Orit Theuer
ATLAS OF NO-MAN’S-LAND
1
Academy of Fine Arts Vienna Š 2013 Orit Theuer Theuer, Marie-Orit, 1984 -
Orit Theuer
ATLAS OF NO-MAN’S-LAND
No-Man’s-Land(lat. terra nullius)
• Land under dispute by two opposing parties, especially the field of battle between the lines of two opposing entrenched armies. • An area of uncertainty or ambiguity. • An unclaimed or unowned piece of land. (1) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language (2013)
Contents
Table of contents
Introduction 6
Borders of Canaan
8
Why Green Line?
12
Cartography - Tools and Precision
14
Mental Maps
16
Visibility and Accessibility of the Green Line
18
Overview
19
Key
22
Maps
192
Glossary
194
Sources
196
Index
Atlas
Appendix
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Borders of Canaan
Over history the borders of all Palestine have been shifted by all kinds of events and powers. By each ruling empire another name was given to the region today known as Israel, Palestine and Jordan names Canaan, Palestine, Cisjordan (arabic Falastin), Erez Israel, Terra Sancta and South Syria describe almost the same area. The latest internationally recognizes border of the region is the Green Line that separates Israel from the occupied Palestinian West Bank. Established as a cease fire line in 1949, meant to be temporary at first, it is the line that is considered as the permanent border between Israel and the Palestinian Territories. This course of the border is not acknowledged by Israel, as it claims that the demarcation line would not be a defendable border to protect its territory. In a region where the borders had been redrawn numerous times by colonial empires also the Green Line had been redrawn and re-negotiated between Israel and Jordan. The Atlas shows the aberration between the intention to set the border during the 1949 Armistice Agreement, and the document that contained this drawing, its correction in 1955 by the Armistice Commission, as well as the ongoing intentional shift by territorial control and the Separation Barrier of 2003.
Fig. 1 Shoshan: Atlas of the Conflict Israel-Palestine, Border Dynamics 1040 BC-2010
6
Lebanon
Syria
West Bank
Gaza Strip
Israel
Jordan
Egypt
Saudi Arabia
500 km
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Borders of Canaan airyS
nonabeL
knaB tseW
nadroJ
Over history the borders of all Palestine have been shifted by all kinds of events and powers. By each ruling empire another name was given to the region today known as Israel, Palestine and Jordan names Canaan, Palestine, Cisjordan (arabic Falastin), Erez Israel, Terra Sancta and South Syria describe almost the same area. The latest internationally recognizes border of the region is the Green Line that separates Israel from the occupied azaWest G Bank. Established as Palestinian pirtline S in 1949, meant to be a cease fire temporary at first, it is the line that is considered as the permanent border between Israel and the Palestinian learsI Territories. This course of the border is not acknowledged by Israel, as it claims that the demarcation line would not be a defendable border to protect its territory. In a region where the borders had been redrawn numerous times by colonial empires also the Green Line had been redrawn and re-negotiated between Israel and Jordan. The Atlas shows the aberration between the intention to set the border tpyAgreement, gE during the 1949 Armistice and the document that contained this drawing, its correction in 1955 by the Armistice Commission, as well as the ongoing intentional shift by territorial control and the Separation Barrier of 2003.
aibarA iduaS
Fig. 1 Shoshan: Atlas of the Conflict Israel-Palestine, Border Dynamics 1040 BC-2010 mk 005
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Why Green Line?
The Green Line refers to the boundaries between Israel, the West Bank and Gaza and runs through heavily populated regions. After the first Arab-Israeli war that followed the proclamation of the State of Israel a cease fire line was set in the 1949 Armistice Agreement in Rhodes between Israel and Jordan, which was based on the green and red line drawn in 1948 on a map by two Military Commanders of divided Jerusalem Moshe Dayan and Abdullah al Tal. Expecting another war soon, they didn’t take too many precautions about the precision of the line.
Fig. 2 Green Grease Pencil
Drawn on the floor of the UN headquarters, according to the Israeli political scientist Meron Benvenisti, on the bonnet of a military jeep according to Eyal Weizman, with grease pencils on a map in scale 1:20.000 the lines of three to four millimeters width encompassing a sort of No-Man’s-Land of sixty to eighty meters in reality, which then caused further un clarity of who owned the area of the line. Also in some parts the line was interrupted where the pencil skipped a part when it came over an edge of the uneven underground the map was lying on. The Dayan-al-Tal map on which the 1949 Armistice Agreements were closed remained also to be the only binding document for the determination of the demarcation lines within Jerusalem. Six additional maps were affixed in the Rhodes Agreement, but these exemplars differed both from the Dayan-al-Tal map and from one another. In areas of the open desert the problem was rather manageable. But in the dense built up areas of divided Jerusalem entire blocks were located within the width of the line. According to Meron Benvenisti at least 125 buildings were lying within the lines.
Fig. 3 Palestine Remembered: Detail Map Of Palestine Before al-Nakba
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Fig. 4 Moshe Dayan and Abdullah al-Tal reach cease fire agreement, Jerusalem, 30 November 1948
“The Israelis and Jordanians did not become aware of this confusion caused by the Dayan-al-Tal map until 1950, since until then the demarcation lines had not been marked by fences but by isolated military positions. But early in 1950, an Israeli soldier was killed south of the Mandelbaum Gate (the only crossing between the two parts of the city) while walking down a street that the Israelis considered to be theirs. When the incident was discussed by the Mixed Armistice Commission, it suddenly became clear that the Jordanians, the Israelis and the United Nations each had a different interpretation of the map accompanying the ‘sincere cease-fire’ agreement, The difference were not about trivial matters, but concerned entire streets.” (2) Benvenisti (1996), City of Stone, p. 58
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Cartography Tools and Precision
Digital Cartography have made it possible to define a border as an one dimensional line set between points of coordinates, a vector, without any width or thickness. A line in analogue cartography however never can be one dimensional but always comprises an area. The Atlas tries to demonstrate the ambiguity of the border caused by the dimension and quality of the original drawn cease fire line and to resolve it by digitalizing the line with all its characteristics. It shows the translation of analogue cartography into digital media and the friction between a drawn border and the built reality. After the Armistice Agreement was signed, the difficulty was not only to define where was the actual border but also where was the edge of the stroke as the colour of the pencils blurred out at the edges. Depending on the side the blur could mean a gain of territory. The drawings show the ‘cartographic monstrosity’ (Benvenisti) running through cities and country sides, as well as the final result of the negotiations in relation to the nature around. The ambiguity of the sources that tell about the Green Line’s becoming are documented. According to Meron Benvenisti the map on which the cease fire line was sketched was is scale 1:20.000 and the pencil lines of three to four millimeters width were in reality 60 to 80 meters wide and several hundred kilometers long, which is 35 square kilometers, the size of Ramallah and half of Tel Aviv.
12
However the map available for the public is in scale 1:250.000. The pencil strokes vary from one to four millimeters, which in reality encompass areas of 200 meters to more than 700 meters width and a total surface of around 160 square kilometers, an area more than twice the size of Tel Aviv and larger than Jerusalem Did Benvenisti had another map or was it a scale error?
80m
Introduction
The Area of the Green Line equals the Area of:
Tel Aviv-Yafo 52 km² 402,600 Inhabitants
Ramallah, al-Bireh 25,4 km² 65,700 Inhabitants
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Mental Maps Salomon and Larissa Fleishman conducted a study on the Green Line with about 500 students for Bar Ilan and Hebrew University. It can be assumed that students are more familiar with the Green Line than other, less educated groups. Moreover, this population group while growing up was exposed to important political events including the Lebanon war, the Oslo Accords and the Intifada. “The researchers presented the students with maps of Greater Israel and asked them to draw the Green Line. Ten percent of the students delineated the West Bank as circles, usually around Palestinian cities. Only 37 percent of HU students and 26.5 percent at Bar-Ilan could sketch the West Bank on the map. No more than one-third of the students from Jerusalem and 26 of those from Tel Aviv knew which countries controlled the territories before the Six-Day War. However, the vast majority of those asked knew the Green Line relates to the borders of the state.” (4) Eldar (2006), Putting back the Green Line - once we find it, Haaretz
Textbooks “Only 4% of maps in Palestinian textbooks show the Green Line, which separates Palestinian territory from Israel, or label the area west of it as ‘Israel’. Almost six out of 10 maps depict no borders, and another third include the Green Line but make no reference to Israel. In Israeli textbooks, 76% of maps show no boundaries between Palestinian territories and Israel, and Palestinian areas are not labelled. Since these maps are generally presented as maps of Israel, the absence of borders between Israel and Palestine can be seen as implying that the Palestinian areas are part of the state of Israel, says the report, Victims of Our Own Narratives? Portrayal of the ‘Other’ in Israeli and Palestinian School Books.” (3) Sherwood (2013), Israeli and Palestinian textbooks omit borders, The Guardian, Fig. 5
14
Introduction
Two thirds of Jewish Israeli students don’t know where the Green Line is!
Jerusalem
Ramat Gan, Tel Aviv
10% confuse the Territories around major Palestinian Cities with the Green Line (fig. 6)
37% were able to enter the West Bank in the
26% were able to enter the West Bank in the
blank map
blank map
33% vote rightwing parties
72% vote rightwing parties
total number of polled students from
total number of polled students
Hebrew University: 269
from Bar-Ilan University: 219
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Drawings of the Students, showing where they believe the route of the Green Line to be.
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Visibility and Accessibility of the Green Line
This map tracks the route I took when I travelled the Green Line in July 2013. The map shows, while there a many possibilities to cross, there very rare opportunities to drive along the Green Line. Many of the photographs accompanying the satellite images of the Atlas of No-Man’sLand were taken at the intersection points of the Green Line and the roads I travelled.
Fig. 8
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Green Line Red Line My Route Jordanian Border
0km
10km 17
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
"A good map tells a multitude of little white lies; it suppresses truth to help the user see what needs to be seen. Reality is three-dimensional, rich in detail and far too factual to allow a complete yet uncluttered two dimensional graphic scale model. Indeed, a map that did not generalize would be useless. But the value of a map depends on how well its generalized geometry and content reflect a chosen aspect of reality." (5) Monmonier (1991), How to Lie with Maps, p. 25
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Jordan Valley
Israel
Jordan
West Bank
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yellaV nadroJ
learsI
nadroJ
knaB tseW
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Bazaq Crossing, Route 90 Northern Jordan Valley Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense) Pedestrians, Vehicles, Trade Transfer of commodities from Israel to Jordan Valley and passage of Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day
Route 90 is with 480 kilometers length the longest road in Israel. It runs all the way from Metulla near the Lebanese Border to Eilat in the very south of Israel, through the West Bank and crossing the Green Line twice. Route 90 is entirely under Israeli control. It follows the Jordan Valley, passing by the Lake of Galilee, Jericho and the Dead Sea.
Fig. 9 Service area at the Checkpoint
The northern checkpoint is located near the Moshav Sdei Trumot, the southern near Ein Gedi next to the Dead Sea. This checkpoint is highly frequented by tourists on their way from the Dead Sea to the lake of Galilee, which are provided for in motorway service area. The restaurant, parking lot and gas station make the checkpoint appear like a regular border crossing. On the satellite image the checkpoint is not existing.
28
Fig. 9
Bazaq Crossing Route 90
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Bazaq Crossing, Route 90 Northern Jordan Valley Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense) Pedestrians, Vehicles, Trade Transfer of commodities from Israel to Jordan Valley and passage of Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day
Route 90 is with 480 kilometers length the longest road in Israel. It runs all the way from Metulla near the Lebanese Border to Eilat in the very south of Israel, through the West Bank and crossing the Green Line twice. Route 90 is entirely under Israeli control. It follows the Jordan Valley, passing by the Lake of Galilee, Jericho and the Dead Sea.
Fig. 10 Service area at the Checkpoint 9 .giF
The northern checkpoint is located near the Moshav Sdei Trumot, the southern near Ein gnissorC qazaB Gedi to the Dead Sea. 09 etunext oR This checkpoint is highly frequented by tourists on their way from the Dead Sea to the lake of Galilee, which are provided for in motorway service area. The restaurant, parking lot and gas station make the checkpoint appear like a regular border crossing. On the satellite image the checkpoint is not existing.
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Fig. 11
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Fig. 10
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01 .giF
Fig. 12
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Jalbun, Area B
Meirav, Kibbutz
District of Jenin Area: 33,959 dunams Population: 2,563 (2007) Foundation: no data
Valley of Springs Regional Council Area: no data Population: 548 Foundation: 1987
Fig. 13
40
Jalbun
Fig. 11
Meirav
Mount Gilboa
Malkishu’a
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Jalbun, Area B
Meirav, Kibbutz
District of Jenin Area: 33,959 dunams Population: 2,563 (2007) Foundation: no data
Valley of Springs Regional Council Area: no data Population: 548 Foundation: 1987
nublaJ
11 .giF
varieM
Fig. 14
aobliG tnuoM
a’uhsiklaM
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Faqu’a, Area B District of Jenin Area: 30,179 dunams Population: 3,588 (2007) Foundation: no data
“The village of Faqu’a is located 11 kilometers north east of Jenin adjacent to the Green Line. Area: the village original land area is estimated at 36000 dunams, from which 28000 dunams were confiscated in 1948. Since the start of the construction of the apartheid Separation Wall, 245 dunams have been seized. Once the wall has been completed it is expected that the total of 450 dunams would have been seized or separated.” (6) The Land Research Center (2003), Impact of the Segregation Wall on the Palestinian communities - The village of Faqu’a strangled by the Wall, Monitoring Israeli Colonizing activities in the Palestinian Territories
Fig. 15
The seized land is classified as followed: • 18 % cultivated with trees ( 45 dunams cultivated with 900 olive trees) • 24 % cultivated with field crops ( 60 dunams ) • 8 % cultivated with almond and other types of fruitful trees ( 20 dunams ) • 48 % graze land and state land ( 120 dunams). Social and psychological impacts of the Separation Wall on the village: • An increase in psychological disorders and social problems resulting from chronic distress, depression and stress; • An increase in the level of fear and tension among residents due to constant presence of Israeli army patrols in the vicinity of houses and fields close to the Separation Wall.
