Oxford Pro Bono Publico Annual Report 2012-2013 by Oxford Pro Bono Publico

Oxford Pro Bono Publico www.law.ox.ac.uk/opbp

Annual Report: 2012-13

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABOUT OPBP .....................................................................................................................1 THE YEAR IN REVIEW ................................................................................................... 2 Pro Bono Research ................................................................................................................................ 2 Internship Fund ...................................................................................................................................... 3 Promoting Public Interest Law ............................................................................................................ 3 Laying the Foundation for 2013-2014................................................................................................. 4 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................. 4 THE YEAR IN NUMBERS ............................................................................................... 5 Projects..................................................................................................................................................... 5 Internship Fund ...................................................................................................................................... 6 THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE ................................................................................... 7 The 2012-2013 Executive Committee ................................................................................................. 7 PRO BONO RESEARCH .................................................................................................. 8 Overview.................................................................................................................................................. 8 Project Descriptions............................................................................................................................... 8 Feedback from Volunteers and Project Partners............................................................................. 12 OPBP INTERNSHIP FUND ........................................................................................... 13 Overview................................................................................................................................................ 13 2013 Internship Fund Recipients ....................................................................................................... 14

ABOUT OPBP Oxford Pro Bono Publico (OPBP) LV WKH 8QLYHUVLW\ RI 2[IRUG )DFXOW\ RI /DZ·V RIILFLDO SUR bono law organisation for graduate students and faculty members. 23%3·V constitutional mandate is to promote the ¶practice and principles of public intHUHVW ODZ RQ D SUR ERQR EDVLV· The primary way in which we advance this mandate is by providing high-quality, rigorous legal research for lawyers working pro bono and in the public interest RXU ¶SURMHFW SDUWQHUV· . We also prepare research for non-profit organisations engaged in public interest law work and make independent submissions on law and policy reforms. We specialise in comparative and international law research, drawing on the expertise of our faculty members and our diverse graduate student body. In addition to preparing pro bono legal research, we also work to promote public interest law in two key ways. First, we manage the OPBP Internship Fund, which awards grants to Oxford graduate students to allow them to undertake unpaid or poorly paid work at public interest law organisations around the world. Second, we work to promote public interest law within the Oxford graduate community by hosting events and by supporting other pro bono law initiatives. In recognition of our work, OPBP has received the prestigious LawWorks and Attorney *HQHUDO 3UR %RQR $ZDUG IRU WKH ¶%HVW &RQWULEXWLRQ E\ D 7HDP RI 6WXGHQWV· LQ DQG

OPBP Chairpersons, 2009-2013. L-R: Chris McConnachie (2012-13), Dhvani Mehta (2011-12), Miles Jackson (2009-10), Laura Hilly (2010-11)

THE YEAR IN REVIEW The 2012-2013 academic year has been the most productive period in OPBP·V KLVWRU\ We have significantly increased our output of pro bono research, we have enabled graduate students to undertake public interest law internships around the world, we have continued to promote public interest law within the Law Faculty, and we have secured substantial funding to grow OPBP even further in the 2013-2014 academic year. OPBP has experienced a remarkable period of growth and expansion in recent years. Successive OPBP Executive Committees, supported by student and faculty volunteers, have made OPBP one of the ZRUOG·V leading pro bono research organisations. In recognition of these efforts, OPBP was awarded the 2013 LawWorks & Attorney General Student Pro Bono Award for the ¶%HVW &ontribution by a Team of Students· in the United Kingdom. This award gave greater exposure to 23%3·V ZRUN DQG VSXUUHG RQ WKH - ([HFXWLYH &RPPLWWHH·V efforts. In this section we review some of 23%3·V successes over the past year. The sections that follow will provide a more detailed overview of our activities.

