မြန်မာနိုင်ငံမှတိုင်းရင်းဆေးမှတ်တိုင်းများ by ONLINEBOOKSLIBRARY

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2/ yk*Hacwfwdkif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 107 rS 1298 xd) at'D 107-1077 õ tif;0acwfEiS fh uke;f abmifacwfay:aq;usr;f wdüYk yg½So d nfh aq;ynmqkdif&ma0g[m&rsm; teuf tcsKdUa0g[m&rsm;rSm yk*Hacwfuyif½SdaecJhonfh a0g[m&rsm;jzpfonf[k ,lqzG,f ½So d nf/ ,EÅ&m;? aq;0g;? Mupk½pS rf sK;d ? £ó&rlv?D omvjyn§?d Nyó d jyn§?d ar'g? r[mar'g? rkefvm? yÍöulig;yg;? uuú½k? a'ge? aomfu? eHYomig;rsKd;qkdif&mtrnfrsm;? tarT;q,frsK;d qdik &f m trnfrsm;? omvuvsmPD umVmEkom&D? *rke;f ? ½Sed ;f cd?k aAsmom? Bwu d #Kw?f a0om? ua&&d? uku H rk ?H uwk;d ? t&ufaq;rsK;d ? odaE¨mqm;? ,m*k? ref;jyKw&f nf? ZmwdyKdæ v?f ydawmuf? prÜm? u&ruf? bdef;? a*g&mZif; paom aq;ypönf;trnfrsm;? õ

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3/ yif;,acwfESihfppfukdif;acwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 1299 rS 1364 xd) at'D 1299-1364 õ yif;,acwfwiG f pwk&*FAvtrwfBu;D rSm aemufaESmif;acwftqufquf jrefrmynm½Sw d u Ykd jrwfEdk? av;pm;jcif;cH&aom trwfBuD;jzpfonf/ xkdtrwfBuD;onf xifay:ausmfMum; vSaom avmueDwdusrf;ESifh [dawmya'o(ouúw)bmomjyefpaom usrf;rsm;tjyif xif½Sm;ausmfapmaom rm*" tbd"mef#u D mBu;D (tbd"meyÜ'yD u d m#Dum)ukyd g jyKpck o hJ nf/ õ

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4/ tif;0acwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 1365 rS 1555 xd) at'D 1365-1555 õ yxrtif;0acwfonf aq;ynmESifh pyfvsO;f í tvGecf ikd v f pHk mG rSww f rf;wifcahJ om tcsuf wpf&yfukd awGU&onf/ ,if;tcsuu f m; tjcm;r[kw?f xlyg½k'H g,dum e&ywdrif;Bu;D (804830)vufxufwGif a&;xkd;cJhonfh wufEG,fausmif;ausmufpmü aq;usrf;rsm;udk azmfjy xm;onf/ õ

e&ywdrif;Bu;D vufxufü awmifwiG ;f rif; rif;oD&ad Z,so&l armifEw HS o Ykd nf wufE, G af csmif;\ teD;ü ausmif;Bu;D aqmufvyk f vSL'gef;aMumif;ukv d nf;aumif;? avmuDavmukw&å m pmay usrf;*efrsm;pGmwdkYukd vSL'gef;cJhaMumif; tus,fw0ifh ausmufpma&;xdk;azmfjycJhonf/ ausmufpm\ wwd,pmrsufESmESifh pwkwÄpmrsufESmwdkYü aq;usrf;? aA'ifusrf;wdkY\ trnfrsm; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/

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uAsmwGif yg&Sdonfhtwkdif; AdaE´mynm? "mwfynmwdkYonf xdkyxr tif;0acwfü rnfrQ txufwef;usus xGef;um;aeNyDjzpfaMumif; tckdiftvkH oufaocH&m a&mufonf/ xdkYjyif xdu k AsmwGiyf g½So d nfh om& oN*KØ v[ f al om aq;usr;f onfvnf; xkt d cg tvGeaf cwfpm;aom aq;usr;f jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ tb,faMumifq h adk omf ,cifazmfjycJo h nfh wufE, G af usmif; ausmuf p mwG i f om&oN*Ø K vf t rD S (wenf;edó,)[líyif jrefrmjyefqNdk y;D jzpfaMumif;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/

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½Sifr[moDv0Hourl ==wefokd++ [lívnf;aumif;? ==wkdifzl;++ [lívnf;aumif;? ==pkdif½;I ++ [lívnf;aumif; jyqkdxm;onf/ xkdrQru ==aq;wl;Mu,frnfonfum;++[líyif tzGifh rsm;udkMunfhí jyefqkdMuonf/ xkMd u,fwufonfujdk rifrS aq;wl;ojzifh aq;wl;Mu,f trnf ½Sad Mumif;ukd t|momvdeaD ,mZem q&mESihf Ak'0¨ if t|uxmq&mwdu Yk azmfjyawmfrMl uonf/

pmqdt k ausmf q&mawmf½iS rf [m&|om&\ pwk"r®om&ud;k cPf;ysKUd tyd'k f (148-159) wdüYk ravmufruk?H zsm;emwkv H nf;? a&vk[ H if;cg;? aq;0g; xufMuyf? orm;tyfí? ukoyfuaH uR;? yhHzufay;onf? oef- aqmif;-aEGcg? rDcS &dk mom;? zsm;emaq;uk? AdaE´mrIu ponfu h sr;f vm?

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ig\ Oya' oif&axGjzif?h taewus? yGe;f wD;vSí? þrQum;wef? þrQveG [ f ?k t&eftykid ;f ? tEIdif;tcsuf? vdkufzufpk½kH;? þenf;xkH;vnf;? vk;H vk;H oifw&Ykd Nyw D nf;/ [k azmfjyxm;onf/ õ

yxrtif;0acwf aemufyidk ;f em;ü xif½mS ;ausmaf pmawmfro l nfh &[ef;pmqdak wmf t½Sit f *¾orm"d uvnf; aerdbkHcef;ysdKUtydk'f (80)ü umv rdk;aqmif;? aoG;oHajymif;í? OD;acgif;vnfem? &ifqm&ifvu dI ?f zk[ d u dk Zf ½k;H ? aq;vk;H vsuq f m;? [if;cg;ygpOf? tcsOt f csK?d ½Sed ;f cd?k odaE¨m? Mupk aESmvsu?f AdaE´mqdñ k eT ;f ? vsurf ef;vsuNf rw d ?f Buw d Bf uw d n f ufnuf? "mwfysuf "mwfBuKd ;? avrd;k 0yf0yf? uvmyfEw I Nf ced ?f tcsed t f cg? olem&wk? uuúLursO;f ? rsupf Of; ESmESw?f OD;,Of;vTwo f m;? aq;jrwfMurf;Ek? [kpyfqdkonf/ tif;0acwfay: aq;ynmtaeESifh jzpfap? aq;q&m (orm;awmf)rsm;taeESijhf zpfap acwftavsmuf txufwef;usus xGe;f um;cJah Mumif; odom vSonf/

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5/ awmifilacwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 1556 rS 1612 xd) at'D 1556-1612 õ awmifilacwf? wyifa½TxD;\ crnf;awmf rif;BuD;ndKvufxufwGif ajymyavmufatmif Bu;D yGm; xGef;um;rI r&Sad o;acs/ xkdacwfwGif awmifzDvmq&mawmfBuD; jyKpkawmfrlcJhaom aq;usrf;rsm;rSm uGefcsm"mwfusrf;? orÜEé"mwfusrf;? ur®Z½kyfusrf;? r[me&DuGefcsm "mwfusrf;? t|"mwkudef; Oya'ousrf;wkdYjzpfaMumif; rSwfom;jyqkdcJhonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 17

6/ anmif&rf;acwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 1613 rS 1752 xd) at'D 1613-1752 õ 'kw, d tif;0acwf ac: anmif&rf;acwf jrefrmjzpfaq;usr;f tcsKUd ukd ,ckwidk f awGMY u&onf/ xkdaq;usrf;rsm;ukd taemufbufvGefrif;ESifh omvGefrif;w&m;BuD;wdkYvufxuf xif½Sm; ausmfapmaom q&mawmfrsm;u jyKpkawmfrlcJhMuonf[k tqdk½Sdonf/ õ

awmifzv D mq&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D ESihf wpfacwfwnf;ay:um wpfNyKd ief uf xif½mS ;ausmaf pmawmf rlcahJ om q&mawmfrmS a½TOrifq&mawmf jzpfonf/ xdq k &mawmf bk&m;Bu;D onf =="mwk0Zd mÆ r,++ ac: aq;usrf;ukd jyKpkawmfrlcJhonf[k trSwftom;½Sdonf/ xdkYjyif tif;0acwfrSmyif xif½Sm;ausmfapmawmfrlonfh rPd&wem&mr ae&if;q&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf ==½ly"mwk++ trnf½Sdaom usrf;udk jyKpkawmfrlcJhonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 18

7/ ukef;abmifacwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 1753 rS 1885 xd) at'D 1753-1759 õ ukef;abmifacwfudk tavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;u pwifwnfaxmifcJhonf/ tpOftvmt& aq;ynm vdkufpm;onfh ½Sifvlrsm; aq;0g;ukoonfh orm;awmfrsm;omru bk&ifESihf tmPm½Sdolrsm;xH trIxrf;Muonfh orm;aygif; trsm;tjym;&SdaMumif;ukd od&onf/ tavmif;bk&m; [Hom0wDoYkd yxrtBurd f <ucsaD wmfr&l m a&wyftcif;tusi;f tpDtpOfrsm; teuf azmifawmfrsm;wGif vku d yf g&onfh orm;awmf0ef a'0ausmfol Anm;a'0? Adokum pdwv å uFm? yef;yJ £E´Anm;? yef;wnf; iomxGe;f ? aq;orm;? rEÅmeform;wdEYk iS hf 0efawmfazmif [k yg½Sdonf/ õ

tavmif;bk&m; jrefatmifwiG pf aH ecku d f aq;orm; wk&ifa,mf,m usifi,f&nfjzifh qGwfwpf onf[k tdyrf ufjrifrufaMumif; &mZ0ifü jyqko d nf/ tavmif;bk&m;vufxufü aq;ynm qkdif&m trIxrf;trsm;tjym;ESihf bGJY&orm;awmfBuD;rsm;½SdaMumif; odomonf/

ukef;abmifacwf aemifawmfBuD;rif; vufxufwGif ay:aygufco hJ nfh "mwk'DyeDaq;usrf; edó,opfukd ,cktcg awGYMu&onf/ e&okcdü tmumo"mwfysufjcif; vu©Pmukd jyNy;D aemuf =="mwk'yD eDusr;f ESifh nDonf? enf;rSDaxmufq,kHMunfwnf;++ [k jyqkdxm;av&m xkd"mwk'DyeDudk a½S;tcgu tawmfyif avhvmudk;um;MuaMumif; od&onf/

at'D 1760-1762 õ tavmif;bk&m;\om;awmf aemifawmfBu;D rif; vufxufawmfü aq;usr;f ? "mwfusr;f rsm;pGm wkdYukd a&;om;jyKpkawmfrlcJhonfh awmifwGif;q&mawmf cifBuD;azsmf[laomyk*¾dKvf xifay: ausmfapmí vmonf/ rwwfrodaomt&m[lívnf; r½SdoavmufjzpfaomaMumifh ==r++ wvkH;aMu (rum&avmy)[k ausmaf pmxif½mS ;awmfro l nf/ õ

aq;usr;f ? "mwfusr;f wdu Yk v kd nf; xdq k &mawmfyif jyKpak wmfrcl o hJ nf/ 'Gg'&moDusr;f ? 'Gg'opdEmÅ eu©wu f sr;f ? tm'duyÜusr;f ? qe0kwad q;usr;f ? toDw"d mwfusr;f ESifh t*F0Zd mÆ #DumBu;D [k ,cktcg pkaygif;½du k Ef ydS x f m;onfh usr;f wGiyf g0ifonfh pmtcsKUd ? ua0om&usr;f (3)wGu J v kd nf; cifBu;D azsmaf &;jcif;jzpfonf[kyif trSwfxm;Muonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 19

aemifawmfBu;D rif;ewf½mG pHonfh jrefrmouú&mZf 1125 ckEpS üf q&mwpfO;D u =="mEGE&Å eD ó d ,++ ukd a&;om;jyKpo k nf/ uke;f abmifacwfO;D ykid ;f wGif ,cif½EdS iS Nhf y;D aom AdaE´maq;ynmtjyif eu©waf q;ynm&yf[v k nf; txift½Sm; ay:aygufwGifus,fí vmonf/

eu©wfaq;ynmqkdonfrSmvnf; tó0PDponfESihfqkdifonfh tmumo eu©wf? yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m[laom "mwfBu;D av;yg; wpfenf; onf;ajc? tm[m&? tmumoESifh wuG "mwf(7)yg;qdkif&m "mwfeu©wf? yÍöef;eu©wf? tm,kpef;eu©wf? txGuft0ifeu©wf ponfjzifh taumif;tqkd;ukd udef;qifí jyaom udef;eu©wf[lí (3)rsKd;½Sdonf/

xdk (3)rsK;d teuf tmumoeu©waf q;ynm[lonf a&mufqJ aumif;uifeu©wt f & "mwfwikd f xlí Owk&moDEiS fh uku d n f pD mG pm;aomufr0DS o J ifah om aq;0g;tpm;tpm tjyKtrlEiS fh a½Smif½mS ; oifhaom aq;0g; tpm;tpmtjyKtrlwdkYudk ñTefMum;ukoaom aq;ynmjzpfonf/

==vESifh ae ukd tajcjyKr?S eu©wu f sEiS ?hf e0if;jyaq;? tpmauR;u? csr;f {oDwm++ paom 'Gg'odrf (30)vm pum;t& eu©wfaq;ynm\ oabmxm; t&if;cHudk odEidk o f nf/ rum&avmy awmifwiG ;f q&mawmfcifBu;D azsmo f nf eu©waf q;ynmudk txift½Sm;wDxiG af wmfrcl o hJ nf [k ynm½Siftrsm;u ,kHMunfvufcHcJhMuonf/

yxrukef;abmifacwf qifjzL½Sifrif;vufxuf "mwk0dbm* 'DyeDaq;usrf; ygVdedó,ukd oufyef;q&mu a&;om;cJhonf/ qifjzL½Sifrif;vufxufawmfü tif;0awmifbuf (23) rkid t f uGm½Sd acG;aqmif½mG Zmwd y0wåo d pk;d ½Gmae bk&m;'g,um OD;jrwfxeG ;f onf bk&ift h rdeaYf wmf t& ==orm;pOfux k ;Hk ++ [lívnf;aumif; =='DCm,kaq;usr;f ++ [lívnf;aumif;? ==acG;aqmif avQmufx;Hk ++ [lívnf;aumif; ac:a0:xif½mS ;onfh aq;usr;f wpfapmifudk jrefrmouú&mZff 1133 ckESpfwGif jyKpkwifqufcJhonf/ xdkaq;usrf;udk pum;ajyoufoufjzifh a&;om; xm;onf/

rD;,yfqidk &f mukx;Hk rsm;? oli,femqdik &f m ukx;Hk rsm;? tzsm;a&m*gqkid &f m ukx;Hk rsm;? oEéyd gwf tzsm;qkid &f m ukx;Hk rsm;? jrif;o½ku d af &m*gqdik &f m ukx;Hk rsm;? yg'&ufa&m*gqdik &f m ukx;Hk rsm;?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 20

0rf;a&m*gqkdif&m ukxkH;rsm;? 'lvmoa&m ac: qD;a&m*gqdkif&m ukxkH;rsm;? temaygufESifh ausmuf 0ufoufqkdif&mukxHk;rsm;? t½l;a&m*gqdkif&m ukxHk;rsm;[lí tykdif;BuD;rsm;cGJum a&;om;xm;onf/ qifjzL½SifvufxufrSmyif jrefrmouú&mZf 1133ckESpfü 'gvuFm& aq;usr;f udv k nf;aumif;? jrefrmouú&mZf 1135 ckEpS üf aboZÆ"mwk'yD eDuv dk nf;aumif; jyKpck MhJ uonf/ at'D 1763-1818 õ bk;d awmfA'krH if;w&m;Bu;D \ vufxufawmfü &[ef;ynm½S?d vlynm½Sd trsm;tjym; xGe;f um; cJo h nf/ xkyd nm½St d aygif;wdw Yk iG f aq;ynmESiw hf uG ynm&yfrsm;pGmwdu Yk dk wpfO;D wnf;jzpfap? acgif;aqmiftaeESifhjzpfap trsm;qkH;wm0ef,lum jrefrmjyefqkdcJhonfh ynm½SdBuD;um; armif;axmifomoemydik f q&mawmf ==OmPbd0o H "r®aoemywd++ (vlxu G af omtcg rif;wdik yf if trwfBuD; r[m"r®oBuø)jzpfonf/ õ

jrefrmouú&mZf 1147 ckESpfwGif tdE´d,EkdifiHrS o'´gusrf;? qef;usrf;? tvuFmusrf;? aA'ifusrf;? aq;usrf; paom pmayusrf;*efrsm;udk ,laqmifoifhaMumif; armif;axmif omoemydik f q&mawmfu A'krH if;xH arwåmpm qufoiG ;f onf/ xdo k Ykd apvTw, f al qmifap&mwGif tdE, d´ jynf? Am&mPoDaus; e0'DyNrKd UrS ykPmÖ ;oD&ad Z,s "r®*½k t k rSL;jyKaom ykPmÖ ;(10)OD; ESihf &mjywfo&D pd E´&wfwYkd ,laqmifcahJ om usr;f rsm;udk em*oD&t d u©&mrS uvmyfa&; jrefrm tu©&mjzifh a&;ul;NyD;aMumif;ukd armif;axmifomoemykdifq&mawmfu bk&ifrif;jrwfxH arwåmpm qufoGif;cJhonf/

jrefrmouú&mZf 1148 ckEpS w f iG f qufoiG ;f cJo h nfh xdak rwåmpmt& tdE, d´ Ekid if rH S yxrtBurd f &½Sdaom aq;usrf;rsm;rSm j'As*kPusrf;&if;? j'As*kP'DyeDusrf;? em*ZÆKey&dapä'usr;f ? om&&dwu k xeusr;f ? r"kaumousr;f ? twdom&usr;f ? aboZÆeC d @Kaq;usr;f ? "gwkjyoHo usr;f wdYk jzpfygonf/

aumZmouú&mZf 1176 ckEpS w f iG f Am&mPoDrif;u bk;d awmf A'krH if;xH vufaqmifyPÖmrsm; apvTwf qufo&mwGif oków k aq;usr;f ? a0'sZ0D eaq;usr;f ? om&rHZ&Daq;usr;f ? orkp, ö aq;usr;f rsm;vnf; yg&So d nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 21

tdE´d,EdkifiHrS jrefrmEkdifiHodkY tBudrfBudrf a&muf&SdvmcJhaom ooFu½ku d b f mom tm,kaAÁ' aq;usrf;rsm;teuf j'As*kPjyumoaq;usrf;? om&aumrk'daq;usrf;? Moo"&wem u&aq;usrf;? "mwkjyoHoaq;usrf;? umrm&wemaq;usrf;? j'As*kPjyumo#DumESifh usrf;&if;edó? umrm&we#DumESihf usrf;&if;edó,? om&aumrk'd#DumESifh usrf;&if; edó,? Moo"&wemu&#DumESihf usr;f &if;edó,rsm;ukd armif;axmifomoemykid u f , kd w f ikd f bmomjyefqkd a&;om;awmfro l nf/

armif;axmifq&mawmfonf aq;usr;f rsm;uko d mru tjcm;tbd"mefusr;f ? aA'ifusr;f ponf wdu Yk v dk nf; bmomjyefawmfrcl o hJ nf/ armif;axmifomoemykid o f nf jrefrmouú&mZf 1174 ckEpS w f iG f vl0wfaMumifb0odYk a&muf½NdSy;D aemuf r[m"r®oBu[ ø al om bGEYJ iS hf rif;wdik yf iftrwfBu;D tjzpf trIawmfukd xrf;aqmifpOf opfyif? aq;yif trnf (700)wdu Yk v kd nf; a&;om;cJo h nf/

f iG f rif;uGe;f awm& t½Sirf ek Ed m´ bd"Z bd;k awmfA'krH if;vufxuf jrefrmouú&mZf 1160 jynfEh pS w rax&fonf ukef;abmif qifjzL½Sifrif;vufxuf oufyef;q&m(awmf)a&;om;cJhaom "mwk0b d m*'DyeDaq;usrf;ukd aemifvmaemufom;wdkY tvG,fwulMunfh½IEkdifapjcif;iSm ukd;ykdif;udk;u@wdkYjzifh wefqmqifum pum;ajyjzifh a&;om;cJo h nf/

e&okcu d sr;f onf e&ig;wGaJ c: aq;usr;f ig;usr;f wdw Yk iG f tygt0ifjzpfonfo h mru xkid g;usr;f wdkYwGif a½S;tusq;Hk e&vnf;jzpfonf/ xdu k sr;f udk bd;k awmfA'krH if;vufxuf jrefrmouú&mZf 1177 ckEpS w f iG f tif;0NrKd U0efrif; rif;&JaZ,sausm\ f pma&;awmfBu;D OD;aumif;a&;om;cJjh cif; jzpfonf/

at'D 1819-1836 õ bd;k awmfb&k m;(ac:)A'krH if; ewf½mG pHNy;D aemuf aemiftcg bBu;D awmf[k ac:a0:xif½mS ;rnfh ppfuikd ;f rif; eef;wufvmonf/ A'krH if;rif;vufxufuuJo h yYkd if aq;usr;f ? "mwfusr;f rsm;udk bmomjyefonfh vkyif ef;twGuf tm;ay;NrJ tm;ay;vsu½f adS Mumif; od&onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 22

bBu;D awmfvufxuf jrefrmouú&mZf 1198 ckEpS w f iG f e&ig;wGt J 0if e&Moo"usr;f ukd vuFmjzifh a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf/ xku d sr;f \trnfudk e&mMoo" [k rSnahf c:apcJah omfvnf; aemufvw l u Ykd tm'DCukd jzKwu f m e&Moo" [kom a&;om;ac:a0:jcif;? ykEH ydS jf cif; jyKvyk Mf uonf/

at'D 1837-1845 õ e&ig;wGJ[k owfrSwfac:a0:Muaomusrf;wdkYwGif tygt0ifjzpfonfh e,rmvmusrf;onf xkb d Bu;D awmfb&k m;eef;usonfEh pS f nDawmfom,m0wDrif; eef;wufonfEh pS f jrefrmouú&mZf 1199 ckEpS w f Gif ay:aygufcJhaom usrf;jzpfonf/ õ