44
Fig. 12
Faqu’a Fig. 13
Ma’ale Gilboa
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Faqu’a, Area B District of Jenin Area: 30,179 dunams Population: 3,588 (2007) Foundation: no data
“The village of Faqu’a is located 11 kilometers north east of Jenin adjacent to the Green Line. Area: the village original land area is estimated at 36000 dunams, from which 28000 dunams were confiscated in 1948. Since the start of the construction of the apartheid Separation Wall, 245 dunams have been seized. Once the wall has been completed it is expected that the total of 450 dunams would have been seized or separated.” (7) The Land Research Center (2003), Impact of the Segregation Wall on the Palestinian communities - The village of Faqu’a strangled by the Wall, Monitoring Israeli Colonizing activities in the Palestinian Territories
21 .giF
a’uqaF 31 .giF
Fig. 16
The seized land is classified as followed: • 18 % cultivated with trees ( 45 dunams cultivated with 900 olive trees) • 24 % cultivated with field crops ( 60 dunams ) • 8 % cultivated with almond and other types of fruitful trees ( 20 dunams ) • 48 % graze land and state land ( 120 dunams). Social and psychological impacts of the Separation Wall on the village: • An increase in psychological disorders and social problems resulting from chronic distress, depression and stress; • An increase in the level of fear and tension among residents due to constant presence of Israeli army patrols in the vicinity of houses and fields close to the Separation Wall.
aobliG ela’aM
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(continuation)
Fig. 17 on p. 35
Economic impact of the Separation Wall on the village: • The deprivation of more than 400 workers from reaching their work places inside Israel which, in effect, has raised unemployment to un-precedent levels. • The uprooting of 350 olive trees and the separation of another 2000 olive trees behind the wall as well as the bulldozing of dozens of dunams cultivated with clover and carob trees. • Inflicting heavy losses to cow, sheep and poultry breeders in the village after destroying animal fodder, separating pastor land and preventing breeders from marketing their products.
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Faqu’a
Arabuna
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Faqu’a
(continuation) anubarA
Fig. 18 on p. 35
Economic impact of the Separation Wall on the village: • The deprivation of more than 400 workers from reaching their work places inside Israel which, in effect, has raised unemployment to un-precedent levels. • The uprooting of 350 olive trees and the separation of another 2000 olive trees behind the wall as well as the bulldozing of dozens of dunams cultivated with clover and carob trees. • Inflicting heavy losses to cow, sheep and poultry breeders in the village after destroying animal fodder, separating pastor land and preventing breeders from marketing their products.
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Mount Gilboa
Fig. 19 on p. 41, View over the Valley
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Gan Ner
Gilboa Mountains
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Mount Gilboa
reN naG
sniatnuoM aobliG
Fig. 20 on p. 41, View over the Valley
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Gilboa-Jalame Crossing, Highway 60 North of Jenin Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense) Pedestrians, Vehicles, Trade Target population of Crossing: Palestinians and Israeli Arabs Opening Days and Hours Monday-Thursday 05:00-22:00 Friday 05:00-14:00 Saturday 22:00
Highway 60 is an intercity road that goes from Nazareth in the North to Be’er Sheva in the South. Important Cities along or near the road are Nazareth, Afula, Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Hebron and Be’er Sheva. It is also known as ‘Way of the Patriarchs’ after the path of the ancient road that runs along the length of the central watershed, and on which the Biblical Patriarchs Abraham and his sons travelled. Like Route 90 it is a road passing through the Palestinian Territories, which is under Israeli control. Access to it is restricted for Palestinians, who have to swerve to smaller roads with numerous checkpoints. On Route 60 it takes only 35 minutes to get from Ramallah to Bethlehem. Since the wall was built in 2003 most Palestinians are not allowed to drive on the Highway and have to swerve to byroads, which prolongs the way up to several hours. Except for transients who chose a direct way from Nazareth to Be’er Sheva, the Highway mostly caters to Jewish settlers living inside the Occupied Territories.
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Fig. 14
Sandala
Magen Sha’ul
Gilboa-Jalame Crossing Highway 60
Jalame
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Gilboa-Jalame Crossing, Highway 60 North of Jenin Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense) Pedestrians, Vehicles, Trade Target population of Crossing: Palestinians and Israeli Arabs Opening Days and Hours Monday-Thursday 05:00-22:00 Friday 05:00-14:00 Saturday 22:00
41 .giF
Highway 60 is an intercity road that goes from Nazareth in the North to Be’er Sheva in the South. Important Cities along or near the road are Nazareth, Afula, Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Jerusalem, Bethlehem, Gush Etzion, Hebron and Be’er Sheva. It is also known as ‘Way of the Patriarchs’ after the path of the ancient road that runs along the length of the central watershed, and on which the Biblical Patriarchs Abraham and his sons travelled.aladnaS Like Route 90 it is a road passing through the Palestinian Territories, which is under Israeli control. Access to it is restricted for Palestinians, who have to swerve to smaller roads lu’ahS negaM with numerous checkpoints. On Route 60 it takes only 35 minutes to get from Ramallah to Bethlehem. Since the wall was built in 2003 most Palestinians are not allowed to drive on the Highway and have to swerve to byroads, which prolongs the way up to several hours. Except for transients who chose a direct way from Nazareth to Be’er Sheva, the Highway mostly caters to Jewish settlers living inside the Occupied Territories.
gnissorC emalaJ-aobliG 06 yawhgiH
emalaJ
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Muqeibila Gilboa Regional Council Area: 7,128 dunams Population: 3,299 (2007) Foundation: no data
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Jezreel Valley (Emek Israel)
Muqueibila
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yellaV leerzeJ )learsI kemE(
Muqeibila Gilboa Regional Council Area: 7,128 dunams Population: 3,299 (2007) Foundation: no data
alibieuquM
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Ram-On, Moshav Gilboa Regional Council Area: no data Population: 925 Foundation: 1960
Fig. 21
Fig. 22
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Barak
Ram On
Fig. 16 Fig. 17 Fig. 18 Fig. 15
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land karaB
Ram-On, Moshav Gilboa Regional Council Area: no data Population: 925 Foundation: 1960
nO maR
Fig. 23 61 .giF 71 .giF 81 .giF 51 .giF
Fig. 24
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Zububa, Area C District of Jenin Area: 13,843 dunams Population: 2,183 (2007) Foundation: no data
Fig. 25 to p. 45
Fig. 26 on p. 45
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Mele’a
Merkaz Omen
Gadish
Zububa
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nemO zakreM
a’eleM
Zububa, Area C hsidaG
District of Jenin Area: 13,843 dunams Population: 2,183 (2007) Foundation: no data
abubuZ
Fig. 27 to p. 45
Fig. 28 on p. 45
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Ta’anakh junction, Highway 66 North-West of Jenin no data
Fig. 29
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Salem
Ta’anakh Junction Highway 66
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Rumana
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Ta’anakh junction, Highway 66 North-West of Jenin no data
noitcnuJ hkana’aT 66 yawhgiH
melaS
91 .giF
02 .giF
Fig. 30
anamuR
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Fig. 31 on p. 49
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Khirbat Al-Taibe
Anin
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ebiaT-lA tabrihK
Fig. 32 on p. 49
ninA
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Umm al-Fahm Haifa District Area: 22,253 dunams Population: 43,300 Foundation: 1265
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Umm al-Fahm
Mei Ami
Umm Al Rihan Tal Menashe
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Ummmhal-Fahm aF-la mmU Haifa District Area: 22,253 dunams Population: 43,300 Foundation: 1265
imA ieM
nahiR lA mmU ehsaneM laT
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Fig. 33 on p. 57
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Barta’a
Ain Al Sahila
Katzir-Harish
Nahal Narb
eta
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Barta’a
alihaS lA niA
hsiraH-riztaK
Fig. 34 on p. 57
haN
atebraN la
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Barta’a
Barta’a, Area B Haifa District/ District of Jenin Area: 4,320 dunams Population: 8,300 Foundation: ca. 1850
Barta’a is an Arabic village in the Wadi Ara region, also called ‘little Triangle’ or ‘Arabic Triangle’. It was founded most likely in the late 19th century by the Kabha Clan, a wide extended Arabic family, from which most of the today’s 8300 inhabitants of Barta’a descend.
Fig. 35
Fig. 36
The village was built on the two slopes of the ravine around Nahal Narbeta, a mostly dried out riverbed, which in winter sometimes carries water to the Hadera River. “What begins as a deep ravine peters out to a ditch running diagonally through the village. With the stroke of the green grease pencil, that ravine cum ditch became a divide between the State of Israel and the Jordanian annexed West Bank. The Muslim residents, members of the same family, ended up in two different countries, bestowed with different citizenship and possibly the harshest situation of all being that those two countries continue to be at war with each other.” (8) Aisenberg, On Either Side of the Divide, ESRA Magazine
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Fig. 21
Barta’a
Fig. 23 Fig. 22
Fig. 24
arb
lN
a ah
eta
N
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Barta’a
Barta’a, Area B Haifa District/ District of Jenin Area: 4,320 dunams Population: 8,300 Foundation: ca. 1850
Barta’a is an Arabic village in the Wadi Ara region, also called ‘little Triangle’ or ‘Arabic Triangle’. It was founded most likely in the late 19th century by the Kabha Clan, a wide extended 12 .giF Arabic family, from which most of the today’s 8300 inhabitants of Barta’a descend. a’atraB
32 .giF 22 .giF
42 .giF
ate
bra
Nl
ah
aN
Fig. 37
Fig. 38
The village was built on the two slopes of the ravine around Nahal Narbeta, a mostly dried out riverbed, which in winter sometimes carries water to the Hadera River. “What begins as a deep ravine peters out to a ditch running diagonally through the village. With the stroke of the green grease pencil, that ravine cum ditch became a divide between the State of Israel and the Jordanian annexed West Bank. The Muslim residents, members of the same family, ended up in two different countries, bestowed with different citizenship and possibly the harshest situation of all being that those two countries continue to be at war with each other.” (9) Aisenberg, On Either Side of the Divide, ESRA Magazine
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Barta’a
(continuation)
After Israel annexed the West Bank in 1967 the Green Line lost the characteristics of the border, became somehow non-existent. Barta’a was reunited. Until 1987, with the outburst of the first Palestinian uprising – known as Intifada- the village faced the whole momentousness of belonging to two different countries. “The people of East Barta’a were participating in the uprising whilst their Israeli citizenship holding West Barta’a relatives were caught in the middle, emotionally torn bystanders, as Israeli soldiers fought with members of their immediate family on the other side of the rubbish filled ditch running through the middle of the village, a not-sogreen line and former border between – as the local population phrase it – ‘over here and over there’. ” (10) Aisenberg, On Either Side of the Divide, ESRA Magazine
Until 1997 there was a checkpoint on the Western entrance to the village. During a crisis it would be easier to control the traffic crossing the Green Line, not regarding that also West Barta’a would be cut off when the checkpoint closed. Most of the times however, the checkpoint remained open.
Fig. 39 on p. 57
With Israel’s plan to build the Wall after the second Intifada, came the realization that customers from Israel wouldn’t go to the cheaper West Bank to do their shopping anymore. As a consequence, Palestinian shopkeepers, businessmen and workers, who were no longer allowed to cross the Green Line, seeked new locations as close as possible to the former border, on the Western side of the new Separation Barrier within the so called ‘Seam Zone’. Since the outbreak of the second Intifada East Barta’a has become a 'boomtown' (Aisenberg)for shoppers with ‘over 600 businesses and industrial concerns where Palestinians manufacture garments and bed linen for export and a multitude of other merchandise for sale to the bartering Israeli customers. Many of the workers in East Barta’a are Palestinian women from villages in the West Bank on the other side of the Separation Barrier. They have permission to pass through the Reichan checkpoint behind Barta’a on a daily basis to work in Area B – but not to cross over the Green Line. As in Barta’a the Green Line runs through the middle of the Market Street, no one controls weather someone is allowed to cross or not.
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Little Triangle (“Arabic Triangle”)
Qafin
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Barta’a
(continuation)
After Israel annexed the West Bank in 1967 the Green Line lost the characteristics of the border, became somehow non-existent. Barta’a was reunited. Until 1987, with the outburst of the first Palestinian uprising – known as Intifada- the village faced the whole momentousness of belonging to two different countries. “The people of East Barta’a were participating in the uprising whilst their Israeli citizenship holding West Barta’a relatives were caught in the middle, emotionally torn elgnairT elttiL bystanders, as Israeli soldiers fought with members of their immediate family on the )”elgnairT cibarA“( other side of the rubbish filled ditch running through the middle of the village, a not-sogreen line and former border between – as the local population phrase it – ‘over here and over there’. ” (11) Aisenberg, On Either Side of the Divide, ESRA Magazine
Until 1997 there was a checkpoint on the Western entrance to the village. During a crisis it would be easier to control the traffic crossing the Green Line, not regarding that also West Barta’a would be cut off when the checkpoint closed. Most of the times however, the checkpoint remained open.
nfiaQ
Fig. 40 on p. 57
With Israel’s plan to build the Wall after the second Intifada, came the realization that customers from Israel wouldn’t go to the cheaper West Bank to do their shopping anymore. As a consequence, Palestinian shopkeepers, businessmen and workers, who were no longer allowed to cross the Green Line, seeked new locations as close as possible to the former border, on the Western side of the new Separation Barrier within the so called ‘Seam Zone’. Since the outbreak of the second Intifada East Barta’a has become a 'boomtown' (Aisenberg)for shoppers with ‘over 600 businesses and industrial concerns where Palestinians manufacture garments and bed linen for export and a multitude of other merchandise for sale to the bartering Israeli customers. Many of the workers in East Barta’a are Palestinian women from villages in the West Bank on the other side of the Separation Barrier. They have permission to pass through the Reichan checkpoint behind Barta’a on a daily basis to work in Area B – but not to cross over the Green Line. As in Barta’a the Green Line runs through the middle of the Market Street, no one controls weather someone is allowed to cross or not.
