DOUBLE ● SKIN GLASS FACADES
Hybrid Ventilated Building Skin Anthony M. Catsimatides, AIA October 22, 2007 Syracuse Center of Excellence in Environmental and Energy Systems
Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Why Double Skin Glass Façades • Support for Green Initiatives
– Part of a larger scope, sustainable design
• External Driving Forces
– Depleting Fossil Fuel (oil, coal, natural gas) – High cost of energy and escalating
• Growing interest in energy efficient buildings – Energy Efficiency driving goal
• Harness power of wind & sun Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Early Modern Example • • • •
Le Corbusier – Cite de Refuge, 1930 – Centrosoyus, 1929 - 1930 The glass façade was intended as a double walled enclosure with mechanical ventilation within the cavity Failure and inability to carry out experiment due to budgets and lack of knowledge base St. Gobain tests of system 1931 revealed third glass skin required
Cite de Refuge, originally constructed façade
Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Modified with brise soleil added
Centrosoyus 1929 - 1930
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Five Primary Ventilation Modes
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Three Primary Ventilation Types
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Four Primary Partition Types
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Narrow Plan
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Deep Plan
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Solar Strategy
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Ventilation Strategy
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Daylight Strategy
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Strategies
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Intelligent Design • Intelligent Building Design – Smart systems reacting to environmental conditions
• Intelligent Skins
– Smart envelopes reacting to environmental conditions
RWE Headquarters, Essen, Germany Ingerhoven Overdiek Kahlen & Partners
Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Value of Green Building • Green Building can add a premium to building value • Productivity in ‘healthy’ buildings can account for .5% to 5% higher productivity • Green construction costs range from 2% to 10% higher than total cost of standard construction • Greater Occupant Comfort using less energy
ARAG 2000 Tower, Dusseldorf, by RKW
Greg Katz Study for The Sustainable Building Task Force, over 40 California state government agencies, 2001 Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Benefits of Double Skin Façades • Support of Healthy Buildings – Natural Ventilation – Indoor Air Quality
• Better Building Envelope Performance • Reduction of energy consumption • Measure towards LEED™ certification Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
GSW, Berlin, Sauerbruch & Hutton
Disadvantages of Double Skin Façades • Higher up front construction costs, – Approximately 20% to 50% higher per square foot of glazing
• Higher design fees • More planning time • Lack of government support, (till recently) - legislation • About 5% to 25% higher maintenance costs than standard curtain walls Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Economical Features
SUN PATH DIAGRAM FOR SYRACUSE, NY LATITUDE = 43°
• Mass-produced or Mass Customized systems • Prefabricated elements • No electric louvers • Outer skin, non closable openings, i.e. fixed vents • Minimize depth for cavity • Cavity access only for maintenance • Fire separation in cavity by selfcontained segments of outer wall • Minimize construction types
LONGITUDE = 76°
Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
European Market • Germany & Switzerland build more DSF’s than any other country (about 50%) – Surveyed 106 in Europe – Surveyed 30 Switzerland & 19 Germany
• Mostly due to higher energy costs and stricter government energy regulations • Also due to government subsidized credits for green building Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
US Market • • • • •
8 Double Skin Façade Buildings in US today Limited due to high initial cost 25 years of performance data No Legislation 40% of all energy consumed in the US is for commercial and residential buildings • Government regulations need to address energy conservation measures to a greater degree • Executive Order D-16-00 – August 2000 Grey Davis, California
• Boston – buildings over 50k sq. ft. - LEED • Energy prices need to go even higher than they are now in the US for DSF’s to be more feasible Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Seattle Justice Center, by NBBJ
DSF Building Survey Mapping
DISTRIBUTION OF DSF BUILDINGS IN NORTH AMERICA 8 BUILDINGS TOTAL
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
DISTRIBUTION OF DSF BUILDINGS IN EUROPE 106 BUILDINGS TOTAL
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
GSW Headquarters Berlin
Levine Hall, Pennsylvania
Center of Excellence Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
SUN PATH DIAGRAM SOLAR DATA: LONGITUDE = 75° LATITUDE = 43° SUMMER SOLSTICE SUN ANGLE @ 73° WINTER SOLSTICE SUN ANGLE @ 26° AVERAGE SUN HOUR DAYS = 4 Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
WIND ROSE DIAGRAM MEASUREMENTS FROM JULY 1 - SEPTEMBER 30 WIND SPEED DATA TAKEN FROM TMY2 SYRACUSE ROCK CUT ROAD, SYRACUSE, NY CALM, NO WIND 3.5% OF THE TIME HEAVIEST WINDS NW @ 12.5% OF THE TIME SOUTH WINDS @ 11% OF THE TIME LIGHTEST WINDS, NE @ 1% OF THE TIME
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
AIR FLOW ANALYSIS
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
CAVITY SHAPE
BAY MODULE
MODULAR FORM Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
PERFORMANCE CRITERIA Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
BUILDING SECTION
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
SKIN DETAIL
VENTILATION STRATEGY SUMMER OPERATION
HEAT RECOVERY STRATEGY WINTER OPERATION Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
DAYLIGHT STRATEGY
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
CAVITY AS HABITAT
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Net Present Value
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Net Present Value
Net present value is the “present” value of an investment’s future financial benefit over a defined time interval, minus any initial investment cost. Where: - “Co” is the value of any initial investment (usually a negative value). - “ratei” is the constant “cost of capital” per unit of time (x.x%/yr). - “n” is the number of time units (i.e. years) over which value is being calculated. - “valuei” is the constant investment return per unit of time (in dollars).
Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Net Present Value
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition: Shading Device: Description:
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Dusseldorfer Stadttor, City Gate, 1997 Dusseldorf Petzinka Pink and Partners Naturally Ventilated Outdoor air curtain, air supply/exhaust Single Story, Corridor faรงade none 70m high 16 story rhomboid shaped plan, glass faรงade reduces wind pressure and traffic noise, interior windows wood frame, pivot window wall interior skin for access to cavity
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition:
Commerzbank, 1997 Frankfurt am Main Foster and Partners Naturally Ventilated Outdoor air curtain, air supply/return Single Story
Description:
Vierendeel girder construction, 60 stories, 4 floor units, full height atrium center of building, center pivoting windows in garden floor for ventilation, air rises or falls in atrium depending on temperature and pressure conditions
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition: Shading Device: Description:
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Debis Building Berlin, Potsdamerplatz Renzo Piano Building Workshop Naturally Ventilated Louvered Faรงade, Outdoor air curtain Multi Story glass louver exterior skin In winter louvers are closed and skin acts as thermal buffer, in summer louvers are open and faรงade acts as a single skin with exterior solar protection
Double Skin Glass Faรงade with frameless pivoting glass louvers
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Glass walls integrated with shading system
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
Building: Location: Architect: Ventilation Type: Ventilation Mode: Vertical Partition: Shading Device: Description:
Double Skin Glass Faรงades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Deutsche Post , 2002 Bonn, Germany Murphy/Jahn Architects Hybrid Ventilated Outdoor air curtain Multi Story Sun shades 160 m high, 40 story, split shifted oval plan separated by 7.40 m, minimizes negative wind effects, 9 story divisions, outer shell protects from rain, wind and noise, hydronic heating and cooling in slabs
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007
DOUBLE ● SKIN GLASS FACADES Anthony M. Catsimatides, AIA anthony@openatelier.com
Double Skin Glass Façades Syracuse University, School of Architecture
Syracuse Center of Excellence Symposium October 22, 2007