Planting Intentions

Planting Intentions GThe decision of whether to spray or not or when to start digging is not always an easy one. The decision is made more difficult when a storm or bad weather is predicted. Last year’s active hurricane season made end-of-season planning and execution tricky. Based on early season conditions and in case harvest conditions are similar to last year, Clemson University peanut specialist Dan Anco has the following advice. Changing Planting Dates Rains over several weeks in May caused some plans to change. Rain brought on late leaf spot to volunteer peanuts. Early pressure calls for early action. As we entered June, there was still time to get peanuts planted and obtain a reasonable window of conditions for growth and harvesting. Mid-May is generally the best time to plant peanuts in South Carolina, although peanuts can still be made if planted into early June. Once planting dates reach June 10, we are looking at approximate digging dates near Oct. 20 for a 132-day variety like Bailey or digging dates entering into November for moderate-maturity varieties like Georgia 06G. One of the concerns around that time of year becomes slow drying conditions prior to combining that can lead to quality issues if they sit out in damp conditions too long. Every year is a little different, but overall the combination of lower yield potential, higher late leaf spot pressure and generally unfavorable harvesting conditions are more prevalent for peanuts planted after about June 10. G Risk Factors For Late Leaf Spot • Short rotations (less than 2 years out of peanuts) • Highly susceptible variety (Virginia types, Georgia 13M, Spain, TUFRunner 511) • Late planting (May 26 or later) • Poor control of volunteer peanuts in rotational crops • Poor end of season control of late leaf spot in an adjacent upwind field the previous year • Starting fungicide programs any later than 45 DAP; better early than late • Extending spray intervals beyond 15 days • Repeated, frequent periods of leaf wetness; excessive rains, frequent irrigation • Rain immediately after application – wait 24 hours to irrigate • Consecutive use of fungicides with the same mode of action (except chlorothalonil) Slowing A Growing Leaf Spot Epidemic: Effective fungicide programs are designed to prevent disease, not cure it after the fact. If something goes wrong and you find late leaf spot lesions in the bottom of the canopy, especially with less than 30 days until harvest, treat immediately, retreating in 10 days, with one of the following: • Topsin 4.5 FL 10 fl oz + 1.5 pt Bravo • Provost Opti 10.7 oz + 1.5 pt Bravo • Priaxor 8 fl oz pearman ad 11/14/08 3:19 PM Page 1 Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedgeshaped. They stand about ¼ inch high and are about ¼ inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices. They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G GE NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL FNL NL F NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL F F NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL E E NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; LS = Labeled for suppression only 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data Burrower Bug Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. Burrower bugs have a black-tobrown body, small red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are spiny, and needle-like, piercing, sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs. G Navigating The Late Season F What are the factors affecting final sprays and digging decisions? Three-Cornered Alfalfa Hopper Three-cornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedgeshaped. They stand about ¼ inch high and are about ¼ inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouthparts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices. They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells and above ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL F NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL PF NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL EE NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; LS = Labeled for suppression only 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data Burrower Bug Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. Burrower bugs have a black-tobrown body, small red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are spiny, and needle-like, piercing, sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs. Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Threecornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedge shaped. They stand about ¼ inch high and are about ¼ inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouth parts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices. They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells, and above-ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. Danitol Diamond EC Comite/Omite Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon P/F NL NL NL G NL G/E NL G G E G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E NL NL G E F G NL G NL NL G G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G G NL P/F NL NL F G NL G NL NL E/G E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL P NL F/G P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL P NL G/E NL NL NL NL NL NL E G G NL NL E G/E E E/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; LS = Labeled for suppression only 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data Burrower Bug Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field, and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. Burrower bugs have a black or brown body and small, red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are spiny and needle-like. Piercing, sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs. G and feed directly on pegs and pods. Eggs