94
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Baqa-Jatt Haifa District Area: 16,392 dunams Population: 32,400 Foundation: 2003
Baqa-Jatt is located in the ‘little Triangle’, an region in northern Israel with a high density of Arab villages adjacent to the Green Line. It is part of the eastern Sharon plain among the Samarian foothills and is the easternmost boundaries of both the Center District and Haifa District. Other cities in the ‘Triangle’ are Umm al-Fahm, Tayibe, Kafr Qasim, Tira, Barta’a etc... Baqa-Jatt was founded in 2003 when the cities Baqa al-Gharbiyye (West Baqa) and Jatt were merged. Once Baqa al-Gharbiyye and Baqa ash-Sharqiyya (Eastern Baqa) formed one village. Through the course of the 1949 Armistice Agreements the Green Line was drawn between the two parts of the village, splitting them apart, each side all of a sudden in a different country. The larger part Baqa al-Gharbiyye became Israeli, and only in 1996 declared as an independent city.
96
Baqa al-Gharbiyye
Nazlat ‘Isa Baqa ash-Sharqiyya
Baqa-Jatt
Jatt
Zeita
97
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Baqa-Jatt
eyyibrahG-la aqaB
Haifa District Area: 16,392 dunams Population: 32,400 Foundation: 2003
ayyiqrahS-hsa aqaB
asI‘ talzaN in the ‘little Triangle’, an region in northern Israel with a high density Baqa-Jatt is located of Arab villages adjacent to the Green Line. It is part of the eastern Sharon plain among the Samarian foothills and is the easternmost boundaries of both the Center District and Haifa District. Other cities in the ‘Triangle’ are Umm al-Fahm, Tayibe, Kafr Qasim, Tira, Barta’a etc... Baqa-Jatt was founded in 2003 when the cities Baqa al-Gharbiyye (West Baqa) and Jatt were merged. Once Baqa al-Gharbiyye and Baqa ash-Sharqiyya (Eastern Baqa) formed one village. Through the course of the 1949 Armistice Agreements the Green Line was drawn between the two parts of the village, splitting them apart, each side all of a sudden in a different country. The larger part Baqa al-Gharbiyye became Israeli, and only in 1996 declared as an independent city.
ttaJ-aqaB
ttaJ
atieZ
98
99
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100
Ibthan
101
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nahtbI
102
103
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Bat Hefer, communal settlement Hefer Valley Regional Council Area: 782 dunams Population: 5,400 Foundation: 1996
Fig. 41
104
Sharon plain
Bat Hefer Fig. 25
Yad Hana
105
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Bat Hefer, communal settlement Hefer Valley Regional Council Area: 782 dunams Population: 5,400 Foundation: 1996
nialp norahS
refeH taB 52 .giF
Fig. 42
106
anaH daY
107
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Ephraim Gate Crossing
Tulkarm, Area A
West of Tulkarm Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense)
Tulkarm Governorate Area: 28,793 dunams Population: 61,941 Foundation: 1187
Pedestrians Palestinian laborers and commodities Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Thursday: 07:30-17:00 Friday: 08:00-14:00
108
Tulkarm
Nizanei Oz
Irtah
Ephraim Gate Crossing
Far’un
Tayibe 109
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
mrakluT
Ephraim Gate Crossing
Tulkarm, Area A
West of Tulkarm Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense)
Tulkarm Governorate Area: 28,793 dunams Population: 61,941 Foundation: 1187
Pedestrians Palestinian laborers and commodities Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Thursday: 07:30-17:00 Friday: 08:00-14:00
hatrI
gnissorC etaG miarhpE
nu’raF
ebiyaT 110
zO ienaziN
111
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Tayibe Central District Area: 18,662 dunams Population: 38,575 Foundation: 1265
112
Tayibe
Tsur Natan
113
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Tayibe Central District Area: 18,662 dunams Population: 38,575 Foundation: 1265
ebiyaT
nataN rusT
114
115
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Kokhav Ya’ir Central District Area: 3,072 dunams Population: 9,200 (2011) Foundation: 1981/2003
“Kochav Ya’ir was established in 1981 by 15 families living in temporary quarters. Two years later, work began on infrastructure for a permanent town. In 1986, 550 families moved into permanent housing and the town was officially founded. Tzur Yigal was founded in 1991, with the first families moving into permanent homes in the summer of 1994. Kokhav Ya’ir and the neighboring town of Tzur Yigal merged in November 2003.” (12) Wikipedia (2013), Kokhav Ya’ir
116
Tzur Yitzhak
Tzur Natan
Kokhav Ya’ir
Falame
117
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
nataN ruzT
kahztiY ruzT
Kokhav Ya’ir Central District Area: 3,072 dunams Population: 9,200 (2011) Foundation: 1981/2003
“Kochav Ya’ir was established in 1981 by 15 families living in temporary quarters. Two years later, work began on infrastructure for a permanent town. In 1986, 550 families moved into permanent housing and the town was officially founded. Tzur Yigal was founded in 1991, with the first families moving into permanent homes in the summer of 1994. Kokhav Ya’ir and the neighboring town of Tzur Yigal merged in November 2003.” (13) Wikipedia (2013), Kokhav Ya’ir
ri’aY vahkoK
emalaF
118
119
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Eyal Crossing
Qalqiliya, Area A
North of Qalqiliya Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense)
Qalqiliya Governorate Area: 25,637 dunams Population: 41,000 (2007) Foundation: before 1596
Pedestrians and Commodities Palestinian laborers and commodities Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Thursday: 04:00-19:00 Friday: 04:00-14:00
Fig. 43
Fig. 44 on p. 77
120
Kokhav Ya’ir
Eyal
Fig. 26
Eyal Crossing
Qalqiliya 121
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Eyal Crossing
Qalqiliya, Area A
North of Qalqiliya Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense)
Qalqiliya Governorate Area: 25,637 dunams Population: 41,000 (2007) Foundation: before 1596
Pedestrians and Commodities Palestinian laborers and commodities
ri’aY vahkoK
Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Thursday: 04:00-19:00 Friday: 04:00-14:00
layE
62 .giF
Fig. 45
gnissorC layE
Fig. 46 on p. 77
ayiliqlaQ 122
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Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
(continuation)
The city is almost entirely surrounded by the wall. Only a narrow corridor to the east, that is controlled by the Israeli army - and a tunnel connecting to Hableh allow the passage way through and into the West Bank. Thereby Qalqiliya is nearly cut off from parts of its own agricultural land and its neighboring villages. Qalqiliya was built on the slope of a hill. The wall, which surrounds the city at the foot of the hill blocks the rain water run-off during the rain periods. Since its construction in 2003 Qalqiliya regularly faces floods.
Fig. 47
Fig. 48 on p. 77, Barrier between Matan and Hableh
124
Qalqiliya
Nir Eliyahu
Fig. 27
Qalqiliya
Fig. 28
125
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Qalqiliya
(continuation)
The city is almost entirely surrounded by the wall. Only a narrow corridor to the east, that is controlled by the Israeli army - and a tunnel connecting to Hableh allow the uhayilE riN passage way through and into the West Bank. Thereby Qalqiliya is nearly cut off from parts of its own agricultural land and its neighboring villages. Qalqiliya was built on the slope of a hill. The wall, which surrounds the city at the foot of the hill blocks the rain water run-off during the rain periods. Since its construction in 2003 Qalqiliya regularly faces floods. 72 .giF
ayiliqlaQ
Fig. 49
82 .giF
Fig. 50 on p. 77, Barrier between Matan and Hableh
126
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Matan,
Hableh,
Nirit,
Central District Area: 798 dunams Population: 3,555 (2011) Foundation: 1995
Qalqiliya Governorate Area: 10,900 dunams Population: 6,150 (2006) Foundation: before 1596
Central District Area: 421 dunams Population: 1,173 Foundation: 1982
Communal Settlement
Area B
Communal Settlement
Matan and Hableh are two villages opposite of each other on both sides of the Green Line. With the Separation Barrier crossing right between them contact between Jews and Arabs is impossible. The smallest distance between buildings of both villages is approximately 70 meters.
Fig. 51 Barrier between Matan and Hableh
Fig. 52
Nirit is a smaller Communal Settlement originally built on the Israeli side of the Green Line. In 2005 a new neighborhood named Nof Hasharon was built adjacent to Nirit. This neighborhood located just outside the Green Line actually belongs to the settlement Alfei Menashe, but in reality merged with Nirit. 128
Hableh Fig. 30
Matan
Fig. 29
Yarhiv
Fig. 31
Nirit
Fig. 32
Horshim
Kafr Bara
Oranit
129
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
helbaH 03 .giF
Matan,
Hableh,
Nirit,
Central District Area: 798 dunams Population: 3,555 (2011) Foundation: 1995
Qalqiliya Governorate Area: 10,900 dunams Population: 6,150 (2006) Foundation: before 1596
Central District Area: 421 dunams Population: 1,173 92 .giF Foundation: 1982
Communal Settlement
Area B
Communal Settlement nataM
Matan and Hableh are two villages opposite of each other on both sides of the Green Line. With the Separation Barrier crossing right between them contact between Jews and Arabs is impossible. The smallest distance between buildings of both villages is approximately 70 meters.
vihraY
13 .giF
tiriN
23 .giF
Fig. 53 Barrier between Matan and Hableh
mihsroH
Fig. 54
Nirit is a smaller Communal Settlement originally built on the Israeli side of the Green tinarO Line. In 2005 a new neighborhood named Nof Hasharon was built adjacent to Nirit. This neighborhood located just outside the Green Line actually belongs to the settlement Alfei Menashe, but in reality merged with Nirit. 130
araB rfaK
131
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Kafr Qasim Central District Area: 9,154 dunams Population: 20,027 Foundation: no data
“From 1949 till late 1966 the Israeli government decided to consider all its Palestinians citizens a ‘hostile population ‘. All major Arab population centers were governed by military administrations and divided into four districts. Seven Arab villages, including Kafr Qasim, all along the Green Line, were considered as high infiltration threat.
Fig. 55 on p. 77
The villages were patrolled regularly by border police (Magav) under the command of Israeli army brigade commander Colonel Issachar Shadmi. Those villages, containing some 40, 000 villagers, were called the Central District. October 29, 1956 On the day of the massacre, the Israeli army decided to place all seven villages along the Green Line under a curfew called the War Time Curfew, from 5 in the evening until 6 the following morning. Israeli soldiers were instructed to shoot and kill any villager violating the curfew. Even though the border police troops were given the order by their commander at 3:30 in the afternoon, they only informed the mayor of Kafr Qasim about an hour later, leaving a window of 30 minutes for the 400 villagers working in the fields or outside the village to come back home. According to Israeli investigation committee records, from 5:00 pm until 6:30 on October 29, 1956, border police shot and killed 49 villagers from Kafr Qasim as they tried to return home. Among those killed were 23 children and one pregnant woman.” (14) Occupied Palestine (2010), Remembering The Israeli Massacre In Kafr Qasim – Oct 29, 1956
132
Kafr Qasim
Rosh HaAyin Neve Afek
133
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Kafr Qasim Central District Area: 9,154 dunams Population: 20,027 Foundation: no data
“From 1949 till late 1966 the Israeli government decided to consider all its Palestinians citizens a ‘hostile population ‘. All major Arab population centers were governed by military administrations and divided into four districts. Seven Arab villages, including Kafr Qasim, all along the Green Line, were considered as high infiltration threat. misaQ rfaK
Fig. 56 on p. 77
The villages were patrolled regularly by border police (Magav) under the command of Israeli army brigade commander Colonel Issachar Shadmi. Those villages, containing some 40, 000 villagers, were called the Central District. October 29, 1956 On the day of the massacre, the Israeli army decided to place all seven villages along the Green Line under a curfew called the War Time Curfew, from 5 in the evening until 6 the following morning. Israeli soldiers were instructed to shoot and kill any villager violating the curfew. Even though the border police troops were given the order by their commander at 3:30 in the afternoon, they only informed the mayor of Kafr Qasim about an hour later, leaving a window of 30 minutes for the 400 villagers working in the fields or outside the village to come back home. According to Israeli investigation committee records, from 5:00 pm until 6:30 on October 29, 1956, border police shot and killed 49 villagers from Kafr Qasim as they tried to return home. Among those killed were 23 children and one pregnant woman.” (15) Occupied Palestine (2010), Remembering The Israeli Massacre In Kafr Qasim – Oct 29, 1956
134
niyAaH hsoR kefA eveN
135
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136
137
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
138
139
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
no data
Fig. 57
140
no data
Fig. 33
141
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
no data atad on
33 .giF
Fig. 58
142
143
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Qibya, Area B Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate Area: no data Population: 5,761 Foundation: no data
144
Qibya
145
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Qibya, Area B Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate Area: no data Population: 5,761 Foundation: no data
aybiQ
146
147
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Budrus, Area B Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate Area: no data Population: 1,644 Foundation: before 1596
148
Budrus
149
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Budrus, Area B Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate Area: no data surduB Population: 1,644 Foundation: before 1596
150
151
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut Central District Area: 50,176 dunams Population: 80,218 Foundation: 1985 (Maccabim),1987 (Re’ut), 1993 (Modi’in), 2003 (merger)
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut emerged through the consolidation of Modi’in, Maccabim and Re’ut. The neighborhood Maccabim is entirely located within the No-Man’s Land from 1949 and not inside Israeli territory. The no-man’s land refers to the strip of land between Israel and the West Bank, about 1 to 3 kilometers wide, whose sovereignty was unclear after the 1948 War of Independence.
