Algumas Ideias e Valores dos Direitos Humanos by oscarpmlopes

HISTÓRICASDASIDEIASEVALORESDOS

DIREITOSHUMANOSENQUANTOLEGADOEFONTEDEORIGEMDA

5 17

6 73 72 71 68 67 64 63 60 58 56 55 54 45 39 35 23 19 16 50

7 44 43 38 34 32 15 14 13 10 8 7 6 5 3 47

1 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:LibraryofCongressviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:TITLE:Omar, WestVirginiaCALLNUMBER:LC-USF33-006135-M5[P&P]REPRODUCTIONNUMBER:LC-DIG-fsa-8a16676(digital filefromoriginalneg.)LC-USF331-006135-M5(b&wfilmcopyneg.fromfileprint)MEDIUM:1negative:nitrate;35mm. CREATED/PUBLISHED:1935Oct.CREATOR:Shahn,Ben,1898-1969,photographer.RELATEDNAMES:UnitedStates. ResettlementAdministration.NOTES:Titleandotherinformationfromcaptioncard.Additionalinformationoncaptioncard: UsecopynegativeinLC-USF331forthisimage.LOT1722(Locationofcorrespondingprint.)Transfer;UnitedStates.Office ofWarInformation.OverseasPictureDivision.WashingtonDivision;1944.TOPICS:Omar--WestVirginiaSUBJECTS: UnitedStates--WestVirginia--Omar.FORMAT:Nitratenegatives.PARTOF:FarmSecurityAdministration-OfficeofWar InformationPhotographCollection(LibraryofCongress)REPOSITORY:LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographs DivisionWashington,DC20540USADIGITALID:(digitalfilefromoriginalneg.)fsa8a16676hdl.loc.gov/pnp.loc/ fsa.8a16676OTHERNUMBER:D366CARD#:fsa1997016621/PP 2 BewaretheLumniousManinDallas!Universal Weekly,February8,1936:"Justtakealookatthefronton‘TheInvisibleRay’designedbyLouisCharninsky,Managing Director,CapitolTheatre,Dallas.“Attheextremeleftisanelectricaldisplay,setupthroughthecooperationoftheDallas LightandPowerCo.andtheSouthernMethodistUniversityphysicsdepartment.Highvoltagetransformers,placedona tablebehindplateglassforprotection,producedjumpingsparks.Warningandexplanatorysignsaddedtotheintrigue.“The mechanicalman,andballyhooman,dressedinmetallichelmetandclothcapesimilartothatwornbyKarloffinpicture,were usedforanentireweekaroundtownandoutfront.“Attherightsideisatelescopefocusedonpostermountedonadjoining building.BehindCharninsky,lookingthroughthetelescope,is‘TheLuminousMan’poster,availableatallUniversal Branches." 3 NewYorkinBerlin,ConeyIsland,Universeoffun(c.1920)JoSteiner(1877–1935) 4 Wimpassing,Semperit AG(1935)HansNeumann(1888–1960) 5 ZeissIkon-LifeintheLight(1935)Artist:WalterBiedermann 6 Kulmbacher MonkBeer(1935)Artist:LudwigHohlwein(Germany1874-1949). 7 Passage-Panopticum,Berlin(1913)Artist:JoSteiner (1877-1935)8Bordspel"Holland-Indiëdoordelucht.EenluchtreisvoorkinderenmetRingersChocoladevliegeniertjes" Eenkinderspelmetvliegtuigjesalsfiches,diedeafgebeelderouteAmsterdamBataviamoetenafleggen.Datum:1935 CollectieRegionaalArchiefAlkmaarCatalogusnummer:PR10030799InaGermanforest(1935)Artist:WernerVon Axster-Heudtlass.OriginalposterprintedinGermanyfortheRailways.10SentaSönelandnightlyinWien/Berlin(1919) Artist:JosefSteiner(1877-1935)11Bodensee&Rhin1935Travelbrochure.Atriprecommendable12Manreadingina restaurant.Washington,D.C.,1937.PhotobyJohnVachon.13KätheundNicki,WeidenhofCasino(1919)Artist:Josef Steiner(1877-1935)14WithNiveacreaminairandsun(1935)Anonym-Deutschland15PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit: Evans/LibraryofCongressviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:NewYork,NewYork.61stStreetbetween1st and3rdAvenues.Childrenplayinginthestreet.Evans,Walker,1903-1975,photographer.OTHERTITLESChildrenon EastSixty-firstStreet,probablybetweenFirstandSecondAvenuesCREATED/PUBLISHED1938Summer.NOTESTitle andotherinformationfromcaptioncard.OthertitlefromDocumentingAmerica,1935-1943/editedbyCarlFleischhauer andBeverlyW.Brannan.