Masterplan. Description: According to the scope of your intervention, there will be a timeline to which your project must work. According to this timeline, you will decide how this Masterplan will be delivered. For large scale interventions especially, changes cannot happen overnight. In fact, too sudden changes may just be as harmful as those which are too gradual. For example, buildings could be built and then sit empty, in which case, it would be possible to establish Local or District Nodes in the area. In turn, it would be difficult to encourage more people to move there or open businesses there, as there are no supporting services. Similarly, if new Transportation infrastructure comes too early, it will prove to lose money or if it comes too late, users will not have means of transportation and the area will become unattractive to others, before implementation can even be finished. Summary: When deciding on the way your Masterplan will be delivered and phased, it is absolutely essential to find the most important dependent relationships and ensure that they happen. The Next Step: Finalize the design of your Masterplan.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Masterplan

The 25 year delivery of this Masterplan focuses on the development of individual neighbourhoods within Govan. For this particular intervention, care had to be given first to the neighbourhoods and upon proper establishment of these Localities, on the overall district.

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162 Phasing & Delivery

Currently, the density is attributed to about 4 of the 20+ blocks in the area. Unbalanced distribution of density and effectively no active frontages. Remediation lies in distributing the densities properly and creating a district node. Compare with Glasgow Cross area near Argyle station.

The second phase of this proposed masterplan was to establish densities along new, important streets and District Nodes, as well utilize proposed river connections (bridges) to push the livelihood of the City Centre to the South.

PHASE 02 - 5 TO 10 YEARS

The fourth phase (right) did not propose so many changes for this plan but rather began establishing densities and streets for future development. This meant increasing the density in areas where after the implementation of this masterplan, Local and District Nodes would be desirable.

Phase 02 will reflect the true characteristic changes in the area. With the M8 tunnelled, the, focus is on aboveground remediation. The Clydeside Boulevard will be converted into an Urban Boulevard. Argyle street is reconnected and a majority

of the proposed development will be fulfilled. These areas would not be ripe for development without the central transportation links that will be created: the cental bus transit hub,

T SPACE CHANGES - 0 TO 5 YEARS

FICES SIDENTIAL

Low intervention in Kingston West. Efforts are made to maintain the existing densities but prepare for future development along Paisley Road. Compare with Clarence Drive in the West End, a local node in the centre of a similar low- density community.

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

Additionally, this proposal for phasing the Masterplan was supported by Figure Ground maps of the buildings and which buildings were new at which phase,. There is also a timeline showing changes in useable built space. Anderston Station and South Central station. Development commences and strengthens in other areas.

USABLE BUILT SPACE CHANGES - 5 TO 10 YEARS

COMMUNITY OTHER

EXISTING BUILDINGS AT ONSET OF PHASE

PHASE 04 - 15 TO 25

NEW BUILDINGS IN THIS PHASE

Usable Space in @Hand Study Area (In thousands of meters squared)

700

575

350

175

0 OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

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Usable Space in @Hand Study Area

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175

0 OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

EXISTING BUILDINGS AT ONSET OF PHASE

NEW BUILDINGS IN THIS PHASE

350

175

Masterplan OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

PHASE 04 - 15 TO 25

The major changes in Phase 04 include the integration of the Springfiled Quay global node into a fully functioning district node in Tradeston, centred on the South Central station with connections to Bridge Street subway station. The South

mercial undanode. haracroughy area.

Commons shared space neighbourhood sets a new standard for mixed use development. Areas marked for post- 25 year development begin to change, providing the foundations for future

USABLE BUILT SPACE CHANGES - 15 TO 25 YEARS

700

Usable Space in @Hand Study Area (In thousands of meters squared)

USABLE BUILT SPACE CHANGES - 10 TO 15 YEARS

575

350

175

0 OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

development. The CCEI continues Southwards and Eastwards and prompts stronger and more established development in the South.

700

575

350

175

0 EXISTING BUILDINGS NEW BUILDINGS OFFICES LIGHT INDUSTRY The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning AT ONSET OF PHASE IN THIS PHASE RESIDENTIAL ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

ARGYLE HIGH STREET

CCEI

SOUTH COMMONS

163

Usable Space in @Hand

164 Adaptability Through PBU EXISTING BUILDINGS AT ONSET OF PHASE

NEW BUILDINGS IN THIS PHASE

175

OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

EXISTING BUILDINGS AT ONSET OF PHASE

NEW BUILDIN IN THIS PHASE

ADAPTABILITY The key to the survival of any portion of the City is that it can adapt to the changing climate of the times. This section focuses on the ways in which blocks (representative of different areas of the @ Hand masterplan) can adapt to changes in socio- economic conditions. These diagrams depict a trend that occurs over the course of the 4 phases of development. Examined are the proposed state, a period of economic growth, an instance of population increases and economic recession. These socio- economic climates are studied in the Argyle High Street Area (~50% residential and ~50% mixed usage), the CCEI (predominant office and residential usage) and in the South Commons (residential neighbourhood with other integrated functions). The entire masterplan is prepared for any of these changes. Block sizes, plots sizes and the ability to incorporate active frontages are all flexible enough to handle any sort of change in the more influential socio- economic climates of the unknown future.