Fig. 59
In 2012 the municipality of Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut appeared for the first time on the European Union’s published list of settlements which exported products will not be considered as made in Israel, and thus will not be eligible for tax breaks when imported to EU member countries. “In 1995, Israel and the European Union signed a trade agreement, which came into effect under the EU-Israel Association Agreement in June 2000. Under the agreement, in bilateral trade deals, most goods made in Israel or Europe received preferential tax breaks from the importing country. During the past decade, Israel and the EU reached an arrangement whereby products must be labeled with their place of manufacture and that those items made in the areas settled by Israel since 1967 will not be eligible for tax breaks, referring to the 1967 Six-Day War.” (16) Coren (2012), European Union: Parts of Modi’in do not belong to Israel, Haaretz,
Israel disputes this, since according to some parties perception, Modi’in is located entirely within the Green Line, since the line in the West of the No-Man’s Land was drawn with the Jordanian red pencil.
152
al-Midya
Fig. 34
Modi’in
153
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut Central District Area: 50,176 dunams Population: 80,218 Foundation: 1985 (Maccabim),1987 (Re’ut), 1993 (Modi’in), 2003 (merger)
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut emerged through the consolidation of Modi’in, Maccabim and Re’ut. The neighborhood Maccabim is entirely located within the No-Man’s Land from 1949 and not inside Israeli territory. The no-man’s land refers to the strip of land between Israel and the West Bank, about 1 ato 3 kilometers wide, whose sovereignty was unclear ydiM-la after the 1948 War of Independence.
43 .giF
Fig. 60
In 2012 the municipality of Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut appeared for the first time on the European Union’s published list of settlements which exported products will not be considered as made in Israel, and thus will not be eligible for tax breaks when imported to EU member countries. “In 1995, Israel and the European Union signed a trade agreement, which came into effect under the EU-Israel Association Agreement in June 2000. Under the agreement, in bilateral trade deals, most goods made in Israel or Europe received preferential tax breaks from the importing country. During the past decade, Israel and the EU reached an arrangement whereby products must be labeled with their place of manufacture and that those items made in the areas settled by Israel since 1967 will not be eligible for tax breaks, referring to the 1967 Six-Day War.” (17) Coren (2012), European Union: Parts of Modi’in do not belong to Israel, Haaretz,
ni’idoM
Israel disputes this, since according to some parties perception, Modi’in is located entirely within the Green Line, since the line in the West of the No-Man’s Land was drawn with the Jordanian red pencil.
154
155
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Maccabim Crossing, Route 443
Modi’in Illit, Settlement
Near Maccabim-Re’ut’ Overland Crossings Authority and IDF
Modi’in & Center Area: 4,746 dunams Population: 52,060 Foundation: 1996
Pedestrians, Motor Vehicles Palestinian laborers and Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day
Fig. 61
Modi’in Illit is the biggest Israeli settlement in the West Bank. It is located between the Green Line and the Separation Barrier. “Modi’in ‘Illit was designated a Local Council in 1996 and in March 2008 it was declared as municipality along with Matityahu and Hashmona’im settlements. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of August 2007, the 3 settlements’ cluster had a total population of some 40,000 Israeli settlers; making them one of the largest Israeli settlements’ cluster in the West Bank in terms of population. The settlement occupy an area of 6,000 dunams (6 km²) and was established on lands originally owned by Palestinians from Ni’lin, Deir Qiddies, Al Midya, Bil’in and Khirbet Al Misbah villages located within the governorate of Ramallah. On June 16, 2002, the Israeli Government started constructing the Segregation Wall in the West Bank. The Wall, came to enfold and annex vast Palestinian lands and as many Israeli settlements to Israel’s proper rather than to provide security for citizens of Israeli as claimed by the Israeli Government. Valuable Palestinian agricultural lands and groundwater resources within the West Bank Territory, east of the 1949 Armistice Line (Green Line) were lost for that purpose.” (18) The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (2008), While debating about settlements; “Israel declared the settlement of Modi’in ‘Illit as the third Jewish city in the occupied West Bank”, Monitoring Israeli Colonizing activities in the Palestinian Territories
156
Hashmonaim
Modi’in Illit Matityahu
Ganei Modi’in
Kiryat Sefer (“Town of Books”)
Kfar HaOranim
Kfar Rut
Fig. 35
Maccabim Crossing
157
mianomhsaH
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
tillI ni’idoM uhaytitaM
Maccabim Crossing, Route 443
Modi’in Illit, Settlement
Near Maccabim-Re’ut’ Overland Crossings Authority and IDF
Modi’in & Center Area: 4,746 dunams Population: 52,060 Foundation: 1996
refeS tayriK )”skooB fo nwoT “(
Pedestrians, Motor Vehicles Palestinian laborers and Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day
minarOaH rafK
tuR rafK Fig. 62
Modi’in Illit is the biggest Israeli settlement in the West Bank. It is located between the Green Line and the Separation Barrier. “Modi’in ‘Illit was designated a Local Council in 1996 and in March 2008 it was declared as municipality along with Matityahu and Hashmona’im settlements. According to the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), as of August 2007, the 3 settlements’ cluster had a total population of some 40,000 Israeli settlers; making them one of the largest Israeli settlements’ cluster in the West Bank in terms of population. The settlement occupy an area of 6,000 dunams (6 km²) and was established on lands originally owned by Palestinians from Ni’lin, Deir Qiddies, Al Midya, Bil’in and Khirbet Al Misbah villages located within the governorate of Ramallah. On June 16, 2002, the Israeli Government started constructing the Segregation Wall in the West Bank. The Wall, came to enfold and annex vast Palestinian lands and as many Israeli settlements to Israel’s proper rather than to provide security for citizens of Israeli as claimed by the Israeli Government. Valuable Palestinian agricultural lands and groundwater resources within the West Bank Territory, east of the 1949 Armistice Line (Green Line) were lost for that purpose.” (19) The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (2008), While debating about settlements; “Israel declared the settlement of Modi’in ‘Illit as the
53 .giF third Jewish city in the occupied West Bank”, Monitoring Israeli Colonizing activities in the Palestinian Territories
gnissorC mibaccaM
158
ni’idoM ienaG
159
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Bayt Sira, Area B Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate Area: 3,120 dunams Population: 3,231 Foundation: no data
Fig. 63
160
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut
Maccabim-Re’ut
Maccabim
Fig. 36
Bayt Sira
Valley of Ayalon “Emek Ayalon”
161
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Bayt Sira, Area B ariS tyaB
tu’eR-mibaccaM-ni’idoM
Ramallah and al-Bireh Governorate 63 .giF mibaccaM Area: 3,120 dunams Population: 3,231 Foundation: no data
tu’eR-mibaccaM
Fig. 64
nolayA fo yellaV ”nolayA kemE“
162
163
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
164
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut
Nof Ayalon
Valley of Ayalon “Emek Ayalon”
165
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
tu’eR-mibaccaM-ni’idoM
nolayA foN
nolayA fo yellaV ”nolayA kemE“
166
167
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Nof Ayalon, Communal Settlement Central District Area: no data Population: 2,208 Foundation: 1994
168
Nof Ayalon
169
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Nof Ayalon, Communal Settlement Central District Area: no data Population: 2,208 Foundation: 1994
nolayA foN
170
171
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Nahshon Central District Area: no data Population: 519 Foundation: 1950
“The village was established in 1950 by immigrant members of Hashomer Hatzair. It was named after Operation Nachshon, which opened up the Jerusalem road during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.” (20) Wikipedia (2013), Nahshon
172
Mini Israel
Nahshon
173
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Nahshon Central District Area: no data Population: 519 Foundation: 1950
“The village was established in 1950 by immigrant members of Hashomer Hatzair. It was named after Operation Nachshon, which opened up the Jerusalem road during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.” (21) Wikipedia (2013), Nahshon
learsI iniM
nohshaN
174
175
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Neve Shalom/ Wahat al-Salām Central District Area: no data Population: 236 Foundation: 1970
Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam was founded in 1970 by the Dominican brother Bruno Hussar (1911-1996). His intention was to create a place where the people of this land would live together despite national and religious differences and would conduct educational work for peace. The land, on which Neve Shalom was built was later given to it by the adjacent Monastery of Latrun.
Fig. 65 View over Modi’in
The 52 families that settle in the village live every day as an example for coexistence between Jews and Palestinians by building a community based on mutual acceptance, respect and cooperation. Projects & Outreach • The School for Peace • Children’s Educational System • Pluralistic Spiritual Centre • A Youth Club provides extracurricular activities for the community’s children • When funding permits, the community conducts humanitarian aid projects including, in recent years, summer camps for children from the West Bank.
176
Neve Schalom
Latrun Monastery
Fig. 38 Fig. 37
Neve Shalom Wahat al-Salト[
177
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Neve Schalom
Neve Shalom/ Wahat al-Salām Central District Area: no data Population: 236 Foundation: 1970
Neve Shalom/Wahat al-Salam was founded in 1970 by the Dominican brother Bruno Hussar (1911-1996). His intention was to create a place where the people of this land would live together despite national and religious differences and would conduct educational work for peace. The land, on which Neve Shalom was built was later given to it by the adjacent Monastery of Latrun. yretsanoM nurtaL
Fig. 66 View over Modi’in
The 52 families that settle in the village live every day as an example for coexistence between Jews83 .and Palestinians by building a community based on mutual acceptance, giF 73 .giF respect and cooperation. molahS eveN mālaS-la tahaW
Projects & Outreach • The School for Peace • Children’s Educational System • Pluralistic Spiritual Centre • A Youth Club provides extracurricular activities for the community’s children • When funding permits, the community conducts humanitarian aid projects including, in recent years, summer camps for children from the West Bank.
178
179
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Neve Schalom
(continuation)
“Eitan Kramer vs. The State of Israel; The Land without Law” “The small kibbutz-village used to employ many Palestinian workers from the neighboring villages, who sometimes stayed the night in a simple house on the premises. Although the workers, according to Israeli law, required permits to work there, some had them and others did not. The kibbutz is situated in the No-Man’s Land, where in 1949 people and soldiers were prevented from entering. One of these lines, the red one, crosses right through Neve Shalom, past an ancient olive tree. In 2003, at the end of the second intifada, Eitan Kramer, a member of Neve Shalom was arrested by the Israeli Border Police and accused of transporting a Palestinian worker from the West Bank through the kibbutz. He of course did this regularly, taking workers, with or without permit, through the village and the surrounding areas. Although the Palestinian worker was released after a few hours, Eitan was taken for a lengthy interrogation and eventually arrested. He was accused of violating the Nationality and Entry into Israel Law (2003) by hosting and transporting a Palestinian worker, allowing him to travel to Israeli coastal cities where the majority of the Palestinian ‘illegal’ workers find temporary employment on the black market. A few months later, Eitan was called to appear in the District Court of Bet Shemesh to face the accusations of the state prosecutor. He was advised by his lawyer, who was employed by the kibbutz, to confess to the presumed crime for a plea bargain that would reduce the fine and waive the prison sentence. But Eitan decided not to follow this advice as he realized that Neve Shalom was situated in a territory with a very special status within the Israeli territorial regime. He devised his own legal strategy, which resulted in the most improbable of arguments. Instead of negotiating within the framework of the law, he argued for the inapplicability of the law, referring to the legal void created by the two lines marked out in 1949. Using this apparently absurd argument, Eitan Kramer was finally acquitted.” (22) Weizman, Notes on extraterritoriality, Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency
Fig. 67 on p. 101, View over Latrun Monastery
180
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Neve Schalom
(continuation)
“Eitan Kramer vs. The State of Israel; The Land without Law” “The small kibbutz-village used to employ many Palestinian workers from the neighboring villages, who sometimes stayed the night in a simple house on the premises. Although the workers, according to Israeli law, required permits to work there, some had them and others did not. The kibbutz is situated in the No-Man’s Land, where in 1949 people and soldiers were prevented from entering. One of these lines, the red one, crosses right through Neve Shalom, past an ancient olive tree. In 2003, at the end of the second intifada, Eitan Kramer, a member of Neve Shalom was arrested by the Israeli Border Police and accused of transporting a Palestinian worker from the West Bank through the kibbutz. He of course did this regularly, taking workers, with or without permit, through the village and the surrounding areas. Although the Palestinian worker was released after a few hours, Eitan was taken for a lengthy interrogation and eventually arrested. He was accused of violating the Nationality and Entry into Israel Law (2003) by hosting and transporting a Palestinian worker, allowing him to travel to Israeli coastal cities where the majority of the Palestinian ‘illegal’ workers find temporary employment on the black market. A few months later, Eitan was called to appear in the District Court of Bet Shemesh to face the accusations of the state prosecutor. He was advised by his lawyer, who was employed by the kibbutz, to confess to the presumed crime for a plea bargain that would reduce the fine and waive the prison sentence. But Eitan decided not to follow this advice as he realized that Neve Shalom was situated in a territory with a very special status within the Israeli territorial regime. He devised his own legal strategy, which resulted in the most improbable of arguments. Instead of negotiating within the framework of the law, he argued for the inapplicability of the law, referring to the legal void created by the two lines marked out in 1949. Using this apparently absurd argument, Eitan Kramer was finally acquitted.” (23) Weizman, Notes on extraterritoriality, Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency
Fig. 68 on p. 101, View over Latrun Monastery
182
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Mevo Horon, Moshav Mateh Binyamin Regional Council Area: no data Population: 1,929 Foundation: 1970
Mevo Horon is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank near Latrun. The village was established in 1970 by members of the Ezra youth movement, and was the first village in the Mateh Binyamin council area. It moved to present site in 1974. (24) Wikipedia (2013), Mevo Horon
The moshav is located in the bottleneck of the loop, described by the two lines describe of the Latrun area.