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPressinassociationwiththeLibraryofCongress,1988,p.143. Transfer;UnitedStates.OfficeofWarInformation.OverseasPictureDivision.WashingtonDivision;1944.SUBJECTS Nitratenegatives.UnitedStates--NewYork(State)--NewYork.MEDIUM1negative:nitrate;35mm.CALLNUMBERLCUSF33-006722-M1REPRODUCTIONNUMBERLC-USF3301-006722-M1DLC(b&wfilmdup.neg.)LC-USZ62-130122 DLC(b&wfilmcopyneg.fromfileprint)PARTOFFarmSecurityAdministration-OfficeofWarInformationPhotograph Collection(LibraryofCongress)REPOSITORYLibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivisionWashington,DC 20540USADIGITALID(digitalfilefromintermediaryrollfilm)fsa8a19130hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8a19130(b&wfilmcopy neg.ofprint)cph3c30122hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/cph.3c3012216TheOffice:Foreverysocialsecurityaccountnumberissued anemployeemastercardismadeintheSocialSecurityboardrecordsoffice.Baltimore,Maryland,1937.PhotobyHarris &Ewing.17PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier: 518345Title:Mt.Holyoke,Massachusetts-ParagonRobberCo.andAmericanCharacterDoll.Singerpowermachine sewinggroup.,1936-1937Largeimage(101531Bytes)Creator:FederalWorksAgency.WorkProjectsAdministration. NationalResearchProject.(ca.1941-ca.1942)(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphic MaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromRecordGroup69:RecordsoftheWorkProjectsAdministration,1922-1944 Location:StillPictureRecordsLICON,SpecialMediaArchivesServicesDivision(NWCS-S),NationalArchivesatCollege Park,8601AdelphiRoad,CollegePark,MD20740-6001PHONE:301-837-3530,FAX:301-837-3621,EMAIL: stillpix@nara.govCoverageDates:1936-1937Partof:Series:LewisHinePhotographsfortheNationalResearchProject, 1936-1937AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControl Number:NWDNS-69-RP-56LocalIdentifier:NWDNS-69-RP-56Copy1CopyStatus:PreservationStorageFacility: NationalArchivesatCollegePark-ArchivesII(CollegePark,MD)MediaMediaType:NegativeThisimageisbelievedto beinthepublicdomainandisfromtheNationalArchives.Moreinformationmaybefoundbelow.18TheSpiritofLondon byPaulCohen-Portheim(1935)PublishedbyAngusandRobertsonLtd.,89CastlereaghStreet,Sydney,1935.Setup, printedandboundinAustraliabyHalsteadPrintingCompanyLtd.,ArnoldPlace,Sydney.FirstpublishedbyBatsfordthe sameyear.CoverillustrationbyBrianCook.FoundinabookshopinHobart.SirBrianCaldwellCookBatsford(1910-1991), Englishpainter,designerandpublisher-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Batsford batsford.com/blog/the-spirit-of-london/19 LeaningoutoftrainwindowsatFelthamStation,soldiersdepartingforEgyptkisstheirwivesandgirlfriendsgoodbye. September1935.20Kaasmarktca.1935Vervaardiger:P.vanGeldorpAlkmaarCatalogusnummer:PR1002756 CollectieRegionaalArchiefAlkmaar21BathingBeachOnLakeErieGenuineCurteich-Chicago"C.T.Art-Colortone" 1935DistributedbyC.L.Carle,Ashtabula,Ohio22NorthumberlandStreetNewcastle.ApairoftramsandanAEC Regentin1935,aflatnosedMorrisCowleycoupe'withartillerywheelsintheforegroundwouldbenicetoowntoday. unknownphotographer23BlackfriarsRaytheSpive,preparesforanotherdayofhardselling,seenhereoutside BlackfriarsBridgePublicSubwayStation,London,Englandinabout1935(thankstoJeffWhartonforreenactorphoto andtoRay)24YoungcouplemovinginatHomesteadsbuiltaspartoftheNewDealhousingandworkprograms. NewportNews,Virginia,1937.PhotobyJohnVachon.25MosesWalkingstick,CherokeeIndianReservation,N.C.Real photoviewofaCherokeemaninaheaddress,holdingabow.Thecardisnumbered1-P-42.DigitalCollection:North CarolinaPostcardsPublisher:W.M.ClineCo.,Chattanooga,Tenn.;Date:1930;1931;1932;1933;1934;1935;1936; 1937;1938;1939;1940;1941;1942;1943;1944;1945Location:CherokeeIndianReservation(N.C.);Collectionin RepositoryDurwoodBarbourCollectionofNorthCarolinaPostcards(P077);collectionguideavailableonlineat www.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/77barbour.html261935LeylandTitanTD3exHMSCatherwood,ithadaL55R NorthernCountiesbody. 8 Bordspel"Holland-Indiëdoordelucht.EenluchtreisvoorkinderenmetRingersChocolade vliegeniertjes"Eenkinderspelmetvliegtuigjesalsfiches,diedeafgebeelderouteAmsterdamBataviamoetenafleggen.