CCEI BUILT SPAC

The planned state includes active frontages on the main road, some social housing, office space and parking. Plot sizes are standard.

The planned sta ance of office an Some light indu amenitie necess imity of public t Centre.

PLANNED STATE

ECONOMIC GROWTH

POPULATION INFLUX

These diagrams are indicative of the most probable variances to the planned state. RESIDENTIAL (PRIVATE) RESIDENTIAL (SOCIAL HOUSING) LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONTAGE OFFICE SINGLE FUNCTION LOT

ARGYLE HIGH STREET BUILT SPACE CHANGES

PLANNED STATE

The result which defines Plot Based Urbanism as the most A period of economic growth successful form of development is the ability for which the built would require extended office fabric can change and adapt over time, or even during the course of space and less social housing. Ac- implementing the Masterplan. tive frontages expand as business booms. Buildings extensions andare possible adaptations of blocks The diagrams on these two pages additions common. for various socio- economic climates. The ease of change of this sort can only be achieved through proper division of plots and the ECONOMIC GROWTH dispersal of ownership along a block.

Office space boo block becomes Active frontages ing amenities in Light industrial offices.

For example, in lean economic times, the blocks can change so that there is a higher presence of public owned buildings and flats, as the citizens maywould have difficulty A population influx require paying for private housing and theliveable public housing associations would have the responsibility to more space, including provide them withhousing. shelter. Also, in certain places proposed ground much more social Storage floor amenities (Nodes) could easily be converted into flats. space and extra workspace priority. Some active frontage increases. In good economic times, the buildings are built taller, with less presence of publicly owned housing. Certain buildings or POPULATION INFLUXand individual flats could be made to accommodate businesses extra space on the plots could be used for industrial workshops, storage, or parking.

Workspace reloc block as public h along perimeter office space but dential units.

The response of the individual blocks to the varying economic

ECONOMIC RECESSION

climates would Plot sizes decrese as essentially owners aredepend on the city and the changes happening the area. forced to sell. and Buildings willBut notthe bepoint is that structuring the city with are easilyless adaptable and can change ownership built as tallplots and that significantly ofquickly is the proven method longevity. It is only in this fashion fices. Workspaces included asfor more that the plots people work from (and closesubsequently to home. the block, the street front, the neighbourhood, the district and the city) can change quickly and in response to the predominant economic climate, thusRECESSION ensuring ECONOMIC the lasting success and even existence of the place.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Recession elimin fice space. Resid be built on the s housing units in built space decr

THE

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

EXISTING BUILDINGS AT ONSET OF PHASE

NEW BUILDINGS IN THIS PHASE

Usable Space in @Hand

OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

175

Masterplan 0

OFFICES RESIDENTIAL

165

LIGHT INDUSTRY ACTIVE FRONT

COMMUNITY OTHER

ARGYLE HIGH STREET BUILT SPACE CHANGES

CCEI BUILT SPACE CHANGES

SOUTH COMMONS BUILT SPACE CHANGES

The planned state includes active frontages on the main road, some social housing, office space and parking. Plot sizes are standard.

The planned state is an even balance of office and residentila space. Some light industry and no parking amenitie necessary due to proximity of public transport and City Centre.

Moderate density and a strong incorporation of industrial space and social housing. Plot sizes unique for various building types.

PLANNED STATE

A period of economic growth would require extended office space and less social housing. Active frontages expand as business booms. Buildings extensions and additions common. ECONOMIC GROWTH

A population influx would require more liveable space, including much more social housing. Storage space and extra workspace priority. Some active frontage increases.

Office space booms and entire block becomes more built up. Active frontages expand and parking amenities included as a luxury. Light industrial space incorporates offices.

PLANNED STATE

Opportunity to increase workspaces and add in office space. Active fronts created by demand. Total density increases. ECONOMIC GROWTH

Workspace relocated to centre of block as public housing is included along perimeter. Little change in office space but many more residential units. POPULATION INFLUX

Plot sizes decrese as owners are forced to sell. Buildings will not be built as tall and significantly less offices. Workspaces included as more people work from close to home.