184
Mevo Horon
185
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Mevo Horon, Moshav noroH oveM
Mateh Binyamin Regional Council Area: no data Population: 1,929 Foundation: 1970
Mevo Horon is an Israeli settlement in the West Bank near Latrun. The village was established in 1970 by members of the Ezra youth movement, and was the first village in the Mateh Binyamin council area. It moved to present site in 1974. (25) Wikipedia (2013), Mevo Horon
The moshav is located in the bottleneck of the loop, described by the two lines describe of the Latrun area.
186
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Nataf Mateh Yehuda Regional Council Area: no data Population: 325 Foundation: 1982
Fig. 69
188
Fig. 39
Nataf
189
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Nataf Mateh Yehuda Regional Council Area: no data Population: 325 Foundation: 1982
Fig. 70
93 .giF
fataN
190
191
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192
Qatane
193
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enataQ
194
195
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Abu Gosh
Har Adar, Settlement
District of Jerusalem Area: 2,500 dunams Population: 6,270 Foundation: no data
Har Adar Local Council Area: 994 dunams Population: 3,622 Foundation: 1986
Abu Gosh is located 10 kilometers west of Jerusalem on the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway. It is situated 610–720 meters above sea level. In 2010, it set the Guinness World Record for largest dish of humus. The village is also called ‘Kingdom of Humus’. It is also famous for its music festivals.
Fig. 71
Abu Gosh originates from on one of the oldest agglomerations in Israel but the name Abu Gosh finds its first mentioning during the Ottoman era. It was the name of a ruling family that settled on the site in the 16th century. The family controlled the pilgrimage route from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and imposed tolls on all pilgrims passing through.
196
Har Adar
Fig. 40
Ma’ale HaHamisha
Kiryat Anavim (“City of Grapes”)
Abu Gosh
197
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Abu Gosh
Har Adar, Settlement
District of Jerusalem Area: 2,500 dunams Population: 6,270 Foundation: no data
Har Adar Local Council Area: 994 dunams Population: 3,622 Foundation: 1986
Abu Gosh is located 10 kilometers west of Jerusalem on the Tel Aviv-Jerusalem highway. It is situated 610–720 meters above sea level. In 2010, it set the Guinness World Record for largest dish of humus. The village is also called ‘Kingdom of Humus’. It is also famous for its music festivals.
radA raH
04 .giF
ahsimaHaH ela’aM
Fig. 72
Abu Gosh originates from on one of the oldest agglomerations in Israel but the name Abu Gosh finds its first mentioning during the Ottoman era. It was the name of a ruling family that settled on the site in the 16th century. The family controlled the pilgrimage route from Jaffa to Jerusalem, and imposed tolls on all pilgrims passing through.
mivanA tayriK )”separG fo ytiC“(
hsoG ubA
198
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Bayt Surik, Area B
Mevaseret Zion
Jerusalem Governorate Area: no data Population: 4,306 Foundation: before 1596
District of Jerusalem Area: 6,390 dunams Population: 25,305 Foundation: 1951
Fig. 73
Fig. 74
200
Bidu
Bayt Surik
Fig. 41
Fig. 42
Mevaseret Zion
201
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udiB
Bayt Surik, Area B
Mevaseret Zion
Jerusalem Governorate Area: no data Population: 4,306 Foundation: before 1596
District of Jerusalem Area: 6,390 dunams Population: 25,305 Foundation: 1951
kiruS tyaB
Fig. 75
14 .giF
24 .giF
noiZ teresaveM
Fig. 76
202
203
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Bayt Iksa, Area B
Ramot
Jerusalem Governorate Area: 7,734 dunams Population: 2,099 Foundation: before 1596
East Jerusalem Area: no data Population: 50,000 Foundation: 1974
“In June 1967, following the 1967 War, Israel annexed 70 square kilometers to the municipal boundaries of West Jerusalem, and imposed Israeli law there. These annexed territories included not only the part of Jerusalem that had been under Jordanian rule, but also an additional 64 square kilometers, most of which had belonged to 28 villages in the West Bank, and part of which belonged to the municipalities of Bethlehem and Beit Jala. Following their annexation, the area of West Jerusalem tripled, and Jerusalem became the largest city in Israel. In setting the borders, the committee’s objective was to strengthen Israeli sovereignty over the city by creating a Jewish majority. In order to ensure that, the primary consideration was to prevent the inclusion of heavily-populated Palestinian areas within Jerusalem. Whereas several Palestinian villages were placed outside the city, some of their lands were included within the city’s new borders, examples being Beit Iksa and Beit Hanina in the north, and detached areas lying in the municipalities of Bethlehem and Beit Sahur in the south. “ (26) B’Tselem(2013), Legal Status of East Jerusalem and its Residents
On the expropriated grounds Israel built the eight ‘Ring Neighborhoods’, forming a half circle around central Jerusalem/ al-Quds. This fragmented the Palestinian parts of the city into smaller, controllable areas, enclosing them from one another and from their Hinterland. Ramot Polin is part of the Jewish settlement Ramot in Northern East Jerusalem and one of the Ring Neighborhoods. When it was established in 1974, the population was 70% secular. Since 2000, Ramot Alef, Gimel and Daled have become Haredi, and the percentage of Orthodox Jews in whole Ramot Alon has risen to 75%. The first neighborhoods built after 1967 were Ramot, French Hill, Neve Yaakov, Pisgat Ze’ev, East Talpiot, and Gilo. In the 1990s, Ramat Shlomo in the North and Har Homa in the South followed. After the annexation, Israel conducted a census in the areas, which were mainly populated by Palestinians and granted permanent residency status to those who were present in the annexed area at the time the census was taken. Persons not present in the city for whatever reason forever lost their right to reside in Jerusalem. But also residency statuses have been revoked, when a person is not able to prove its center of life being in Jerusalem. Approximately 14,000 East Jerusalem Palestinians had their residency revoked between 1967 and mid 2010 (not including dependent children). Until 2003 it was possible for Palestinians from other places in the Occupied Territories to gain a permanent residency through marriage. Although the permanent residency was not automatically transferred, the spouses could apply for family unification. The application process for family reunification has become virtually impossible since 2003, when Israel introduced the Nationality and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order). Since then Palestinians from other places than Jerusalem/ al-Quds are entirely prohibited from residing in Jerusalem. If a Palestinian Jerusalemite leaves Jerusalem to reside with his family in the West Bank he automatically loses his Permanent Residency and all attending privileges, such as the right to live, travel, work and study in Israel. 204
Har Shmu’el
Ramot Polin
East Jerusalem
Bayt Iksa
Jerusalem Giv’at Sha’ul Cemetery
West Jerusalem 205
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
le’umhS raH
Bayt Iksa, Area B
Ramot
Jerusalem Governorate Area: 7,734 dunams Population: 2,099 Foundation: before 1596
East Jerusalem Area: no data Population: 50,000 Foundation: 1974
“In June 1967, following the 1967 War, Israel annexed 70 square kilometers to the municipal boundaries of West Jerusalem, and imposed Israeli law there. These annexed territories included not only the part of Jerusalem that had been under Jordanian rule, but also an additional 64 square kilometers, most of which had belonged to 28 villages in the West Bank, and part of which belonged to the municipalities of Bethlehem and Beit Jala. Following their annexation, the area of West Jerusalem tripled, and Jerusalem became the largest city in Israel. In setting the borders, the committee’s objective was to strengthen Israeli sovereignty over the city by creating a Jewish majority. In order to ensure that, the primary consideration was to prevent the inclusion of heavily-populated Palestinian areas within Jerusalem. Whereas several Palestinian villages were placed outside the city, niloP tomaR some of their lands were included within the city’s new borders, examples being Beit melasureJ tsIksa aE and Beit Hanina in the north, and detached areas lying in the municipalities of Bethlehem and Beit Sahur in the south. “ (27) B’Tselem(2013), Legal Status of East Jerusalem and its Residents
askI tyaB
On the expropriated grounds Israel built the eight ‘Ring Neighborhoods’, forming a half circle around central Jerusalem/ al-Quds. This fragmented the Palestinian parts of the city into smaller, controllable areas, enclosing them from one another and from their Hinterland. Ramot Polin is part of the Jewish settlement Ramot in Northern East Jerusalem and one of the Ring Neighborhoods. When it was established in 1974, the population was 70% secular. Since 2000, Ramot Alef, Gimel and Daled have become Haredi, and the percentage of Orthodox Jews in whole Ramot Alon has risen to 75%. The first neighborhoods built after 1967 were Ramot, French Hill, Neve Yaakov, Pisgat Ze’ev, East Talpiot, and Gilo. In the 1990s, Ramat Shlomo in the North and Har Homa in the South followed. After the annexation, Israel conducted a census in the areas, which were mainly populated by Palestinians and granted permanent residency status to those who were present in the annexed area at the time the census was taken. Persons not present in the city for whatever reason forever lost their right to reside in Jerusalem. But also residency statuses have been revoked, when a person is not able to prove its center of life being in Jerusalem. Approximately 14,000 East Jerusalem Palestinians had their residency revoked between 1967 and mid 2010 (not including dependent children). Until 2003 it was possible for Palestinians from other places in the Occupied Territories to gain a permanent residency through marriage. Although the permanent residency was not automatically transferred, the spouses could apply for family unification. The application process for family reunification has become virtually impossible since 2003, when Israel introduced the Nationality and Entry into Israel Law (Temporary Order). Since then Palestinians from other places than Jerusalem/ al-Quds are entirely prohibited from residing in Jerusalem. If a Palestinian Jerusalemite leaves Jerusalem to reside with his family in the West Bank he automatically loses his Permanent Residency temeC lu’ahS ta’viG melasureJ and all attending privileges, such as theyreright to live, travel, work and study in Israel.
melasureJ tseW
206
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Jerusalem/ al-Quds Jerusalem Area: 126,000 dunams Population: 804.355 (2013) Foundation: 19th cent. BC
According to the Jerusalem municipality the first known mention of Jerusalem is to be found in Egyptian texts from the nineteenth century BC.
Fig. 77 on p. 119, View from Museum on the Seam
In the aftermath of the first Arab-Israeli war, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem, the holiest site for the Jews, as its capital. After the occupation of East Jerusalem by the Israeli army in 1967 the government of Prime Ministers Levi Eshkol annexed 70 square kilometers of land and included 69,000 Palestinians to the western part of Jerusalem. The new municipal area was supposed to unite the Israeli city of West Jerusalem, the Old City former administrated by Jordan, other former Jordanian districts, some Arab villages, their fields and desert spots to a ‘holy, eternal and indivisible Jewish capital’. (28) Weizman (2007), Hollow Land (Jerusalem: Petrifying the Holy City)
The majority of the international community however has never acknowledged Jerusalem as the Israeli capital. Most diplomatic representations are therefore located in Tel Aviv. Also the Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the Dome of the Rocks/ Haram al-Sharif, the third holiest site in Islam, as their capital. Yassir Arafat established the PLO West Bank headquarters in Ramallah. Although considered an interim solution, Ramallah assumed the role, marked out for East Jerusalem in the Palestinians’ statehood plans, hosting almost all governmental headquarters.
208
Beit Hanina
Shuafat
Ramot
Ramat Shlomo (“Solomon’s Heights)
East Jerusalem
Ramat Eshkol
West Jerusalem 209
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land aninaH tieB
Jerusalem/ al-Quds Jerusalem Area: 126,000 dunams Population: 804.355 (2013) Foundation: 19th cent. BC
According to the Jerusalem municipality the first known mention of Jerusalem is to be found in Egyptian texts from the nineteenth century BC.
tafauhS
tomaR
omolhS tamaR )sthgieH s’nomoloS“(
melasureJ tsaE
Fig. 78 on p. 119, View from Museum on the Seam
In the aftermath of the first Arab-Israeli war, Israel proclaimed Jerusalem, the holiest site for the Jews, as its capital. After the occupation of East Jerusalem by the Israeli army in 1967 the government of Prime Ministers Levi Eshkol annexed 70 square kilometers of land and included 69,000 Palestinians to the western part of Jerusalem. The new municipal area was supposed to unite the Israeli city of West Jerusalem, the Old City former administrated by Jordan, other former Jordanian districts, some Arab villages, their fields and desert spots to a ‘holy, eternal and indivisible Jewish capital’. (29) Weizman (2007), Hollow Land (Jerusalem: Petrifying the Holy City)
The majority of the international community however has never acknowledged Jerusalem as the Israeli capital. Most diplomatic representations are therefore located in Tel Aviv.
lokhsE tamaR
Also the Palestinian Authority claims Jerusalem, including the Dome of the Rocks/ Haram al-Sharif, the third holiest site in Islam, as their capital. Yassir Arafat established the PLO West Bank headquarters in Ramallah. Although considered an interim solution, Ramallah assumed the role, marked out for East Jerusalem in the Palestinians’ statehood plans, hosting almost all governmental headquarters.
melasureJ tseW 210
211
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
No-Man’s-Land of Jerusalem “Between the two lines lies a fuzzy space, a buffer zone in which both communities fear to implement radical change. If they did it might start a riot, because it would shift the imagined lines of control.” (30) Sorkin, Khosla (2002), The next Jerusalem (The new Canaanites), p. 79
The No-Man’s-Land, originally one area from where today is Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut until south of Jerusalem is described as the area between the Green Line and the Red Line. In April 1949 Armistice Agreements new alterations divided the No-Man’sLand into two parts. In the area of Abu Gosh the No-Man’s-Land got almost equally divided among Jordan and Israel and replaced by one demarcation line. In Jerusalem it remained.