Datum:1935CollectieRegionaalArchiefAlkmaarCatalogusnummer:PR1003079 9 InaGermanforest(1935)Artist:

WernerVonAxster-Heudtlass.OriginalposterprintedinGermanyfortheRailways. 10 SentaSönelandnightlyinWien/ Berlin(1919)Artist:JosefSteiner(1877-1935) 11 Bodensee&Rhin1935Travelbrochure.Atriprecommendable 12 Man readinginarestaurant.Washington,D.C.,1937.PhotobyJohnVachon. 13 KätheundNicki,WeidenhofCasino(1919) Artist:JosefSteiner(1877-1935) 14 WithNiveacreaminairandsun(1935)Anonym-Deutschland 15 PublicDomain. Suggestedcredit:Evans/LibraryofCongressviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:NewYork,NewYork. 61stStreetbetween1stand3rdAvenues.Childrenplayinginthestreet.Evans,Walker,1903-1975,photographer. OTHERTITLESChildrenonEastSixty-firstStreet,probablybetweenFirstandSecondAvenuesCREATED/ PUBLISHED1938Summer.NOTESTitleandotherinformationfromcaptioncard.OthertitlefromDocumenting America,1935-1943/editedbyCarlFleischhauerandBeverlyW.Brannan.Berkeley:UniversityofCaliforniaPressin associationwiththeLibraryofCongress,1988,p.143.Transfer;UnitedStates.OfficeofWarInformation.Overseas PictureDivision.WashingtonDivision;1944.SUBJECTSNitratenegatives.UnitedStates--NewYork(State)--NewYork. MEDIUM1negative:nitrate;35mm.CALLNUMBERLC-USF33-006722-M1REPRODUCTIONNUMBERLCUSF3301-006722-M1DLC(b&wfilmdup.neg.)LC-USZ62-130122DLC(b&wfilmcopyneg.fromfileprint)PARTOF FarmSecurityAdministration-OfficeofWarInformationPhotographCollection(LibraryofCongress)REPOSITORY LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivisionWashington,DC20540USADIGITALID(digitalfilefrom intermediaryrollfilm)fsa8a19130hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/fsa.8a19130(b&wfilmcopyneg.ofprint)cph3c30122hdl.loc.gov/ loc.pnp/cph.3c30122 16 TheOffice:Foreverysocialsecurityaccountnumberissuedanemployeemastercardismade intheSocialSecurityboardrecordsoffice.Baltimore,Maryland,1937.PhotobyHarris&Ewing. 17 PublicDomain. Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:518345Title:Mt.Holyoke, Massachusetts-ParagonRobberCo.andAmericanCharacterDoll.Singerpowermachinesewinggroup.,1936-1937 Largeimage(101531Bytes)Creator:FederalWorksAgency.WorkProjectsAdministration.NationalResearchProject. (ca.1941-ca.1942)(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelof Description:ItemfromRecordGroup69:RecordsoftheWorkProjectsAdministration,1922-1944Location:StillPicture RecordsLICON,SpecialMediaArchivesServicesDivision(NWCS-S),NationalArchivesatCollegePark,8601Adelphi Road,CollegePark,MD20740-6001PHONE:301-837-3530,FAX:301-837-3621,EMAIL:stillpix@nara.govCoverage Dates:1936-1937Partof:Series:LewisHinePhotographsfortheNationalResearchProject,1936-1937Access Restrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NWDNS-69RP-56LocalIdentifier:NWDNS-69-RP-56Copy1CopyStatus:PreservationStorageFacility:NationalArchivesat CollegePark-ArchivesII(CollegePark,MD)MediaMediaType:NegativeThisimageisbelievedtobeinthepublic domainandisfromtheNationalArchives.Moreinformationmaybefoundbelow. 18 TheSpiritofLondonbyPaulCohenPortheim(1935)PublishedbyAngusandRobertsonLtd.,89CastlereaghStreet,Sydney,1935.Setup,printedand boundinAustraliabyHalsteadPrintingCompanyLtd.,ArnoldPlace,Sydney.FirstpublishedbyBatsfordthesameyear. CoverillustrationbyBrianCook.FoundinabookshopinHobart.SirBrianCaldwellCookBatsford(1910-1991),English painter,designerandpublisher-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Batsfordbatsford.com/blog/the-spirit-of-london/ 19 Leaning outoftrainwindowsatFelthamStation,soldiersdepartingforEgyptkisstheirwivesandgirlfriendsgoodbye.September 1935. 