Population influx would require a high increase in social housing. Perimeter units adapt and some units incorporated to the large centre of the block. More total built space. POPULATION INFLUX

Recession eliminates need for office space. Residential units could be built on the same plots. Social housing units increased and overall The Most Thoroughbuilt Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning space decreases. ECONOMIC RECESSION

ECONOMIC RECESSION

Social housing dominates the area. Industrial workspace present but limited. Private workspaces built as more people work from home.

THE SIX AREAS - DENSITY - PHASING - ADAPTABILITY / 04

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MCA Step- By- Step Sustainability on the Small Scale Your Space

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

168 MCA Step- By- Step 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Install ArcGIS 10 Create a blank map and insert your network file Create a new directory c:\mca And another one in mca called network ( c:\mca\network) In arcgis right click on your shapefile , go on Data, export data

6. navigate to c:\mca\network and save your file as grid75m.shp (it is important to use this file name if not the calculation will not run) 7. Extract all the files in the zip file that was provided to you into c:\mca

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Addendums

8. 9.

Right click on Top4net and choose to edit the file; insert the data relative to your project as per picture below

10. 11. 12. 13.

Save the file and run it. Results in several networks the last one is well connected In the network folder ( c:\mca\network) create 2 folders: adjency_tab and adjency_mat Edit adjencies.py and change parameters: t $FMM TJ[F NFBTVSF UIF MPOHFTU TJEF PG ZPVS BSFB BOE EJWJEF CZ UXP SPVHIMZ

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

169

170 MCA Step- By- Step

t #VÄ&#x152;FS TJ[F CJHHFS UIBO DFMM TJ[F t *OTFSU UIF EBUB SFMBUJWF UP ZPVS QSPKFDU BT QFS QJDUVSF CFMPX

14. 15. 16.

Run adjencies.py In the folder adjency_tab, tab_xxx will contain the subset graph ( the connectivity file). If you get more than one table you can join them together : - Windows Start Button | Run - Type cmd and hit enter - Go to the folder with the CSV files - Type copy *.csv all.txt and hit enter to copy all data in the files into all.txt - Type exit and hit enter to close the DOS window - Open the all.txt file in excel using the following settings:

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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172 MCA Step- By- Step

remove duplicate rows: t 4FMFDU BMM UIF SPXT JODMVEJOH UIF DPMVNO IFBEFST JO UIF MJTU ZPV XBOU UP Ä&#x2022;MUFS t 0O UIF %BUB NFOV QPJOU UP 'JMUFS BOE UIFO DMJDL "EWBODFE 'JMUFS t *O UIF "EWBODFE 'JMUFS EJBMPH CPY DMJDL 'JMUFS UIF MJTU JO QMBDF t $IPPTF UP DPQZ UIF OFX SFDPSET JO B EJÄ&#x152;FSFOU BSFB PG UIF TQSFBETIFFU t 4FMFDU UIF 6OJRVF SFDPSET POMZ DIFDL CPY BOE UIFO DMJDL 0, t 4FMFDU BMM UIF OFX SFDPSET OPX XJUIPVU EVQMJDBUFT BOE DPQZ UIFN UP B OFX TQSFBETIFFU t 4BWF UIF TQSFBETIFFU BT DPOO UYU 17. Create a new directory called calculations 18. Copy the CLI file that was also given to you in it and your connectivity text file ( created by joining the The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Addendums tables or just by the table created by the adjencies routine) 19. run CLI.exe on t_01.txt by specifying the name of the file Run Multi Centrality Assessment: ‐ Compute centrality. ‐ Create a new folder named “Computing MCA” and put in this folder the CLI.exe file which will be provided by staff. ‐ Copy the file “connectivity_table.dbf ” from its current folder and paste in the new “Computing MCA” folder. ‐ Open the connectivity_table.dbf file and save it as .txt. ‐ Open the new .txt file and delete the first line. ‐ Launch CLI.exe. ‐ CLI.exe will ask ”Please insert input file name....”. Enter “connectivity_table.txt”, (fig.2).

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

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174 MCA Step- By- Step Fig.2. One step of CLI.exe.

CLI will then ask “At how many local thresholds would you like to compute local closeness centrality?”: enter “0” CLI will then ask “At how many local thresholds would you like to compute local (fig.3). closeness centrality?”: enter “0” (fig.3).

Fig.3. One step of CLI.exe.