Fig. 79 View from Damascus Gate
The contested No-Man’s-Land, to which neither side was permitted access lay between the lines stretched through all of the city. The only crossing was at the Mandelbaum Gate, next to the square, which today is called Mandelbaum Square. Entire streets including the buildings on it appeared within the stroke of the grease pencils. One street in the Musrara neighborhood was inside the Israeli line, but the Jordanians held, that the border ran through the middle of the street. “In another case, when a photograph of the building called Steinitz House, near the Mandelbaum Gate, was magnified, it turned out, that its eastern side was within the Jordanian area, its western side in the Israeli zone, and its southern terrace in the No-Man’s-Land. The problem was complicated by the fact that there was a Jordanian fortified position inside the house.” (31) Benvenisti (1996), City of Stone, p 59
Only in February 1955 the international Armistice Commission agreed, that the width of the line would not be included into the No-Man’s-Land, but should belong to the country bordering it, which meant for Jordan to seize all of Jerusalem’s old city walls. 212
French Hill (Giv’at Shapira)
Giv’at HaMivtar
Ramat Eshkol (“Eshkol Heights”)
Ammunition Hill (Giv’at HaTahmoshet)
Mount Scopus (Har Ha Tsofim)
East Jerusalem
West Jerusalem
Hebrew University, Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design
Mandelbaum Square
Fig. 43 Me’a Sche’arim (“hundred gates”)
HaTsanhanim
Russian Compound (Migraš ha-Rusim)
Fig. 46 Fig. 45 Fig. 44
Old City
213
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
No-Man’s-Land of Jerusalem “Between the two lines lies a fuzzy space, a buffer zone in which both communities fear to implement radical change. If they did it might start a riot, because it would shift the imagined lines of control.” (32) Sorkin, Khosla (2002), The next Jerusalem (The new Canaanites), p. 79
The No-Man’s-Land, originally one area from where today is Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut until south of Jerusalem is described as the area between the Green Line and the Red Line. In April 1949 Armistice Agreements new alterations divided the No-Man’sLand into two parts. In the area of Abu Gosh the No-Man’s-Land got almost equally divided among Jordan and Israel and replaced by one demarcation line. In Jerusalem it remained.
lliH hcnerF )aripahS ta’ viG(
ratviMaH ta’viG
lokhsE tamaR )”sthgieH lokhsE“(
lliH noitinummA )tehsomhaTaH ta’viG(
supocS tnuoM )mfiosT aH raH(
Fig. 80 View from Damascus Gate
,ytisrevinU werbeH strA fo ymedacA lelazeB ngiseD dna
The contested No-Man’s-Land, to which neither side was permitted access lay between the lines stretched through all of the city. The only crossing was at the Mandelbaum Gate, next to the square, which today is called Mandelbaum Square. Entire streets melasureJ tsaE melasureJ tseW including the buildings on it appeared within the stroke of the grease pencils. One street in the Musrara neighborhood was inside the Israeli line, but the Jordanians held, that the border ran through the middle of the street. erauqS muablednaM “In another case, when a photograph of the building called Steinitz House, near the Mandelbaum Gate, was magnified, it turned out, that its eastern side was within the Jordanian area, its western side in the Israeli zone, and its34southern terrace in the .giF mira’ehcS a’eM No-Man’s-Land. The problem was complicated by the fact that there was a Jordanian )”setag derdnuh“( fortified position inside the house.”
minahnasTaH
(33) Benvenisti (1996), City of Stone, p 59
Only in February 1955 the international Armistice Commission agreed, that the width of the line would not be included into the No-Man’s-Land, but should belong to the country bordering it, which meant for Jordan to seize all of Jerusalem’s old city walls. 214
ytiC dlO
64 .giF 54 .giF 44 .giF
dnuopmoC naissuR )misuR-ah šargiM(
215
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
(continuation)
The Damascus Gate is the northern entrance to the Old City of Jerusalem. It is located in the width of the line on the former Jordanian side and adjacent to the No-Man’s-Land. The Old City attracts a lot of different kinds of people: religious Muslims, Jews and tourists. On Fridays when streams of Muslims pour through the gate after Friday Prayer and the same time Jews try to get to the Wailing Wall for their Shabbat Prayer there is high potential for escalations. Large squads of IDF soldiers and policemen are positioned around the Damascus Gate ready to interfere in case of disturbances, occasionally with tear gas.
Fig. 81 on p. 119, IDF Squad on Shabbat at Damascus Gate
The triangular square north of the Old City is one of the few still empty parts of the NoMan’s-Land in Jerusalem. It serves as a parking lot and a bus station for the south bound Palestinian bus lines. One major and yet controversial construction-project however, that got implemented in the area of the Jerusalemite No-Man’s-Land is the Light-rail line 1. The tracks leave West Jerusalem and enter the No-Man’s-Land at the end of Yaffa Street. It follows the demarcation lines for a couple of hundred meters, continues into East Jerusalem and ends at the Jewish settlement Pisgat Ze’ev. HaTsanhanim is the inner-city part of Highway 60, that runs from Nazareth, over Jenin, Ramallah, through Jerusalem further to Hebron and Be’er Sheva.
216
Kidron Valley
Church of holy Sepulchre
Old City
Mount of Olives
Temple Mount
Fig. 47 Mamilla
Yemin Moshe Sultan’s Pool Silwan
Kidron Valley
East Jerusalem
Abu Tor
217
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land sevilO fo tnuoM
yellaV nordiK
(continuation)
erhclupeS yloh fo hcruhC
tnuoM elpmeT
ytiC dlO
The Damascus Gate is the northern entrance to the Old City of Jerusalem. It is located 74 .giFin allimaM the width of the line on the former Jordanian side and adjacent to the No-Man’s-Land. The Old City attracts a lot of different kinds of people: religious Muslims, Jews and tourists. On Fridays when streams of Muslims pour through the gate after Friday Prayer and the same time Jews try to get to the Wailing Wall for their Shabbat Prayer there is high potential for escalations. Large squads of IDF soldiers and policemen are positioned ehsoM nimeY around the Damascus Gate ready to interfere in case of disturbances, occasionally with tear gas. looP s’natluS nawliS
yellaV nordiK
melasureJ tsaE
roT ubA
Fig. 82 on p. 119, IDF Squad on Shabbat at Damascus Gate
The triangular square north of the Old City is one of the few still empty parts of the NoMan’s-Land in Jerusalem. It serves as a parking lot and a bus station for the south bound Palestinian bus lines. One major and yet controversial construction-project however, that got implemented in the area of the Jerusalemite No-Man’s-Land is the Light-rail line 1. The tracks leave West Jerusalem and enter the No-Man’s-Land at the end of Yaffa Street. It follows the demarcation lines for a couple of hundred meters, continues into East Jerusalem and ends at the Jewish settlement Pisgat Ze’ev. HaTsanhanim is the inner-city part of Highway 60, that runs from Nazareth, over Jenin, Ramallah, through Jerusalem further to Hebron and Be’er Sheva.
218
219
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Fig. 84 on p. 119
Fig. 83 on p. 121
220
German Colony (HaMoshava HaGermanit)
Talpiyot
East Talpiyot
Ramat Rachel
Sur Baher
Homat Shmuel (former: Har Homa)
221
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
ynoloC namreG )tinamreGaH avahsoMaH(
toyiplaT
toyiplaT tsaE
Fig. 85 on p. 119
lehcaR tamaR
rehaB ruS
Fig. 86 on p. 121
leumhS tamoH )amoH raH :remrof(
222
223
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Beit Safafa Southern Jerusalem Area: 1,577 dunams Population: 5,463 (2010) Foundation: before 1596
In 1949, Beit Safafa was divided in two parts by the Green Line. The southern third of the village was in the Jordanian-occupied West Bank, while the northern part, originally lay in No-Man’s-Land. After the annexation of the West Bank through Israel, Beit Safafa was integrated into Greater Jerusalem, the fences were taken down, and the two parts were reunited. Residents of southern Beit Safafa hold Jerusalem ID cards, while residents of the northern part hold Israeli citizenship.
Fig. 87
Fig. 88
224
Baka (Geulim)
Gonen
West Jerusalem
Fig. 49 Fig. 50 Fig. 48 Sharfat
Beit Zafafa
Giv’at Hamatos
East Jerusalem Gilo
225
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Beit Safafa akaB )milueG(
Southern Jerusalem Area: 1,577 dunams Population: 5,463 (2010) Foundation: before 1596 nenoG
melasureJ tseW
In 1949, Beit Safafa was divided in two parts by the Green Line. The southern third of the village was in the Jordanian-occupied West Bank, while the northern part, originally lay in No-Man’s-Land. After the annexation of the West Bank through Israel, Beit Safafa was integrated into Greater Jerusalem, the fences were taken down, and the two parts were reunited. Residents of southern Beit Safafa hold Jerusalem ID cards, while residents of the northern part hold Israeli citizenship.
94 .giF 05 .giF 84 .giF tafrahS
afafaZ tieB
sotamaH ta’ viG
Fig. 89
melasureJ tsaE oliG
Fig. 90
226
227
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
(continuation)
Beit Safafa is located between West Jerusalem and the ‘Ring Settlements’ Gilo and Har Homa. The village’s relations to Bethlehem, Beit Jala and Beit Sahour are thereby disrupted. With the new highway Route 4 being built through the village, the social and economic situation of the village will most likely deteriorate. “In the same way that this highway slices through the daily life of its Palestinian residents, it facilitates life for Jerusalem’s Jewish - and surrounding Jewish settlements - population. If the road is completed, it will connect the Gush Etzion settlement cluster south of the city to the Giv’at Ze’ev cluster in the north. Ultimately, it would Route 60 which connects Gush Etzion to Jerusalem - to Route 443, which connects several settler roads to Tel Aviv, facilitating easy access between settlers, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, further fulfilling a vision of a ‘Greater Jerusalem’ - a vision of the city as the undisputed ‘Jews-only’ capital of Israel.“ (34) Germaine (2013), Beit Safafa to be sliced by settler only highway, Palestine Monitor
Fig. 91 on p. 125, Bridge of new Highway in Beit Safafa
Fig. 92 Railway to Jerusalem
228
West Jerusalem
Biblical Zoo Fig. 51
Gilo
Alwalaja
229
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
(continuation)
Beit Safafa is located between West Jerusalem and the ‘Ring Settlements’ Gilo and Har Homa. The village’s relations to Bethlehem, Beit Jala and Beit Sahour are thereby disrupted. With the new highway Route 4 being built through the village, the social and economic situation of the village will most likely deteriorate. “In the same way that this highway slices through the daily life of its Palestinian residents, it facilitates life for Jerusalem’s Jewish - and surrounding Jewish settlements - population. If the road is completed, it will connect the Gush Etzion settlement cluster south of the city to the Giv’at Ze’ev cluster in the would Route 60 mnorth. elasUltimately, ureJ tseitW which connects Gush Etzion to Jerusalem - to Route 443, which connects several settler roads to Tel Aviv, facilitating easy access between settlers, Jerusalem and Tel Aviv, further fulfilling a vision of a ‘Greater Jerusalem’ - a vision of the city as the undisputed ‘Jews-only’ capital of Israel.“ (35) Germaine (2013), Beit Safafa to be sliced by settler only highway, Palestine Monitor
ooZ lacilbiB 15 .giF
Fig. 93 on p. 125, Bridge of new Highway in Beit Safafa
oliG
ajalawlA
Fig. 94 Railway to Jerusalem
230
231
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Battir, Zone B Bethlehem Governorate Area: 8,028 dunams Population: 4,613 Foundation: before 1596
Fig. 95 View over Battir, Palestine Remembered
232
Fig. 52
Battir
233
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Battir, Zone B Bethlehem Governorate Area: 8,028 dunams Population: 4,613 Foundation: before 1596
25 .giF
Fig. 96 View over Battir, Palestine Remembered
rittaB
234
235
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
236
Battir
237
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
rittaB
238
239
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Rachel Crossing, Route 375 Near Bethlehem and Jerusalem IDF Police Corps Pedestrians, Motor Vehicles Palestinian laborers and tourist buses to Bethlehem Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day
Tzur Hadassah
Wadi Fukin
Betar Illit
District of Jerusalem Area: no data Population: 6,517 Foundation: 1960
Bethlehem Governorate Area: 4,347 dunams Population: 1,358 Foundation: before 1596
Area: 4,188 dunams Population: 39,710 Foundation: 1985
Communal Settlement
Fig. 97
240
Zone C
Jewish Settlement
Mevo Beitar
Tzur Hadassah Rachel Crossing
Fig. 53
Wadi Fukin
Beitar Illit
241
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Rachel Crossing, Route 375 Near Bethlehem and Jerusalem IDF Police Corps Pedestrians, Motor Vehicles Palestinian laborers and tourist buses to Bethlehem Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day
Tzur Hadassah
Wadi Fukin
Betar Illit
District of Jerusalem Area: no data Population: 6,517 Foundation: 1960
Bethlehem Governorate Area: 4,347 dunams Population: 1,358 Foundation: before 1596
Area: 4,188 dunams Population: 39,710 Foundation: 1985
Communal Settlement
ratieB oveM
Zone C
Jewish Settlement
hassadaH ruzT gnissorC lehcaR
35 .giF
Fig. 98
nikuF idaW
tillI ratieB
242
243
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Jaba’a, Area B Bethlehem Governorate Area: 10,099 dunams Population: 1,042 Foundation: before 1596
244
Jaba’a
245
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Jaba’a, Area B Bethlehem Governorate Area: 10,099 dunams Population: 1,042 Foundation: before 1596
a’abaJ
246
247
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Surif, Area B Hebron Governorate Area: 15,034 dunams Population: 16,035 (2013) Foundation: no data
248
Surif
249
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Surif, Area B Hebron Governorate Area: 15,034 dunams Population: 16,035 (2013) Foundation: no data
firuS
250
251
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Neve Michael, Moshav Mateh Yehuda Regional Area: no data Population: 502 Foundation: 1958
252
Aviezer
Neve Michael
Al Dayr
253
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
rezeivA
Neve Michael, Moshav Mateh Yehuda Regional Area: no data Population: 502 Foundation: 1958
leahciM eveN
ryaD lA
254
255
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Aderet, Moshav Mateh Yehuda Regional Area: no data Population: 694 (2011) Foundation: 1960
256
Aderet
257
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
teredA
Aderet, Moshav Mateh Yehuda Regional Area: no data Population: 694 (2011) Foundation: 1960
258
259
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Tarqumiya Crossing, Route 35 to Hebron Near Tarqumiya in the Beit Guvrin region Operated by a Civilian Company Pedestrians, Motor Vehicles Palestinian laborers, commodities and Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Motor Vehicles: Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day Pedestrians: Monday-Thursday: 03:45-19:00 Friday: 03:45-19:00
Fig. 99
Fig. 100 Tarqumiya Crossing, Route 35 to Hebron
260
Fig. 54
Fig. 55
Tarqumiya Crossing
261
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Tarqumiya Crossing, Route 35 to Hebron Near Tarqumiya in the Beit Guvrin region Operated by a Civilian Company Pedestrians, Motor Vehicles Palestinian laborers, commodities and Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Motor Vehicles: Sunday-Saturday: 24 hours a day Pedestrians: Monday-Thursday: 03:45-19:00 Friday: 03:45-19:00
45 .giF
Fig. 101
55 .giF
gnissorC ayimuqraT
Fig. 102 Tarqumiya Crossing, Route 35 to Hebron
262
263
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
264
265
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
266
267
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Shekef, Moshav Lakhish Regional Council Area: no data Population: 300 (2006) Foundation: 1981
Fig. 103
268
Fig. 56
Shekef
269
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Shekef, Moshav Lakhish Regional Council Area: no data Population: 300 (2006) Foundation: 1981
Fig. 104
65 .giF
fekehS
270
271
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Beit Awwa, Zone B Hebron Governorate Area: 470 dunams Population: 9,675 (2013) Foundation: no data
Fig. 105
Fig. 106
272
Beit Awwa
Fig. 57
Sika
Fig. 58
Majd
Dayr al-’Asal al-Tahta
273
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
awwA tieB
Beit Awwa, Zone B Hebron Governorate Area: 470 dunams Population: 9,675 (2013) Foundation: no data
75 .giF
akiS
85 .giF
Fig. 107
djaM
Fig. 108
lasA’-la ryaD athaT-la
274
275
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Bayt al-Rosh al-Fawqa, Zone B Hebron Governorate Area: no data Population: 1,175 (2013) Foundation: no data
Fig. 109
276
Fig. 59
Bayt Mirsim
Bayt al-Rosh al-Fawqa
Burj
277
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Bayt al-Rosh al-Fawqa, Zone B Hebron Governorate Area: no data Population: 1,175 (2013) Foundation: no data
95 .giF
Fig. 110
misriM tyaB
hsoR-la tyaB aqwaF-la
jruB
278
279
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Shomeriyya Southern District Area: no data Population: 672 (2011) Foundation: 1984
280
Shomeriyya
281
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Shomeriyya Southern District Area: no data Population: 672 (2011) Foundation: 1984
ayyiremohS
282
283
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
284
285
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
286
287
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Sansana, Communal Settlement Har Hevron Regional Council (Hebron) Area: no data Population: 244 (2006) Foundation: 1997
288
Ramadin
Har Sansana (Mount Sansana)
Sansana
289
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Sansana, Communal Settlement nidamaR Har Hevron Regional Council (Hebron) Area: no data Population: 244 (2006) Foundation: 1997
anasnaS raH )anasnaS tnuoM(
anasnaS
290
291
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Meitar Crossing, Route 60 to Hebron South Hebron Mountains Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense) Pedestrians, Aggregates Palestinians, Building materials, Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Thursday: 04:00-20:00 Friday: 04:00-16:00
This is the southern crossing of the road. It passes by various smaller settlements before it arrives at the Settlement Kiryat Arba in the outskirts of Hebron.