and small rootworms cannot survive in dry soil conditions. Therefore, irrigation or a wet weather pattern will favor development of the pest. Adult beetles can be readily detected in peanut fields. Their presence in moderate to high numbers is a warning that a problem could develop. SCOUTING Finding rootworms in the soil is difficult, and injury is often not detected until after peanuts are dug when it is too late for control measures. Scout for SCR by pulling up plants and examining the roots and pods for feeding injury and sifting through the loose soil to find the larvae. It may be necessary to wash off wet or clay soils to clearly see damaged pods. Rapid growth after rain can cause short splits or creases to occur in the outer pod wall that can be confused with SCR damage. This pest is more likely to be found in low spots and heavier-textured soils under moist conditions or with center-pivot irrigation. Areas with increased loam content in the soil and poor drainage are also at risk of increased pod damage. MANAGEMENT Rootworm management options are limited. Granular chlorpyrifos banded over the row is the only treatment proven to be effective against this pest in peanut. According to research conducted in Virginia and North Carolina, preventative insecticide applications made before infestations are established provide good control. There are no foliar insecticide treatments available, and targeting the adult beetle has not been shown to reduce injury or improve yields. Determine the need to treat on a field-by-field basis. Decisions can be based on both adult populations and past history in peanut fields. Treatment late in the season following significant rainfall may be too late to effectively prevent rootworm injury. Late-season treatments may also encourage spider mite outbreaks. PG SCR Advisory For V-C Producers G The southern corn rootworm is considered a major pest in North Carolina and Virginia peanuts. However, not all fields need to be treated for SCR. Virginia Tech's Tidewater Agricultural Research and Extension Center entomologist Sally Taylor says, “Knowledge of the past history of rootworm injury is useful in determining the need for treatment. If injury has occurred in a field, it will again. "Keep field records on the extent of pod and peg injury noticed at harvest time. Pay particular attention to fields with higher levels of organic matter and clay. Rootworms have a higher survival rate in those soils due to higher moisture-holding capacity, and injury will typically be more severe than in light soils." In the V-C, the Peanut Southern Corn Rootworm Advisory is available to aid producers to determine when fields need treatment. A digital version of the advisory can be found on the Virginia Cooperative Extension’s Publications and Educational Resources website at https:// www.pubs.ext.vt.edu/. Click on “Crops” to search the list, or search by publication identification for VCE Publication 444-351. It is also available for download as a PDF. The advisory is designed to help determine in a few minutes whether fields need an insecticide treatment. PG SCR larvae feed on pods, causing damage shown here. The discoloration is from storage. G10 Key Impacts Of Cover Crops On Soil Health FCover crops protect and improve the soil when a cash crop is not growing. Ways that cover crops lead to better soil health and potentially better farm profits are outlined in the following 10 key impacts. 1 Cover crops feed many types of soil organisms. Most soil fungi and bacteria are beneficial to crops. They feed on carbohydrates from plant roots and release nutrients, such as nitrogen or phosphorus, to the crop. Earthworms and arthropods eat fungi and bacteria. Cover crops support the entire soil food web. G 2 Cover crops increase the number of earthworms. Cover crops typically lead to greater earthworm numbers and diversity. Earthworms like nightcrawlers tunnel vertically, while others, like redworms, tunnel horizontally. Both create channels for crop roots and for water and air to move into the soil. 3 Cover crops build soil carbon and soil organic matter. Cover crops use sunlight and carbon dioxide to make carbon-based molecules. Some of the carbon is recycled through soil organisms, but some becomes humic substances that build soil organic matter, improving nutrient and moisture availability. 4 Cover crops contribute to better management of soil nutrients. By building soil organic matter, cover crops may impact the need for fertilizer. Cover crops scavenge for nutrients and hold nitrogen rather than letting it escape into rivers or groundwater. The nitrogen is released to the next year’s crop. 5 Cover crops help keep the soil covered. Rain is likely to cause bare soil to erode, form a crust or overheat in direct sun. Some bare soils can reach 140 degrees, killing soil organisms and stressing the crop. Cover crop residue protects the soil. 6 Cover crops improve the biodiversity in farm fields. Generally, the more plant diversity in a field and the longer that living roots are growing, the more biodiversity there will be in soil organisms, leading to healthier soil. Growing mixes of cover crops improves diversity. P 7 Cover crops aerate the soil and help rain go into the soil. Cover crops open up soil channels for rain. This is particularly the case under minimum tillage. The rain that soaks into the soil instead of running off makes a big difference for crop yields. The extra aeration created by roots and earthworms benefits crop roots and other soil organisms. 8 Cover crops reduce soil compaction and improve the structure and strength. Excess tillage destroys soil structure, while cover crops and the soil organisms create the glomalin or the glue that binds soil particles together, leading to better soil aggregation and strong soil structure. Cover crops and earthworms help loosen compacted soil more effectively than subsoiling equipment. 