20 Kaasmarktca.1935Vervaardiger:P.vanGeldorpAlkmaarCatalogusnummer:PR1002756Collectie RegionaalArchiefAlkmaar 21 BathingBeachOnLakeErieGenuineCurteich-Chicago"C.T.Art-Colortone"1935 DistributedbyC.L.Carle,Ashtabula,Ohio 22 NorthumberlandStreetNewcastle.ApairoftramsandanAECRegentin 1935,aflatnosedMorrisCowleycoupe'withartillerywheelsintheforegroundwouldbenicetoowntoday.unknown photographer 23 BlackfriarsRaytheSpive,preparesforanotherdayofhardselling,seenhereoutsideBlackfriarsBridge PublicSubwayStation,London,Englandinabout1935(thankstoJeffWhartonforreenactorphotoandtoRay) 24 Youngcouplemoving inatHomesteadsbuiltaspartoftheNewDealhousingandworkprograms.NewportNews,Virginia, 1937.PhotobyJohnVachon. 25 MosesWalkingstick,CherokeeIndianReservation,N.C.RealphotoviewofaCherokee maninaheaddress,holdingabow.Thecardisnumbered1-P-42.DigitalCollection:NorthCarolinaPostcardsPublisher: W.M.ClineCo.,Chattanooga,Tenn.;Date:1930;1931;1932;1933;1934;1935;1936;1937;1938;1939;1940;1941; 1942;1943;1944;1945Location:CherokeeIndianReservation(N.C.);CollectioninRepositoryDurwoodBarbour CollectionofNorthCarolinaPostcards(P077);collectionguideavailableonlineatwww.lib.unc.edu/ncc/pcoll/77barbour/ 77barbour.html 26 1935LeylandTitanTD3exHMSCatherwood,ithadaL55RNorthernCountiesbody. 27 President ObamaAddressestheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyHallNewYorkCity,NewYork 10:13A.M.EDTPRESIDENTOBAMA:Mr.President,Mr.SecretaryGeneral,fellowdelegates,ladiesandgentlemen:We cometogetheratacrossroadsbetweenwarandpeace;betweendisorderandintegration;betweenfearandhope.Around theglobe,therearesignpostsofprogress.TheshadowofWorldWarthatexistedatthefoundingofthisinstitutionhas beenlifted,andtheprospectofwarbetweenmajorpowersreduced.Theranksofmemberstateshasmorethantripled, andmorepeopleliveundergovernmentstheyelected.Hundredsofmillionsofhumanbeingshavebeenfreedfromthe prisonofpoverty,withtheproportionofthoselivinginextremepovertycutinhalf.Andtheworldeconomycontinuesto strengthenaftertheworstfinancialcrisisofourlives.Today,whetheryouliveindowntownManhattanorinmy grandmother’svillagemorethan200milesfromNairobi,youcanholdinyourhandmoreinformationthantheworld’s greatestlibraries.Together,we’velearnedhowtocurediseaseandharnessthepowerofthewindandthesun.Thevery existenceofthisinstitutionisauniqueachievement--thepeopleoftheworldcommittingtoresolvetheirdifferences peacefully,andtosolvetheirproblemstogether.IoftentellyoungpeopleintheUnitedStatesthatdespitetheheadlines, thisisthebesttimeinhumanhistorytobeborn,foryouaremorelikelythaneverbeforetobeliterate,tobehealthy,tobe freetopursueyourdreams.Andyetthereisapervasiveuneaseinourworld--asensethattheveryforcesthathave broughtustogetherhavecreatednewdangersandmadeitdifficultforanysinglenationtoinsulateitselffromglobal forces.Aswegatherhere,anoutbreakofEbolaoverwhelmspublichealthsystemsinWestAfricaandthreatenstomove rapidlyacrossborders.RussianaggressioninEuroperecallsthedayswhenlargenationstrampledsmallonesinpursuit ofterritorialambition.ThebrutalityofterroristsinSyriaandIraqforcesustolookintotheheartofdarkness.Eachofthese problemsdemandsurgentattention.Buttheyarealsosymptomsofabroaderproblem--thefailureofourinternational systemtokeeppacewithaninterconnectedworld.We,collectively,havenotinvestedadequatelyinthepublichealth capacityofdevelopingcountries.Toooften,wehavefailedtoenforceinternationalnormswhenit’sinconvenienttodoso. Andwehavenotconfrontedforcefullyenoughtheintolerance,sectarianism,andhopelessnessthatfeedsviolent extremismintoomanypartsoftheglobe.Fellowdelegates,wecometogetherasunitednationswithachoicetomake. Wecanrenewtheinternationalsystemthathasenabledsomuchprogress,orwecanallowourselvestobepulledback byanundertowofinstability.Wecanreaffirmourcollectiveresponsibilitytoconfrontglobalproblems,orbeswampedby moreandmoreoutbreaksofinstability.AndforAmerica,thechoiceisclear:Wechoosehopeoverfear.Weseethefuture