Fig. 111 Meitar Crossing
292
Meitar Crossing
Fig. 60
Kramim
293
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Meitar Crossing, Route 60 to Hebron South Hebron Mountains Overland Crossings Authority (Ministry of Defense) Pedestrians, Aggregates Palestinians, Building materials, Israeli vehicles Opening Days and Hours Sunday-Thursday: 04:00-20:00 Friday: 04:00-16:00
This is the southern crossing of the road. It passes by various smaller settlements before it arrives at the Settlement Kiryat Arba in the outskirts of Hebron.
gnissorC ratieM
Fig. 112 Meitar Crossing
06 .giF
mimarK
294
295
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
The Northern Negev
296
Negev
297
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
The Northern Negev
vegeN
298
299
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Yatir Forest Foundation: 1965
All of the Israeli forests like the Yatir Forest are the result of major afforestation campaigns by the Jewish National Fund. Yatir forest is named after the eponymous ancient Levite city, which was located within the forest’s territory. It is located in the arid landscape of the northern Negev on the heights northeast of Be’er Sheva. The first trees were planted in 1965. Over four million trees have been planted, mostly coniferous trees - like Aleppo Pine, but also many broad leafed trees such as, Olive, Fig, Eucalyptus as well as vineyards. Many of the forests along the Green Line were planted to work as barriers. Parts of the forests were planted on sites of abandoned Arabic villages, to erase the traces of the non-Jewish presence from before 1948, especially in the ‘Green Belt’ around Jerusalem. The plantations kept the former owners from returning, and the adjacent villages from expanding. At the same time they serve as place holders for future Jewish settlements. The use of pine trees has mainly two reasons: they grow fast, and their needles overacidify the ground, which prevents new plants or animals from recurring. The forests were planted to make the ground useless for shepherds and their animals. However the plantations have a large ecological impact. Yatir Forest has proven to halt the desertification. All over Israel more than 240 million trees were planted. With that Israel is one of only two countries in the world that increased the number of trees during the 20th century. In many places Palestinians reacted with the same method on the other side of the Green Line, using olive trees as an attempt to keep settlers or the IDF from capturing Palestinian land.
300
301
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Yatir Forest Foundation: 1965
All of the Israeli forests like the Yatir Forest are the result of major afforestation campaigns by the Jewish National Fund. Yatir forest is named after the eponymous ancient Levite city, which was located within the forest’s territory. It is located in the arid landscape of the northern Negev on the heights northeast of Be’er Sheva. The first trees were planted in 1965. Over four million trees have been planted, mostly coniferous trees - like Aleppo Pine, but also many broad leafed trees such as, Olive, Fig, Eucalyptus as well as vineyards. Many of the forests along the Green Line were planted to work as barriers. Parts of the forests were planted on sites of abandoned Arabic villages, to erase the traces of the non-Jewish presence from before 1948, especially in the ‘Green Belt’ around Jerusalem. The plantations kept the former owners from returning, and the adjacent villages from expanding. At the same time they serve as place holders for future Jewish settlements. The use of pine trees has mainly two reasons: they grow fast, and their needles overacidify the ground, which prevents new plants or animals from recurring. The forests were planted to make the ground useless for shepherds and their animals. However the plantations have a large ecological impact. Yatir Forest has proven to halt the desertification. All over Israel more than 240 million trees were planted. With that Israel is one of only two countries in the world that increased the number of trees during the 20th century. In many places Palestinians reacted with the same method on the other side of the Green Line, using olive trees as an attempt to keep settlers or the IDF from capturing Palestinian land.
302
303
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
304
Yatir Forest
305
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
tseroF ritaY
306
307
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
308
Lev Yatir (“Yatir’s Heart”)
Yatir Forest
309
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
ritaY veL )”traeH s’ritaY“(
tseroF ritaY
310
311
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Shani, Communal Settlement Har Hevron Regional Council (Hebron) Area: no data Population: 442 (2011) Foundation: 1989
Fig. 113
Fig. 114
312
Fig. 61
Fig. 62
Shani
Fig. 63
Yatir Forest
313
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Shani, Communal Settlement Har Hevron Regional Council (Hebron) Area: no data Population: 442 (2011) Foundation: 1989
inahS
36 .giF
Fig. 115
tseroF ritaY
Fig. 116
314
26 .giF
16 .giF
315
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Metsadot Yehuda/ Beit Yatir, Communal Israeli Settlement Har Hevron Regional Council (Hebron) Area: no data Population: 399 (2011) Foundation: 1989
Fig. 117 Yatir Forest
316
Metsadot Yehuda
Fig. 64
Har Amasa
Fig. 65
317
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Metsadot Yehuda/ Beit Yatir, Communal Israeli Settlement Har Hevron Regional Council (Hebron) Area: no data Population: 399 (2011) Foundation: 1989
aduheY todasteM
Fig. 118 Yatir Forest
46 .giF
asamA raH
56 .giF
318
319
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Fig. 119 Road to Arad
Fig. 120 Road to Arad
320
321
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Fig. 121 Road to Arad
Fig. 122 Road to Arad
322
323
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
324
325
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
326
327
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
328
Negev
329
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
vegeN
330
331
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
332
Negev
333
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
vegeN
334
335
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
336
337
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
338
339
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
340
341
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
342
343
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
344
345
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
346
347
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
348
349
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
350
351
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Ein Gedi, Kibbutz Tamar Regional Council Area: no data Population: 527(2011) Foundation: 1953
The Kibbutz Ein Gedi is named after an Oasis adjacent to it. ‘Ein’ means spring and ‘gdi’ means goat-kid. The Oasis is fed by the spring Nahal David, which is famous for its waterfalls and pools.
352
Nahal Arugot Waterfalls
Ein Gedi (“Spring of the young goat”)
353
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Ein Gedi, Kibbutz Tamar Regional Council Area: no data Population: 527(2011) Foundation: 1953
The Kibbutz Ein Gedi is named after an Oasis adjacent to it. ‘Ein’ means spring and ‘gdi’ means goat-kid. The Oasis is fed by the spring Nahal David, which is famous for its waterfalls and pools.
togurA lahaN sllafretaW
ideG niE eht fo gnirpS“( )”taog gnuoy
354
355
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Fig. 123 Dead Sea
356
Dead Sea
Fig. 66
Nahal David Waterfalls
357
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
aeS daeD
66 .giF
Fig. 124 Dead Sea
divaD lahaN sllafretaW
358
359
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Overview 49
47 45
51 55
57
41
43
39
53
37 35
Umm al-Fahm
33
Barta‘a
59
31 61 63 65
Tulkarm
67 69 71 73 75
Qalqiliya 77 79
Rosh HaAyin
81 83 85 87 89
97
95
91 93
Modi’inMaccabim-Re’ut
107 99 109 105 101 103 111 113 115 117 119
131129
121 127 125 123
Jerusalem
133 135
Beitar Illit
139 137 141 143 145 147 149
191 189
151 185
153
183 181
155 157
360
159 161163 165 167 169 171 173
175 177
179
187
29
27
25
23
Atlas
Key Recognized Red Line including 80 m width
Countries Capitals
Recognized Green Line including 80 m width
City >100.000 inhabitants
No-man’s-land
Town <100.000 inhabitants
Separation Barrier 2003
Small Town <20.000 inhabitants Villages <5.000 inhabitants
The colour band is the digital interpretation of the original pencil stroke.
Rivers
Checkpoints
Moshe Dayan
Neighborhoods
Special Sites
The photographs show the intersections of the Green Line and the different physical realities. They mark the spots where the Green is regularly accessible. The green band projected onto the landscapes refers to the Benvenistiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s 80 meters.
Abdullah al-Tal
Lines continue this way Scale 1:15.000
0m
500 m
361
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
yeK
Overview 49
47 45
51
seirtnuoC59
55
57
41
43
39
53
37 35
Umm al-Fahm
eniL deR dezingoceR htdiw m 08 gnidulcni
33
Barta‘a
slatipa61C
31
stnatibahni 000.001> yt63iC
29
27
e25 niL neerG dezingoceR htd23iw m 08 gnidulcni dnal-s’nam-oN
65
stnatibahni 000.001< nwoT Tulkarm stnatibahni 000.02< nwo67 T llam S
3002 reirraB noitarapeS
69
stnatibahni 000.5< segalliV
latigid eht si dnab ruoloc ehT lanigiro eht fo noitaterpretni .ekorts licnep
71 73
sreviR
75
Qalqiliya
stniopkcehC
77
nayaD ehsoM
79sdoohrobhgieN
Rosh HaAyin
81
setiS laicepS
83
fo snoitcesretni eht wohs shpargot85ohp ehT lacisyhp tnereffid eht dna eniL neerG eht eht erehw stops eht kram yehT87.seitilaer .elbissecca ylraluger s89i neerG -dnal eht otno detcejorp dnab neerg91ehT .sretem 08 s’itsinevneB eht ot srefer sepacs 97
95
93
laT-la halludbA
Modi’inMaccabim-Re’ut
107 99 109 105 101 103 111 113 115 117 119
131129
yaw siht eunitnoc seniL
121 m 005 127 125 123
Jerusalem m0
133 135
Beitar Illit
139 137 141 143 145 147 149
191 189
151 185
153
183 181
155 157
362
159 161163 165 167 169 171 173
175 177
179
187
000.51:1 elacS
Atlas
363
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Sources (1) The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition copyright ©2000 by Houghton Mifflin Company, Updated in 2009, Published by Houghton Mifflin Company, 10/09/2013 (2) Meron Benvenisti (1996) City of Stone, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, University of California Press (3) Harriet Sherwood (2013), Israeli and Palestinian textbooks omit borders, The Guardian,
Reading: • Moshe Dayan (1976) Story of My Life, German Edition, Ulm, Molden-TaschenbuchVerlag • Markus Schroer (2006 ) Räume, Orte, Grenzen , fourth Edition (2012), Frankfurt am Main, Suhrkamp • Israeli Street Atlas, Hebrew 2013 • AVIS Israel Touring Map
http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/feb/04/israeli-palestinian-textbooksborders, 12/09/2013 (4) Akiva Eldar (2006), Putting back the Green Line - once we find it, Haaretz, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/putting-back-the-green-lineonce-we-find-it-1.206551, 12/09/2013 (5) Mark Monmonier (1991) How to Lie with Maps, second Edition (1996), USA,
Numbers and facts on Cities: • The Central Bureau of Statistics Israel, http://www.cbs.gov.il/ishuvim/ishuv2011/bycode.xls, 18/08/2013 • Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics, www.pcbs.gov.ps, 18/08/2013 • Palestine Remembered, http://www.palestineremembered.com, 18/08/2013
The University of Chicago Press (6) The Land Research Center (2003), Impact of the Segregation Wall on the Palestinian communities - The village of Faqu’a strangled by the Wall, Monitoring Israeli Colonizing activities in the Palestinian Territories,
Numbers and facts on Crossings: • Coordination of Government Activities in the Territories, http://www.cogat.idf.il, 12/09/2013
http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view.php?recordID=313, 12/09/2013 (7) Lydia Aisenberg (no data), On Either Side of the Divide, ESRA Magazine, http://esra-magazine.com/blog/post/either-side-divide, 25/08/2013 (8) Lydia Aisenberg (no data), On Either Side of the Divide, ESRA Magazine, http://esra-magazine.com/blog/post/either-side-divide, 25/08/2013 (9) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2013), Kokhav Ya’ir, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kokhav_Ya%27ir, 12/09/2013 (10) Occupied Palestine (2010), Remembering The Israeli Massacre In Kafr Qasim – Oct 29, 1956, http://occupiedpalestine.wordpress.