9 Cover crops make it easier to integrate livestock with field crops. Think of buffalo herds foraging on prairies, and you can see how natural systems evolved to have an integration of plants and grazing animals. The manure from livestock grazing can be beneficial for building organic matter and soil health. It is also a way to profit from cover crops. 10 Cover crops greatly reduce soil erosion and loss. The future of our food supply depends on topsoil, and cover crops are exceptional at helping stop erosion. No-till with cover crops reduces erosion to a fraction of what it would be. Even with light tillage, a field with cover crops is still better protected. PG Article from the Southern Agriculture Research and Education program. For information, visit www.sare.org/covercrops. Four principles for improving and maintaining soil health: • Keep the soil covered as much as possible. • Disturb the soil as little as possible. • Keep plants growing throughout the year to feed the soil. • Diversify crop rotations as much as possible, including cover crops. Threecornered Alfalfa Hopper Threecornered alfalfa hoppers are light green and wedge shaped. They stand about ¼ inch high and are about ¼ inch long. Both adults and nymphs have piercing mouth parts and feed by penetrating the stem and sucking plant juices. They tend to feed in a circular fashion around a stem, making feeding punctures as they go. The damaged area typically swells, and above-ground root growth may occur. On peanuts, feeding may occur on limbs, leaf petioles or pegs. Warrior II Lannate Lorsban 4E Chlorpyrifos 15G Orthene Radiant SC Sevin Steward Thimet 20G Blackhawk Dimilin Intrepid Prevathon P/F NL NL NL NL G/E NL G E G NL NL G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E NL NL E F G NL G NL NL G G NL NL F/G G F/G G/E NL G/E G NL G G NL P/F NL NL G NL NL NL E/G E NL NL G/E NL G/E NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G P/F NL NL P/F G NL NL NL G F/G E E/G NL NL NL NL G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL G/E NL G NL NL NL NL F NL NL G/E NL NL G/E NL NL NL NL E NL NL NL NL E G/E E E/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL F/G F/G NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL NL E/G Edited by Dr. Mark Abney, University of Georgia Extension Entomologist E = Excellent Control; G = Good Control; F = Fair Control; P = Poor Control; NL = Not Labeled; LS = Labeled for suppression only 1 Dipel and others; * Insufficient data Burrower Bug Burrower bugs can be hard to identify in the field, and an infestation is often not detected until harvest. Burrower bugs have a black or brown body and small, red eyes on a small-sized head. The upper wings of burrower bugs are shiny and semi-hardened with the membranous tip overlapping. Its legs are spiny and needle-like. Piercing, sucking mouth parts are visible with a hand lens. Burrower bug is closely related to stink bugs. GA ccording to the Prospective Plantings report by the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s National Agricultural Statistics Service, peanut producers intend to plant 1.63 million acres in 2021, down 2% from 2020 but 13% percent above 2019. In Georgia, expected planted area is down 2% or 20,000 acres from 2020. Decreases of 20,000 acres from a year ago are also expected in South Carolina and Texas. A decrease of 1,000 acres is expected in Virginia. States with a three-year trend of increasing acreage include Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Mississippi, New Mexico and North Carolina. Oklahoma maintained the same acreage for 2019 and 2020 and is expecting an increase of 2,000 acres in 2021. Rotation Crops Despite the initial excitement the increase in cotton prices brought to the table, producers intend to plant 1% less than 2020. However, increases are expected in most peanut-producing states, which is good for rotations. Farmers in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina and Texas indicate an increase in cotton acreage. Total cotton acreage is estimated at 12 million acres in 2021. Upland area is expected to total 11.9 million acres, and American Pima is expected to total 142,000 acres, down 30% from 2020. The largest increase in acres is expected in Missouri. If realized, Upland cotton planted area in California, at 25,000 acres, will be a record low. Corn, another peanut rotation partner, is estimated at 91.1 million acres for 2021, up less than 1% from last year. Increases are expected from producers in several peanut states, including Mississippi, up 130,000 acres. Decreases in acreage are expected in more of the traditional Corn Belt states. Soybeans And Wheat Soybean growers intend to plant 87.6 million acres in 2021, up 5% from last year. If realized, this will be the third highest planted acreage on record. Compared with last year, planted acreage is expected to be up or unchanged in 23 of the 29 states estimated. All wheat planted area for 2021 is estimated at 46.4 million acres, up 5% from 2020. This represents the fourth lowest all-wheat planted area since records began in 1919. Winter wheat planted area, at 33.1 million acres, is up 3% from the previous estimate and up 9% from last year. This is the seventh lowest planted acreage on record. Area planted to spring wheat for 2021 is expected to total 11.7 million acres, down 4% from 2020. Durum wheat is expected to total 1.54 million acres for 2021, down 9% from last year. PG Peanuts: Area Planted by State and U. S. (Estimated – March 31, 2021) State Area Planted (1,000 acres) 2019 G 2020 2021 Percent Alabama 160 185 190 103% Arkansas 34 39 45 115% Florida 165 175 180 103% Georgia 675 810 790 98% Mississippi 20 23 25 109% New Mexico 4.7 6.2 6.5 105% North Carolina 104 108 110 102% Oklahoma 15 15 17 113% G South Carolina 65 85 65 76% Texas 165 190 170 89% Virginia 25 28 27 96% U.S. Total 1,432.7 1,664.2 1625.5 98%

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