Fig.3. One step of CLI.exe. ‐ To start the computation press ENTER again. If anpress image appears waitIf until the computation is concluded. To start the computation ENTER again. an image appears wait until the computation is concluded. ‐ When the computation is over you can find in the same CLI’s folder the following output files: - connectivity_table_out.txtWhen the computation is over you can find in the same CLI’s folder the following output files: - connectivity_table _edges_straight.txt connectivity_table_out.txt connectivity_table _edges_straight.txt - connectivity_table _edges_close.txt - connectivity_table _edges_betw.txtconnectivity_table _edges_close.txt connectivity_table _edges_betw.txt - connectivity_table _nodes_straight.txt connectivity_table _nodes_straight.txt connectivity_table _ nodes_close.txt - connectivity_table _ nodes_close.txt connectivity_table _ nodes_betw.txt - connectivity_table _ nodes_betw.txt connectivity_table_MST_betw.txt - connectivity_table_MST_betw.txt We will use only tree of those files, namely: - connectivity_table _edges_straight.txt The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Group together in one single file the centrality values columns of those three separated files (fig.4). Add the first line to label the name of each column. Save the resulting file as dbf4.

Fig.4.

connectivity_table _edges_betw.txt

Addendums

175

They contain two columns: the first is the ID-Number of each edge, the second is its centrality value. Open in Excel the following files: connectivity_table_edges_straight.txt connectivity_table_edges_close.txt connectivity_table _edges_betw.txt

Group together in one single - connectivity_table _edges_close.txt file the centrality values - connectivity_table _edges_betw.txt columns of those three They contain two columns: the firstseparated is the ID-Number files (fig.4). of Add the first line to label the each edge, the second is its name of each column. centrality value. Save the resulting file as dbf4. ‐ Open in Excel the following files: - connectivity_table_edges_straight.txt - connectivity_table_edges_close.txt - connectivity_table _edges_betw.txt Composing in Excel the final dbf4 file with ‐ Group together in one single file the centrality values centrality values attributed to each link of the network. columns of those three separated files (fig.4). ‐ Add the first line to label the name of each column. Map centrality. ‐ Save the resulting file as dbf4 Open in ArchMap the file “connectivity_table”. Right-click on the name of the file and choose “Joins and Relates/Join” (fig.5).

‐

Fig.4. Composing in Excel the final dbf4 file with centrality values attributed to each link of the network.

Map centrality. Open in ArchMap the file “connectivity_table”. Map centrality. Right-click on the name of the file and choose “Joins and Relates/Join” (fig.5).

‐ Open in ArchMap the file “connectivity_table”. ‐ Right-click on the name of the file and choose “Joins and Relates/Join” (fig.5). Fig.5. The beginning of the “Join” routine.

Fig.5. The beginning of the “Join” routine.

____________________________________________________________________________________ The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning Analysis brief 05: Network analysis of streets, 2011/12. 11

176 MCA Step- By- Step

Open in ArchMap the file “connectivity_table”. Choose “Join attributes from a table”, and then EDGE_ID as a common field and the .dbf4 file previosuly saved (fig.6). Then run the command.

Fig.6.

The routine.

“Join”

Open the window “Layer proprieties” double clicking on the name of file. Choose “Symbology/quantities/ Graduated colours”. Open the window “Layer proprieties” double clicking on the name of file. From Fields/Value selectChoose a centrality measure. “Symbology/quantities/Graduated colours”. From Classification select Quintile withselect 9 classes (fig.7).measure. From Fields/Value a centrality From Classification select Quintile with 9 classes (fig.7).

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Addendums

Open in ArchMap the file “connectivity_table”. Choose “Join attributes from a table”, and then EDGE_ID as a common field and the .dbf4 file previosuly saved (fig.6). Then run the command.

Fig.6.

The routine.

177

“Join”

Open in ArchMap the file “connectivity_table”. Choose “Join attributes from a table”, and then EDGE_ID as a common field and the .dbf4 file previosuly saved Open the window “Layer proprieties” double clicking on the name of file. (fig.6). Then run Choose the command. “Symbology/quantities/Graduated colours”. Fig.7. Selecting graphic standardsselect for a centrality measure. From Fields/Value From Classification select Quintile with 9 classes (fig.7). mapping data.

Press Enter and enjoy your centrality assessment map (fig.8)! Fig.8. MCA centrality values are attributed toe ach linked and color-coded in a mapped layout.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

178 MCA Step- By- Step Press Enter and enjoy your centrality assessment map (fig.8)! Fig.8. MCA centrality values are attributed toe ach linked and color-coded in a mapped layout.

Press Enter and enjoy your centrality assessment map (fig.8)!

Fig.8. MCA output: centrality values are attributed toe ach linked and color-coded in a mapped layout.