xkde,rmvmaq;usrf;ü a½S;a[mif;&aohBuD;rsm; jyKpkcJhMuonfh tm,kaAÁ'aq;usrf;rsm;rS vnf;aumif;? jrefrmeef;pOfrif;pOftqufqufaq;ynm½SdwdkY\ ukxkH;ukenf;trsKd;rsKd;wdkYrS vnf;aumif; aumif;Ed;k &m&mwkdYudk ½SmazGxkwfEkwfí vuFmjzifha&;om;xm;aom usr;f jzpfyg onf[k usr;f q&muazmfjyonf/

e&ig;wGw J iG yf g0ifaom e&wefaqmifusr;f onfvnf; 'kw, d uke;f abmifacwfrmS yif ay:ayguf vmaom usr;f jzpfonf[k ,lq&onf/ xku d sr;f ü "mwfaqmifyHk Owktvdu k af ½Smifoifah om tpm;tpm? pm;oifah om tpmrsm;udk a&;om;xm;onf/ tr&yl&acwf eef;pOfo;Hk aq;0g; "mwfpmrsm;udk trsm;tjym; rSww f rf;wifxm;onfh aq;usr;f jzpfrnf[k ,lq&onf/

e&ig;wGw J iG yf g0ifaom e,&moDusrf;ü a&m*gtvkduf aq;enf;rsm;udk jyoxm;onf/

at'D 1846-1852 õ ukeaf bmifacwf 'kw, d ykid ;f bd;k awmfb&k m;vufxufwiG f umodwidk ;f ? Am&mPoDaus;e0'DyrS tr&yl&NrdKUodkY oD&d&maZjE´aoe&aoh jyKpkonfh j'As*kPyumornfaom NAdaE´maq;usrf; a&mufvmcJo h nf/ xdu k ek ;f abmifacwf 'kw, d ykid ;f bd;k awmfb&k m;vufxufwiG f pG,pf aHk usmx f if usr;f jyK usn;f uef(Munfu h ef) uk&d ifBu;D onf qEé0w k ad q;usr;f udk a&;om;cJo h nf[t k rSwt f om; &So d nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 23

avSoif;twGi;f 0ef rif;aZ,socF,m (OD;csed )f \ a0g[m&vdewå'yD eDusr;f ü em*ZkEaé q;usr;f udk ukd;um;xm;csuf awGU&onf/ xkdusrf;onfvnf; 'kwd,ukef;abmifacwftwGif;rSmyif a&mufvmonfh aq;usr;f jzpfrnf[k xif&onf/

aboZÆrÍÆLomaq;usr;f udk rEÅav;acwfwGif vuFm&mrq&mawmfESihf t½Sif"r®&wewdkYu jrefrmbmom jyefqcdk MhJ uonf/

at'D 1853-1877 õ q&mawmft½Si'f yD gvuFm&rax&fonf aboZÆrÍÆLom ac: aq;aowåmusr;f Bu;D ukd jrefrm Edik if o H m;wdYk zGiv hf pS í f vk&d maq;0g;wdu Yk dk pm;aomufr0DS EJ ikd Mf uap&ef tcef;aygif; (60)&So d nfh teuf tcef; (40)Ny;D onftxd edó,jyefpepfjzifh jrefrmjyefqkda&;om;awmfrlcJhonf/ õ

aboZÆrÍÆLomusrf;\ &om,eykdif;udkrl vuFm&mrq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\wynfh oD[kdVf Ekid if o H m; rEÅav;NrKd UwGif oDwif;ok;H vsu&f adS om t½Si"f r®&werax&fonf yd#uwfawmftyk f rkid ;f ukid Nf rKd Upm; (OD;,H)\ avQmufxm;csut f & edó,jyef pepfjzifyh if jrefrmjyefqakd wmfro l nf/

A*Fvm;q&mawmfonf &wemykNH rKd Uwnf eef;wnf rif;wke;f rif;Bu;D \ awmifnmpHrzd &k m;Bu;D u &[ef;'g,dumr? ausmif;'g,dumrtjzpf cH,u l ;kd uG,x f m;onfh *dP k ;f csKyq f &mawmfwpfyg; f iG f tdE, d́ Ekid if ?H rZösrd a'ood<Yk uoGm;í ig;ESpMf umrQ jzpfonf/ jrefrmouú&mZf 1243 ckEpS w oDwif;okH;vsuf ooFu½du k b f momukd qnf;yl;oifMum;awmfrlonf/

jrefrmouú&mZf 1247 ckEpS ?f ewfawmfvwGif oków k ? rm"0? p&u? bm0yÜumo? tX*F[',? om&*F"&oH[w d m? j'As*P k jyumo paom ooFu½ku d b f mom aq;usr;f rl&if;rsm;ESihf o'´gusr;f ? tvuFmusr;f ? qef;usr;f ? eDwu d sr;f paom usr;f *eftrsK;d rsK;d wdu Yk dk tdE, d´ rS ,laqmifawmfrcl í hJ jrefrmEkid if o H Ykd jyef<uNy;D &efuek Nf rKd U? A[ef;ausmif;awmf&mwku d f A*Fvm;ausmif;ü oDwif;ok;H awmf rlonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 24

aboZÆrÍÆLomaq;usrf;ESifh [dawmya'oeDwdusrf;wdkYudk jrefrmjyefqkd a&;om;cJhonf/ aboZÆrÍÆLomaq;usr;f udk wwd,ajrmuf jrefrmjyefqakd &;om;aomolrmS odrjf zLq&mawmf jzpfonf/

rEÅav;acwfwGif aq;ynmESifhpyfvsOf;í tm,kaAÁ'tjyif jrefrmhpOfvmaq;ynmESifh taemufwkdif; aq;ynmrsm;udak ygif;pyfum jyKpo k u l m; a,mtwGi;f 0ef (OD;zk;d vIid )f jzpfonf/ a,mtwGif;0efonf wkd;wufaeaom odyÜHynmukd vkdvm;oljzpfonfhtwdkif; ol\usrf; rsm;wGif acwftavsmufxeG ;f aygufaeonfh odypHÜ epft& vufvrS ;f rDorQ (0g) awG;Edik o f rQ? a&;Ekid o f rQ awG;ac:a&;om;onfh yk*Kd¾ vBf u;D jzpfonf/

jrefrmouú&mZf 1236 ckEpS w f iG f a&;om;onfh um,mEkyóemusr;f wGif yd#uwfpmayrsm;vm (32)aum|motzGifhrsm;? okókw paom tm,kaAÁ'aq;usrf;rsm;vm cE¨maA'qkdif&m t,ltqrsm;ESifh taemufwkdif; temwrDynmqkdif&m t,ltqrsm;udk ESD;aESma&;om; xm;onf/

a,mrif;Bu;D \ tjcm;usr;f wpfusr;f um; OwkabmZeo*F[usr;f jzpfonf/ trnfEiS ahf vsmpf mG &moDOwktvku d f pm;aomufaexdik ef nf;ESihf tm[m&qkid &f mynm&yfudk wwfoed m;vnfMu ap&ef Owk&moDESifhwuG tom;? toD;? tyGifh? t½Guf? O ponfwdkY\ tusKd;oGm;rsm;udk omoemawmf usr;f ? tm,kaAÁ'usr;f rsm;vm tqdt k rderYf sm;? taemufwidk ;f t,ltqrsm;ESihf ES;D aESma&;om;xm;onf/ zwf½aI vhvmolwikd ;f em;vnfoabmaygufEikd af om pum;ajyrsK;d jzifv h nf; a&;om;xm;onf/ xku d sr;f onf a½Tref;acwfynm½Siw f \ Ykd ½dak oav;pm;jcif;udk cH&aom usr;f jzpfonf/ a,mrif;Bu;D onf avmu"mwfusr;f Bu;D [laom trnfjzifh jyifopf bmomrS jyefqckd o hJ nf/

uke;f abmifacwf wwd,ykid ;f wGif jrefrmhtpOftvm t,ltqrsm;udk azmfjy&m e&okcpd aom usr;f rsm;ESiw hf uG yd#uwfawmfvm tbd"r®moabmw&m;rsm;udk tajccHumwDxiG x f m;onfh awmifomaq;ynmac: (6)vk;H aumufaq;ynm ay:xGuv f monf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 25

awmifomaq;ynmac: (6)vk;H aumufaq;ynmonf tbd"r®ma'oemawmfvm oabm rsm;udk tajccHí jrefrmhajray:wGif jrefrmtrsKd;om;ukd,fwdkif OD;OD;zsm;zsm; wDxGifBuHq cJhonfh aq;ynmjzpfonf/

awmifom aq;ynmac: (6)vk;H aumuf aq;ynmukd pwifwx D iG cf o hJ rl mS awmifome,frS q&mBu;D q&mrIeYf jzpfonf/

awmifom aq;ynmac: (6)vk;H aumuf aq;ynmonf a&m*gtrsK;d trnf rnfrQyif ½Sad pumrl tcsKyftm;jzifh tylaMumifhjzpfaom a&m*g (3)rsKd;ESifh tat;aMumifhjzpfaom a&m*g(3)rsKd; [lí a&m*g (6)rsK;d jzifo h m qk;H jzwfNy;D (6)vk;H tjrifjzifh wDxiG x f m;onfh aq;ynmjzpfonf/

awGYBuKH&aoma&m*grSeforQukd (6)vkH;tjrifjzifh Munfh½IokH;oyfí "mwf tvGeft,kwfudk csichf sed q f ;Hk jzwfNy;D vGeaf om"mwfukd ,kwaf vsmah pí vkad om"mwfukd jznfw h if;ay;&ef vdt k yfaom aq;0g;"mwfpmrsm; ay;auR;ukoay;jcif; a&m*grsm;oufomaysmufaomaMumifh rif;aejynfawmf xd xifay:ausmMf um;cJo h nf/

awmifomq&mBuD; touf(55)ESpft½G,fa&mufcsdefwGif rif;wkef;rif;BuD;ü pGJuyfaom aoG;'lvma&m*gudk eef;wGif;orm;awmfBuD;rsm; (6)vMumrQ ukoaomfvnf; raysmufuif; ojzif h oufawmf½SnftrwfBuD;\ avQmufxm;csuft& awmifomq&mBuD;OD;rIefYukd ac:,lí ukocJh&m rif;wkef;rif;BuD;\ xkdaoG;'lvma&m*gudk (2)&ufcGJESifh aysmufuif; aprnf[k &J0phH mG uwday;um a&m*gESio hf ifah vsmaf om aq;0g;"mwfpmrsm;udk qufoí ukoay; cJ&h m aysmufuif;oGm;ojzifh vGepf mG ausmMf um;oGm;onf[k trSwftom; &Sdco hJ nf/

atmifjrifpmG ukoEkid cf o hJ jzifh q&mrIe\ Yf aq;ynmpGr;f &nfukd rif;wke;f rif;Bu;D od½, dS MHk unfjcif; aMumifh jrefrmouú&mZf 1228 ckEpS t f wGi;f rSL;rwfw\ Y k d tvnfü ==wdupd u ä aqubdouú&mZm++ [laom orm;awmfbUJG ukd cs;D jri§ ahf wmfrcl o hJ nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 26

rif;wkef;rif;w&m;BuD;u tbd"r®moabmw&m;udk tajccHxm;í aq;usrf;wpfapmifudk a&;om;ay;&ef wku d w f eG ;f ojzifh aycsyaf & (12)t*FgrQ&adS om awmifomaq;usr;f wpfapmifudk a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf[v k nf; tqk½d cdS o hJ nf/

uke;f abmifacwf wwd,ykid ;f wGif "mwfq&mBu;D OD;yk[ d k xif½mS ;aom ynm½SiBf u;D wpfO;D vnf; ay:aygufco h J nf/ ememe, "mwko*F[usr;f ed'gef;ü tr&yl&acwfuyif yk*NH rKd Upm;\ orm;awmf jzpfco hJ nf[k qkx d m;onf/ rif;wke;f rif;vufxufü bk&ifo h rm;awmf(24)OD;wdw Yk iG t f Bu;D tcsKyf jzpfonf[k qkMd uonf/

"mwfq&mBu;D OD;yko d nf 0aZÆmyumo'DyeDaq;usr;f ? oAÁyudPu Ö "mwfusr;f ? Bwo d wf#u D musr;f wku Yd dk a&;om;cJNh y;D xdu k sr;f ü "mwfBu;D (5)yg;rS (154)yg;txd tus,yf mG ;ykH "mwfvu©Pm rsm;ESifhwuG aq;csufrsm;ukdyg azmfjyxm;onf/

oAÁyudPÖu"mwfusrf;ü ouúwbmomaq;usrf;rsm;[lí tpkpk(45)usrf;wdkYrS t&if;cH tcsut f vufrsm;ukd rlwnfum a&;om;xm;onfu h sr;f jzpfaMumif; jyqkx d m;avonf/ (154) yg;aom "mwfvu©Pmwdu Yk v kd nf; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf/ tjcm;aom a&m*ged'gef;qkid &f m? aq;csufqkdif&m ponfwdkYudkvnf; awGY&onf/

Bwo d wf#u D musr;f ürl tcsKUd aom jrefrmaq;usr;f wdrYk S trsm;tjym; xkwEf w k , f il ifí a&;om; xm;yku H kd awGU&onf/ wcgw&H Ak'b ¨ mompmayrsm;rS xkwEf w k af &;om;[ef½adS om tcsut f vuf rsm;udkvnf; awGU½S&d onf/

jrefrmouú&mZf 1248 ckEpS w f iG f rdik ;f ckid ;f twGi;f 0ef yd#uwfawmftyk f rif;Bu;D r[moD&ad Z,sol onf jrefrmha½S;a[mif;acwfrS oDaygrif;ygawmfrlonfh jrefrmouú&mZf 1247 ckESpftxd ½SmazGawGU½So d rQ usrf;*eftrsKd;rsKd;wdkY\ usrf;jyKq&m usrf;NyD;ouú&mZf ponfwdkYESifhwuG a&;om;azmfjyxm;aom yd#uwforkdif;usrf;vm azmfjycsuft& xdktcsdefu jrefrmEdkifiH bk&ifrif;jrwf\ yd#uwfwu dk w f iG f p&u? oków k ? rm"0? 0gAÇ#? bm0yÜumo? t|*F[', paom ooFu½ku d b f mom tm,kaAÁ'aq;usr;f rsm;ESiw fh uG aq;usr;f aygif;(160)rQ ½Sad eaMumif; od½&dS onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 27

rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D vufxuf orm;awmfbUJG udk cs;D ajrm§ ufay;oem;jcif;cHc&hJ aom yk*Kd¾ vw f t Ykd m; rnfuo hJ Ykd owfrw S af ½G;cs,Nf y;D cs;D jri§ ahf jrm§ ufpm;onf? rnfonft h usK;d aus;Zl;rsm;&½So d nfudk aq;ynmpkpH rf;ppfaq;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH mü azmfjyxm;onf/

a½S;acwftpd;k &rif;wd\ Yk todtrSwjf yKjcif;cH&&efrmS vG,u f al omt&mr[kw?f aq;q&mwpfO;D wpfa,mufonf bk&ifhorm;awmfjzpf&ef atmufazmfjyyg tcsufwdkYESifh jynfhpkH&rnfhjyif tvGejf yif;xefcufcaJ om ppfaq;ar;jref;jcif;wdu Yk cdk &H rnf/ orm;awmfrsm; rsK;d ½k;d jzpf&rnf/ vlem\ab;wGif pmawGU? ud, k af wGY wwfajrmufaMumif; xif½mS ;pGm jyEdik af p&rnf/ (3)OD;rS (9)OD;xd yg0ifaom bk&ifo h rm;awmftzGUJ rS jyKvyk af om pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrif&rnf/ oifah wmfol jzpfaMumif;ukd twGi;f 0ef? a½Twu kd 0f ef? oHawmfqifrh if;? pma&;awmfBu;D ? 0efaxmufrif;wkrYd S axmufcaH &;om;jcif; jyKvyk &f rnf/ (a½Twu kd 0f efrmS þtaMumif;ESihf ywfoufaom tvkyw f u Ydk dk tkycf sKyBf u;D Muyf&aom trwfBu;D jzpfonf/)

tvGecf ufcjJ yif;xefaom pmar;yGu J kd atmifjrifNy;D olro S m 4if;wd\ Yk trnfaemufrS ==awmf++ wyfEidk í f trsm;cGjJ cm;odomEdik &f ef &mxl;XmeEÅ&tvku d f t0wfwefqmwdu Yk dk 0wfqifEikd o f nfh tjyif w&Hwcg ==aersK;d ouú&mZm? rif;xifbo d uú&mZm? r[mbdouú&mZm paom bGUJ wHqyd f wdkYudkvnf; &½SdMuonf/ xdkorm;awmfwdkYrSm NrdKU½Gmrsm;udkvnf; tydkifpm;&onf/ 4if; NrdKU½Gm wdkYrS&½Sdaom tcGefwdkYukd vcpm;&½SdMuonf[k qkdvdkonf/ rif;wkef;rif;ESifh oDaygrif;wdYk vufxufawmfusrSom vcaMu;aiGay;jcif; pwifjyKvkyfMuonf/

todtrSwjf yKjcif;cH&aom orm;awmfBu;D wdrYk mS eef;awmfüjyKvyk af om yGv J rf;obif? rif;crf;rif;em; rsm;odYk zdwaf c:cH&jcif;ponfh *kPx f ;l wdu Yk dk &½SMd uaMumif;? 4if;wdrYk mS rSL;Bu;D rsm; 0wfqifouJo h Ykd acgif;aygif;jzL? azghv;Hk ESihf tuÐs½n S Bf u;D rsm;udk 0wfqif&onfjh yif bk&ifrif;jrwf a½SUawmfoYdk twm;tqD;r&Sd 0ifcGifh? xGufcGifhrsm; &½SdMuaMumif; od&onf/

todtrSwjf yKxm;aom orm;awmfBu;D rsm;[k trsm;jynfou l kd cGjJ cm;odomEkid af pjcif;tvkiYd mS orm;awmfBu;D wdo Yk nf a½TNrw d rf sm;½Sad om uwåyD gaq;vG,t f w d w f u Ykd dk vG,Mf uonf/ tpd;k &u todtrSwf jyKjcif;cH&aom orm;awmfBu;D \ tvkyw f m0efwiG f ppfyüJG trIxrf;aqmifjcif;?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 28

tvky0f wå&m;rsm;vnf; yg0ifonf jzpfaomaMumifh xkdorm;awmfBuD;wdkYrSm ruse;f rmolEiS fh 'Pf&m&½SdolwkdYukd uko&eftwGuf csDwufoGm;aom ppfwyfBuD;rsm;ü vkdufygMu&onf/ xdkYaMumifh rsm;pGmaomorm;awmfwdkYrSm tpdk;&todtrSwjf yKjcif;ukd jiif;y,fMuonf/ õ

f m arSmb f -D q&mode;f Bu;D \ aESmif;jzpfpmwrf;ü aq;q&mvkyrf nfo h o l nf ==aq;tpf++ ukd vG,u wpfEpS yf wfv;Hk q&mhaemufrS vku d af e&onf/ ½kyv f u©PmESihf tawGt Y BuKu H kd rSwo f m;&onf/ pmukv d nf; wzufu Munf&h onf/ aemufwpfEpS w f iG f aq;yif? aq;½Gu?f aq;ypön;f ½SmazGjcif; rsm;udk wpfESpfywfvHk; aqmif½Guf&onf/ xdkYaemuf tjrpf? t½Guf? tacguf ponfw\ Ykd teYt H &omESiw hf uG rnfonf"h mwf OD;aqmifí rnfonf"h mwfuEkd idk o f nf ponfjzifh ajz&onf/ ,if;aemuf aq;ukvTwfí tawGYtBuKH tm;vkH;udk jyefajym&Ny;D pdwcf s&rS aq;uko&ef[k azmfjyxm;onf/

yk*OH ;D wif\ tkycf sKyyf pHk mwrf;ü orm;awmfrsm;? aq;q&mrsm;ukd ½k;d &m odrYk [kwf a½G;aumuf cefx Y m;avh½adS Mumif; tcsKUd q&mrsm;rSm ppfcsv D u kd &f rSmpd;k ojzifh orm;rvkyv f Mkd uaMumif; jyqkd xm;onf/

rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D vufxufEiS hf om;awmf oDaygrif;vufxufwüYkd taqmifta,mifrsm;ESifh wuG orm;awmfbYJG tyfEiS ;f vsuf cs;D ajrm§ ufjcif;cH&aom orm;awmfwu Ykd dk uke;f abmifquf &mZ0ifusrf;jyK q&mBuD; OD;armifarmifwif\ a½Teef;okH;a0g[m& tbd"mefwGif atmufyg twkdif; azmfjyxm;onf/ q&mBuD;OD;pH0if;? OD;aESmif;? OD;rIdif;? OD;uJ? OD;pk? OD;euf? OD;zdwf? OD;wl? OD;cJ? OD;ayg wdjYk zpfonf/ 4if;orm;wdo Yk m t0ef; (3)xGmcef?Y (4)xGmcef½Y o dS nfh ,Ge;f xd;k aq;tpfBuD;ukd uwåDygtdwfpGyfNyD;vQif xdyfrSpkí uwåDyg uGif;BudK;jzifh csn&f onf/ 4if; ==aq;tpf++ ukd aemufvu kd u f aumif;pGmyku d í f vdu k &f onf/

orm;awmfBuD;rsm;rSm aoQmifxkH;ESifh acgif;aygif;jzLazghvkH;aygif;? tuÐs½n S ?f ykq;dk cg;ykx H ;dk ukd 0wfojzifh jrif½kHESifhyif orm;awmfBuD;jzpfaMumif;udk od&onf/ 4if;orm;awmf(10)OD;wdkYrSm wpfvvQif vpmaiG (53)usyf oem;awmfjrwfcH&onf/ 4if;wdkYrSm 0JvSnfh? ,mvSnfhcGJí aZw0efaqmifawmfwiG f tdyzf efxrf;½Gu&f onf/ azmfjycJo h nfh orm;awmfBu;D (10)OD;wdw Yk iG f

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 29

OD;rIid ;f onf rD;,yfu&k mwGif wzufurf;cwf wwfajrmufonf[k qdMk uNy;D OD;cJonf uav;a&m*g (oli,fem)udk uk&mü ZD0u ac:avmufonf[kyif qkMd uonf/ õ