PRO BONO RESEARCH OPBP has worked on 11 research projects during the 2012-2013 academic year, involving 61 Oxford graduate student volunteers and ten faculty supervisors. On a conservative estimate, OPBP volunteers have contributed over 1,100 hours of work (at an estimated 100 hours per project), amounting to over £15,000 worth of free legal research.1 These projects included assistance with on-going pro bono litigation, research briefs for non-governmental organisations, and independent submissions on matters of law reform. Our research has covered a broad spectrum of issues (including sexual violence, privacy rights, education rights, competition law and international refugee law) and has assisted lawyers and organisations working in a variety of jurisdictions (including the United Kingdom, India, Georgia, Canada, South Africa, Brazil and the European Union, among many others). As the statistics and graphs in the next section demonstrate, our research output in the 2012-2013 period increased substantially from previous years. This increase was made possible by greater efforts to involve graduate students and faculty members in the coordination and supervision of projects. In the past, project management was almost entirely handled by members of the Executive Committee. In late 2012, we facilitated a training session for graduate 1

Calculated at standard University of Oxford research assistant rates.

students interested in coordinating projects. A detailed project management guide was also created to make project management more accessible for students and faculty members not serving on the committee. Over the last year, eight non-committee students and seven noncommittee faculty members volunteered to coordinate and supervise projects. Another important development has been the creation of a formalised monitoring and evaluation system. We have assembled a database of all OPBP research since 2001 and we have begun collecting information on the impact of this work. The 2012-2013 Executive Committee has also prepared questionnaires for volunteers and project partners to monitor the quality and impact of future projects.

INTERNSHIP FUND 23%3·V Internship Fund continues to be an integral part of our work. In 2013, OPBP made seven grants totalling £4,072. Recipients interned at organisations including WKH :RPHQ·V /HJal Centre in South Africa, the AIRE Centre in London, StepChange Debt Charity in Leeds, and the National Law University in India. The Internship Fund has helped to expose students to public interest law work around the world, as well giving public interest law organisations the benefit of 2[IRUG JUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV· OHJDO VNLOOV ,W KDV DOVR PDGH DQ LPSRUWDQW FRQWULEXWLRQ WR 23%3·V research work by developing stronger links with project partners around the world.

PROMOTING PUBLIC INTEREST LAW In addition to undertaking pro bono research work and managing the Internship Fund, OPBP has continued to promote the practice and principles of public interest law through other initiatives. In November 2012, we hosted a lunch to celebrate National Pro Bono Week, where JUDGXDWH VWXGHQWV ZHUH LQYLWHG WR OHDUQ PRUH DERXW 23%3·V ZRUN 7KH UHFLSLHQWV RI WKH internship grants also spoke about their experiences. In June 2013, OPBP held a social event to thank volunteers and to announce the recipients of the Internship Fund grants. Justice Kate 2·5HJDn was the guest of honour and spoke about the importance of pro bono work. Her presence at our events is greatly appreciated and OPBP would like to thank her for her on-going support. OPBP has also made a substantial contribution to efforts to expand clinical pro bono work in the University. OPBP researchers prepared a detailed review of clinical pro bono law programmes at universities around the world and presented proposals on how these initiatives

could be replicated in Oxford. This will be an important resource for future work on this urgent and important subject.

LAYING THE FOUNDATION FOR 2013-2014 We are delighted to announce that the Sigrid Rausing Trust has awarded OPBP a grant of 拢15,000 to support and expand our activities during the 2013-2014 academic year. The Sigrid Rausing Trust is a UK grant-making foundation, founded by Sigrid Rausing in 1995 to support human rights globally. This generous grant will enable OPBP to embark on various new projects, as well as ensuring the maintenance and growth of our activities. With this added support, we are confident that the 2013-2014 Executive Committee will match and exceed the achievements over the last year.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank all the graduate students and faculty members who have volunteered their time, skills, and energy over the last year. None of the successes outlined in this report would have been possible without this hard work and support. We would also like to thank Professor Endicott, Dean of the Oxford Faculty of Law, for his continued support and assistance. Our sincerest thanks go to the Law Faculty staff members for their help during the year.

+HU 0DMHVW\路V $WWRUQH\ *HQHUDO IRU (QJODQG DQG :DOHV SUHVHQWLQJ SDVW DQG present OPBP Executive Committee members with the 2013 LawWorks and Attorney General Pro Bono Award for the 露%HVW &RQWribution by a Team of 6WXGHQWV路 L-R: Dhvani Mehta, Christopher McConnachie, Laura Hilly, Attorney General Dominic Grieve QC MP, Chintan Chandrachud.

THE YEAR IN NUMBERS PROJECTS

Period 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Projects completed 4 5 9 11*

Number of volunteers 20 37 57 61*

Student coordinators 2 8 9 14*

Non-committee coordinators 0 3 5 8*

Faculty supervisors 3 3 5 10*

* Statistics include two projects that were nearing completion at the end of the 2012-2013 academic year.