The Most Thorough Approach: A Guide to Creating Lasting Places Through Masterplanning

Addendums Fig.8. MCA output: centrality values are attributed toe ach linked and color-coded in a mapped layout.

Fig.9. Multiple Centrality Assessment applied to Glasgow, UK. In this image MCA captures the geography of Global Betweenness in the whole urban region of Glasgow. This research will be used as a wider context for studentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; work on the study area. Moreover, new local information on street network will be merged with this larger context in order to avoid the so-called edge-effect. Source: Porta and Strano (2006).

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180 Sustainability on the Small Scale The introduction to this manual discusses sustainability as the ability to change over time, and that the Masterplanning process you are undertaking strives to ensure a built form which can change an adapt to the economy, politics, needs and wants of the future. However, sustainability is not a single pronged approach. There are countless entities and changes which must be made in order to ensure the longevity of ourselves, our countries and our planet. While good Masterplans deal with sustainability on a large scale, good architecture will deal with sustainability on a small scale. This addendum briefly discusses some traditional building methods, as taught and practiced by the Prince’s Foundation for Building Community, which I learned about and experimented with at the Summer School of 2012. The Prince’s Foundation promotes traditional building methods, using traditional techniques and materials. This is a conscientious measure to build in a way which will reduce pollution, reduce our carbon footprint, and reduce unnecessary utilities usage. A prime example of the outcome of this process can be exemplified by the Prince’s Foundation’s Natural House. This house incorporates environmentally friendly building materials and processes, as well as innovative means to reduce the need for extra utilities and to leave less of a carbon footprint. Information about the Natural House can be found at http://www.princes-foundation. org/sites/default/files/natural_house_0.pdf I also learned about other traditional building methods, techniques which can be applied universally. A common misconception is that by applying these techniques, the overall beauty of the building will be sacrificed. This is not true! In fact, these building techniques can be applied in any combination to any sort of project. Some of these techniques included the use of lime to produce plaster, maudle and daubing to be used as a filler in walls and the process of timber framing using natural, non- regularized wood. Although your Masterplan will promote sustainability on a large scale, it is absolutely essential that you understand not just the value, but the necessity of sustainable buildings methods, since you are Masterplanning the location of buildings as well. The traditional building methods and innovative creations such as the Prince’s Foundation’s Natural House are to name but a few of the methods, ideals and practices that must be incorporated into the creation, amendment or modification of the built form.

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As an Urban Designers, you may or may not be involved with the architecture associated with your Masterplan; it depends on the scope of the project. However, it is essential that you understand and can promote sustainable building methods, either through building codes associated with the Masterplan or in other ways. This manual is not a discussion of the ways to implement sustainable building practices, however it should spark your interest and curiosity, or simply inform you that there are very sustainable practices in current building trends.

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Works Cited A Policy on Architecture and Placemaking for Scotland: Public Consultation 2012. Edinburgh: The Scottish Government, 2012. Print. Brundtland Commission (1987) Our Common Future. World Commission on Environment and Development: published as Annex to General Assembly document A/42/427 “Climate Change (Scotland) Act 2009.” 2011. The Scottish Government. 18 February 2012. http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/ climatechange/scotlands-action/ climatechangeact Cuthbert, A. (2007). Urban design: Requiem for an era – review and critique of the last 50 years. 299 URBAN DESIGN International, 12, 177–223. Girardet, Herbert (1996) Cities: New Directions for Sustainable Urban Living, London: GAIA Frey, Hildebrand. “Preface.” Urban Sustainability through Environmental Design. Thwaites K., Porta S., Romice O., Greaves M. 2007, Routledge. Jacobs, Jane (1961) The Death and Life of Great American Cities, New York: Random House. Kunstler, Howard James. The Tragedy of Suburbia. 2007. Porta, Sergio. and Romice, Ombretta. (2010) Plot Based Urbanism: Towards Time- Consciousness in PlaceMaking, Glasgow. Romice, Ombretta, Mehaffy, Michael, Porta, Sergio, Thwaites, Kevin (2012) Responding to Complex Urban Challenges with Integrated Research in Education: Case Study of a Master Programme in Urban Design. All the examples in this manual are collected from student’s work in the UDSU MSc Urban Design Programme A special thank you to the titans of Urban Design; Diarmaid, Gordon, Mark and WIllie for their contributions to the Masterplanning Today section.

Think again of the most beautiful place you have ever been too... Do you understand more why you like it so much? It should be more clear how the qualities in that that one. However, by employing the skills, tools and theories taught in this manual, you are coming one step closer to a world where there will in fact be more places like yours,

Thanks to you...