OD;wlonf bk&ifrh zd &k m;i,fwpfO;D csed aYJ eonfukd ==[Jah umifr eifu bk&ifrh ,m;rdYk armufrm &ovm;++[k qku d m qHyifqí JG ½du k o f nf/ rdz&k m;uvnf; a'goxGuu f mvSr;f tqGJ rdrzd ed yfukd qGJrdojzifh ydkía'goxGufatmifajymum vGwfatmifajy;onf/ rdzk&m;u twif;xí tvdu k f a'goxGufatmif xyfrHajymum rSefeef;aqmifukd ywfíajy;onf/ ,if;okdYvQif OD;wlonf bk&ifx0H ifum ==aq;ukíNy;D cJyh gaMumif;++ avQmufwifonf/ aemufwpfaeY rdz&k m;xH iSuaf ysmyGjJ zifh vma&mufawmif;yef&m aiG 1000 (wpfaxmifusy)f oem;awmfrv l u dk o f nf[k tpOfrSwfom; ajymqkMd uonf/

rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D vufxufwiG f ==*E¨mv&mZfaq;usr;f ++ udv k nf; awGU½S&d onf/ xku d sr;f wGif w½kwt f ac:? jrefrmtac:rsm;jzifh wGzJ ufum usm;? qif? Bu?hH awm0uf? Muuf? pmuav;rSpí wd&pämefwdkY\ t½dk;? tom;? taoG;ESihf t*Fg&yfrsm; aq;buf0ifyw Hk u Ykd kd jyqkx d m;onf/

uke;f abmifacwf bk;d awmfb&k m;vufxufupí rPdy&l uonf; tESyd af wmfrsm;½Scd ahJ Mumif;ESihf rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D vufxufwiG v f nf; *D&pd w d på aom uonf;tESyd af wmfrsm; ½Scd ahJ Mumif; trSwftom;½SdcJhonf/

==q&mvl? q&meyrf;qHpaom a,mufsm;tESdyfausmf (10)OD;tjyif rn§macgif;aqmifaom rdef;r tESyd af wmf (7)OD;½Sdav&m ,if;tESdyfawmf (17)OD;wdkY\ vpmaiGrmS (35)usyjf zpfonf/ jrefrmouú&mZf 1238ckEpS w f iG f rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D \ rdz&k m;Bu;D use;f rmawmfrrlojzifh orm;awmf aersK;d ouúaemf&xmESifh orm;awmf rdwv DÄ mq&mwkYd Muyfrwfuo k &m aysmufuif; oGm;aMumif;ukd uke;f abmifquf r[m&mZ0ifawmfBu;D (w) pmrsuEf mS (421)ü jyqkx d m;onf/

==bkd;bGm;&dyfom++ [kac:qkdaom ==vltdk½kH++ onf jrefrmrif;rsm;tkyfpkd;pOf 'kwd,tif;0acwf omvGerf if;w&m;Bu;D vufxufuyif txift½Sm; wnf½cdS o hJ nf/ a,mrif;Bu;D \ avmu"mwf aq;usr;f Bu;D ed*;Hk wGif xdo k t Ydk m;ud;k &mrJh oltw kd t Ykd wGuf vlt½dk EHk iS hf aq;0g;rsm; toifx h m; aMumif;ukd atmufygtwkid ;f azmfjyxm;onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 30

vlt½dk o Hk v Ykd ma&mufaexdik &f ol? olto dk el mrsm;tm; t0wftpm;rsm; axmufyo hH nf/ ruse;f rmol rsm;tm; uko&efaq;q&mrsm; tNrx J m;½So d nf/ þuJo h Ykd olto kd el mjyKpak pmifah ½SmufrrI sm;rSm omvGefrif;w&mBuD; vufxufawmfupí jrefrmxD;eef; tqufquf tpOfjzpfcJhonf[k jrefrmrif;tkycf sKyyf pH k mwrf;wGif azmfjyxm;onf/ olto d k el m wku d q f ,fwu dk w f iG v f nf; aboZÆ0'd yl g&*l jzpfaom ormawmfBu;D (3)a,mufpED iS hf tESyd v f ufonfawmf toD;oD;ay;tyfí ukojyKpo k nf/

uke;f abmifacwfu Ekid if jH cm;okaYd pvTwo f nfh oHtzGUJ rsm;wGif aq;q&mrsm;? tESdyfq&mrsm; vku d yf g&avh½o dS nf/ Oyrm- rif;wke;f rif; tr&yl&ü pHaecku d f jrefrmouú&mZf 1216 ckEpS ?f eef;rawmf0ef rif;BuD;rif;r[m rif;acgif;&mZm OD;aqmifum b*Fvm;odkYapvTwfojzifh oHtzGUJ ü aemufygvli,frsm;? aq;orm;rsm;? tESyd o f rm;rsm;? yef;csq D &mrsm; ygoGm;aMumif; oufqkdif&m pmwrf;rsm;ü azmfjyxm;aMumif; awGU½S&d onf/

at'D 1878-1885 õ oDaygrif;w&m;\ vufxufawmfü orD;awmfrsm; ausmufayguf&m vuf½o dS rm;awmfrsm; tjyif tDwmvsaH q;q&mudv k nf;aumif;? NrKd Uawmf½dS AdaE´muk? "mwfuq k &mrsm;udk vnf;aumif; ac:,lukoaomfvnf; wwd,orD;awmfESifh pwkwÄorD;awmfwdkY uHukef&aMumif;rsm;udk uke;f abmifquf&mZ0ifBu;D ü jyqkx d m;onf/ þtcsurf sm;udk axmufxm;í bk&ifo h rm;awmf rsm;onf eef;wGif;rSmom trIxrf;&onfr[kwf (4)jyif (4)&yf½dS vlt½dk w Hk w Ykd iG f olto dk el m wdt Yk m; ukoapmifah ½SmufMu&jcif;? jrefrmenf; jrefrmh[efjzifh ukoMuaom jrefrmorm;awmfrsm; tjyif taemufEidk if rH S taemufEidk if eH nf;jzifh ukoMuaom vlrsK;d jcm;q&m0efw\ Ykd ukojcif; wku Yd kd vufct H ok;H jyKjcif;rsm;udv k nf; ½Scd o hJ nf/ õ

rif;wke;f rif;w&m;Bu;D vufxufü xif½mS ;ausmaf Zmaom awmifomq&mBu;D OD;rIe?Yf "mwfq&mBu;D OD;ykdwdkYrS qif;oufvmMuonfh NrdKUjyifBuD; q&mOD;csrf;om? rEÅav;"mwfq&mBuD; q&ma'g? q&mOD;&mausm?f ywåmq&mBu;D OD;om<u,f? 'kw, d awmifom q&mBu;D OD;rS?YJ wwd,OD;bode;f ponfwo Ykd nf xif½mS ;aom tpOftqufrsm; jzpfMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 31

oDaygrif;vufxuf jrefrmouú&mZf 1242 ckEpS ?f (c&pf 1880 jynf)h ü t*Fvyd yf idk af tmufjrefrm Ekid if w H iG f ody½HÜ aI xmifrh aS &;aom Zeokc ed'|d´ aq;usr;f [líay:vmonf/ iSuzf sm;? umvom;? &ifbwfemrS píta&;Bu;D aom tema&m*g (27)rsK;d wdEYk iS hf aq;rsm;ukd azmfjyxm;onf/ þokv Yd Qif jrefrmhtpOftquf oDaygrif;vufxuftxd aq;ynmqkid &f mwGif (1) AdaE´m (2) "mwf (3) eu©wf (4) b&if*sD (5) ya,m*[lí pepf (5)rsK;d ½Scd o hJ nf[k jrefrmrif;tkycf sKyyf pHk mwrf;ü jyqdx k m;onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 32

8/ ukdvkdeDacwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(at'D 1886 rS 1948 xd) at'D 1886-1927 õ jrefrmouú&mZf 1247 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEdik if w H pf0rS ;f vk;H ukv d ekd v D ufatmufoYkd usa&mufco hJ nfh tcsed w f iG f 0do'k o ¨ v d m pm&oD&yd 0& "r®aoemywd bGUJ wHqyd af wmf& awmifciG o f moemykid f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf Moo"o*F[aq;usr;f ukd jyKpck NhJ y;D xdu k sr;f wGif tm,kaAÁ' aq;usr;f tcsKUd ESihf q&mpOfquf vufawGUukx;Hk aq;enf;rsm;ukd raysmufysuaf p&ef rSwpf o k zG,f pkaygif; jyqdkxm;onf/ õ

==0de,yd#ur[m0*¾ aboZÆcE¨u++ vm aq;enf;rsm;udk jyqdak om ==Ak'w ¨ u d ad pämya'o++ tcef;ESifh

a½S;orm;pOfqufwYkd vufawGUok;H pGv J mMuonfh ukx;Hk rsm;ukjd yqkad om ==tmp&d, rk|w d u d ad päm ya'o++ cef;wkYd yg0ifonf/ þokYd ukx;Hk tykid ;f tcef;rsm;ukd cGjJ cm;Ny;D ya'omyifrS vk&d mypön;f rsm;ukd tvG,w f ul qGwcf ;l ok;H pG&J ouJo h kd þusr;f rSvnf; vd&k maq;enf;rsm;ukd ,liifo;Hk pGJ Ekid Mf urnfjzpfaMumif; usrf;trnfudkvnf; ==aboZÆuyÜ'kr++ [k rSnahf c:cJhonf/ õ

awmifomq&mBu;D q&mrIeo Yf nf rdrw d x D iG af om (6)vk;H aumufaq;ynmukd om;rsm;jzpfol awmifomNrKd U? NrKd Urausmif;awmfae &[ef;awmf OD;tmp&ESihf aq;q&mOD;rJw YS t Ykd m; vufxyf oifMum;ay;cJh onfhtjyif aq;ynmvma&mufqnf;yl;Muonfh OD;yef;om? OD;zkd;rif;? q&muJ? OD;csr;f om paom rsm;vSpmG aom wynfw h t Ykd m; oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/

q&mBu;D q&mrIeo Yf nf jrefrmouú&mZf 1239 ckEpS w f iG f uG,v f eG cf ahJ vonf/ awmifomq&mBu;D r½Sdawmh aomfvnf; awmifomaq;ynmonf oDaygrif;vufxufupí ,aeYacwftxd xGef;um;qJyif jzpfonf/

q&mBuD; q&mrIefY uG,fvGefNyD;aemuf om;jzpfol OD;tmp&ESifh q&mrSJYwdkYonf awmifom aq;ynmudk qufvufjyefyY mG ;wk;d wufap&ef rsm;pGmBuKd ;yrf;cJMh uonf/ q&mrSo YJ nfajcmufv;Hk #Dum ac: awmifom (6)vkH;enf;\ tus,fukdyg ½Sif;vif;a&;om;cJhonf/ xkdaq;usrf;wGif tyltaMumif;cHonfh uu©V? 0dwrÄ w dÇ ? y&dó0 [laom tylem (3)rsK;d ESihf tat;taMumif; cHonfh o*F[dw? jAL[e? y*¢&P[laom tat;em (3)rsKd;wdkYukd rlwnfí xdka&m*gwdkY\ vu©Pmrsm;? ukxkH;aq;csufrsm;udk azmfjy xm;onf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 33

ajcmufv;Hk aumuf#u D musr;f onf 1962 ckEpS rf pS í (5)Burd w f idk af tmif awmfveS af &;tpd;k &u usi;f yppfaq;cJah om aq;usr;f (11)usr;f teuf wpfusr;f tygt0ifjzpfonf/ xkjYd yif rEÅav;ae vlBu;D (6)OD;wdYk awmif;yefojzifh ykvyd u f yfa&m*g ukx;Hk [laom usr;f ukv d nf; a&;om;cJo h nf/

awmifomq&mBuD; q&mrIefY\ xif½Sm;aom vuf½kH;wynfhBuD;rsm;teuf wpfOD;jzpfaom okH;q,fNrdKU ausmif;'g,umBuD;OD;yef;omonf =="mwk0dedpä,½lyu@++ aq;usr;f udk jrefrm ouú&mZf 1245 ckEpS ?f touf (51)ESpf t½G,w f iG f jyKpak &;om;cJo h nf/

=="mwk0ed pd , ä ½lyu@++ aq;usr;f wGif cE¨muk, d üf yg0ifzUJG pnf;xm;aom r[mbkwf (4)yg;ESihf trS½D yk rf sm; taMumif;rSpí a&m*grsm;taMumif;? Owk&moDtaMumif;rsm;ESihf a&m*gtvdu k f ukxkH;ukoenf;rsm;? aq;enf;rsm;? ,if;wdkY\ tusKd;tmedoifrsm;? wdkufauR;ukoenf; rsm;udka&;om;xm;onf/ ,if;aq;usr;f onf 1962 ckEpS rf pS í awmfveS af &;tpd;k &u usi;f y jyKvyk af om wkid ;f &if;aq;q&m t&nftcsi;f ppfaq;pmar;yGw J iG f a'oeme,twGuf jy|mef;onfh usr;f rsm;teuf wpfusr;f tjzpf yg0ifco hJ nf/ ==Asmrd0ad ov++ ac: ausmufa&m*gukx;k H aq;usr;f udv k nf; jrefrmouú&mZf 1256 ckEpS w f iG f a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf/

awmifomaq;ynmukd rSwfwrf;wif&mwGif yJcl;NrdKUe,f? OuúH½Gmae q&mBuD; OD;csrf;om\ ==y&rwÄvu©Pm awmifomajcmufvkH;#Dum tajzusrf;++ udkvnf; csefvSyfxm;í r&ay/ aq;uko&mwGif q&mBu;D OD;csr;f omonf raysmufuif;olr&So d avmufjzpfí ukorIü tvGef uRr;f usif xl;cReaf om q&mBu;D [k ajymprSwfjyKMuonf xl;jcm;csufum; q&mBuD;onf rdr\ d usr;f udk ==y&rwÄvu©Pm awmifom ajcmufv;Hk #Dum tajzusr;f ++ [k rSnx hf m;aomfvnf; (6)vk;H uko d m tajzay;um zGiq hf x kd m;jcif; r[kwb f ?J tylem (6)yg;? tat;em (6)yg;tm;jzifh (12)vkH;aumuftjzpf jyqkdcJhonf/ q&mBuD;OD;csrf;omonf omoemESpf 2485 ckESpf? jrefrmouú&mZf 1313 ckEpS üf =="mwk0ed pd , ä #Dum++ [laom usr;f udk jyKpck o hJ nf/

bke;f awmfBu;D OD;em*onf awmifomq&mBu;D q&mrIe?Yf q&mrSEYJ iS hf 4if;wd\ Yk wynfh q&mNrKd if wdkYxHwGif twGif;ae vufaxmufwynfhtjzpfjzifh aq;ynmoifwef;wufí vufawGU ulnDukoay;cJhonf/ awmifomq&mBuD;rsm;\ enf;emedó,udk vufqkyfvufudkif

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 34

&½So d rl sm;wGif tygt0ifjzpfonf/ ==wdzvpdEmÅ "mwko'd +d¨ + rnfaom aq;usr;f udk jrefrmouú&mZf 1284 ckEpS w f iG f a&;om;½ku d Ef ydS cf o hJ nf/ õ

OD;uJonf awmifomq&mBu;D q&mrIe?Yf q&mrSw YJ EYkd iS t hf wlaexkid í f awmifomaq;ynmukd vufxyfoif,cl ahJ om yk*Kd¾ vjf zpfonf/ xkq d &mBu;D onf awmifomq&mBu;D wDxiG Bf uq H cJah om tylem (3)rsKd;? tat;em(3)rsKd;wdkYukd qifhyGm;wdk;csJUum tylem (6)rsKd;? tat;em (6)rsKd; owfrw S v f suf ukocJjh cif;rSm awmifom enf;vrf;pOfvmwGif xl;jcm;csuw f pf&yf[k qk&d rnf/ "mwk'DyeD? aboZÆrÍÆLomaq;usrf;wdkYrS aumufEkwfcsufrsm;udkxnfhoGif;í ==ZD0dw0¹ke++ aq;usr;f wpfapmifuv kd nf; jyKpck o hJ nf/

awmifov l ,form;wd\ Yk acgif;aqmifBu;D jzpfaom *VKeq f &mpHonf wpfzufrS Edik if v H w G v f yfa&; twGuf OD;aqmifBuKd ;yrf;cJo h nfEiS t hf rQ wpfzufuvnf; a&muf&mt&yfwiG f rdrw d wfxm;aom aq;ynmjzifh jynfow l \ Ykd use;f rma&;ukd apmifah ½Smufuo k vrf;ñTejf ycJo h nf/ jrefrmouú&mZf 1278 wGif ajzmifrh wfreS u f efaom "mwfvu©Pmusr;f [k t"dymÜ ,f&onfh ==vu©PZk +k + aq;usr;f ukd a&;om;cJhonf/

q&mrSJY\wynfh OD;a&Tomonf y0wådompnf jzpfonf/ aq;ukorI uRr;f usií f tbd"r®m wwfuRrf;Muonf[k ajymprSwjf yKMuonf/ OD;armifuav;onf q&mrS\ YJ wynfh rEÅav;Zmwd y0wådaysmfbG,f jzpfonf/ausmufqnfe,fü tvGefxif½Sm;aom q&mBuD;jzpfonf/ q&m*kH;onf q&mrSJY\wynfh awmifomZmwdjzpfNyD; q&mrSJYaq;ukoGm;wkdif; vkdufygaeMu jzpfojzifh ukx;Hk aumif;onf[k qkpd rSwjf yKcMhJ uonf/ &rnf;oif;e,f? &efatmifZmwdjzpfaom q&mndKEiS hf >yefwefqmZmwd? y0wåd armfvNrKd iaf e q&myGm;wdo Yk nfvnf; q&mrS\ YJ wynfrh sm;yif jzpfMuonf/ q&mvlonf rEÅav;Zmwdjzpfonf/ rif;vSaZ,sol[laombGJUESifh pMuma'0D t&Sief ef;rawmfBu;D \ pma&;awmfBu;D tjzpfvnf; trIxrf;cJo h nf/ q&mvl\zcifrmS OD;om jzpfNyD; OD;omonf q&mrSUJ \ wku d w f eG ;f csut f & ajcmufv;Hk aumuf#u D mukd ygVdbmomjzifh a&;om;cJo h jl zpfonf/ q&mvIid o f nf ykygÜ ;NrKd UolBu;D \ om;jzpfNy;D q&mrS\ YJ wynfyh ifjzpfonf/ rEÅav;NrKd UwGif aexdik Nf y;D aq;0g;uko&mwGif cJ&mcJqpfukd ukoEdik o f nf[k ajymprSwjf yKMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 35

&[ef;awmf OD;tmp&\wynfh y0wåd rEÅav;ae q&mBuD;OD;abodef;onf &[ef;b0ESifh Mum½SnfpGm pmcscJhbl;oljzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfrif;vufxufü rEÅav;NrdKUwGif xif½Sm;aom awmifomaq;q&mwpfOD; jzpfonf/ q&modrf;onf awmifom*dkPf;0if xaemif;wkdif q&mBu;D OD;oufwifEiS hf q&mvl? q&mvIid w f \ Ykd wynf?h rEÅav;Zmwd y0wåad ysmb f , G f jzpfonf/ wzef aysmb f , G rf S rEÅav;odYk ajymif;a½TUaexdik u f m awmifomaq;ynm jyefyY mG ;a&;twGuf qufvufí BuKd ;yrf;cJo h nf/

cHA;l q&mawmfonf rdwv DÄ mNrKd Uajrmufbuf (12)rkid cf eft Y uGm cHA;l ½Gmü oDwif;ok;H awmfral omaMumifh cHA;l q&mawmf[k ac:wGio f nf/ vlem\½kyv f u©Pm a&m*gtajctaeudk t"duxm;í Munf½h I qifjcifjcif;r½Sb d J vlem\toufuw dk nfí (7)ck okrYd [kwf (8)ckEiS phf m;Ny;D <uif;onf*h Pef; tvdu k f us&m"mwfpmrsm;udak y;í ukoaeonfh tcsKUd aomaq;q&mwd\ Yk ukoyku H o k enf; rsm;udk q&mawmfu auseyfEpS o f ufjcif; r&Sad y/ ==e&okcum&D++ rnfaom ==cHAl;vufawGU ukx;Hk ++ ac: ==oufapmifah q;usr;f ++ udk a&;om;jyKpak wmfro l nf/ aq;ynmukd avhvmvku d pf m; olwdkYtzdkY todcufvsuf½Sdaeaom avrsKd;½Spfq,fESifhqdkifonfh oabmt"dyÜm,frsm;ukd em;vnfMuap&ef oabmvu©Pmrsm;ESih f jzpfymG ;yk?H uko&ykt H csi;f t&mwku Y d d k ==avrsK;d ½Spq f ,f#u D m++ [laom trnfjzifh (aemufqufwu JG sr;f )udk jrefrmouú&mZf 1288 ckEpS ?f yxr0gqkv d wGif a&;om;íNy;D onf/

om,m0wDc½dik ?f rif;vSNrKd U? ausmufwcH g;awm& q&mawmfBu;D OD;e&dEt ´ ½Sijf rwfonf =="mwkpEd mÅ ++ "mwfusr;f udk jyKpck o hJ nf/ jrefrmjzpfaq;usr;f wdw Yk iG f xdu k sr;f onfvnf; ajymyavmufatmif xl;jcm;onfh aq;usr;f wpfusr;f jzpfayonf/ =="mwkpEd mÅ ++ [laomtrnfEiS hf vku d af vsmpGm usef;rma&;twGuf "mwfobm0rsm;tay: xl;jcm;qef;opfaom awG;ac: BuHpnfxm;ykH wdu Yk kd awG&Y onf/ usr;f ü Ak'y¨ #d uwfawmfvm½ky"f gwfobm0rsm;ukd tajccHí BupH nfxm;yku H dk awGU&onf/ BupH nf&mwGif awaZm\oabmukd trsm;qk;H tajccHxm;onf/ usr;f q&mud, k w f idk f uvnf; ==4if;awaZm"mwfBu;D ukyd if y"mejyKí "mwkpEd [ Å al om trnfEiS hf usr;f topf wDxiG f vku d o f nf++ [k jyqkx d m;onf/ ==a&m*rlvH tZdPu Ö +H + [laom tm,kaAÁ' tqkjd yKcsuEf iS v hf nf; uku d n f o D nft h jyif ==0rf;wvk;H aumif;? acgif;rcJ++[laom jrefrmhpOfvm qk½d ;dk ESiv hf nf; uku d n f o D nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 36