Projects

Volunteers

60 50

0 2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2009-10

Student coordinators

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

Non-committee coordinators

7 6

0 2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

Faculty supervisors 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 2009-10

2010-11

2011-12

2012-13

INTERNSHIP FUND Period 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Interns 5 8 7

Value of Grants £2500 £4650 £4072

THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE THE 2012-2013 EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE The 2012-13 Executive Committee was appointed in November 2012 and held its first meeting on 27 November 2012. The committee members were:

Faculty Members Professor Sandra Fredman, Dr Liora Lazarus, Dr Tarunabh Khaitan, Mr Miles Jackson, and Mr Jacob Rowbottom. Mr Jackson and Mr Rowbottom served on the committee while Dr Lazarus and Dr Khaitan were on sabbatical.

Student Members Chris McConnachie (Chairperson), Ingrid Cloete (Deputy-Chairperson), Chintan Chandrachud (Treasurer), Richmond Glasgow (Communications Officer), Tamas Szgeti (Events and Liaison Officer), and Emma Webber (Internships Officer).

Members of the 2012- 23%3 ([HFXWLYH &RPPLWWHH ZLWK -XVWLFH .DWH 2Âˇ5HJDQ UHWLUHG MXVWLFH RI WKH 6RXWK African Constitutional Court, and Prof Timothy Endicott, dean of the Faculty of Law. L-R: Emma Webber, 7DPDV 6]LJHWL ,QJULG &ORHWH -XVWLFH .DWH 2Âˇ5HJDQ 3URI 6DQGra Fredman, Prof Timothy Endicott, Chris McConnachie, Chintan Chandrachud, Miles Jackson, Richmond Glasgow (absent: Jake Rowbottom).

PRO BONO RESEARCH OVERVIEW OPBP produced nine projects in the 2012-2013 academic year, with two projects nearing completion at the end of the 2012- ([HFXWLYH &RPPLWWHH·V WHUP LQ RIILFH. This section provides a brief overview of our non-confidential projects and a sample of feedback received from volunteers and project partners. Copies of all non-confidential research reports are available on our website at: www.law.ox.ac.uk/opbp/projects.

PROJECT DESCRIPTIONS January 2013

7KH 5HIRUP RI ,QGLD·V 6H[XDO 9LROHQFH /DZV Report for: Faculty supervisor: Project coordinator: Researchers: Project Description:

Justice Verma Committee on the Reform of Indian Sexual Violence Laws Prof Sandra Fredman Prof Sandra Fredman Dhvani Mehta, Shreya Atrey, Meghan Campbell, Laura Hilly, Miles Jackson, Chris McConnachie, Ingrid Cloete On the invitation of the Justice Verma Committee investigating the reform of India·s sexual violence laws, Professor Sandra Fredman, with the assistance of members of OPBP, made submissions urging law reform on five central issues: a) the framing of sexual violence in human rights terms;; b) the removal of the exception for marital rape in Indian law;; c) the definition of rape;; d) discrimination under Article 15 of the Indian Constitution;; and e) services to support victims of rape. 23%3·V submissions were acknowledged in the &RPPLWWHH·V final report and Professor Fredman was expressly thanked in the official press conference announcing the report. Nine paragraphs of the submissions were used verbatim in the final report.

February 2013

Biometric Information and Privacy Report for: Faculty supervisor: Research coordinators: Researchers:

Centre for Law and Policy Research, Bangalore, India Dr David Erdos Chintan Chandrachud, Chris McConnachie and Tamas Szigeti Natasha Holcroft-Emess, Mark Zarwi, Angela Pavao, Sarah Tulip, Anjoli Maheswaran Foster, Julian Ensbey, Lauren Dancer, Ram Mashru

Project description:

This report was prepared for the Centre for Law and Policy Research to assist in drafting a petition to the Supreme Court of India challenging the constitutional validity of the Unique Identification Number (UID) scheme. The UID scheme aims to issue all 1.2 billion Indian residents with a universal identification number, linked with biometric and demographic data that will be stored on a centralised database. On completion, this will be ZRUOGÂˇV ODUJHVW ELRPHWULF GDWDEDVH +RZHYHU ,QGLD FXUUHQWO\ ODFNV comprehensive data privacy protection laws and the draft National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 contains limited safeguards. OPBP was requested to prepare research on two questions: a) have biometric identification schemes in other countries been challenged on privacy grounds? and b) in jurisdictions that collect biometric data, what measures are in place WR SURWHFW FLWL]HQVÂˇ ULJKW WR SULYDF\" OPBP provided extensive comparative law research on these questions, covering eight jurisdictions.