notassomethingoutofourcontrol,butassomethingwecanshapeforthebetterthroughconcertedandcollectiveeffort. Werejectfatalismorcynicismwhenitcomestohumanaffairs.Wechoosetoworkfortheworldasitshouldbe,asour childrendeserveittobe.Thereismuchthatmustbedonetomeetthetestofthismoment.ButtodayI’dliketofocuson twodefiningquestionsattherootofsomanyofourchallenges--whetherthenationsheretodaywillbeabletorenewthe purposeoftheUN’sfounding;andwhetherwewillcometogethertorejectthecancerofviolentextremism.First,allofus --bignationsandsmall--mustmeetourresponsibilitytoobserveandenforceinternationalnorms.Weareherebecause othersrealizedthatwegainmorefromcooperationthanconquest.Onehundredyearsago,aWorldWarclaimedthelives ofmanymillions,provingthatwiththeterriblepowerofmodernweaponry,thecauseofempireultimatelyleadstothe graveyard.ItwouldtakeanotherWorldWartorollbacktheforcesoffascism,thenotionsofracialsupremacy,andform thisUnitedNationstoensurethatnonationcansubjugateitsneighborsandclaimtheirterritory.Recently,Russia’sactions inUkrainechallengethispost-warorder.Herearethefacts.AfterthepeopleofUkrainemobilizedpopularprotestsand callsforreform,theircorruptpresidentfled.AgainstthewillofthegovernmentinKyiv,Crimeawasannexed.Russiapoured armsintoeasternUkraine,fuelingviolentseparatistsandaconflictthathaskilledthousands.Whenacivilianairlinerwas shotdownfromareasthattheseproxiescontrolled,theyrefusedtoallowaccesstothecrashfordays.WhenUkraine startedtoreassertcontroloveritsterritory,Russiagaveupthepretenseofmerelysupportingtheseparatists,andmoved troopsacrosstheborder.Thisisavisionoftheworldinwhichmightmakesright--aworldinwhichonenation’sborders canberedrawnbyanother,andcivilizedpeoplearenotallowedtorecovertheremainsoftheirlovedonesbecauseofthe truththatmightberevealed.Americastandsforsomethingdifferent.Webelievethatrightmakesmight--thatbigger nationsshouldnotbeabletobullysmallerones,andthatpeopleshouldbeabletochoosetheirownfuture.Andtheseare simpletruths,buttheymustbedefended.AmericaandourallieswillsupportthepeopleofUkraineastheydeveloptheir democracyandeconomy.WewillreinforceourNATOAlliesandupholdourcommitmenttocollectiveself-defense.Wewill imposeacostonRussiaforaggression,andwewillcounterfalsehoodswiththetruth.Andwecalluponotherstojoinus ontherightsideofhistory--forwhilesmallgainscanbewonatthebarrelofagun,theywillultimatelybeturnedbackif enoughvoicessupportthefreedomofnationsandpeoplestomaketheirowndecisions.Moreover,adifferentpathis available--thepathofdiplomacyandpeace,andtheidealsthisinstitutionisdesignedtouphold.Therecentcease-fire agreementinUkraineoffersanopeningtoachievethoseobjectives.IfRussiatakesthatpath--apaththatforstretches ofthepost-ColdWarperiodresultedinprosperityfortheRussianpeople--thenwewillliftoursanctionsandwelcome Russia’sroleinaddressingcommonchallenges.Afterall,that’swhattheUnitedStatesandRussiahavebeenabletodo inpastyears--fromreducingournuclearstockpilestomeetingourobligationsundertheNuclearNonproliferationTreaty, tocooperatingtoremoveanddestroySyria’sdeclaredchemicalweapons.Andthat’sthekindofcooperationweare preparedtopursueagain--ifRussiachangescourse.Thisspeakstoacentralquestionofourglobalage--whetherwe willsolveourproblemstogether,inaspiritofmutualinterestandmutualrespect,orwhetherwedescendintothe destructiverivalriesofthepast.Whennationsfindcommonground,notsimplybasedonpower,butonprinciple,thenwe canmakeenormousprogress.AndIstandbeforeyoutodaycommittedtoinvestingAmericanstrengthtoworkingwithall nationstoaddresstheproblemswefaceinthe21stcentury.Aswespeak,Americaisdeployingourdoctorsandscientists --supportedbyourmilitary--tohelpcontaintheoutbreakofEbolaandpursuenewtreatments.Butweneedabroader