&[ef;b0wGif rk;d wm; OD;yndE[ ´ í l vnf;aumif;? vl0wfaMumifb0wGif tm,kaAÁ'aq;q&mBu;D OD;pHwifh [lívnf;aumif; xif½Sm;onf/ xkdq&mBuD;\ rm"0ed'gef;aq;usrf;csenf;ukd wynfhjzpfol t½SifOmP0Horax&fu edó,jyefqkda&;om;cJhonf/ xkdYjyif q&mBuD;\ wynfhrsm;jzpfaom q&mrSDESifh oQ&v D w S ifwu Ykd vnf; ,if;edó,udyk if ukx;Hk rsm;jznfph u G í f t"dymÜ ,f pum;ajyESiw hf uG rm"0ed'gef; ukx;Hk usr;f [k trnfwyfum a&;om;cJMh uonf/

ppfudkif;NrdKUrS q&mBuD; q&mbonf bm0yÜumoaq;usrf; jrefrmjyefudkvnf;aumif;? ausmufqnfNrdKUrS q&mBu;D q&mrif;onf jrefrmouú&mZf 1298 ckEpS rf pS í rdrdydkYcscJhaom om&*F"&paom tm,kaAÁ'aq;usrf;wdkYukd pkpnf;í ==tm,kaAÁ'oda&mrPd++ rnfaom aq;usr;f udv k nf;aumif;? arNrKd Uq&mcsi;f onf aq;ypön;f wd\ Yk *kP?f 0dygu? ybm0 ponfwu Ykd dk azmfjyonfh ==A,aq;*kPf aygif;csKyu f srf;++ ESihf ygVdbmomjzifh ==edC@K bloeaq;usr;f ++udk vnf;aumif;? tm,kaAÁ'aq;ynm xGe;f um;wk;d wufa&;twGuf a&;om;jyKpck MhJ uonf/

rEÅav;NrdKUrS q&mBuD; OD;ausmf&efonf tjcm; jrefrmhtusKd;rsm;udk aqmif½GufcJhonfhtjyif wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm xGe;f um;jyefyY mG ;a&;udv k nf; BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwo f mG ;cJo h nf/ jrefrmEkid if w H iG f aygufa&mufaom aq;yifrsm; jyefyY mG ;a&;twGuf aq;O,smOfBu;D wpfcu k kd xlaxmifco hJ nf/ aq;q&mtoif;zGJUpnf;NyD; Ouú|tjzpf OD;aqmifvrf;ñTefrI jyKcJhonf/ xdkuJhodk aq;ynm wk;d wufa&;twGuf BuKd ;yrf;cJo h jl zpfí awmifciG o f moemykdif q&mawmfb&k m;u OD;ausm&f eftm; ==oD&b d o d uúu0d"Z++ bGUJ ESihf ==bdouúo'd d¨ aZ,sausmx f if++ bGUJ wdu Yk dk cs;D jri§ ahf wmfrcl o hJ nf/

[oFmwNrdKU? t*¾r[my@dw? 'kwd,([oFmw)v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;onf ==aboZÆ u&Pusr;f ++ESihf use;f rma&;vrf;ñTew f u Ykd dk jyKpak wmfrcl o hJ nf/ [oFmwNrKd U t*¾r[my@dw tbd"Zr[m&|*k½'k gG & omoemykid f q&mawmfb&k m;Bu;D onf =="mwkoacFy aboZÆusr;f ++ukd jyKpak wmfrcl o hJ nf/ tb,m&mra½Tuw l u kd f q&mawmfBu;D onfvnf; oków k aq;usr;f Bu;D \ o&D&Xmeudk jrefrmjyefqí kd ydcYk sco hJ nf/ ==use;f rma&;vrf;ñTe+f + [laomtrnfjzifh usr;f wpfusr;f udk vnf;jyKpck o hJ nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 37

ysO;f rem;q&moifonf y&rwÄtvif;jyESihf AdaE´mtvif;jyusr;f ? y&rwÄtvif;jy oHcyd #f u D m? "mwk&otvif;jyusr;f ? aA'odyu HÜ sr;f rsm;udk jyKpak &;om;cJo h nf/ AdaE´mtvif;jyaq;usr;f udk jrefrmouú&mZf 1293 ckESpfwGif NyD;qkH;onf/ q&mBuD;onf 1953 ckESpfwGif EdkifiHawmf tpd;k &u a½SUajy;wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGUJ zGUJ pnf;&mwGif yg0ifcNhJ y;D vQif &efuek Nf rKd UESihf rEÅav;NrKd U rsm;ü tpd;k &\tcrJh wkid ;f &if;aq;ay;cef;(9)cef;pD zGiv hf pS t f Ny;D rMumrDrmS yif uG,v f eG cf o hJ nf/

obm0"r®aq;ynmukd q&mawmfO;D £NE, d´ u pwifwx D iG cf o hJ nf/ q&mawmfonf awmifom aq;ynmvm?tylem (3)rsKd;ESifh tat;em (3)rsKd;wdkYteuf tylemudk (u)? tat;emudk (c) [k rSwfvG,fap&ef owfrSwf ac:wGifapvsuf tylem (4)rsKd;udk u-1? u-2? u-3? u-4 trnfay;ívnf;aumif;? tat;em (4)rsKd;ukd c-1? c-2? c-3? c-4 [k trnf ay;ívnf;aumif; a&m*gvu©Pmrsm;ESifh ukxkH;ukenf;rsm;udkyg owfrSwfwDxGifcJhonf/ q&mawmfonf ==obm0"r® "mwk&ocef;++ ac: aq;usr;f udk a&;om;½ku d Ef ydS af wmfrcl o hJ nf/ q&mawmf r½Sdonfhaemuf usef&pfaom wynfhBuD;rsm;jzpfaom xD;wef;obm0"r® 'kwd,q&mawmf OD;pdEÅm? obm0"r® OD;wif0if;? obm0"r®q&moef;paom yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;u obm0"r® aq;ynmjyefyY mG ; wd;k wufa&;twGuf qufvufBuKd ;yrf;cJMh uonf/

1928-1940 õ NAdwdoQtpkd;&vufxuf 1928 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (14)&ufaeYwGif ynma&;0efBuD;Xmeu wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;ynmESihf ywfoufí pkpH rf;ppfaq;Ny;D tpD&ifcpH mwifoiG ;f &ef qk;H jzwfcsuf trSwf 148-28 t&? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm pkpH rf;a&;aumfrwDukd zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ ,if;tzGUJ wGif obmywdtjzpf vufzwifeifume,fbcuf? a'gufwmomEk? a'gufwmarmifuav;? a'gufwmodr;f armif? awmifomq&mvS(oxk)H ? q&marmifarmifvwf? q&mOD;<u,f? q&mqkid ?f q&mqif? q&mndKEiS f h twGi;f a&;rSL; a'gufwma½TcJ wkyY d g0ifonf/ tqdyk gaumfrwDonf (2)ESpw f mrQ pkHprf;MuNyD;vQif 1930 ckESpf? Zefe0g&DvwGif tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;í ,if;tpD&ifcHpmukd jynforl sm;od½EdS idk &f ef xkwjf yefaMujimcJo h nf/ (þtpD&ifcpH monf ume,fbcuf tpD&ifcpH m[k xif½Sm;vmonf)

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 38

tpD&ifcpH mwGif (1) aq;q&mrsm;tm; pmar;yGjJ yKvyk f ppfaq;ay;a&; (2) aq;q&mrsm;tm; rSwyf w Hk ifa&; (3) aq;oifwef;ausmif;zGiv hf pS af &; (4) aq;ay;cef;ESihf aq;½kzH iG v hf pS af y;a&; (5) aq;O,smOf pkdufysKd;a&;ponfh wkdif;&if;aq;ynmwkd;wufa&;twGuf vkyfaqmifay; oifah om tcsurf sm;udk xnfo h iG ;f tpD&ifccH ahJ yonf/

aq;oifwef;ausmif;zGiv hf pS af &;ESihf pyfvsO;f í yg½S&d rnfh bmom&yfrsm;rSm (1) a'oem (2) AdaE´m (3) aA'if (4) ya,m* wdjYk zpfMuonf/ a'oemenf;twGuf yd#uwfo;Hk ykrH S tajcjyK xm;onfh awmifomq&mBu;D rsm;\ usr;f pmrsm;udyk "mexm;í xnfo h iG ;f &ef tBuaH y;xm; onfukd awG½Y &dS onf/

AdaE´menf;twGuf "mEGEÅ&DaboZÆrÍÆLom? "mwk0dbm*'DyeDpaom tm,kaAÁ'usrf;rsm;udk y"mexm;í xnfo h iG ;f &ef tBuaH y;xm;onfukd awGU&onf/ aA'ifenf;twGuf oH'|d NAKd ['f? tm'duyÜ'gG 'odr?f Bwo d wf paom usr;f rsm;udk xnfo h iG ;f &ef tBuaH y;xm;onf/

ya,m*enf;twGuf y&dwfawmf ua0om& uyÜgvuFm& o&zltif; t*¾FKwÄdK&fponfwdkYrS aumufEkwfoifMum;&ef tBuHay;xm;onf/ xkdYjyif t*Fvdyf taemufwdkif; ukd,fcE¨mynm taMumif;ukv d nf; aumufEw k o f ifMum;&ef tBuaH y;xm;onf/ (q&m<u,f\ tBuaH y;csuf jzpfonf/)

q&mBu;D OD;ausm&f ef Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G o f nfh wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmtoif;csKyBf u;D udk 0efBu;D csKyf (xkdacwftac: eef;&if;0efBuD;)*VKefOD;apm\ wkdufwGef;arwåm&yfcHcsuft& &efukefNrdKU½Sd jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qkid &f maq;ynmtoif;csKyBf u;D ESihf qufo, G yf ;l aygif;vku d Mf uonf/ xdt k csed u f píwkdif;&if;om;aq;ynmtoif;csKyfBuD;[laomtrnftpm; rEÅav;wkdif;&if;om; aq;ynmtoif;pk[k ajymif;vJac:a0:cJo h nf/ xdEk pS o f if;rSty uset f oif;tzGUJ rsm;vnf; ½S[ d efwo l nf/

1932 ckEpS u f jrefrmhaq;ynmpkpH rf;rItzGYJ tpD&ifcpH mESihf 4if;tpD&ifcpH mudk jyefvnf ppfaq; aom ar*smrif;pde\ f tpD&ifcpH mukd 0efBu;D csKyf *VKeOf ;D apm Munf½h o I ;Hk oyf&mwGif xkt d pD&ifcpH m rsm;t& taumiftxnfazmfEidk cf jhJ cif; r&So d nfudk awG&Y onf/ xkad Mumifh rEÅav;ESihf &efuek Nf rKd U

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 39

wdw Y k iG f jrefrmorm;awmfBu;D rsm;ESih f awGUqkaH qG;aEG;Ny;D vQif use;f rma&;0efBu;D OD;om,m0wDarmifarmif ESihf wkid yf ifum taemufwidk ;f aq;ynmESihf jrefrmaq;ynmwwfuRr;f onfh yk*Kd¾ vBf u;D rsm;udk rdr½d ;Hk cef;odYk zdwaf c:um aqG;aEG;yGw J pf&yf jyKvyk cf o hJ nf/ ,if;aqG;aEG;yGt J Ny;D wGif &nf½, G cf suf rsm; xajrmufatmifjrifap&ef yxrajcvSr;f tjzpf aumfrwDwpf&yfukd zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/ õ

xdak umfrwDu atmufygvkyif ef;rsm;udk pDraH qmif½u G &f ef owfrw S jf yXmef;cJo h nf/ 1/ jrefrmaq;ESihf pyfvsO;f onfh enf;vrf;tpDtpOf pepfrsm;ukd pDr&H efEiS hf jrefrmjynfv;Hk qkid &f m aq;A[dt k oif;csKyBf u;D zGUJ pnf;&ef/ (u) tzGJUu twnfjyKaom aq;ausmif;ponfwdkYudk todtrSwfjyKjcif;aomf vnf;aumif;? aiGaMu;axmufyjhH cif;aomfvnf;aumif;? odrYk [kwf 2 rsK;d vk;H aomf vnf;aumif; jyKvyk &f ef? (c) xdkuJhodkYaom ausmif;rsm;ESifh Xmersm;twGuf ppfaq;Ekdifaom t&m½Sdrsm; cefx Y m;&ef? (*) aq;ynmoifcef;pmrsm; jy|mef;&ef? (C) tprf;pmar;yGrJ sm;ESihf pmar;yGBJ u;D rsm; jyKvyk &f ef? (i) aq;½krH sm; wnfaxmifjcif;udk tm;ay;&ef? 2/ olemjyKpkenf;ESifh cE¨maA'bmom&yfrsm;udk oifMum;ay;&mwGif q&m0efrsm;\ yl;aygif;ulnrD u I kd &,l&ef/ 3/ vufrw S &f olrsm;tm; rnfonft h axmuftulrsK;d ay;oifo h nfudk pOf;pm;qk;H jzwf&ef/ 4/ todtrSwfjyKNyD;jzpfonfh aq;½kHrsm;tm; tultnDay;jcif;? odkYr[kwf aiG;aMu; axmufyHhjcif; jyKoifyh rHk sm;udk pOf;pm;qk;H jzwf&ef/ 5/ tzGJUwGif xyfrHjznfhpGufjcif;ESifh us,fjyefYaom &nf½G,fcsufrsm;udk aqmif½Guf&mü rnfonfh udpu ö rkd qdk jyKvyk Ef ikd cf iG t hf mPm aumfrwDwiG ½f o dS nf/

1941-1948 õ 1941 ckEpS ?f Zlvikd v f (21)&ufaeYwiG f 0efBu;D csKyf *VKeOf ;D apm\½k;H cef;ü tqkyd g aumfrwD0ifrsm; yg0ifonfh tpnf;ta0;ukd jyKvkyfMu&m 0efBuD;csKyf*VKef OD;apm? usef;rma&;0efBuD; OD;om,m0wDarmifarmif? jrefrmaq;ynmtoif;csKyfBuD;Ouú| q&mNidrf;wdkY yg0ifaqG;aEG; Muonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 40

tpnf;ta0;wGif aq;q&mrsm; nDñw G &f ef ta&;Bu;D onft h wdik ;f ,ckaeYrS wpfvtwGi;f jrefrmEdkifiHvkH;qdkif&m jrefrmaq;q&mrsm; tpnf;ta0;BuD;ac:,l&efESifh wpfckwnf;aom tzGUJ csKyBf u;D jzpfajrmufatmif yl;aygif;aqmif½u G Mf u&ef ,if;odYk jzpfajrmufygvQif tpk;d &u tultnDay;rnf[k 0efBu;D csKyf *VKeOf ;D apmu ajymqdck o hJ nf/ &efuek Nf rKd U rufo'pfausmif;ü jrefrmEkid if v H ;Hk qdik &f maq;q&mrsm; nDvmcHBu;D wpf&yfudk ac:,lusi;f ycJo h nf/ xkn d v D mcHBu;D odkY 0efBuD;csKyf*VKefOD;apmESifhwuG tpdk;&tzGJU0ifrsm; wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/

1930 jynfEh pS w f iG f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmpkpH rf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifcpH may:xGuv f mcsed u f pí xkt d pD&ifcpH myg tcsurf sm;twkid ;f t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;q&mrsm;tm; taemufwid k ;f aq;ynmqkid &f m tajccHtcsut f vufrsm; wufajrmufa&;twGuf ,if;oifwef;ukd rEÅav;NrKd Uü vnf;aumif;? &efuek Nf rKd Uüvnf;aumif; zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf[k tqk½d o dS nf/ rEÅav;NrKd UwGif zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nfh oifwef;ESihf pyfvsO;f í ,if;oifwef;wGifwufcJhMuonfh rEÅav;NrdKU q&mrSJY? a½Tbdkq&mMo wdkYxHrS pkHprf;od½Sd&orQukd azmfjy&vQif atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/ 1/ Armhaq;ynmwwfajrmufNyD;olrsm;tm; taemufwkdif;enf;pepft& tajccHrsm;udk oifwef;ay;Ny;D vQif awmvufaus;½Gmrsm;odYk apvTw&f ef? 2/ ,if;odYk apvTw&f mwGif aq;aowåmwpfcpk yD g½S&d ef (Armaq;udBk uKd uu f Armaq;jzifh vnf;aumif;? taemufwkdif;aq;udk BudKufu taemufwkdif;aq;jzifhvnf;aumif; ukoay;&ef jzpfonf)? 3/ a&muf&maus;&GmwGif olBuD;tdrfüwnf;cdkum (10)&ufwefonf wpfvwefonf aexkid í f aqmif½u G &f ef? 4/ tqkdygapvTwfcH&olrsm;tm; vc (75)usyfrS wpfESpf (5)usyfwdk;jzifh (125)usyfxd ay;&ef [laom &nf½, G cf surf sm;jzifh oifwef;wufaponf[k qko d nf/

tqkyd goifwef;odYk tcsuf (5)csuEf iS hf jynfph o Hk rl o S mvQif wufciG &hf onf[v k nf; od½&dS onf/ ,if;wdrYk mS 1/ Armwkid ;f &if;om;aq;q&mrsK;d EG,jf zpfjcif;? 2/ vuf½AdS rmaq;q&mjzpfjcif;? 3/ tusiphf m&dwaå umif;rGejf cif;?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 41

4/ 5/

Armhaq;ynm t&nftcsi;f jynfph jHk cif;? todtrSwjf yKxm;ol yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;xHrS axmufccH suf &xm;oljzpfjcif;/

1938-1940 twGif; oifwef;wufcJhol jrefrmaq;q&mBuD;rsm;udk ac:,lí (6)vcefYrQ aqG;aEG;jcif;? oifwef;ay;jcif;jyKcahJ Mumif;? xkt d cgu oifwef;wufa&mufonfh q&m(8)OD;wdrYk mS ykPmÖ ;q&moif? ykPmÖ ;q&mOD;b&if? q&maomf? rEÅav;ae awmifomq&mwif? awmifiq l &myGm;? rEÅav;OD;a*:&m? rwå&mq&mpde?f ausmufqnfq&mrif; wdjYk zpfonf/

1938 ckESpfrS 1940 jynfhtwGif; oifwef;wufcGifh&olrsm;rSm OD;bqif(rEÅav;)? OD;Mo (a½Tbdk)? q&mñGe(Yf rk½H mG )? q&m½Se(f arNrKd U)? q&maomf(rEÅav;)? q&mbpH(ausmufqnf)? q&mpH (rwå&m)? OD;a*:&m(ykord Bf u;D e,f) wdYk jzpfygonf/

ud, k cf E¨mESihf ywfoufonfh tajccHtcsut f vufrsm;udk (3)vcefo Y ifMum;ay;onf/ a&m*g a0'emrsm;ESihf pyfvsOf;onfh tcsuftvufrsm;udk (6)vcefYoifMum;ay;onf/ ukoonfh aq;0g;rsm;taMumif;ukd (2)vcefo Y ifMum;ay;onf/ xdjYk yif em;Muyfjzifph rf;enf;? jy'g;wdik jf zifh prf;enf;? aq;xdk;enf; ponf wdkYudkvnf; oifMum;ay;onf/ vufawGUcGJpdwfykHudkvnf; Munfh½I avhvm&onf/ oifwef;om;udk,fwkdifrl cGJpdwrf Iudk rjyK&ay/

oifwef;ydcY k sonfh q&mrsm;rSm rEÅav;aq;½kBHu;D rS a'gufwmOD;wif? a'gufwmtm,k? a'gufwmOD;MuL wdjYk zpfMuaMumif;? 4if;wdo Yk nf tvSnu hf s wpfywfpD oifMum;ay;MuaMumif;? rEÅav;aq;½kBH u;D \ tBu;D qk;H yk*Kd¾vrf mS ume,farmzwfjzpfaMumif;? vufaxmufq&m0efBu;D rSm 'D,efqif; jzpfaMumif; wku Yd kd OD;bqifu ajymjycJo h nf/

'kw, d urÇmppftwGi;f jrefrmEdik if o H Ykd *syefppfwyfrsm; 0ifa&mufvmNy;D *syefacwf obm0"r® A[dak q;ynmOD;pD;tzGUJ csKyw f iG f ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f ? trsK;d om;acgif;aqmifBu;D rsm;ESihf ynm½Sif trsm;tjym; yg0ifzGJUpnf;um wufwuf<u<u tm;ay;aqmif½GufcJhMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 42

*syefacwfwGif obm0"r®aq;ay;cef;rsm;udk &efukefNrdKU? xD;wef;? aps;uav;? A[ef;? uefawmfBuD;? wmarG? tif;pdef? arSmfbD? om,m0wD? armfvNrdKif? a';'&J ponfhNrdKUrsm;ü zGifhvSpf ukoay;aMumif;od½d&S onf/

*syefacwfwGif EkdifiHjcm;aq;0g;rsm; tvGef½Sm;yg;csdefjzpfonfhtwkdif; jrefrmvlxkBuD;onf cGpJ w d u f o k zG,f a&m*grSwpfyg; tjcm;a&m*grsm;twGuf wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm½Sirf sm;ESihf wkid ;f &if; aq;0g;rsm;udo k m tm;ud;k cJMh u&onf/

ppfNy;D acwfwiG f wdik ;f &if;aq;ynmESihf toufarG;Muaom aq;q&mwdo Yk nf rdrw d *Ykd P dk ;f tvku d f awmifom? obm0"r®? y&rwÄpaom trnftoD;oD;jzifh &yfwnfcMhJ uonf/ aq;q&mBu;D rkx d m;OD;pHwifh (OD;yndE\ ´ wynfw h yef;rsm; tygt0if) aq;ynmtzGUJ taejzifhvnf;aumif;? woD;yk*v ¾ AdaE´mq&mBu;D rsm;taejzifv h nf;aumif; &yfwnfaeMuonf/

rEÅav;q&mc Bu;D rSL;aom Ak'b ¨ mom uvsmPbdouú tzGUJ csKy?f q&mBu;D OD;armifuav; Bu;D rSL;aom wkdif;&if;orm;awmftzGJUcsKyf? q&mBuD;q&moif BuD;rSL;aom y&rwÄtvif;jy aq;ynmtzGJYcsKyf? a'gufwmOD;bcspf Bu;D rSL;aom ta½SUwdik ;f aq;ynmtzGUJ csKy?f obm0"r® aq;ynmtzGJUcsKyf? rGeform;awmf tzGUJ csKy?f &efuek Nf rKd Uq&mBu;D OD;pHwif Bu;D rSL;aom tbd"r®m aq;ynmtzGUJ csKypf aom tzGUJ csKyrf sm;rS trIaqmifrsm;ESihf q&mBu;D OD;atmifjrwfxw G ?f aev0dZmÆ q&mcdik pf aom wpfo;D yk*v ¾ rsm; pkaygif;um aq;q&mtm;vk;H nDñGwfa&;wyfOD;tjzpf A[kd jrefrmorm;awmftzGJUcsKyf(at? bD? tkdif? trf? pD)[laom trnfjzifh jrefrmouú&mZf 1306 (1948) ckEpS w f iG f pwifzUJG pnf;cJo h nf/

zGUJ pnf;&mwGif y&rwÄtvif;jyq&moif Ouú|? a½Tbq kd &mcsKH (xdaYk emuf q&mcsKH r½So d nfah emuf rEÅav; q&mcu Ouú|)? q&mOD;pk;d rif;ESifh q&mOD;armifuav;wdu Yk 'kw, d Ouú|rsm;tjzpf aqmif½u G Mf uonf/

jrefrmwkdif;&if;aq;ynm (txl;ojzifh tm,kaAÁ'aq;ynm)ESifh pyfvsO;f í aus;Zl;jyKol wdkYwGif odrjf zLq&mawmfvnf; wpfO;D tygt0ifjzpfonf/ q&mawmfonf jrefrmouú&mZf 1309 ckEpS f vGwfvyfa&;r&rD wpfvBudKwifí aq;ynme,fy,f twGif;odkY 0ifa&mufcJh