March 2013

Competition Law in Georgia Report for: Faculty Supervisor: Research coordinators: Researchers:

Transparency International (Georgia) Prof Ariel Ezrachi Pawel Wargan and Chintan Chandrachud MikoĂĄaj Barczentewicz, Marco Corradi, Deeksha Manchanda, Aisling McMorrow, Mitchell Riley, Ana Tevzadze, Sarah Tulip, Jenifer Varzaly, Sebastian Castro Quiroz

Project description:

Transparency International, a global organisation dedicated to combatting corruption, approached OPBP for research assistance to inform its participation in the preparation of legislation to UHIRUP *HRUJLDÂˇV FRPSHWLWLRQ ODZV 23%3ÂˇV submission consisted of comparative research on the implementation of an effective competition enforcement regime.

June 2013

Obligations of Independent Schools in South Africa Report for: Faculty Supervisor: Project coordinator: Researchers:

Centre for Child Law Prof Sandra Fredman Ingrid Cloete Chris McConnachie, Gautam Bhatia, Pedro Rubim Borges Fortes, Kate Mitchell, Jenifer Varzaly

Project description:

This research was prepared for the Centre for Child Law in Pretoria, South Africa. In response to recent cases, the Centre asked OPBP to research the obligations that independent schools have in respect of the right to a basic education, enshrined in section 29 of the South African Constitution. The Centre has

been working with a partner in Soweto, Johannesburg, on issues arising from the practices of some inner-city independent schools. When parents cannot pay fees, some schools have been suspending learners until the parents can pay the fees. Schools have also withheld end of year results, which means that the children cannot move into the public school system. The report addresses two questions. Firstly, do independent schools have REOLJDWLRQV LQ UHVSHFW RI FKLOGUHQ路V ULJKW WR D EDVLF HGXFDWLRQ" Secondly, how are the content and extent of the responsibilities to be determined? The report addresses these questions by analysing the South African legal position and drawing on comparative jurisprudence for assistance in addressing this problem. June 2013

Freedom of Information in Relation to Private Companies Report for: Faculty Supervisor: Project coordinator: Researchers:

Hungarian Civil Liberties Union Mr Jacob Rowbottom Tamas Szigeti Ioannis Katsaroumpas, Zachary Vermeer, Celia Rooney

Project description:

The Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (HCLU), a leading human rights NGO in Hungary, sought OPBP路V DVVLVWDQFH to carry out comparative research on the application of freedom of information laws to state owned companies in various jurisdictions. The Hungarian legal provisions on freedom of information are unclear about the status of state owned companies. Due to this ambiguity, the Hungarian Supreme Court issued judgments that dramatically narrowed the scope of the Freedom of Information Act. As a consequence, state owned companies are able to successfully decline FOI requests. This report provided detailed comparative law research to assist the HCLU with on-going litigation on this issue.

June 2013

A Legal Clinic for Oxford: A Review of Best Practice and Some Recommendations Report for: Faculty Supervisor: Project Coordinators: Researchers:

Internal project Prof Sandra Fredman Max Harris and Richmond Glasgow Avani Bansal, Meghan Campbell, Laura Hilly, Alice Irving, Kirti Mahapatra, Chris McConnachie

Project description:

This project, initiated by Prof Sandra Fredman, provided detailed research on clinical pro bono law programmes in universities in the UK and other jurisdictions. The report offers models and proposals for the creation of a pro bono clinic in the University of Oxford.