efforttostopadiseasethatcouldkillhundredsofthousands,inflicthorrificsuffering,destabilizeeconomies,andmove rapidlyacrossborders.It’seasytoseethisasadistantproblem--untilitisnot.Andthatiswhywewillcontinuetomobilize othercountriestojoinusinmakingconcretecommitments,significantcommitmentstofightthisoutbreak,andenhance oursystemofglobalhealth securityforthelongterm.AmericaispursuingadiplomaticresolutiontotheIraniannuclear issue,aspartofourcommitmenttostopthespreadofnuclearweaponsandpursuethepeaceandsecurityofaworld withoutthem.AndthiscanonlytakeplaceifIranseizesthishistoricopportunity.MymessagetoIran’sleadersandpeople hasbeensimpleandconsistent:Donotletthisopportunitypass.Wecanreachasolutionthatmeetsyourenergyneeds whileassuringtheworldthatyourprogramispeaceful.AmericaisandwillcontinuetobeaPacificpower,promoting peace,stability,andthefreeflowofcommerceamongnations.Butwewillinsistthatallnationsabidebytherulesofthe road,andresolvetheirterritorialdisputespeacefully,consistentwithinternationallaw.That’showtheAsia-Pacifichas grown.Andthat’stheonlywaytoprotectthisprogressgoingforward.Americaiscommittedtoadevelopmentagenda thateradicatesextremepovertyby2030.Wewilldoourparttohelppeoplefeedthemselves,powertheireconomies, andcarefortheirsick.Iftheworldactstogether,wecanmakesurethatallofourchildrenenjoylivesofopportunityand dignity.Americaispursuingambitiousreductionsinourcarbonemissions,andwe’veincreasedourinvestmentsinclean energy.Wewilldoourpart,andhelpdevelopingnationsdotheirs.Butthesciencetellsuswecanonlysucceedin combatingclimatechangeifwearejoinedinthiseffortbyeveryothernation,byeverymajorpower.That’showwecan protectthisplanetforourchildrenandourgrandchildren.Inotherwords,onissueafterissue,wecannotrelyonarule bookwrittenforadifferentcentury.Ifweliftoureyesbeyondourborders--ifwethinkgloballyandifweactcooperatively --wecanshapethecourseofthiscentury,asourpredecessorsshapedthepost-WorldWarIIage.Butaswelooktothe future,oneissuerisksacycleofconflictthatcouldderailsomuchprogress,andthatisthecancerofviolentextremism thathasravagedsomanypartsoftheMuslimworld.Ofcourse,terrorismisnotnew.SpeakingbeforethisAssembly, PresidentKennedyputitwell:“Terrorisnotanewweapon,”hesaid.“Throughouthistoryithasbeenusedbythosewho couldnotprevail,eitherbypersuasionorexample.”Inthe20thcentury,terrorwasusedbyallmannerofgroupswho failedtocometopowerthroughpublicsupport.Butinthiscentury,wehavefacedamorelethalandideologicalbrandof terroristswhohavepervertedoneoftheworld’sgreatreligions.Withaccesstotechnologythatallowssmallgroupsto dogreatharm,theyhaveembracedanightmarishvisionthatwoulddividetheworldintoadherentsandinfidels--killing asmanyinnocentciviliansaspossible,employingthemostbrutalmethodstointimidatepeoplewithintheircommunities. IhavemadeitclearthatAmericawillnotbaseourentireforeignpolicyonreactingtoterrorism.Instead,we’vewageda focusedcampaignagainstalQaedaanditsassociatedforces--takingouttheirleaders,denyingthemthesafehavens theyrelyon.Atthesametime,wehavereaffirmedagainandagainthattheUnitedStatesisnotandneverwillbeatwar withIslam.Islamteachespeace.Muslimstheworldoveraspiretolivewithdignityandasenseofjustice.Andwhenit comestoAmericaandIslam,thereisnousandthem,thereisonlyus--becausemillionsofMuslimAmericansarepart ofthefabricofourcountry.Sowerejectanysuggestionofaclashofcivilizations.Beliefinpermanentreligiouswaristhe misguidedrefugeofextremistswhocannotbuildorcreateanything,andthereforepeddleonlyfanaticismandhate.And itisnoexaggerationtosaythathumanity’sfuturedependsonusunitingagainstthosewhowoulddivideusalongthe faultlinesoftribeorsect,raceorreligion.Butthisisnotsimplyamatterofwords.Collectively,wemusttakeconcrete stepstoaddressthedangerposedbyreligiouslymotivatedfanatics,andthetrendsthatfueltheirrecruitment.Moreover, thiscampaignagainstextremismgoesbeyondanarrowsecuritychallenge.Forwhilewe’vedegradedmethodicallycore