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 43

NyD;aemuf aq;ynm&yfrsm;udk jrefrmjynfü (5)ESprf QoifMum;avhvmcJNh y;D tdE, d´ jynfwiG f (4)ESprf Q aq;ynmt&yf&yfwu Ykd dk avhvmoifMum;cJo h nf/ õ

jrefrmouú&mZf 1318 ckEpS w f iG f jrefrmEkid if o H Ykd jyefvmcJhNy;D tdE, d´ Edik if rH S tm,kaAÁ'aq;ynm (4)bmomESiq hf idk &f ma&m*godrI usrf;aygif;(31)usrf;? aq;tbd"mefusrf;aygif;(54)usrf;? "mwfESifhqdkif&m usrf;aygif;(27)usrf;? ukxkH;ESifhqdkif&musrf;aygif; (53)usrf;? taxGaxG A[kow k qdik &f m usr;f aygif;(14)usr;f wdu Yk kd ,laqmifvmcJo h nf/ AdaE´maq;ynm (4)bmom ESihf qkid o f nfh usr;f rsm;pGmwdu Yk v kd nf; jrefrmbmomodYk jyefqakd &;om;cJo h nf/

ppfNy;D acwfwiG f yk*v ¾ ynwf"mwfynm[lívnf;aumif;? aev0dZmÆ aq;ynm [lívnf;aumif;? txdkuftavsmuf jyefYyGm;vmykHrsm;udk awGU&onf/ yk*v ¾ ynwf"mwfynmukd tkid u f avmif q&mBu;D q&mvIid Ef iS hf aev0dZmÆ q&mcdik w f u Ydk trsm;qk;H jyefvnfazmfxw k Mf uonf/ tp wDxiG f aom yk*Kd¾vrf mS ½Sit f &[H jzpfonf[yk if tcsKUd uajymqkMd uonf/ ,cktcgawGU&aom yk*v ¾ ynwf "mwfusrf;ü v,fwDq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ y&rwÄoHcdyfrS xkwfEkwfukd;um;csufrsm;udk omru ==aumfrwDpkí++ [laom tok;H rsm;ukyd if awG&Y onf/

rum&avmy awmifwGif;q&mawmf cifBuD;aysmfu MoVm&du okckraq;ynmukdwDxGifí y&rwf"mwf q&mBu;D OD;yku d jyefyY mG ;atmifaqmif½u G cf o hJ nf[k tcsKUd yk*Kd¾ vrf sm;u qkMd uonf/ ==MoVm&du okcrk "mwfusr;f ++udk jrefrmouú&mZf 1272 ckEpS w f iG f ½ku d Ef ydS cf o hJ nf/ c&pf 1971 ckEpS w f iG f pmayavmuykEH ydS w f u kd u f xyfryH EHk ydS o f nf/ xdu k sr;f wGif yx0D? tmayg? awaZm? 0ga,m? onf;ajc? tm[m&? tmumo [lí vG,u f &l ef ok;H pGMJ uonf/

*Pef; (7)vk;H wdw Yk iG f (1) udk (2)u Edik o f nf? (2) udk (3)u Edik o f nf? (3)ukd (4)u Edik o f nf? (4)udk (5)u Ekid o f nf? (5)ukd (6)u Edik o f nf? (6)ukd (7)uEdik o f nf/ (1)ukd (1)u Edik o f nf[í l tcsi;f csi;f tEdik "f mwf t½I;H "mwfuv kd nf; jyxm;onf/ (1) (3) (4) (6) [laom yx0Dwikd ?f awaZmwkid ?f 0ga,mwkid ?f tm[m&wkid f (4)wdkifukd MoVm&dutylwkdif [lívnf;aumif;? (2) (5) (1) [laom tmaygwdkif? onf;ajcwdkif? tmumowkdifrsm;udk okckrtat;wkdif [lívnf;aumif; cGjJ cm;xm;onf/ MoVm&du tylemjzpfvQif okcrk tat;auR;? okcrk tat;em jzpfvQif MoVm&dutylpmauR;í uko&rnf[k qdv k &kd if; jzpfonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 44

9/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwf wkdif;&if;aq;ynm(1949 rS 1961 xd) 1949-1952 õ 'kw, d urÇmppfBu;D tNy;D wGif ,cifuay:aygufco hJ nfh wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm pkpH rf;a&;aumfrwD tpD&ifccH surf sm;ukd taumiftxnfazmf&ef &nf½, G v f suf 1952 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v f (23)&ufwiG f tpd;k &u wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmjyefvnfjri§ w hf ifa&;? aq;q&mrsm; a½SUajy;aumfrwD (odrYk [kw)f a½SUaqmiftzGUJ ukd zGUJ pnf;ay;cJo h nf/ Ouú| a'gufwmOD;armifuav; (jrefrmEdik if aH wmfaq;ESifh use;f rma&;ñTeMf um;a&;0ef)? 'kw, d Ouú| ocifu, kd af wmfridI ;f ? twGi;f a&;rSL; a'gufwm0PÖ a&;om;(tif;pdefaq;½kHtkyfBuD;)tygt0if tzGJU0if(18)OD; yg&Sdonf/ õ

y&rwÄtvif;jy q&moif? obm0"r® OD;wif0if;? A[ef;-a&wm½Snv f rf;ae q&m<u,fwYkd yg0ifonf/ xdktzGJUonf wdkif;&if;aq;q&mtufOya'udk a&;om;cJhonf/ xdkOya't& wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mrsm;udk todtrSwfjyK&ef? wdkif;&if;aq;q&mrsm; rSwfykHwifenf;Oya'ukd a&;qGJcJhNy;D xkdOya't& (1) a'oeme,? (2) aboZÆe,? (3) 0dZÆm"&e,? (4)eu©wå aA'e, [lí aq;q&mrsm;ukd rSwfykHwifcJhonf/

xdka½SUajy;aumfrwDrS vkyfaqmif&rnfh wm0efrsm;rSm1/ 1930 jynfEh pS ?f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmpkpH rf;a&; tpD&ifcpH myg tcsurf sm;udk taumiftxnf azmf&ef? 2/ jrefrmhaq;aumifpD zGUJ pnf;a&;twGuf Oya'a&;qG&J ef? 3/ jrefrmhaq;ynm wwfprG ;f aom q&mrsm;ukd rSwyf w Hk if&ef? 4/ jrefrmhaq;aumifpD zGUJ pnf;Ny;D onfEiS fh wNyKd ief uf ,if;aumifpu D atmufygwm0ef rsm;udk aqmif½u G o f mG ;Edik &f ef BuKd wifí tpDtpOf jyKvyk x f m;½S&d ef(u) jrefrmhaq;ynmausmif; (2)ausmif;wnfaxmif zGiv hf pS &f ef? (c) jrefrmhaq;ynmausmif;wGif oifMum;aom bmom&yfrsm;ESifh tcsdefumv rnfrQMumatmif oifMum;oifah Mumif; jyXmef;&ef? (*) jrefrmhaq;ynmausmif;ESiw hf v JG suf jrefrmhaq;½krH sm; wnfaxmifziG v hf pS &f efpaom vkyif ef;rsm; jzpfonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 45

1953-1954 õ a½SUajy;aumfrwDua&;qGJcJhonfh wkdif;&if;jrefrmaq;q&mtzGJU tufOya'ukd 1953 ckESpf? Oya'trSw(f 74)jzifh jy|mef;owfrw S cf NhJ y;D xdt k ufOya't& wkdif;&if;jrefrm aq;q&mtzGJU wpfckukd EkdifiHawmfor®wu zGJUpnf;&rnfjzpfav&m xkt d zGUJ ü Ouú|wpfO;D ? twGif;a&;rSL; wpfOD;ESifh EkdifiHawmfor®wu wkduf½dkufcefYxm;onfh rSwfykH0if wkdif;&if;aq;q&m (8)OD;? wdik ;f &if;aq;q&mrsm;u a½G;cs,o f nfh rSwfykH0if wkdif;&if;aq;q&m(8)OD; pkpkaygif; (18)OD; yg0if&rnf jzpfonf/ xdt k zGUJ rS atmufygvkyif ef;rsm;udk aqmif½u G &f ef azmfjyxm;onf/ 1/ q&mwk? q&ma,mifrsm; yaysmufa&;? 2/ wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;ynmukd usepGmwwfoad om q&mrsm;ay:aygufa&;? 3/ wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;ynmjyefvnfxeG ;f um;a&;ESifh Bu;D yGm;wk;d wufa&;? 4/ jynfou Yl se;f rma&;udk jri§ w hf ifay;a&;? 5/ wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;ynm enf;pepf wk;d wufaumif;rGeaf tmif aqmif½u G af &;ESifh ½SmazG avhvmí jri§ w hf ifay;a&;wdt Yk wGuf tpd;k &okYd tBuOH mPfrsm;ay;a&;? 6/ wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;ynm pmar;yGq J idk &f m bmom&yfrsm;udk jy|mef;jcif;? aq;ausmif;rsm;? aq;wuúokdvfrsm;? aq;cef;rsm;ESifh aq;½kHrsm;zGifhvSpfí BuD;MuyfpDrHjcif;? aq;ynm pmar;yGJtwGuf ar;cGef;xkwfrI? trSwfay;rIrsm;udk aqmif½Gufjcif;? oifhawmfaom yk*Kd¾ vrf sm; cefx Y m;jcif;ESifh pmay;yGu J si;f yay;jcif;? atmifjrifonfh ausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifhawmfonfh qkvufrSwfwHqdyf? bGJUxl;*kPfxl;rsm; csD;ajr§mufjcif;? okawoe tpDtpOfrsm; jyKvyk jf cif;? &½Sv d monfh axmufyahH iGrsm;ESifh tvSLaiGrsm; oifah vsmaf tmif pDrHokH;pGJjcif;? wkid ;f &if;aq; q&mrsm;tm; rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;ESifh vkt d yfonfh t&nftcsi;f tqifhtwef;rsm;udk owfrSwfjcif; ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ õ

wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;q&mtzGUJ tufOya't& 1953 ckESpf? {NyDv (2)&ufaeYrSpí yPmr a½SUajy;aumfrwDukd zsuo f rd ;f vku d o f nf/ tqdyk g a½SUajy;aumfrwDu rdrw d aYkd umfrwD oufwrf; rukefqkH;rDtwGif; EkdifiHawmftpdk;& tcrJhaq;ay;cef;rsm; (wkdif;&if;aq;ukXmersm;)ukd zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ &efuek Nf rKd UwGif (9)cef;? rEÅav;NrKd UwGif (9)cef;? pkpak ygif; (18)cef;udk pwifzGifhvSpf cJhonf/ (18)cef;pm&if;udk aemufqufww JG iG f azmfjyxm;ygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 46

1953 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (14)&ufwGif &efukefjrLeDpDyg,ftzGJUu z-q-y-v &yfuGufESihf rif;rEkid &f yfuu G rf sm;½Sd a'oEÅ&aq;ay;Xmersm;wGif wkid ;f &if;jrefrmtcrJah q;ay;cef;wpfcpk D zGiv hf pS af y;cJo h nf/ aq;cef;rSL;wpfO;D pDEiS hf vufaxmufwpfO;D pD cefx Y m;onf/

1953 ckEpS w f iG f pwifí wkid ;f &if;aq;ukXmersm;zGiv hf pS cf &hJ mwGif &efuek Nf rKd Uü wdik ;f &if;aq;ukcef; (9)cef;ESifh rEÅav;NrdKUü wkdif;&if;aq;ukcef;(9)cef;wkdYukd zGifhvSpfcJhNyD; xkdaq;ukXmersm;wGif wkid ;f &if;aq;cef;ok;H aq;enf;(57)rsK;d owfrw S í f ok;H pGcJ o hJ nf/

1954 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (2)&ufaeYwiG f tzGUJ 0if (18)OD; yg0ifonfh ,m,Dwidk ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGJUukd zGUJ pnf;ay;cJNh y;D 1954 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (10)&uf aeYpyJG g jrefrmEdik if jH yefwrf;? tykid ;f 1 ü azmfjycJo h nf/ xkt d zGUJ u aq;q&mrsm; rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;qkid &f menf;Oya'ukd a&;qGcJ NhJ y;D xdek nf;Oya'udk 1955 ckESpfwGif ygvDrefrS twnfjyKco hJ nf/

1955-1961 õ wkid ;f &if;jrefrmaq;q&mtzGUJ tufOya'ESihf aq;q&mrsm;rSwyf w Hk ifjcif;qkid &f m enf;Oya' wdkYt& aq;ukouf(7)ESpf½Sdonfh wkdif;&if;aq;q&mwdkYtm; 1955 ckESpf? rwfv(1)&uf aeYrpS í trsK;d tpm; (6)rsK;d cGjJ cm;vsuf rSwyf w Hk ifapcJ&h m 1962 ckEpS ?f rwfv (18)&ufaeYtxd rSwyf w Hk ifNy;D aom q&maygif; (22583)OD;rQ½cdS o hJ nf/ trsK;d tpm;(6)rsK;d cGjJ cm;ykrH mS (u) a&m*g(1)rsK;d wnf;udjk zpfap? a&m*g(2)rsK;d (3)rsK;d udjk zpfap ukpm;wwfaomq&mrsm;? (c) "mwf AdaE´m? aA'if? eu©w?f ya,m* [laom jrefrmaq;ynm (4)&yfukd trsK;d tpm; rcGjJ cm;bJ vufawGu Y o k aeaom q&mrsm;? (*) aq;ynm(4)rsK;d teuf (1)rsK;d ukd us,jf yefpY mG wufajrmufuRr;f usiNf y;D vufawGu Y o k aeaom q&mrsm;? (C) aq;ynm(4)rsK;d teuf (2)rsK;d ukd us,jf yefpY mG wufajrmufuRr;f usiNf y;D vufawGu Y o k aeaom q&mrsm;? (i) aq;ynm(4)rsK;d teuf (3)rsK;d ukd us,jf yefpY mG wufajrmufuRr;f usiNf y;D vufawGu Y o k aeaom q&mrsm;?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 47

(p)

aq;ynm(4)rsK;d vk;H ukd us,jf yefpY mG wufajrmufuRr;f usiNf y;D vufawGu Y o k aeaom q&mrsm; [lí cGjJ cm;xm;onf/ xkjYd yif usr;f jyKq&mrsm;tjzpf (3)rsK;d cGjJ cm;í rSwyf w Hk if ay;onfh (u) a'oeme,? aboZÆe,wdkYwGif e,(1)ckü tusKH;0ifí ynmEke,faom aq;q&mwdt Yk m; txku d t f avsmuf aus;Zl;jyKEidk af om usr;f [k wkid ;f &if;aq; q&mtzGu YJ ,lqjcif;? (c) a'oeme,? aboZÆe,wdw Yk iG f tvwfpm;aq;q&mwdt Yk m; txku d t f avsmuf aus;Zl;jyKEidk af omusr;f [k wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGu YJ ,lqjcif;? (*) jrefrmhaq;ynm&yf (4)rsK;d vk;H wdjYzk ifh txufwef;aq;q&mwdt Y k m; txku d t f avsmuf aus;Zl;jyKEidk af omusr;f [k wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGu YJ ,lqjcif;?

1959 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv(24)&ufaeYpyJG g wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGUJ 0if a½G;aumufyeJG nf;Oya' t&? aq;q&mtcsi;f csi;f a½G;aumufwifajrm§ ufvu kd af om aq;q&mrsm;jzifh aq;q&mtzGUJ ukd zGUJ pnf;ay;&ef 1961 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (15)&ufaeYwiG f jrefrmEdik if w H pf0rS ;f vk;H ü wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mrsm; tzGUJ 0if a½G;aumufyu J G kd jyKvyk cf o hJ nf/ 4if;tzGUJ wGif rSwyf w Hk ifwidk ;f &if;aq;q&mrsm;u a½G;aumuf wifajrm§ ufonfh aq;q&m(8)OD;? Edik if aH wmfor®wrSceft Y yfonfh rSwyf w Hk ifwidk ;f &if;aq;q&m (9)OD;ESihf twGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wdkif;&if;aq;q&mjr§ifhwifa&;½kH;rS txl;t&m½Sd tygt0if pkpak ygif;(18)OD;jzifh zGUJ pnf;yg0ifco hJ nf/ Ouú|tjzpf q&mBuD;OD;pHwift h m; Edik if aH wmfor®wu wm0efay;cJyh gonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 48

10/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwf wkdif;&if;aq;ynm(1962 rS 1973 xd) 1962-1968 õ awmfvSefa&;tpdk;&wufNyD;aemufwGif wkdif;&if;aq;q&m tzGJU tufOya'udk jyifqifí 1962 ckEpS ?f rwfv(11)&ufaeYü wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGUJ udk aq;q&mBu;D (6)OD;jzifh zGUJ pnf;cJNh y;D Ouú|rSm a'gufwmOD;0PÖ jzpfonf/ õ

wdik ;f &if;aq;ynmjri§ w hf ifa&;½kH;udk 1962 ckEpS w f iG f use;f rma&;0efBu;D XmerS wku d ½f u dk Bf u;D Buyf cJyh gonf/ aq;q&mrsm;tm; rSwfykHwifay;cJhjcif;onf pmar;yGJppfí pepfwus rSwfykHwif ay;jcif;r[kwfojzifh 1962 ckESpf? rwfv(19)&ufaeYrSpí rSwfykHwifxm;jcif;ukd ½kyfodrf;cJh Ny;D aemuf t&nftcsi;f ppfaq;í pepfwus rSwyf w Hk if ay;Edik &f eftwGuf 1962 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbm vwGif e,(3)ck cGJjcm;í aq;usrf; (11)usrf; owfrSwfNyD; pmar;yGu J si;f yppfaq;cJo h nf/ (1) a'oeme,bmom (um,mEkyóemusrf;? oN*ØK[f½kyfydkif;? "mwk0dedpä, ½lyu@ aq;usrf;? awmifomajcmufvkH;aumuf#Dum)? (2) aboZÆe,bmom (e&okcdaq;usrf;? aboZÆrÍÆLomaq;usr;f ? om&aumrk'ad q;usr;f ? rm"0ed'gef;usr;f ? 'AÁ*P k yumoeDusr;f )? (3) eu©wåaA'e,bmom (tm'duyÜ'gG '&moDusr;f ? 'Gg'odru f sr;f )

1962-1963? 1964-1966 ckEpS rf sm;wGif usi;f ycJah om pmar;yGrJ sm;ü touf(25)ESpfjynfhNyD; tenf;qkH; wdkif;&if;aq;ukoouf (3)ESpf½Sdolrsm;om 0ifa&mufajzqkdcGifhay;cJhonf/ 1962 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv(17)&ufaeYwiG f touf(50)jynfNh y;D aom aq;q&mrsm; (&[ef;awmf rsm;rS ty)udk pmar;yGaJ jzqdjk cif;rS uif;vGwcf iG hf ay;cJo h nf/

1968 ckESpf? rwfv(11)&ufaeYwGif a'gufwmOD;0PÖ BuD;rSL;aom wkdif;&if;aq;q&mtzGJY (5)ESpjf ynfí h 1968 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (25)&ufaeYwiG f Ouú|tjzpf OD;azusif Bu;D rSL;aom wkid ;f &if; aq;q&mtzGu YJ kd 'kw, d tBurd f jyifqifzpYJG nf;cJo h nf/

1963 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv(1)&ufaeYrpS í ,cif&efuek jf rLeDpyD g,ftzGUJ u wm0ef,l zGifhvSpf xm;cJhaom z-q-y-v &yfuGufESifh rif;rEkdif&yfuGuf½Sd tcrJhwkdif;&if;jrefrm aq;ay;cef; rsm;udk wkdif;&if;aq;ynmjr§ifhwifa&;½kH;rS vTaJ jymif;vufcí H qufvufziG ahf y;cJo h nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 49

1964 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv(1)&ufaeYwGif wkdif;NrdKUBuD;rsm;jzpfaom ppfukdif;? rauG;? yJcl;? ykodrf? armfvNrKd iEf iS fh ppfawG[al om NrKd UBu;D (6)NrKd Uüvnf; wkid ;f &if;aq;cef;wpfcef;pD wk;d csUJ zGiv hf pS f ay;cJhonf/ &efukefNrdKU½Sd aq;ukXme(9)XmeteufrS aygif;wvnf? xl;BuD;? ppfuGif;? OuúH? odrq f yd ?f ok;H cGww H m;½Gm (6)Xmewdu Yk v kd nf;aumif;? rEÅav;NrKd U½Sd aq;ukXme(9)Xme teufrS ulr?J aMu;rk?H [efZm;? {vm? rdacsmif;&J (5)Xme teufwu Ykd v kd nf;aumif; ajymif;a½TU zGiv hf pS f cJhonf/ (aemufxyfvnf; rsm;pGmwdk;csJUzGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf)

1964 ckESpfwGif wkdif;&if;jrefrmaq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&; tBuHay;aumfrwDukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/ xkad umfrwDrS jrefrmEkid if aH q;0g;vkyif ef;(bD? yD? tdik )f odYk trSew f u,f a&m*gaysmufuif;í tpGr;f xufonfh vlo;Hk rsm;aom wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;wdu Yk dk acwfrpD mG jzifh pepfwus azmfpyfjzefjY zL;&ef tBuHay;cJhonf/

tBuHay;csuft& yxrOD;pGm wkdif;&if;aq; (57)rsKd;teuf ovdyfykyfudk vGefpGmEdkifaom aorSyw k u d ac: aq;udk rufvifcsOt f rnfjzifh aq;jym;jyKvyk í f jzefjY zL;a&mif;csc&hJ m vlBuKd uf tvGerf sm;cJo h nf/