• Open Directory Project, http://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Middle East/Israel/ Localities/ • United Nations Relief and Works Agency, http://www.unrwa.org • Website of Jerusalem Municipality, https://www.jerusalem.muni.il/jer_main/ defaultnew.asp?lng=2 • Google Maps, https://maps.google.at/maps?hl=de&tab=wl • Jewish National Fund, http://www.jnf.org/
com/2010/10/29/remembering-the-54th-anniversary-of-the-israeli-massacre-
• Giv’at Haviva, http://www.givat-haviva.de
in-kafr-qasim/ 12/09/2013
• Isabel Frey (2013), Weit und breit kein Stacheldraht, Der Standard,
(11)Ora Coren (2012), European Union: Parts of Modi’in do not belong to Israel, Haaretz, http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/european-unionparts-of-modi-in-do-not-belong-to-israel-1.458222, 30/08/2013 (12) The Applied Research Institute - Jerusalem (2008), While debating about settlements; “Israel declared the settlement of Modi’in ‘Illit as the third Jewish city in the occupied West Bank”, Monitoring Israeli Colonizing activities in the Palestinian Territories, http://www.poica.org/editor/case_studies/view. php?recordID=1367, 19/08/2013 (13) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2013), Nahshon, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Nahshon, 19/08/2013 (14) Eyal Weizman (no data), Notes on extraterritoriality, Decolonizing Architecture Art Residency, http://www.decolonizing.ps/site/notes-on-extraterritoriality/, 12/09/2013 (15) Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (2013), Mevo Horon, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mevo_Horon, 19/08/2013 (16) Legal Status of East Jerusalem and its Residents (2013), B’Tselem - The Israeli
Information Center for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories
http://www.btselem.org/jerusalem/legal_status, 12/09/2013 (17) Eyal Weizman (2007) Hollow Land. Israel’s Architecture of Occupation (Jerusalem: Petrifying the Holy City), London/New York, Verso (18) Michael Sorkin, Romi Khosla (2002), The next Jerusalem: Sharing the divided city (The new Canaanites), USA, The Monacelli Press, Inc. (19) Meron Benvenisti (1996), City of Stone (The Mute Hills), Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, University of California Press (20) Anna Germaine (2013), Beit Safafa to be sliced by settler only highway, Palestine Monitor, http://palestinemonitor.org/details. php?id=7uxsuja3140ytm2qw1oe4, 12/09/2013
364
www:
http://derstandard.at/1371169957692/Weit-und-breit-kein-Stacheldraht, 19/06/2013 • Tali Heruti-Sover (2012), Arab town, both Israeli and Palestinian, divided by shopping, Haaretz, http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/arab-town-bothisraeli-and-palestinian-divided-by-shopping-1.410313, 12/09/2013 • David Grossman (1988), The Yellow Wind (The other Barta’a), USA, Farrar, Straus and Giroux • ARTE Journal (2012), Nahost: In der Grenzstadt Barta’a floriert der Handel, ARTE TV http://www.arte.tv/de/nahost-in-der-grenzstadt-barta-a-floriert-derhandel/ 6533076,CmC=6533116.html, 12/09/2013
Appendix
Figures Fig. 1: Maklit Shoshan, 2010, Atlas of the Conflict Israel-Palestine, Border Dynamics, edited by Marie-Orit Theuer, Aug. 2013 Fig. 2: Marie-Orit Theuer, 2013, Green Grease Pencil Fig. 3: Palestine Remembered, 2011, Detail Map Of Palestine Before al-Nakba, http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Maps/Story582.html, Aug 2013 Fig. 4: WIKIPEDIA,Moshe Dayan, 1976, Story of My Life, ISBN 0 688 03076 9 Moshe Dayan and Abdullah al Tal reach cease fire agreement, Jerusalem. 30 November 1948. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dayan_and_el_Tell.jpg, Aug. 2013 Fig. 5: Templebuilders, Map of Israel with road system http://www.templebuilders.com/maps/maphtm.htm, Jun. 2013 edited by Marie-Orit Theuer, Aug. 2013 Fig. 6: Hillel Wahrman, 2012, Thinking about Good Education http://www.hillelwahrman.com/2012/02/06/mental-maps/ Jun. 2013 Fig. 7: Hillel Wahrman, 2012, Thinking about Good Education http://www.hillelwahrman.com/2012/02/06/mental-maps/ Jun. 2013 Fig. 8-51: Marie-Orit Theuer, 2013 Fig. 52: View over Battir, Palestine Remembered, 2007, Battir-General view, http://www.palestineremembered.com/GeoPoints/ Battir_839, Aug. 2013 Fig. 53-66: Marie-Orit Theuer, 2013
365
Atlas of No-Man’s-Land
Index
366
Abu Gosh 111
Homat Shmuel 123
Neve Michael 139
Abu Tor 121
Horshim 77
Neve Shalom 101
Aderet 141
Ibthan 63
Nir Eliyahu 75
Ain Al Sahila 55
Irtah 67
Nirit 77
Al Dayr 139
Israel 7
Nizanei Oz 67
al-Midya 89
Jaba’a 153
Nof Ayalon 95, 97
Alwalaja 127
Jalame 41
Old City 119, 121
Ammunition Hill 119
Jalbun 33
Oranit 77
Anin 51
Jatt 61
Qafin 59
Aviezer 139
Jerusalem 115 - 127
Qalqiliya 73, 75
Baka 125
Jordan 7
Qatane 109
Baqa al-Gharbiyye 61
Kafr Bara 77
Qibya 85
Baqa ash-Sharqiyya 61
Kafr Qasim 79
Rachel Crossing 132
Baqa-Jatt 61
Katzir-Harish 55
Ram On 45
Barak 45
Kfar HaOranim 91
Ramadin 157
Barta’a 57
Kfar Rut 91
Ramat Eshkol 117, 119
Bat Hefer 65
Khirbat Al-Taibe 51
Ramat Rachel 123
Battir 129, 131
Kidron Valley 121
Ramat Shlomo 117
Bayt al-Rosh al-Fawqa 151
Kiryat Anavim 111
Ramot 117
Bayt Iksa 115
Kiryat Sefer 91
Ramot Polin 115
Bayt Mirsim 151
Kokhav Ya’ir 71, 73
Rosh HaAyin 79
Bayt Sira 93
Kramim 159
Rumana 49
Bayt Surik 113
Latrun Monastery 101
Russian Compound 119
Bazaq Crossing 26
Lebanon 7
Salem 49
Beit Awwa 149
Lev Yatir 167
Sandala 41
Beit Hanina 117
Little Triangle 59
Sansana 157
Beit Zafafa 125
Ma’ale Gilboa 35
Saudi Arabia 7
Beitar Illit 133
Ma’ale HaHamisha 111
Shani 169
Biblical Zoo 127
Maccabim 93
Sharfat 125
Bidu 113
Maccabim Crossing 90
Sharon plain 65
Budrus 87
Maccabim-Re’ut 93
Shekef 147
Burj 151
Magen Sha’ul 41
Shomeriyya 153
Church of holy Sepulchre 121
Majd 149
Shuafat 117
Dayr al-’Asal 149
Malkishu’a 33
Sika 149
Dead Sea 191
Mamilla 121
Silwan 121
East Talpiyot 123
Matan 77
Sur Baher 123
Efrayim Taibe Checkpoint 67
Matityahu 91
Surif 137
Ein Gedi 189
Me’a Sche’arim 119
Syria 7
Ephraim Gate Crossing 66
Mei Ami 53
Ta’anakh Junction 49
Eyal 73
Meirav 33
Ta’anakh junction 48
Eyal Crossing 72
Meitar Crossing 158
Tal Menashe 53
Falame 71
Mele’a 47
Talpiyot 123
Faqu’a 35
Merkaz Omen 47
Tarqumiya Checkpoint 143
Far’un 67
Metsadot Yehuda 171
Tarqumiyah Crossing 142
French Hill 119
Mevaseret Zion 113
Tayibe 67, 68
Gadish 47
Mevo Beitar 133
Temple Mount 121
Gan Ner 39
Mevo Horon 105
Tsur Natan 69, 71
Ganei Modi’in 91
Mini Israel 99
Tulkarm 67
Gaza Strip 7
Modi’in 89
Tzur Hadassah 133
German Colony 123
Modi’in Illit 91
Tzur Yitzhak 71
Gilboa-Jalame Crossing 40
Modi’in-Maccabim-Re’ut 93, 95
Umm Al Fahm 53
Gilo 125, 127
Mount Gilboa 33
Umm Al Rihan 53
Giv’at Hamatos 125
Mount of Olives 121
Valley of Ayalon 93, 95
Giv’at Sha’ul Cemetary 115
Mount Scopus 119
Wadi Fukin 133
Givat HaMivtar 119
Muqueibila 43
West Bank 7
Gonen 125
Nahal David 191
Yad Hana 65
Hableh 77
Nahal Narbeta 55
Yarhiv 77
Har Adar 111
Nahshon 99
Yatir Forest 165, 167, 169
Har Amasa 171
Nataf 107
Yatir Forest 162
Har Sansana 157
Nazlat ‘Isa 61
Yemin Moshe 121
Har Shmu’el 115
Negev 159, 161,163, 165,…
Zeita 61
Hashmonaim 91
Neve Afek 79
Zububa 47
Appendix
Glossary 1 metric dunam: Unit to measure land in countries that once belonged to the Ottoman Empire. 1 dunam equals 1000m²
Community Settlement Type of town in Israel, where the residents are organized in a cooperative, and decide collectively who may or may
Palestinian Authority: In 1993 the Interim Self Government Arrangements, otherwise known as the Oslo I agreement, was signed by Yassir Arafat and Yitzhak Rabin and determined the division of the West Bank territory into three separate administration zones.
not join the village. By this selection process, residents of a community
Area A : Under control of the Palestinian Authority. Encompasses around
settlement usually have a particular shared ideology, religious perspective,
18 percent of the West Bank including most major Palestinian cities like
or desired lifestyle which they wish to perpetuate by accepting only like-
Jenin, Nablus, Tulkarm, Ramallah and Hebron. Israeli civilians are not allowed
minded individuals. They are rural and exurban, consist mostly of single-
to enter Area A.
family homes and not apartment buildings, and are small, with only a few
Area B: Under Palestinian administrative and Israeli military control. 22
hundreds of residents. Communal settlements are gated
percent of the West Bank and comprises most Palestinian rural communities.
communities and almost entirely Jewish. Some community settlements
Area C: Under complete Israeli administrative and military control.
openly require applicants to be Jews.
Comprises with 60% the largest part of the West Bank. Area C comprises
Foundation: before 1596: Villages first documented in Ottoman tax registers 1596
Kibbutz (pl. Kibbutzim): Israeli kind of rural settlement, usually an
Israeli settlements, including roads, buffer zones, and other infrastructure, and Israeli military training areas. Less than five percent of the Palestinian population of the West Bank lives here. East Jerusalem and the entire Jordan
agricultural village, based on a collective and cooperative community. It has
Valley are located in Area C. Around 500.000 Jewish settlers live in Area C
democratic management and is responsible for the welfare of all members.
including East Jerusalem.
The ownership is shared of its means of production and consumption. The
Area A and B are subdivided into numerous disconnected cantons with no
first kibbutz, Degania, was founded by a small group of young pioneers in
territorial continuity and are surrounded by area C. Area C on the other hand
1910, on the banks of the Sea of Galilee. Since then kibbutzim have spread
is territorially contiguous and contains a vast majority of the West Bankâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
across the country. The majority of kibbutzim were founded by members
natural recourses, like the aquifer and arable land.
of the Zionist Youth Movement. The land was often bought by the Jewish
In most of Area C Palestinians are denied any opportunity to build or
National Found.
develop. Since 1967 only 6 percent of the entire area C has been allocated
Moshav (pl. Moshavim): Type of cooperative agricultural community.
to Palestinians by the Civil Administration, while more than 60 percent has
The first moshav Nahalal was established in the Jezreel Valley in 1921.
been allocated to Zionist Organisations, Settlement Authorities, and the
Moshavim Ovdim rely on cooperative purchasing of supplies and marketing
Military.
of produce; the family or household is, however, the basic unit of production and consumption. Moshav Shitufi form is closer to the collectivity of the kibbutz: Although consumption is family-or household-based, production and marketing are collective. Unlike the Moshavim Ovdim, land is not allotted to households or individuals, but is collectively worked.
Nahal Settlement: a Settlement founded my Nahal Soldiers, which belong to an IDF program that combines military service with the establishment of new agricultural communities.
367
Atlas of No-Manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-Land
Notes
368