alQaedaandsupportedatransitiontoasovereignAfghangovernment,extremistideologyhasshiftedtootherplaces-particularlyintheMiddleEastandNorthAfrica,whereaquarterofyoungpeoplehavenojob,wherefoodandwatercould growscarce,wherecorruptionisrampantandsectarianconflictshavebecomeincreasinglyhardtocontain.Asan internationalcommunity,wemustmeetthischallengewithafocusonfourareas.First,theterroristgroupknownasISIL mustbedegradedandultimatelydestroyed.ThisgrouphasterrorizedallwhotheycomeacrossinIraqandSyria. Mothers,sisters,daughtershavebeensubjectedtorapeasaweaponofwar.Innocentchildrenhavebeengunneddown. Bodieshavebeendumpedinmassgraves.Religiousminoritieshavebeenstarvedtodeath.Inthemosthorrificcrimes imaginable,innocenthumanbeingshavebeenbeheaded,withvideosoftheatrocitydistributedtoshocktheconscience oftheworld.NoGodcondonesthisterror.Nogrievancejustifiestheseactions.Therecanbenoreasoning--no negotiation--withthisbrandofevil.Theonlylanguageunderstoodbykillerslikethisisthelanguageofforce.Sothe UnitedStatesofAmericawillworkwithabroadcoalitiontodismantlethisnetworkofdeath.Inthiseffort,wedonotact alone--nordoweintendtosendU.S.troopstooccupyforeignlands.Instead,wewillsupportIraqisandSyriansfighting toreclaimtheircommunities.WewilluseourmilitarymightinacampaignofairstrikestorollbackISIL.Wewilltrainand equipforcesfightingagainsttheseterroristsontheground.Wewillworktocutofftheirfinancing,andtostoptheflowof fightersintoandoutoftheregion.Andalready,over40nationshaveofferedtojointhiscoalition.Today,Iasktheworld tojoininthiseffort.ThosewhohavejoinedISILshouldleavethebattlefieldwhiletheycan.Thosewhocontinuetofight forahatefulcausewillfindtheyareincreasinglyalone.Forwewillnotsuccumbtothreats,andwewilldemonstratethat thefuturebelongstothosewhobuild--notthosewhodestroy.Sothat'sanimmediatechallenge,thefirstchallengethat wemustmeet.Thesecond:Itistimefortheworld--especiallyMuslimcommunities--toexplicitly,forcefully,and consistentlyrejecttheideologyoforganizationslikealQaedaandISIL.Itisoneofthetasksofallgreatreligionsto accommodatedevoutfaithwithamodern,multiculturalworld.Nochildrenarebornhating,andnochildren--anywhere --shouldbeeducatedtohateotherpeople.Thereshouldbenomoretoleranceofso-calledclericswhocalluponpeople toharminnocentsbecausethey’reJewish,orbecausethey'reChristian,orbecausethey'reMuslim.Itistimeforanew compactamongthecivilizedpeoplesofthisworldtoeradicatewaratitsmostfundamentalsource,andthatisthe corruptionofyoungmindsbyviolentideology.Thatmeanscuttingoffthefundingthatfuelsthishate.It’stimetoendthe hypocrisyofthosewhoaccumulatewealththroughtheglobaleconomyandthensiphonfundstothosewhoteach childrentotearitdown.Thatmeanscontestingthespacethatterroristsoccupy,includingtheInternetandsocialmedia. Theirpropagandahascoercedyoungpeopletotravelabroadtofighttheirwars,andturnedstudents--youngpeoplefull ofpotential--intosuicidebombers.Wemustofferanalternativevision.Thatmeansbringingpeopleofdifferentfaiths together.Allreligionshavebeenattackedbyextremistsfromwithinatsomepoint,andallpeopleoffaithhavea responsibilitytoliftupthevalueattheheartofallgreatreligions:Dountothyneighborasyouwoulddo--youwouldhave doneuntoyourself.TheideologyofISILoralQaedaorBokoHaramwillwiltanddieifitisconsistentlyexposedand confrontedandrefutedinthelightofday.LookatthenewForumforPromotingPeaceinMuslimSocieties--Sheikhbin Bayyahdescribeditspurpose:“Wemustdeclarewaronwar,sotheoutcomewillbepeaceuponpeace.”Lookatthe youngBritishMuslimswhorespondedtoterroristpropagandabystartingthe“NotInMyName”campaign,declaring,“ISIS ishidingbehindafalseIslam.”LookattheChristianandMuslimleaderswhocametogetherintheCentralAfrican