1969 -1973 1969-1973 õ 1969 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D wGiu f si;f ycJah om yÍörtBurd f aq;pmar;yGw J iG f touf (25)ESpjf ynfNh y;D ol rnforl qdk aq;ynm0goemygolwkdif;tm; ajzqdkcGifhay;cJhavonf/ xdkodkY (5)Budrfwkdifwkdif jyKvkyfppfaq;cJhaom aq;pmar;yGJwdkYü atmifjrifolOD;a&aygif;(7462)OD;½Sdí xkdtxJwGif &[ef;awmf (2284)yg;ESifh oDv½Sif (11)yg;wkYd yg0ifMuonf/ õ

wkid ;f &if;aq;wk;d wufa&;? aumif;rGeaf om enf;pepfrsm; wdraf umaysmufu, G rf oGm;a&;ESihf aq;q&mrsm; pnf;vk;H nDñw G af &;twGuf wkid ;f ? c½kid t f oD;oD;rS uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm; yg0ifaom aq;q&mrsm;onf 1969 ckESpf? {NyDv (5)&ufaeYESihf (6)&ufaeYrsm;wGif &efukefwuúokdvf bGUJ ESi;f obifcef;raqmifü ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG usi;f yí pmwrf;aygif; (54)apmifwu Ydk dk wifoiG ;f zwfMum;cJMh uNy;D 0kid ;f 0ef;aqG;aEG;cJhMuonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 50

wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGUJ 0ifrsm;uBu;D rSL;í wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mES;D aESmzvS,yf u JG kd jyKvyk af y;cJjh cif; jzpfonf/ xdkESD;aESmzvS,fyGJodkY usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? usef;rma&;0efBuD; a'gufwmvS[ef? 'kwd,0efBuD; a'gufwmode;f atmifEiS hf use;f rma&;OD;pD;XmerS OD;azusiw f Ykd wufa&mufcNhJ y;D use;f rma&;0efBu;D a'gufwmvS[efu tzGirhf ed cYf eG ;f ajymMum;cJo h nf/

rEÅav;NrKd UwGiv f nf; wkid ;f &if;aq;odyaHÜ usmif; zGiv hf pS Ef ikd &f ef &nf½, G í f rEÅav;awmifajcteD;½Sd (5){urQus,0f ef;aom ajruGuw f iG f aq;ausmif;tkycf sKyaf &;½k;H taqmif? pmoifaqmifEiS fh aq;½kaH qmif(3)aqmif yg0ifaom aq;ausmif;? aq;½kt H aqmuftOD; (5)ckudk 1966 ckEpS rf S pí pwif aqmufvyk cf &hJ m 1970 ckEpS w f iG f aqmufvyk Nf y;D pD;cJo h nf/

jynfaxmifpjk refrmEdik if aH wmfveS af &;tpd;k &? use;f rma&;0efBu;D Xme? wGb J uftwGi;f 0ef 'kw, d Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D vSr;dk OD;aqmifvsuf tzGUJ 0if tif;pderf ;D &xm; aq;½kt H yk Bf u;D a'gufwmOD;wifO;D ESifh wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmjri§ w hf ifa&;½k;H ? aq;ESifh rSwyf w Hk ift&m&Sd OD;ausmw f o Ykd nf tm,kaAÁ'aq;ynm avhvm&ef 1970 ckESpf? pufwifbmv(24)&ufaeYrS atmufwdkbmv (15)&ufaeYtxd tdE, d´ Ekid if o H Ydk oGm;a&mufcMhJ uonf/ tm,kaAÁ' aq;ynmqkid &f m aq;ay;cef;rsm;? aq;½krH sm;? aq;wuúov kd rf sm;? aq;okawoeXmersm;ESifh aq;0g;xkwv f yk o f nfh puf½rHk sm;udk Munf½h aI vhvm cJhMuonf/

uvuwåm;? ywåem;? Am&mPoD? e,l;a'vD? tr'¨bwf? *srfe*g? bkHab? r'&yfNrdKUrsm;½Sd tm,kaAÁ'aq;ynm&yfqkdif&m aq;½kH? aq;ausmif; ponfwdkYukd Munfh½IavhvmcJhonf/ avhvma&;tzGJU0ifrsm;onf aq;ausmif;ESihf aq;wuúodkvfrsm;wGif oifMum;aeonfh oif½;dk ñTe;f wrf;rsm;? bmom&yfrsm;? aq;usr;f rsm;ESihf zGUJ pnf;ykw H u Ykd v kd nf; txl;*½kjyKí avhvm qnf;yl;cJhMuonf/ jyefvnfa&muf½SdonfhtcgwGif tdE, d´ ü awGUBuKq H nf;yl; avhvmcJ&h onfh tajctaet&yf&yfEiS hf wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmwd;k wufa&;twGuf qufvufvyk af qmifoifo h nfh tcsufrsm;ukd xnfhoGif;um tpD&ifcpH mwpfapmif wifoiG ;f cJo h nf/

tpD&ifcpH mü jrefrmEdik if w H iG f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmxlaxmifa&;twGuf ta&;Bu;D aom tBuaH y;csuf rsm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 51

(1) (2) (3)

wkid ;f &if;aq;ausmif;ESihf aq;½kzH iG v hf pS af &; jyifqifraI umfrwD zGUJ pnf;aqmif&u G o f mG ;&ef? pm&if;aumuf,x l m;aom aq;q&mrsm;xHrS tvm;tvm&Sad om aq;q&mrsm;tm; rGr;f rHoifwef; zGiv hf pS o f ifMum;ay;&ef? oif½kd;ñTef;wrf;? oifwef;taxmuftulypönf;? oifMum;rnfht&m? taqmuftOD? aq;O,smOf ponfwYkd jynfph o Hk nft h csed rf S aq;ausmif;ukd pwifziG v hf pS &f ef/

tpD&ifcpH myg tBuaH y;csut f & wkid ;f &if;aq;ausmif; pepfwus zGiv hf pS Ef ikd &f eftwGuf aq;ausmif;? aq;½kH zGiv hf pS rf I jyifqifa&;aumfrwDudk 1970 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (31)&ufaeYwiG f use;f rma&; 0efBuD;Xme? wGJzuftwGif;0ef 'kwd,AdkvfrSL;BuD;vSrdk;u Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½GufNyD; tzGJU0if (14)OD; yg0ifonfhtzGJUjzifh zGUJ pnf;cJo h nf/

1971 ck? Zefe0g&Dv (11)&ufaeYwiG f yxrtBurd f tpnf;ta0;ukd jyKvyk í f aq;ausmif;zGiahf &; qkid &f m vkyif ef;t&yf&yfudk pwifaqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/

1972 ckEpS ?f rwfv (1)&ufaeYwiG f wwd,tBurd af jrmuf wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtzGUJ udk 'kw, d Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D vSr;kd u Ouú|tjzpf aqmif½u G Nf y;D tzGUJ 0if (7)OD;jzifh jyifqifzUJG pnf;cho J nf/ 1972 ckEpS ?f ZGefvwGif wkdif;&if;aq;q&mtzGJU Ouú|tjzpf usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 'kwd,0efBuD; a'gufwmOD;odef;atmifu aqmif½GufcJhonf/

1972 ckEpS w f Gif use;f rma&;OD;pD;Xme\ wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmXmecGJukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/

wdkif;&if;aq;ynmaqG;aEG;yGJukd 1972 ckESpf? ZGefv(5)&ufaeYrS (7)&ufaeYtxd &efukefNrdKU? usKduúqHuGif;cef;rü wpfaeY(2)Budrf usif;ycJhMuonf/ zGifhyGJaeYwGif usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme? 'kw, d 0efBu;D a'gufwmode;f atmifESifh wkid ;f &if;aq;aumifpOD uú| 'kw, d Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D vSr;dk wdu Yk tzGirhf ed cYf eG ;f pum;ajymMum;cJo h nf/ xkad qG;aEG;yGBJ u;D rS aemufq;Hk wifoiG ;f onfh qk;H jzwfcsuBf u;D (8)&yfrSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/ (1) &cdik w f idk ;f rS OD;vSa½Tu wpfu, kd af & use;f rma&;oifwef;ESihf ywf0ef;usif use;f rma&; oifwef;rsm;ay;a&; tqkdudkvnf;aumif;?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 52

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)

&efukefwkdif;rS OD;{csrf;u wkdif;&if;aq;aumifpD\ BuD;BuyfuGyfuJrIjzifh e,ftvkduf q&mjzpfoifwef;rsm; oifMum;cGijhf yKa&;tqku d v dk nf;aumif;? yJc;l wkid ;f rS OD;wifatmifu oD;jcm;zGUJ pnf;xm;aom wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtoif;tzGUJ rsm; r&Sad wmhoifah Mumif; tqku d v kd nf;aumif;? ½Sr;f jynfe,frS OD;xGe;f azu aMumfjimí aq;ukjcif;ESihf aq;a&mif;csjcif;udk pepfwus xde;f csKyaf y;a&;tqdu k v dk nf;aumif;? ucsijf ynfe,frS OD;ausmv f u S trnfct H crJah q;ay;cef;rsm; zGiv hf pS jf cif;ukd pepfwus uGyu f aJ y;a&; tqku d v kd nf;aumif;? aumfoal v;rS OD;prf;u vlemvufcu H o k a&;ESihf ywfoufí vlemrSww f rf;rsm; xm;½Sad &; tqdkukdvnf;aumif;? {&m0wDwkdif;rS OD;pdk;rif;u jynfwGif;aq;ukefMurf;azmfxkwfa&;? aq;or0g,r zGJUpnf;a&;ESifh pepfwus okawoejyKvyk f tok;H jyKa&; tqku d v kd nf;aumif;? &efuek rf S OD;ñGeaYf tmifEiS hf ppfuidk ;f rS OD;pHatmifwu Ykd wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmjri§ w hf ifa&;ESihf pnf;½kH;a&;tqkdukdvnf;aumif; wifoGif;MuNyD;vQif trsm;oabmwl aqG;aEG; axmufcHum twnfjyKcJhMuavonf/ xkdaqG;aEG;yGJBuD;odkY &efukefrS udk,fpm;vS,f (11)a,muf? rEÅav;rS udk,fpm;vS,f (6)a,muf? useftjcm; wkdif;rsm;ESihf jynfe,f rsm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,f (2)OD;pD wufa&mufcJhMuonf/ avhvmol trsm;tjym;vnf; wufa&mufco hJ nf/

wkid ;f &if;aq;odyaHÜ usmif;zGiv hf pS af &;twGuf rGr;f rHoifwef;rsm;ukd a½SUajy;tjzpf zGiv hf pS o f ifMum; ay;cJo h nf/ oifwef;wpfBurd v f Qif (3)vMumNy;D oifwef;umvwGif pmoifcsed (f 450)½So d nf/ rGrf;rHoifwef;wGif wkdif;&if;aq;ynmESihf taemufwkdif;aq;ynm (2)ydkif;cGJí yg0ifonf/ oifwef;Ny;D wdik ;f uGi;f qif;avhvmrIrsm;ukv d nf; jyKvyk af ponf/ oifwef;wufvo dk rl sm;onf (1) okH;bmom pmar;yGJatmifjrifNyD;jzpfjcif;? (2) aq;ukouf (10)ESpfxuf renf;½Sdjcif;? (3) yxrBuD;wef;? odkYr[kwf "r®mp&d,wef;? odkYr[kwf tenf;qkH; tajccHtxufwef; atmifjrifjcif; paom t*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh jynfph o Hk rl sm;om jzpf&onf/ a&;ajz? vlawGY ppfaq; atmifjrifro S m oifMum;cGijhf yKonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 53

tqdkygrGrf;rHoifwef;rsm;udkomru wkdif;&if;aq;cef;rsm;wGif aq;cef;rSL;BuD;rsm;tjzpf aqmif½GufaeMuonfh orm;awmf(25)a,mufudk OmPfopfavmif;oifwef;tjzpf 1973 ckESpf? {NyDv (25)&ufaeYrS arv(5)&ufaeYtxd q&mBu;D (7)OD;wdu Yk ydcYk síay;cJo h nf/

1973 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvESifh 1974 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvtwGi;f use;f rma&;0efBu;D Xmeu wkid ;f &if; aq;odyo HÜ if½;dk ñTe;f wrf;ESifh oifcef;pmaumfrwDudk zGUJ pnf;cJhygonf/ ausmif;tkyBf u;D (1)OD;ESihf enf;jyq&m(3)OD;wdjYk zifh pwifziG v hf pS cf yhJ gonf/ ausmif;tkyBf u;D rSm OD;[efxeG ;f jzpfí enf;jyq&m (3)OD;rSm tpd;k &jynfo0Yl efxrf;a½G;cs,af vhusiahf &;tzGUJ rS a½G;cs,cf efx Y m;onfh OD;OmPfxeG ;f ? a'gufwmatmifEidk Ef iS fh OD;jrifv h iG w f Ydk jzpfygonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 54

11/ vGwfvyfa&;&NyD;acwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(1974 rS 1988 xd) 1974-1988 õ jrefrmhwkdif;&if;aq;ynmorkdif;wGif yxrqkH;zGifhvSpfcJhonfh ausmif;rSm wkdif;&if;aq;odyÜH jzpfygonf/wkdif;&if;aq;odyÜH? rEÅav;ukd 1976 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (31)&ufaeYwGif zGifhvSpf cJhygonf/ wkid ;f &if;aq;odyEHÜ iS w hf zJG ufí 1976 ckEpS ?f atmufwb dk mv(4)&ufaeYwiG f (25) ckwifqo hH ifMum;a&; wkid ;f &if;aq;½k(H rEÅav;)ukd pwifziG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ taxmuftuljyK y&aq; O,smOfEiS fh aq;0g;xkwv f yk af &;puf½(Hk rEÅav;)udyk g yl;wGzJ iG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ õ

aq;½kHaq;cef;rsm;twGuf aq;0g;rsm;&½Sdap&ef rEÅav;wkdif;&if;aq;0g;puf½kHESihf &efukef wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;puf½w Hk u Ydk kd zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ rEÅav;wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;puf½o Hk nf rEÅav;wkid ;f &if; aq;odyaHÜ usmif;vufatmuf½dS aq;0g;xkwv f yk jf zefjY zL;a&;XmecGw J pfck jzpfygonf/ aq;0g; xkwv f yk af &;Xmeukd 1976 ckESpf? atmufwdkbm (24)&ufaeYwGif 0efxrf;(8)OD;jzifh pwif zGifhvSpcf o hJ nf/

wkid ;f &if;aq;odyw HÜ iG f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm'Dyvkrd m trSwpf Of(1)rS (3)txd ESppf Of oifwef;om; OD;a& (30)ukdvnf;aumif;? trSwpf Of(4)rS (16)txd ESppf Of oifwef;om;OD;a& (50)OD;ukd vnf;aumif;? trSwpf Of(17)rS (30)xdudk ESppf Ofoifwef;om;OD;a& (100)OD;ukd vnf;aumif; oifMum;ay;cJo h nf/ oifwef;Ny;D qk;H atmifjrifygu wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm'Dyvkrd mbGUJ (Diploma in Traditional Medicine) (Dip. T.Med) tyfESif;cJhNyD; wkdif;&if;aq;ynm'Dyvkdrm (2187)OD;ukd arG;xkwaf y;Ekid cf o hJ nf/

oifMum;a&;wkid ;f &if;aq;½kH (&efuek )f ukd 1980 ckEpS ?f Zlvid k v f (2)&ufaeYwiG f Akv d cf sKyaf tmifqef;vrf;ESihf odrfjzLvrf;axmifh½Sd wku d t f rSw(f 180^184)wGif (16)ckwifqhH a½SUajy;okawoeaq;½kt H jzpf pwifzGifhvSpfcJhNyD;? 1981 ckESpf? Mo*kwfv(25)&ufwGif trSwf(90)? ig;xyfBuD;bk&m;vrf;? Akv d cf sKd (2)&yfuu G ?f A[ef;NrKd Ue,f? &efuek Nf rKd UodYk ajymif;a½TUzGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/

1982 ckEpS w f iG f trSw(f 90)? ig;xyfBu;D bk&m;vrf;? A[ef;NrKd Ue,f? &efuek Nf rKd U&Sd wkid ;f &if;aq;½kBH u;D 0if; twGi;f wGif puf½t Hk aqmuftODae&m&½Scd NhJ y;D urÇmu h se;f rma&;tzGUJ (W.H.O) taxmuftyHh

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 55

ay;onfh aq;rIefYBudwfpufrsm;? aq;jym;½dkufpufrsm;jzifh &efukefwkdif;&if;aq;0g;puf½kH\ vkyif ef;rsm; pwifvnfywfco hJ nf/ õ

jynfe,f^wkid ;f toD;oD;½Sd wkid ;f &if;aq;½krH sm;? wkid ;f &if;aq;ukXmersm;twGuf vkt d yfaom wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;rsm;ukd &efuek Ef iS fh rEÅav;NrKd U½Sd wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;puf½rHk sm;rS xkwv f yk jf zefjY zL; ay;onf/

f dk yxrtBurd f 1982 ckEpS w f iG f Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary pmtkyu xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

United Nations Development Programme(UNDP), WHO wd\ Yk taxmuftyHjh zifh

1984 ckESpfrS 1989 ckESpftxd (5)ESpfpDrHcsuft& Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary pmtkyfyg aq;zkHrsm;\ usrf;*efvmaq;0g; *kPfowådrsm;? ½ly-"mwk pHñTef; t&nftaoG;rsm;? aq;0g;odr½I u k a© A'vu©Pmrsm;? tqdyt f medoifEiS fh aq;0g;tmedoif rsm;ukd aq;okawoeOD;pD;Xme(&efuek )f ESifh yl;aygif;í odyeHÜ nf;us okawoejyKvyk af qmif½u G f cJo h nf/ 1989 ckEpS w f iG f tqdyk gavhvmaqmif½u G rf rI S atmufyg azmfjyyg pmtky(f 5)tkyu f kd rSww f rf;wif xm;½SEd ikd cf o hJ nf/ Pharmacognosy of Plant Ingredients of Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulations -

Handbook of Botanical and Physico-chemical Characterization of Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulations

Pharmacological and Toxicological Evaluation of Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulations

Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary

Catalogue of Crude Drug Museum

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 56

12/ rsufarSmufacwfwkdif;&if;aq;ynm(1989 rS 2019 Mo*kwfvxd) 1989-1996 õ Ekid if aH wmftpk;d &rS 1989 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (3)&ufaeYwiG f wkdif;&if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xmetjzpf oD;jcm;zGJYpnf;ay;cJNh y;D wkid ;f ESifh jynfe,fww Ykd iG f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm OD;pD;XmerSL;½k;H rsm;ukd wd;k csUJ zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/ õ

1989 ckEpS w f iG f Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary pmtkyu f dk 'kw, d tBurd f xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

1990 ckEpS w f iG f Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary pmtkyu f dk wwd,tBurd f xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

wkdif;&if;aq;ynm(4)bmom t&nftcsif;ppfpmar;yGJrsm;ukd 1993 ckESpf? 'DZifbmvwGif (1)Budrf? 1995 ckESpf? arvwGif (1)Budrf? pkpkaygif;(2) Budrf usif;yjyKvkyfcJhNyD; pmar;yGJwGif aq;usrf;(14)usrf; owfrSwfjyXmef;cJhonf/ a'oeme,twGuf tbd"r®o*F[½kyfykdif;? (6)vkH;#Dum"mwfusrf;(q&mrSJU)? "mwk0dedpä, ½lyu@usrf;(q&mBuD;OD;yef;om)? um,m Ekyóemusr;f (a,mtwGi;f 0efO;D bk;d vIid )f ? (2) aboZÆe,twGuf aboZÆrÍÆLomaq;usr;f (A*Fvm;q&mawmf)? rm"0ed'gef;usrf;(t½SifOmP0Ho)? 'AÁ*kPyumoeDaq;usrf; (t½Sify'krrax&f)? om&aumrk'daq;usrf;(armif;axmifomoemykdifq&mawmf)? e&okcd aq;usrf; (0efpma&;BuD;OD;aumif;)? eu©wåe,^aA'wÉe,twGuf tm'duyÜ'Gg'odrf tvif;jyusrf;(yxrausmfq&modef;)? (4) 0dZÆm"&e,twGuf &weokwf? arwåmokwf? cE¨okwf? aAmZös*Fokwf? &omrw "mwfaq;ukxkH;usrf;wwd,ykdif;(odrfjzLq&mawmf)? &ow&*Ðe"D mwfork'&´ musr;f tcef;(5)(odrjf zLaq;odyq HÜ &mawmf)? tm,kaAÁ'oda&mrPdusr;f (1318 ck) q&mrif;? ausmufqnfNrKd U) pmrsuEf mS 354 rS 379 txd jzpfMuygonf/

yxrtBurd f pmar;yGw J iG f &efuek pf mppfXmerS (543)OD;? rEÅav;pmppfXmerS (369)OD;? pkpak ygif; (912)OD; atmifjrifcyhJ gonf/ 'kw, d tBurd pf mar;yGw J iG f &efuek pf mppfXmerS (752)OD;? rEÅav; pmppfXmerS(480)OD;? pkpkaygif;(1232)OD; atmifjrifcJhonf/ wkdif;&if;aq;ynm(4)bmom pmar;yGJ (2)Burd f pkpak ygif;atmifjrifoal ygif;(2144)OD; &Sdonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 57

wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm(4)bmomatmifvufrw S af y;tyfyt J G crf;tem;udk rEÅav;NrKdU? wkid ;f &if;aq;odyüH Ü 1995 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (4)&ufaeYwiG f yxrtBurd ?f 1996 ckESpf? arv(18)&ufaeYwGif 'kw, d tBurd f usif;yjyKvkyfcJhygonf/

wkdif;&if;aq;0g;qdkif&m Oya'rsm;taejzifh EkdifiHawmfNidrf0yfydjym;rIwnfaqmufa&;tzGJU\ Oya'trSwf (7^1996)trdepYf mt& 1996 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v f (25)&ufaeYwiG f wkdif;&if;aq;0g; Oya' jy|mef;cJhonf/

1997-2008 õ 1998 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv(29)&ufaeYwiG f tqif(h 1)OD;pD;Xmetjzpf wk;d jri§ zhf GJUpnf;cJhonf/ õ

1998 ckESpf? Edk0ifbmv(28)&ufaeYwGif rEÅav;NrKd Uü ckwif (50)qHh wkdif;&if;aq;½kt H jzpf wd;k jri§ zhf iG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/

2000 jynfEh pS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (14)&ufaeYwiG f Ekid fiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESihfzGHYNzdK;a&;aumifpD Oya'trSwf (2^2000) trdeaYf Mumfjimpmt& wkid ;f &if;aq;aumifpD Oya'ukd jyXmef;cJNh y;D ? Ouú| tygt0if tzGJU0if(11)OD;jzifh wkdif;&if;aq;aumifpDukd zGJUpnf;cJhonf/

2000 jynfhESpf? 'DZifbmv (19)&ufaeYrS (20)&ufaeYxd yxrtBudrf jrefrmhwkdif;&if;aq; orm;awmfrsm;nDvmcHud k &efuek NfrKdU? usKu d q ú cH ef;rwGiv f nf;aumif;? wkid ;f &if;aq;ESif h aq;ypön;f jyyGu J dk &efuek Nf rKd U? wyfrawmfcef;rwGiv f nf;aumif; usi;f ycJNh y;D ? jrefrmhwidk ;f &if;aq;orm;awmfrsm; nDvmcHudk ESppf Ofusi;f yjyKvyk v f su½f o dS nf/ nDvmcHyxrtBurd rf S (13)Burd af jrmufxd pmwrf; zwfyrJG sm; yl;wGu J si;f ycJo h nf/