August 2013

International Refugee Law in Tanzania Report for: Faculty supervisor: Research coordinators: Researchers:

:RPHQ·V /HJDO $LG &HQWUH and Womankind Worldwide Dr Kirsten McConnachie and Dr Roland Bank Rowena Moffat and Emma Webber Isabel Knott, Kelly O'Connor, Anita Davies, Celeste BruffRobinson, Rowena Moffatt, Aman Aman, Lauren Dancer, Yolanda Lee

Project description:

7KLV UHVHDUFK ZDV SUHSDUHG IRU WKH :RPHQ·V /HJDO $LG &HQWUH (WLAC) and Womankind Worldwide. 23%3·V UHSRUW reviews certain aspects of refugee law and policy in the United Republic of Tanzania from an international law perspective. In particular, Oxford Pro Bono Publico addressed three questions. Firstly, what are the requirements of a lawful declaration of cessation of refugee status in international law and was the Tanzanian declaration of cessation compliant? Secondly, what are the obligations of the refugee hosting country after invoking the cessation clause? Was the repatriation of Burundi former refugees by the Tanzanian government lawful? Thirdly, is the Tanzanian JRYHUQPHQW·V HQFDPSPHQW SROLF\ FRPSOLDQW ZLWK LQWHUQDWLRQDO standards?

Nearing completion

The Protection of Children from Sexual Exploitation during Large-Scale Construction Projects in Brazil Report for: Faculty supervisor: Research coordinators: Researchers:

UNICEF Brazil Prof John Eekelaar Ryan Manton, Chris McConnachie, Kate Mitchell Vrinda Bhandari, Fernanda Fonseca Rosenblatt, Menelaos Markakis, Dhvani Mehta, Eleanor Mitchell, Claire Palmer, Pedro Rubim Borges Fortes, Laura Stacey, Bianca Venkata

Project description:

7KLV UHSRUW DQDO\VHV %UD]LO·V GXW\ WR SURWHFW FKLOGUHQ IURP VH[XDO exploitation during large-scale construction projects, in light of the fact that these projects are largely operated by private construction companies. UNICEF Brazil approached OPBP to conduct this research to support its work with the Brazilian government, as part of its effort to develop strategies to mitigate the negative effects of large-scale construction projects on children, such as the large-scale infrastructure development projects in the lead up the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Rio de Janeiro Olympics.

FEEDBACK FROM VOLUNTEERS AND PROJECT PARTNERS OPBP has received overwhelmingly positive feedback, both from partner organisations and from student volunteers. Student volunteers frequently note the academic and personal benefits associated with volunteering for OPBP. A volunteer on the Georgian Competition Law Project commented: First, I learned a lot about substantive and procedural competition law. The breadth of the report meant that I had to engage on a deep level with a many aspects of competition law and understand them before consolidating the individual sections of the report into a coherent whole. Second, I learned a lot about leadership and teamwork. Volunteers and coordinators frequently comment on their satisfaction on seeing the final product of their work, and the benefits of engaging with other volunteers and faculty members: Working on the project, I had the opportunity to interact closely with a highly skilled group of people, many of whom outranked me academically and had more professional experience than I did. This was rewarding on many levels. Partner organisations also provided encouraging feedback. The President of the Hungarian Civil Liberties Union (HCLU) thanked OPBP for our research assistance, noting that the HCLU had won its case in the court of first instance DQG ZRXOG FRQWLQXH WR XVH 23%3ÂˇV FRPSDUDWLYH law research in contesting the appeal. He added: [T]he significance of the research has even increased in the last couple of weeks due to the amendment of the Hungarian [Freedom of Information] Act which severely restricts freedom of information. It is very likely that in the near future [the] HCLU will use the arguments from the OPBP research before the Hungarian Constitutional Court and the ECHR. With the help of this research we can argue that several jurisdictions extended the scope of their freedom of information laws (and case-law) to private entities. Over the last four years, OPBP has provided extensive assistance to the Legal Resources Centre (LRC) 6RXWK $IULFDÂˇV OHDGLQJ SXEOLF LQWHUHVW ODZ RUJDQLVDWLRQ This research has assisted the LRC with complex appellate-level litigation on a range of human rights issues. Sarah Sephton, director RI WKH /5&ÂˇV *UDKDPVWRZQ RIILFH commented on the value of this assistance: By nature and by choice, LRC cases are factually and legally complex. We often face opponents who are better resourced. In this climate, having access to the best legal minds in the world through OPBP gives us an invaluable edge when we prepare for our most difficult cases.