2000 jynfEh pS w f iG f Medicinal Plants of Myanmar Volume - I pmtkyEf iS fh Myanmar Ä Burd )f xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ Traditional Medicine Formulary pmtky(f pwkwt

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 58

2001 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv(19)&ufaeYwiG f rEÅav;NrKd Uü wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov kd f zGiv hf pS cf NhJy;D oifwef; umvrSm pmawGUvufawGU(4)ESp?f tvkyo f ifumv (1)ESp?f pkpak ygif; (5)ESpjf zpfNy;D atmifjrifNy;D ygu (Bachelor of Myanmar Traditional Medicine) (B.M.T.M)bGUJ cs;D jri § o hf nf/

wkid ;f &if;aq;q&m (1)ESpo f ifwef;rsm;ukd 1998 ckEpS rf S 2002 ckEpS x f d rEÅav;NrKdU? wkid ;f &if;aq;odyw H Ü iG f (5)Budrf? &efukefNrdKUwGif (3)Budrf zGifhvSpfykdYcscJhonf/

2002 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv(8)&ufaeYwiG f &efuek w f ikd ;f &if;aq;½ku H dk ckwif(50)qHw h idk ;f &if;aq;½kt H jzpf wd;k jri§ zhf iG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/

2002 ckEpS ?f ZGev f wGif jrefrmEdik if w H idk ;f &if;aq;q&mtoif;Bu;D ukd zGUJ pnf;wnfaxmifco hJ nf/

2003 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif World Health Organization (WHO) ESih f yl;aygif;Ny;D Collection f dk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ of Commonly Used Herbal Plants Volume-I pmtkyu

2007 ckEpS w f iG f Medicinal Plants of Myanmar Volume - II pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/

2008 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (4)&ufaeYwiG f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xme\ wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm jywku d u f dk zGiv hf pS cf o hJ nf/

2008 ckEpS ?f ZGev f wGif Hand Book on Traditional Medicine for Basic Health Education pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/

2008 ckEpS ?f ZGev f wGif WHO ESih f yl;aygif;Ny;D A Manual of Myanmar Traditional Medicine h nf/ for Primary Health Workers vufpGJpmtkyfudk xkwaf 0cJo

2008 ckEpS ?f Zlvidk v f wGif WHO ESih f yl;aygif;Ny;D jrefrmhwidk ;f &if;aq;ynmqkid &f myPmruse;f rma&; apmifah ½Smufrv I ufppJG mtkyu f dk xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 59

2008 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmvwGif WHOESihf yl;aygif;Ny;D jrefrmhwidk ;f &if;aq;ynm pHñeT ;f ukx;Hk pmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

2008 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmvwGif Myanmar Traditional Medicine HandBook f dk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/ (Myanmar and English) pmtkyu

2009-2019 õ rEÅav;NrKd U? wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov dk w f iG f 2009 ckEpS rf pS í wkid ;f &if;aq;okawoe pmwrf;zwfyJG rsm;udk ESppf Ofusi;f ycJo h nf/ õ

2009 ckESpfwGif World Health Organization (WHO) ESifh yl;aygif;NyD; The Use of h nf/ Herbal Medicines in Primary Health Care Workshop udk &efuek Nf rKd Uü usi;f ycJo

2010 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmvwGif Collection of Commonly Used Herbal Plants Volume - II pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0cJo h nf/

2012 ckESpf? wkdif;&if;aq;ynmr[mbGJUoifwef; (Master of Myanmar Traditional Medicine) (M.M.T.M)ukv d nf;aumif;? jrefrmhwikd ;f &if;aq;ynmbGUJ (aygif;ul;)(Bachelor Yk dk pwifziG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ of Myanmar Traditional Medicine) (B.M.T.M) oifwef;wdu

2012 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv (9)&ufaeYwiG f &efuek Ef iS fh rEÅav; wkid ;f &if;aq;½kw H u Ykd kd ckwif(100)qHh wkid ;f &if;aq;½krH sm;tjzpf wkd;jr§ifhzGifhvSpfcJhonf/

aejynfawmf? &efuek ?f rEÅav; wkUd wGif ckwif(100)qHw h idk ;f &if;aq;½kH (3)½k?H wdik ;f a'oBu;D ^ jynfe,ftoD;oD;wdw Yk iG f ckwif(50)qHw h idk ;f &if;aq;½kH (9)½k?H (25)ckwifqw hH idk ;f &if;aq;½kH (10)½k?H (16)ckwifqw hH idk ;f &if;aq;½k(H 19)½kEH iS fh wdik ;f a'oBu;D ^jynfe,fO;D pD;XmerSL;½k;H (15)ck? c½dik Of ;D pD; XmerSL;½k;H (50)ck? NrKd Ue,fwidk ;f &if;aq;ukXme(210)ckwt Ykd m; zGiv hf pS x f m;&Sjd y;D jzpfonf/

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&efuek Ef iS rfh EÅav;&Sd wdik ;f &if;aq;0g;puf½w Hk rYkd S ta&mif;aq;0g;(8)rsK;d udv k nf; pepfwus xkwyf ;dk rI ykHpHjzifh xkwfvkyjf zefjY zL; ay;vsu½f o dS nf/

2013 ckEpS w f iG f Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume-I pmtkyu f dk xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

2013 ckESpf? rwfvwGif jrefrmhwidk ;f &if;aq;ynmpHñeT ;f ukx;Hk pmtkyu f kd 'kw, d tBurd f xkwaf 0 cJyh gonf/

2013 ckESpf? rwfv(11)&ufaeYrS (15)&ufaeYxd Inter-sessional ASEAN TMHS Scientific Committee(ATSC) and Task Force on Regulatory Framework Meetings tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkid if ?H aejynfawmf? Zabu Thiri Hotel wGif tdr½ f iS Ef idk if H

tjzpf usi;f ycJo h nf/ õ

2013 ckESpf? ZGefv(24)&ufaeYrS (29)&ufaeYxd The 19th Meeting of Traditional Medicines Health Supplements- Product Working Group (TMHSPWG) tpnf ; ta0;uk d jref r mEk d i f i H ? yk * H N rd K U? Aureum Palace Hotel wG i f

tdrf½SifEkdifiHtjzpf usi;f ycJo h nf/ õ

2013 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv(8)&ufaeYrS (11)&ufaeYxd The 4th Meeting of ASEAN Task Force on Traditional Medicine tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH? yk*HNrdKU? Central Hotel wGif tdrf½SifEkdifiHtjzpf usi;f ycJo h nf/

2014 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv(31)&ufaeYwiG f The 5th Traditional Medicine Conference Pre-Meeting tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH? &efukefNrdKU? Panda HotelwGif usi;f ycJo h nf/

2014 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (8)&ufaeYrS (10)&ufaeYxd The 5th Conference on Traditional Medicine in ASEAN Countries tpnf;ta0;ukd jrefrmEkdifiH? &efukefNrdKU? Summit h nf/ Park View HotelwGif tdrf½SifEkdifiHtjzpf usi;f ycJo

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2015 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv(18)&ufaeYrS (22)&ufaeYxd Inter-sessional Meeting tpnf;ta0; h nf/ ukd jrefrmEkdifiH? rEÅav;NrdKU? Hotel Shwe Pyi Thar wGif usi;f ycJo

2015 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv(4)&ufaeYwiG f ckwif(100)qHw h idk ;f &if;aq;½k?H aejynfawmfukd zGiv hf pS f cJyh gonf/

2015 ckEpS w f iG f Myanmar Traditional Medicine Formulary pmtkyu f d k yÍörtBurd f xkwaf 0 cJyh gonf/

wkdif;a'oBuD;ESihf jynfe,ftoD;oD;½Sd wkdif;&if;aq;½kHrsm;wGif Continuing Traditional S ?f ZGev f rSpí vpOfaqmif½u G f Medical Education (CTME) tpDtpOfukd 2016 ckEp cJo h nf/

2016 ckEpS ?f Zlvid k v f wGif Xmeok;H aq;enf;rsm;ESio f h rm;pOfaq;zkrH sm; pmtkyu f d k q|rtBurd f xkwaf 0 cJyh gonf/

2016 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmvwGif jrefrmhwikd ;f &if;aq;ynmtawG;tac: t,ltqESifh ukx;Hk qkid &f m t&nftaoG;jri§ o hf ifwef;udk aejynfawmf? ckwif(100)qHw h idk ;f &if;aq;½kw H iG f zGiv hf pS f cJo h nf/

wkdif;&if;aq;ynmOD;pD;XmewGif y&aq;O,smOf (9)ck wnfaxmifxm;½Sdonf/

e-Government qdi k &f m vkyif ef;rsm;udk wk;d jri§ ahf qmif½u G o f mG ;&ef &nf½, G í f 2016-2017

ckEpS w f iG f www.dtm.gov.mm trnfjzifh Website wpfcu k dk wnfaxmifco hJ nf/ õ

taMumynmoifwef; (1^2017)ukd (21-2-2017)&ufaeYrS (7-3-2017)&ufaeUxd ckwif (100)qHw h ikd ;f &if;aq;½k?H rEÅav;NrKd Uü vnf;aumif;? a'oeme,aq;ynmoifwef; (1^2017)

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ukd (21-2-2017)&ufaeYrS (22-3-2017)&ufaeYtxd ckwif(50)qHw h idk ;f &if;aq;½k?H jrpfBu;D em;NrKd Uü vnf;aumif;? a'oeme,oifwef;ESihf taMumynmoifwef; (1^2017)ukd (6-3-2017) &ufaeYrS (6-4-2017)&ufaeYtxd ckwif(100)qHw h ikd ;f &if;aq;½k?H &efuek w f w Ykd iG f oifwef;rsm; zGiv hf pS yf cYkd sco hJ nf/ õ

rEÅav;NrKd U? wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov dk w f iG f okawoeenf;pepfqidk &f mtvky½f aHk qG;aEG;yGEJ iS fh aq;ynm oifMum;a&;qdik &f m tvky½f aHk qG;aEG;yGrJ sm;ukd 2007 ckEpS rf pS í ESppf Ofusi;f yonf/

2016 ckEpS Ef iS fh 2017 ckEpS w f w Ydk iG w f ikd ;f &if;aq;ynmOD;pD;XmerS Bu;D rSL;í wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov dk f wGif a½S;a[mif;jrefrmhwidk ;f &if;aq;usr;f pmayrsm; xde;f odr;f &efEiS rfh sK;d qufopf wkdif;&if;aq; q&m^q&mrrsm;\ t&nftaoG; jrifrh m;vmap&ef? a½S;a[mif;jrefrmhwidk ;f &if; aq;usr;f rsm; qkid &f m pmayNyKd iyf u JG kd usi;f ycJo h nf/

2017 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (9)&ufaeYwiG f jynfaxmifpo k r®wjrefrmEkid if aH wmftpd;k &? use;f rma&;ESit f h m;upm; 0efBu;D Xme\ trdeaYf MumfjimpmtrSwf (38^2017)jzifh wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm&yfqikd &f mtBuaH y;tzGUJ (Traditional Medicine Technical Advisory Group)(TM-TAG)ukd Ouú|tygt0if tzGUJ 0if(15)OD;jzifh zGUJ pnf;cJyh gonf/

2017 ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv (20)&ufaeYwiG f (8)Burd af jrmuf rJacgifa'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;qkid &f m tpnf;ta0; (The 8th Meeting on Indigenous Medicine in the Greater Mekong Basin)ukd &efuek Nf rKd U½Sd Novotel Hotel wGif zGiyhf t JG crf;tem; usi;f ycJNh y;D Summit Park View Hotel wGif tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJhonf/ uarÇm'D;,m;? w½kwf? vmtkd? jrefrm? xdkif;ESihf AD,uferf paom rJacgifa'owGi;f EdkifirH sm;rS ukd,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif; (87)OD; wufa&mufcJhMuonf/

(8)Burd af jrmufraJ cgifa'owGi;f Edik if rH sm;qkid &f m wkid ;f &if;aq;ESiq fh ufpyfypön;f rsm;jyyGu J v dk nf; &efuek Nf rKd U? wyfrawmfcef;rwGif 2017 ckEpS ?f Ek0d ifbmv (21)&ufaeYrS (24)&ufaeYxd usi;f y jyKvyk cf o hJ nf/

f kd 2018 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif Myanmar Herbal Pharmacopoeia Volume - II pmtkyu

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xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/ f kd 2018 ckEpS ?f rwfvwGif Basic Concept of Myanmar Traditional Medicine pmtkyu xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

oifMum;a&;u@taejzifh wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov dk u f dk rEÅav;NrKd Uü 2001 ckEpS ?f 'DZifbmv (19)&ufaeYwiG f zGiv hf pS cf NhJ y;D vlpY rG ;f tm;t&if;tjrpfrsm;ukd arG;xkwaf y;vsu½f &dS m 2018 ckEpS f txd (Bachelor of Myanmar Traditional Medicine) (B.M.T.M)bGUJ &ol (1583)OD; ESifh (Master of Myanmar Traditional Medicine) (M.M.T.M) bGJU&ol (59)OD;udk arG;xkwaf y;Ny;D jzpfonf/

tmqD,w H idk ;f &if;aq;0g;ESifh use;f rma&;jznfph u G pf mqkid &f maumif;rGeaf om xkwv f yk rf u I siphf Of oifwef; (Training of ASEAN Guidelines on GMP for Traditional Medicines and Health Supplements (TMHS)) (1^2018) zGifhyGJtcrf;tem;ukd aejynfawmf½Sd trsK;d om;y&aq;O,smOf? yifr&Si;f vif;aqmifü (10-10-2018) &ufaeYrS (15-10-2018) &ufaeYxd usif;y&mwGif usef;rma&;ESihftm;upm;0efBuD;Xme? jynfaxmifpk0efBuD;u a'gufwmjrifah xG; wufa&mufziG v hf pS cf o hJ nf/ yxrOD;qk;H zGiv hf pS o f nfh oifwef;jzpfNy;D oifwef;om; OD;a&(61)OD; wufa&mufcMhJ uonf/

use;f rma&;ESit fh m;upm;0efBu;D Xme? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmOD;pD;XmerSxw k af 0aom wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm r*¾Zif;trSwpf Of (31)ukd 2019 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&DvwGif xkwaf 0cJyh gonf/

2019 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv (24)&ufaeYESifh (25)&ufaeYrsm;wGif aejynfawmf½Sd M Gallery Hotel ü The 2nd Meeting of BTFTM (BIMSTEC Task Force on Traditional Medicine) ukd usif;ycJhonf/ tzGJY0ifEdkifiHrsm;jzpfonfh b*Fvm;a'h&Sf? blwef? tdE´d,? jrefrm? eDayg? xkdif;? oD&v d uFm Edik if w H rYdk S ud, k pf m;vS,pf pk ak ygif; (40)OD; wufa&mufco hJ nf/

2019 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (25)&ufaeYwiG f (2019 ckEpS ?f jynfaxmifpv k w T af wmf Oya'trSwf 1/)jzifh jrefrmEdkifiHwkdif;&if;aq;aumifpDOya'udk topfjyefvnfjyXmef;cJhonf/ ,cif wdik ;f &if;aq;aumifpOD ya' (Ekid if aH wmfat;csr;f om,ma&;ESizfh UHG NzKd ;a&;aumifpOD ya'trSwf

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2^2000)udk þOya'jzifh ½kyo f rd ;f cJo h nf/ 2019 ckEpS ?f rwfv (19)&ufaeYwiG f wkid ;f &if;aq;0g;puf½Hk (rEÅav;)tm; wd;k jri§ zhf iG v hf pS f cJyh gonf/

2019 ckEpS ?f rwfv (7)&ufaeY? The Global New Light of Myanmar owif;pmwGif Integrating Traditional Medicine into Primary Health Care of Myanmar aqmif;yg; ukv d nf;aumif;? 2019 ckESpf? ZGefv(3)&uf jrefrmhtvif; owif;pmwGif wufEG,fausmif; ausmufpmmrS wkid ;f &if;aq;rSww f rf;rsm; aqmif;yg; azmfjyyg½SdcJhonf/

2019 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (8)&ufaeY wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov kd w f iG f wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm&yfrsm; tajccHcidk Nf rJ ykrd w kd ;kd wufaumif;rGeaf p&efEiS fh t&nftaoG; jynf0h aomuse;f rma&;vlpY rG ;f tm; t&if;tjrpfrsm; arG;xkwaf y;Ekid &f efwt Y k d wGuf orkid ;f wavQmuf yxrqk;H tjzpf wkid ;f &if;aq;wuúov dk \ f oifMum;a&;? ukoa&;? okawoeESizfh UHG NzKd ;a&;? pDrcH efcY aJG &;u@wdUk wGif BuKd ;yrf;yg0ifaqmif½u G af y;cJo h nfh tNird ;f pm; ygarmu©csKy?f ygarmu©rsm;? uxdursm;? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm½SiBfu;D rsm;tjzpf Professor Emeritus (3)OD;? Honorary Professor (3)OD;? Honorary Associate Professor (1)OD;? Visiting Lecturer (1)OD; pkpak ygif;(8)OD;wdu Yk dk use;f rma&;ESit f h m;upm;0efBu;D Xme? jynfaxmifp0k efBu;D a'gufwmjrifah xG;u ay;tyfcs;D jri§ chf o hJ nf/

wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm½Sirf sm;twGuf aq;½kpH rD cH efcY rJG EI iS hf acgif;aqmifro I ifwef; (1^2019)ukd aejynfawmf½dS trsK;d om;y&aq;O,smOf? yifr&Si;f vif;aqmifü usi;f y&mwGif use;f rma&;ESifh tm;upm;0efBu;D Xme? jynfaxmifp0k efBu;D a'gufwmjrifah xG; u wufa&muf zGiv hf pS af y;cJo h nf/ WHO \ taxmuftyHjh zifh (10-6-2019)&ufaeYrS (14-6-2019) &ufaeYxd zGiv hf pS o f nfh oifwef;jzpfNyD; oifwef;om;(24)OD; wufa&mufco hJ nf/

2019 ckESpf? ZGefv(24)&ufaeY The Global New Light of Myanmar owif;pmwGif A Historic Day for University of Traditional Medicine, Mandalay aqmif;yg; azmfjyyg&Scd o hJ nf/

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2019 ckEpS w f iG f jynfaxmifpek ,fajr? wkid ;f a'oBu;D ^jynfe,f? toD;oD;ü yOörtBurd af jrmuf jrefrmEkid if w H idk ;f &if;aq;q&mtoif; wkid ;f ? c½kid ?f NrKd Ue,f tvkyt f rIaqmifopfrsm; jyefvnf a½G;cs,zf UJG pnf;jcif;ESihf A[dt k vkyrf aI qmif a½G;cs,zf pYJG nf;jcif;wku Yd kd aqmif½u G cf o hJ nf/

wkdif;&if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xmeonf jrefrmhwkdif;&if;aq; zGHUNzdK;wdk;wufa&;twGuf? wdkif;&if; aq;ynm&yf qkid &f mtBuaH y;tzGUJ ? wkid ;f &if;aq;aumifp?D wkid ;f &if;aq;q&mtoif;? ES;D EG,af om OD;pD;Xmersm;? jrefrmEdkifiHwkdif;&if;aq;0g;xkwfvkyfolrsm;ESihfaq;ypönf;vkyfief;½Sifrsm; toif;(,m,D)? tmqD,HEdkifiHrsm;rS wkid ;f &if;aq;vkyif ef;Xmersm;ESifh yl;aygif;aqmif½u G v f suf ½Syd gonf/

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13/ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/ 9/ 10/ 11/ 12/ 13/

usrf;ukd;pm&if;rsm; wkdif;&if;om;aq;ynm pnf;pepfudk pkHprf;aom aumfrwDtpD&ifcHpm? 1932 ckESpf/ &efukefESihf rEÅav; wkdif;&if;aq;½kHwkdY\ rSwfwrf;rsm;? 1976 ckESpf/ wkdif;&if;aq;odyÜH? rEÅav;qkdif&m rSwfwrf;rsm;? 1976 ckESpf/ jrefrmhwid k ;f &if;aq;ynmorkid ;f ? wkid ;f &if;aq;odyaH Ü usmif;oifcef;pmaumfrwD? use;f rma&;0efBu;D Xme? 1978 ckESpf/ r[mAk'¨0if? 1995 ckESpf/ use;f rma&;0efBu;D Xme? aq;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? aq;okawoeOD;pD;XmerS okawoejyK rSwfwrf;wifxm;aom jrefrmwdkif;&if;aq;zkHrsm;? 1998 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv/ use;f rma&;0efBu;D Xme? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xme? ZD0uavQmufx;Hk ? 1999 ckEpS ?f rwfv/ wkdif;&if;aq;wuúodkvf(rEÅav;)qkdif&mrSwfwrf;rsm;? 2001 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? jrefrm&ufpOfordkif; yxrwGJ (tBudKordkif;umv rS 1945 txd)? 2009 ckESpf/ jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEdkifiHawmftpdk;&? ,Ofaus;rI0efBuD;Xme? orkdif;okawoeOD;pD;Xme? jrefrm&ufpOfordkif; 'kwd,wGJ (1945 rS 2008 txd)2009 ckESpf/ use;f rma&;ESit fh m;upm;0efBu;D Xme? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xme\orkid ;f ESifh OD;pD;Xmetvdu k f aqmif½Gucf surf sm;? 2017 ckESpf/ use;f rma&;ESit fh m;upm;0efBu;D Xme? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmOD;pD;Xme? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynmr*¾Zif;? trSw(f 30)? 2018 ckESpf/ 2016 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (1)&ufaeYrS 2019 ckEpS ?f rwfv(31)&ufaeYtwGi;f ajymif;vJw;kd wufrI tajctaersm;? use;f rma&;ESit fh m;upm;0efBu;D Xme? 2019 ckEpS ?f arv/

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14/ aemuf q uf w G J r sm; 14-1/ wk d i f ; &if ; jref r maq;cef ; rsm;pm&if ; 1953 ckESpfwGif zGifhvSpfonfh wkdif;&if;jrefrmaq;ay;cef;rsm; &efukef (9)cef;pm&if; trS w f p Of aq;cef ; rS L ; 1/ ykZGefawmif? wHwm;OD; q&maomf 2/ c&pfvrf;? a&ausmf OD;xGef;jrifh 3/ armfwifaps;? vrf;rawmf OD;xGef;wif 4/ qlygyifvrf;? tvkH OD;pkd;vIdif 5/ Munfhjrifwdkif q&mcspf 6/ ajreDukef;? t0kdif;BuD;teD; OD;apmarmif 7/ a&wm½Snfvrf;? A[ef; q&moef; 8/ r*spfvrf;? wmarG OD;bcif 9/ jrif;NydKifuGif;vrf;? wmarG q&modef; rEÅav; (9)cef;pm&if; trS w f p Of 1/ OD;wm&Japs;('Dbkd;vrf;)