OPBP INTERNSHIP FUND OVERVIEW The OPBP Internship Fund provides financial assistance to Oxford graduate students seeking unpaid or poorly paid internships at public interest law organisations around the world. The Fund allows students to supplement their academic work with first-hand experience of public interest litigation, case-led or policy-driven research, and advocacy at the community and government levels. In doing so, they bring world-class legal and political advocacy skills to public interest organisations that need them the most. The Internship Fund is designed to complement 23%3ÂˇV research work by encouraging students to participate in projects and by expanding our network of prospective partner organisations and lawyers. The selection criteria are: (a) relevance and YDOXH RI LQWHUQVKLS WR 23%3ÂˇV FXUUHQW ZRUN DQG possible future collaborations;Íž (b) suitability of the applicant to the

internship

intended to be

undertaken,

regard

background and

with

experience;Íž (c) benefit WR WKH DSSOLFDQWÂˇV SURIHVVLRQDO development and a possible future career in public interest law by undertaking the internship;Íž (d) ability of the applicant to demonstrate commitment to public interest legal work, for example, past participation in OPBP projects and/or the OPBP Executive Committee;Íž and (e) genuine financial need.

2012 Internship award recipient Ingrid Cloete speaks about her experiences as an OPBP intern, at the 2012 National Pro Bono Week lunch.

The 2013 Internship Fund was generously supported by a ÂŁ1,000 grant from the Law Faculty with a matching donation from Mr Kofi Adjepong-%RDWHQJ ,Q 23%3ÂˇV fundraising efforts secured grants of ÂŁ3,000 from Herbert Smith LLP and ÂŁ500 from Monckton Chambers. The remainder of these donations was distributed in the 2013 grants cycle. Fifteen graduate students applied for OPBP internship grants in 2013, and seven were awarded grants, totalling ÂŁ4,072. A challenge that interns have highlighted in the past is that OPBP grants tend to be too small to cover their costs entirely. Through a generous ÂŁ15,000 grant from the Sigrid Rausing Trust we hope to offer more, better-funded internship grants in the 2014 cycle LQ DGGLWLRQ WR H[SDQGLQJ 23%3ÂˇV ZRUN LQ RWKHU ZD\V

2013 INTERNSHIP FUND RECIPIENTS

2013 recipients with Emma Webber, 2012-2013 OPBP Internships Officer. L-R: Vrinda Bhandari, Jodie Gardner, Celia Rooney, Marija Jovanovic, Lauren Dancer, Emma Webber, Alice Irving, Aman.

Aman Organisation: Section 27, Johannesburg, South Africa Grant: £872 Aman will be working on the issue of access to food in South Africa. He has postponed his internship until April 2014. Vrinda Bhandari Organisation: Research associate with the National Law University, Delhi, India Grant: £500 Vrinda studied methods for the reduction of judicial delays for the Law Commission of India. In collaboration with the faculty of the National Law University, she prepared a report on delays, which was submitted to the Supreme Court in August, 2013. The matter is currently under consideration. Lauren Dancer Organisation: Legal Resources Centre, Constitutional Litigation Unit (CLU), Johannesburg, South Africa Grant: £700 Lauren·V LQWHUQVKLS LQYROYHG assisting counsel and senior solicitors to prepare various public interest litigation cases.

Jodi Gardner Organisation: StepChange Debt Charity, Leeds, UK Grant: ÂŁ600 Jodie researched the impact of payday lending and its legislative regime on vulnerable people in the UK. Alice Irving Organisation: :RPHQÂˇV /HJDO &HQWUH Cape Town, South Africa Grant: ÂŁ500 Alice undertook legal research work to support the WLC in its preparation of educational materials, submissions, and cases RQ ZRPHQÂˇV ULJKWV. Marija Jovanovic Organisation: The AIRE Centre, London, UK Grant: ÂŁ600 Marija assisted in developing an online database of European Court of Human Rights judgments in the local languages, to assist judges and prosecutors in the Western Balkans to apply European legal and human rights standards. Celia Rooney Organisation: The Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law, London, UK Grant: ÂŁ300 &HOLD DVVLVWHG WKH %LQJKDP &HQWUHÂˇV WHDP LQ UHVHDUFKLQJ UXOH RI ODZ TXHVWLRQV RUJDQLVLQJ HYHQWV which discuss the rule of law in various contexts, and representing the Centre in discussion groups and seminars.