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jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 68

pD½aHk ps;(bD½aHk ps;? yGu J ek ;f &yf)

urf;em;aps;(pdefyef;&yf)

OD;tDqm(bk&ifo h rm;awmf q&mrk;d Bu;D \ ajr;jzpfonf) q&m&pf

wkdif;&if;aq;ynm rGrf;rHoifwef;rsm; rG r f ; rH o if w ef ; trS w f p Of ( 1) 1)/ / 1971 ckESpf? atmufwkdbmv (11)&ufaeYrS 1972 ckEpS ?f Zefe0g&Dv (15)&ufaeYtxd &efuek Nf rKd U? wkid ;f &if;aq;ynm½k;H cef;rwGif zGiv hf pS f oifMum;íay;onf/ oifjyonfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifh ykcYd sorl sm;rSm atmufygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/ wk d i f ; &if ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ cE¨maA'(tm,kaAÁ') OD;[efxGef;(oifwef;ausmif;tkyfBuD;) 2/ wkdif;&if;aq;ynmorkdif; OD;omwif(rmC) 3/ taMumjyifukxkH; OD;xGef; 4/ aoG;prf;ynm OD;armifarmif 5/ temaygufukxkH; OD;Nidrf; 6/ aq;ypönf;tmedoif OD;Nidrf; 7/ aq;ynmOya'o y|rausmf q&modef; 8/ aq;a0g[m& OD;armifarmif 9/ aq;0g;azmfpyfenf;rsm; y|rausmf q&modef; OD;bdk;usm;(bD?yD?tkdif) 10/ a&m*ged'gef;ESifhukxkH;rsm; q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh(aq;aumifpD0if) q&mausmf(aq;ESihfrSwfykHwift&m½Sd) D zGUJ 0if) OD;y@0(aq;aumifpt OD;[efxeG ;f OD;Nird ;f a'gufwmOD;bode;f 11/ vlemcsO;f uyfenf;ESipfh rf;oyfenf; a'gufwmOD;bode;f 12/ &moDtvdu k jf zpfymG ;wwfaom q&mausmf a&m*gESiu hf x k ;Hk

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,if;bmom(12)rsK;d twGuf oifwef;csed ef m&Daygif; (309)em&D½o dS nf/ taemuf w k d i f ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ cE¨maA'(taemufwkdif;) a'gufwmOD;wifOD; (rD;&xm;q&m0efBuD;? tif;pdef) 2/ ZD0ur®aA' a'gufwmOD;wifOD; 3/ tajccH½yl aA' OD;vSarmf(A[dkaq;okawoe) 4/ tajccH"mwkaA' OD;vSarmf 5/ tajccH½ku©aA' OD;vSarmf 6/ tajccHpdwåaA' a'gufwmOD;wifOD; 7/ taMumjyif(taemufwdkif;) a'gufwma':jrpdef(&efukefaq;½kHBuD;) 8/ pdwfa&m*g a'gufwmOD;ae0if; (pdwåZaq;½kHtkyfBuD;) 9/ ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; a'gufwmOD;aomif; (usef;rma&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0ef½kH;) 10/ aq;rSwfwrf;ESifhpm&if;tif; a'gufwma':&ifjr jyKpkenf; (usef;rma&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0ef½kH;) ,if;bmom (11)rsKd;twGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (77)em&D½Sdonf/ tjcm;bmom&yf r sm; 1/ MuufajceD jynfwGif;jynfyzGJYpnf;ykH 2/ oabmw&m;a&;&m 3/ a½S;OD;olemjyK ,if;bmom(3)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; taxG a xG b mom&yf r sm; 1/ orm;wdkY\wm0ef

OD;ukdukd AkdvfwaxmifygwD,lepf MuufajceDtzGJYcsKyf (20)em&D½Sdonf/

'kwd,AkdvfrSL;BuD;vSrkd; (usef;rma&;0efBuD;Xme?

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 70

wGJbuftwGif;0ef) 2/ jynfolYusef;rma&;ESihf a'gufwmOD;atmifodef; (usef;rma&;Xme? ñTefMum;a&;0ef) wkdif;&if;aq;ynmu@ 3/ jyifyq&mBuD;rsm;\ awmifomq&mBuD; OD;xGef;wif vufawGYukxkH;rsm; obm0"r®q&moef;? obm0"r® okdif;OD;boGif 4/ b,aq;jzefYjzL;ykH AkdvfBuD;wifxGef;? ukefoG,fa&;(10) 5/ vufawGYb,aq;ynm 'AÁ*kPf;q&mñGefY 6/ wkdif;&if;aq; ½kH;zGJYpnf;ykH OD;pkd;armif? tkyfcsKyfa&;t&m½Sd ,if;bmom&yf(6)rsKd;twGuf oifwef;csdef em&Daygif;(22)em&D½Sdonf/ bmom&yf tm;vk;H twGuf oifwef;csed f em&Daygif;(428)em&D½o dS nf/ oifwef;om;aygif; (45)a,muf wufa&mufMuonf/ ,if;oifwef;umvtwGif; we*FaEGaeY paom tm;vyf&ufrsm;ü (1) bD-yD-tdkif? (2) aq;wuúokdvf-2? (3) A[kdaq;okawoeXme? (4) uefawmfBuD; ajrya'omuRef;? (5) odrfjzLaq;ukXme? (6) okcdwm&mrq&mawmf aq;ukXme? (7) q&mBuD; OD;pHwifh aq;ukXme? (8) xD;wef;obm0"r® aq;ukXmersm;okv Yd nf; uGi;f qif; avhvmMu&onf/ rG r f ; rH o if w ef ; trS w f ( 2) 2)/ /1972 ckESpf? azazmf0g&Dv (29)&ufaeYrS ZGefv (10) &ufaeY txd &efukefNrdKU? wkdif;&if;aq;ynm½kH;wGif zGifhvSpfoifMum;ay;onf/ oifwef;om; aygif; (45)a,muf½Sdonf/ oifjyonfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifh ydkYcsolrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ wk d i f ; &if ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ wkdif;&if;aq;ynmorkdif; OD;omwif(rmC) 2/ cE¨maA'(tm,kaAÁ') OD;[efxGef; 3/ aq;ynmOya'o q&mausmf 4/ aoG;prf;ynm odrfjzLq&mawmf 5/ taMumjyif q&mxkduf(b*FgvDpk) 6/ vlemcsOf;uyfenf;ESifhprf;oyfenf; a'gufwmOD;bodef;

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 71

7/ 8/

aq;ypönf;tmedoif aq;0g;azmfpyfenf;rsm;

y|rausmfq&modef; q&modef; OD;bkd;usm;(bD-yD-tdkif)? OD;odef;(aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;) 9/ a&m*ged'gef;ESifhukxkH; q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh? q&mausmf a'gufwmOD;bodef;? OD;y@0? OD;Nird ;f 10/ temaygufukxkH; okcw d m&mrq&mawmf 11/ aq;a0g[m& OD;armifarmif ,if;bmom&yf(11)&yftwGuf oifwef;csed ef m&Daygif; (295)em&D &So d nf/ taemufwkdif;aq;ynmbmom&yfrsm; 1/ cE¨maA'(taemufwidk ;f ) a'gufwmOD;wifO;D 2/ ZD0ur®aA' a'gufwmOD;wifO;D 3/ tajccH½u k a© A' OD;vSarmf 4/ tajccH"mwkaA' OD;vSarmf 5/ tajccH½yl aA' OD;vSarmf 6/ tajccHpw d aå A' a'gufwmOD;wifO;D 7/ taMumjyif(taemufwidk ;f ) a'gufwma':jrpdef 8/ pdwaf &m*g a'gufwmOD;ae0if; 9/ ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; a'gufwmOD;aomif; 10/ aq;rSww f rf;ESiphf m&if;jyKpak &; a'gufwma':&ifjr ,if;bmom (11)&yftwGuf oifwef;tcsed ef m&Daygif; (91)em&D ½So d nf/ tjcm;bmom&yfrsm; 1/ MuufajceDjynfwiG ;f jynfyzGUJ pnf;ykH OD;oDvS 2/ oabmw&m;a&;&m Akv d w f axmifygwD,el pf 3/ olemjyKenf;jy MuufajceDtzGcYJ sKyf ,if;bmom&yf (3)&yftwGuf oifwef;csed ef m&Daygif; (47)em&D ½So d nf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 72

taxGaxGbmom&yfrsm; 1/ orm;wd\ Yk wm0ef 2/ jynfou Yl se;f rma&;ESiw fh idk ;f &if;aq;ynmu@ 3/ jyifyq&mBu;D rsm;\vufawGu Y x k ;Hk 4/ b,aq;jzefjY zL;ykH 5/ vufawGYb,aq;ynm 6/ wdik ;f &if;aq;½k;H zGUJ pnf;ykH ,if;bmom&yf (6)&yftwGuf oifwef;csed f em&Daygif; (19)em&D

'kw, d Akv d rf LS ;Bu;D vSr;kd a'gufwmOD;atmifoed ;f q&mBu;D rsm; Akv d Bf u;D wifxeG ;f 'AÁ*P k ;f q&mñGeYf OD;pd;k armif ½So d nf/

avh v ma&; 1/ aq;wuúov kd Ef iS hf cE¨maA'Xme 2/ ajrya'om b,aq;pdu k cf if; 3/ jrefrmEdik if aH q;0g;xkwv f yk af &;Xme 4/ uHbJhokawoeXme 5/ jrefrmhtm,kaAÁ'aq;ukXme 6/ (u) q&mOD;pHwifh aq;ukXme (c) xD;wef;obm0"r® aq;ukXme (*) okcw d m&mr aq;ukXme 7/ pdwaf &m*g txl;ukaq;½kEH iS fh tif;pdef rD;&xm;aq;½kw H o Ykd Ykd (24)Burd rf Q oGm;a&muf avhvmcJo h nf/ rGrf;rHoifwef;trSwfpOf(3) 3)/ / 1972 ckEpS ?f atmufwb dk mv (1)&ufaeYrS 1973 ckEpS ?f azazmf0g&Dv (3)&ufaeYtxd rEÅav;NrKd U wkid ;f &if;aq;odyaHÜ usmif;wGif zGiv hf pS o f ifMum; ay;onf/ oifwef;om; (43)a,muf ½So d nf/ oifMum;jyoonfh bmom&yfrsm;ESifh ydcYk sorl sm;rSm atmufygtwkid ;f jzpfonf/ wk d i f ; &if ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ wkdif;&if;aq;ynmorkdif; OD;omwif(rmC)

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 73

2/ 3/

cE¨maA'(tm,kaAÁ') aq;ynmOya'o

OD;[efxGef; q&mOD;pHwifh? y|rausmfq&modef; q&mausmf 4/ aoG;prf;ynm OD;Nidrf; 5/ taMumjyif OD;armifwifh(aygif;wnf) 6/ vlemcsOf;uyfenf;ESihfprf;oyfenf; a'gufwmOD;bodef; 7/ aq;ypönf;tmedoif q&modef; 8/ (u) aq;0g;azmfpyfenf; q&modef; (c) aq;qD OD;odef;(aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;) (*) aq;jym; OD;odef;(aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;) 9/ (u) a&m*ged'gef;ESifhukxkH;rsm; q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh(aq;aumifpD0if) (c) 4if; a'gufwmOD;bodef; (*) 4if; q&mBuD;OD;tkef;a½T (C) 4if; OD;Nidrf; 10/ temayguf q&mBuD;OD;tkef;a½T 11/ aq;a0g[m& OD;[efxGef; q&mausmf ,if;bmom (11)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (292)em&D½Sdonf/

taemuf w k d i f ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ cE¨maA'(taemufwkdif;) 2/ ZD0ur®aA' 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/

a'gufwmOD;wifOD; a'gufwmjAm[®Pa½Tvif; (aq;wuúodkvf? rEÅav;) a'gufwma':cifpdef(0ô wuúokdvf) OD;0if;armif(ref;âq;wuúodkvf) OD;BuD;jrifh(0ô rEÅav;) a'gufwma':jrjr0if; a'gufwmOD;jrifh[ef a'gufwma':jrjr0if;

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 74

9/ ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; a'gufwmOD;atmifodef; 10/ aq;rSwfwrf;ESihfpm&if;tif; (rEÅav;aq;½kHBuD;aq;rSwfwrf;Xme) ,if;bmom (10)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (91)em&D½Sdonf/ tjcm;bmom&yf r sm; 1/ MuufajceD jynfwGif;jynfyzGJYpnf;ykH 2/ oabmw&m;a&;&m -

OD;oDvS(MuufajceDA[dktzGJYcsKyf) rEÅav;taemufajrmuf? NrdKUe,fygwD,lepf 3/ olemjyK OD;{jrifEh iS (hf rEÅav;wkid ;f ? MuufajceDtzGUJ ) ,if;bmom (3)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (24)em&D ½Sdonf/

taxG a xG b mom&yf r sm; 1/ orm;wdkY\wm0ef

aq;ausmif;? aq;½kHaumfrwD twGif;a&;rSL; OD;wkd;vIdif 2/ jyifyq&mBuD;rsm;\ukxkH;rsm; OD;vluav;? OD;okw? oD0Hq&mcspf? q&m[ef? ppfukdif;OD;wifOD; 3/ b,aq;jzefYjzL;ykH OD;wifxGef; 4/ vufawGYb,aq;rsm; 'AÁ*kPf;OD;ñGefY 5/ wkdif;&if;aq; ½kH;zGJYpnf;ykH OD;pdk;armif ,if;bmom&yf (6)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (25)em&D ½Sdonf/

avh v ma&; 1/ aq;wuúokdvf cE¨maA'Xme? rEÅav; 2/ aq;½kHBuD;aq;rSwfwrf;Xme? rEÅav; 3/ arNrdKUb,aq;O,smOfwdkYokdY (14)BudrfrQ oGm;a&mufavhvmcJhonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 75

rGrf;rHoifwef;trSwfpOf(4) 4)/ / 1973 ckEpS ?f ZGev f (21)&ufaeYrS 1973 ckEpS ?f pufwifbmv (19)&ufaeYtxd rEÅav;NrdKU wkdif;&if;aq;odyÜHausmif;wGif zGifhvSpfoifMum; ay;onfh oifwef;om;aygif; (37)a,muf½Sdonf/ oifjyonfhbmom&yfrsm;ESihf ydkYcsonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/ wd k i f ; &if ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ wkdif;&if;aq;ynmorkdif; OD;[efxGef; 2/ cE¨maA'(tm,kaAÁ') OD;[efxGef; 3/ aq;ynmOya'o q&mBu;D OD;pHwif?h q&mode;f ? q&mausmf 4/ aoG;prf;ynm OD;aomif;EG,f(&rnf;oif;) 5/ taMumjyif ½Srf;uav; OD;EG,fESifh OD;oef;armif 6/ vlemcsOf;uyfenf;ESifhprf;oyfenf; a'gufwmOD;bodef; 7/ aq;ypönf;tmedoif q&mBuD;OD;pHwifhESihf q&modef; 8/ aq;0g;azmfpyfenf;rsm; q&modef; 9/ a&m*ged'gef;ESihfukxkH;rsm; (1) 4if; q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh (2) 4if; q&modef; (3) 4if; a'gufwmOD;bodef; (4) 4if; q&mBuD;OD;tkef;a½T (5) 4if; q&mausmf 10/ temayguf q&mOD;tkef;a½T 11/ aq;a0g[m& OD;[efxGef; 12/ wkdif;&if;olemjyK a'gufwmOD;bodef; ,if;bmom (12)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (282)em&D ½Sdonf/ taemuf w k d i f ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ cE¨maA'(taemufwkdif;) 2/ ZD0ur®aA' 3/ tajccH½u k a© A' -

a'gufwmOD;wifOD; a'gufwmjA[®Pa½Tvif; a'gufwmOD;wifjrifh

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 76

(0^o wuúov dk ?f rEÅav;) 4/ 5/ 6/

tajccH"mwkaA' tajccH½yl aA' tajccHpdwåaA'

OD;0if;armif(aq;wuúodkvf? rEÅav;) OD;BuD;jrifh (0^o wuúokdvf? rEÅav;) a'gufwma':jrjr0if; (pdwfa&m*gukXme? rEÅav;aq;½kH) 7/ taMumjyif a'gufwmjrifh[ef(rEÅav;aq;½kHBuD;) 8/ pdwfa&m*g a'gufwma':jrjr0if; (pdwfa&m*gukXme? rEÅav;aq;½kH) 9/ ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; a'gufwmOD;ausmfckdif 10/ aq;rSwfwrf;ESifhpm&if;tif; aq;rSwfwrf;Xme(rEÅav;aq;½kHBuD;) ,if;bmom(10)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (92)em&D½Sdonf/ tjcm;bmom&yf r sm; 1/ MuufajceD jynfwGif;jynfyzGJYpnf;ykH OD;oDvS(MuufajceDA[dktzGJYcsKyf) 2/ oabmw&m;a&;&m taemufajrmuf NrKd Ue,fygwD,el pf? rEÅav; 3/ a½S;OD;olemjyK rEÅav;wkdif;MuufajceDtzGJY ,if;bmom (3)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (24)em&D ½Sdonf/ taxG a xG b mom&yf r sm; 1/ orm;wdkY\wm0ef 2/ jyifyq&mBuD;rsm;\ukxkH;rsm;

OD;wkd;vIdif rEÅav;rS q&mBuD;rsm; OD;vluav;? OD;okw? oD0Hq&mcspf? q&m[ef? ppfukdif;OD;wifOD; 3/ b,aq;jzefYjzL;ykH OD;wifxGef; 4/ wkdif;&if;aq; ½kH;zGJUpnf;ykH OD;pdk;armif ,if;bmom&yf (4)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (20)em&D ½Sdonf/

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 77

avh v ma&; 1/ aq;wuúokdvf cE¨maA'Xme? rEÅav; 2/ wkdif;&if;aq;ukXmersm; 3/ wdkif;&if;aq;odyÜH½Sd aq;O,smOf wkdYodkU avhvmonfhtBudrfaygif; (11)jzpfonf/ aq;cef;rSL;BuD;rsm; OmPfopfavmif;oifwef;/ / 1973 ckEpS ?f {Nyv D (23)&ufaeYrS arv(5)&ufaeYxd wkdif;&if;aq;cef;rSL;BuD;rsm;\ OmPfopfavmif;oifwef;zGifhvSpfonf/ wufa&mufMuonfh oifwef;om;rsm;1/ OD;jrwfxGef; &efukef 2/ OD;[efodef; ykodrf 3/ OD;pdef0if; armfvNrKd if 4/ OD;oef; yJcl; 5/ OD;vSarmif ppfudkif; 6/ OD;atmifjrifh [HZm; 7/ OD;em* aMu;rkH 8/ OD;ayg &efukef 9/ OD;armifarmif &efukef 10/ OD;jr0if; &efukef 11/ OD;cifndK &efukef 12/ OD;jrpdef rdacsmif;&J 13/ OD;[HñGefY rEÅav; 14/ OD;qnf rEÅav; 15/ OD;0if;armif rEÅav; 16/ OD;a'G; rEÅav; 17/ OD;ausmfpdef ppfawG 18/ OD;vSatmif xl;BuD; 19/ OD;odef;ZH wHwm;&Gm

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 78

20/ 21/ 22/ 23/ 24/ 25/

OD;jroGif OD;xGef;&if OD;pdef<u,f a':jrifhodef; OD;wifa½T OD;armifarmifat;

oifMum;ydkYcsay;onfh bmom&yfESihf q&mrsm; 1/ aq;ynmOya'o(yÍöbkwfESihfBwda'go) 2/ aq;0g;rsm;\tmedoifESihf okH;pGJenf;rsm; 3/ vlemcsOf;uyfenf;? prf;oyfenf; 4/ oli,fema&m*gukxkH; 5/ trsKd;orD;a&m*gESihf &moDajymif;a&m*g 6/ avief;a&m*g 7/ temaygufukxkH; 8/ ½kH;pnf;urf;rsm;

rauG; ulrJ OuúH odrfqdyf aygif;wvnf {vm

q&modef; OD;[efxGef; a'gufwmOD;bodef; OD;pHwihf q&mausmf OD;bodef; OD;tkef;a½T OD;pdk;armif

rGrf;rHoifwef;trSwfpOf(5) 5)/ / 1974 ckEpS ?f Mo*kwv f (5)&ufaeYrS 1974 ckEpS ?f Ed0k ifbmv(6)&ufaeYtxd rEÅav;NrKd U wkid ;f &if;aq;odyaHÜ usmif;wGif zGiv hf pS o f ifMum;ay;onf/ oifwef;om;aygif;(60)a,muf oifMum;Muonf/ oifMum;ay;onfb h mom&yfrsm;ESifh ydcYk sonfh yk*¾dKvfrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfonf/ wk d i f ; &if ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ wkdif;&if;aq;ynmorkdif; OD;omwif(rmC) 2/ cE¨maA'(tm,kaAÁ') OD;[efxGef; 3/ aq;ynmOya'o q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh? q&modef; 4/ aoG;prf;ynm q&mausmf? OD;aomif;EG,f(&rnf;oif;) 5/ taMumjyif OD;EG,fESihf OD;oef;armif 6/ vlemcsOf;uyfenf;ESihfprf;oyfenf; a'gufwmOD;bodef;

jrefrmEkdifiHrSwdkif;&if;aq;rSwfwkdifrsm; 79

7/ 8/

aq;ypönf;tmedoif (u) aq;0g;azmfpyfenf; (c) aq;qD (*) aq;jym; a&m*ged'gef;ESifhukxkH;rsm;

q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh? q&modef; q&modef; OD;zkd;usm;(aq;0g;xkwfvkyfa&;) OD;odef; 9/ q&mBuD;OD;pHwifh? q&mOD;odef;? a'gufwmOD;bodef;? q&mausmf? q&mBuD;OD;tkef;a½T 10/ temayguf q&mBuD;OD;tkef;a½T 11/ aq;a0g[m& OD;[efxGef; 12/ wkdif;&if;olemjyK a'gufwmOD;bodef; ,if;bmom (12)&yftwGuf oifwef;csdefem&Daygif; (299)em&D½Sdonf/ taemuf w k d i f ; aq;ynmbmom&yf r sm; 1/ cE¨maA'(taemufwkdif;) 2/ ZD0ur®aA' 3/ tajccH½ku©aA' 4/ tajccH"mwkaA' 5/ tajccH½yl aA' 6/ tajccHpdwåaA' 7/ 8/

pdwfa&m*g ul;pufwwfaoma&m*grsm; -

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