Republictorejectviolence;listentotheImamwhosaid,“Politicstrytodividethereligiousinourcountry,butreligion shouldn’tbeacauseofhate,war,orstrife.”Latertoday,theSecurityCouncilwilladoptaresolutionthatunderscoresthe responsibilityofstatestocounterviolentextremism.Butresolutionsmustbefollowedbytangiblecommitments,sowe’re accountablewhenwefallshort.Nextyear,weshouldallbepreparedtoannouncetheconcretestepsthatwehavetaken tocounterextremistideologiesinourowncountries--bygettingintoleranceoutofschools,stoppingradicalizationbefore itspreads,andpromotinginstitutionsandprogramsthatbuildnewbridgesofunderstanding.Third,wemustaddressthe cycleofconflict--especiallysectarianconflict--thatcreatestheconditionsthatterroristspreyupon.Thereisnothing newaboutwarswithinreligions.Christianityenduredcenturiesofvicioussectarianconflict.Today,itisviolencewithin Muslimcommunitiesthathasbecomethesourceofsomuchhumanmisery.Itistimetoacknowledgethedestruction wroughtbyproxywarsandterrorcampaignsbetweenSunniandShiaacrosstheMiddleEast.Anditistimethatpolitical, civicandreligiousleadersrejectsectarianstrife.Solet’sbeclear:Thisisafightthatnooneiswinning.Abrutalcivilwar inSyriahasalreadykillednearly200,000people,displacedmillions.Iraqhascomeperilouslyclosetoplungingbackinto theabyss.Theconflicthascreatedafertilerecruitinggroundforterroristswhoinevitablyexportthisviolence.Thegood newsiswealsoseesignsthatthistidecouldbereversed.Wehaveanew,inclusivegovernmentinBaghdad;anewIraqi PrimeMinisterwelcomedbyhisneighbors;Lebanesefactionsrejectingthosewhotrytoprovokewar.Andthesesteps mustbefollowedbyabroadertruce.NowhereisthismorenecessarythanSyria.Togetherwithourpartners,Americais trainingandequippingtheSyrianoppositiontobeacounterweighttotheterroristsofISILandthebrutalityoftheAssad regime.ButtheonlylastingsolutiontoSyria’scivilwarispolitical--aninclusivepoliticaltransitionthatrespondstothe legitimateaspirationsofallSyriancitizens,regardlessofethnicity,regardlessofcreed.Cynicsmayarguethatsuchan outcomecannevercometopass.Butthereisnootherwayforthismadnesstoend--whetheroneyearfromnoworten. Anditpointstothefactthatit’stimeforabroadernegotiationintheregioninwhichmajorpowersaddresstheir differencesdirectly,honestly,andpeacefullyacrossthetablefromoneanother,ratherthanthroughgun-wieldingproxies. IcanpromiseyouAmericawillremainengagedintheregion,andwearepreparedtoengageinthateffort.Myfourthand finalpointisasimpleone:ThecountriesoftheArabandMuslimworldmustfocusontheextraordinarypotentialoftheir people--especiallytheyouth.AndhereI’dliketospeakdirectlytoyoungpeopleacrosstheMuslimworld.Youcome fromagreattraditionthatstandsforeducation,notignorance;innovation,notdestruction;thedignityoflife,notmurder. Thosewhocallyouawayfromthispatharebetrayingthistradition,notdefendingit.Youhavedemonstratedthatwhen youngpeoplehavethetoolstosucceed--goodschools,educationinmathandscience,aneconomythatnurtures creativityandentrepreneurship--thensocietieswillflourish.SoAmericawillpartnerwiththosethatpromotethatvision. Wherewomenarefullparticipantsinacountry’spoliticsoreconomy,societiesaremorelikelytosucceed.Andthat’swhy wesupporttheparticipationofwomeninparliamentsandpeaceprocesses,schoolsandtheeconomy.Ifyoungpeople liveinplaceswheretheonlyoptionisbetweenthedictatesofastate,orthelureofanextremistunderground,thenno counterterrorismstrategycansucceed.Butwhereagenuinecivilsocietyisallowedtoflourish--wherepeoplecan expresstheirviews,andorganizepeacefullyforabetterlife--thenyoudramaticallyexpandthealternativestoterror. Andsuchpositivechangeneednotcomeattheexpenseoftraditionandfaith.WeseethisinIraq,whereayoungman startedalibraryforhispeers.“WelinkIraq’sheritagetotheirhearts,”hesaid,and“givethemareasontostay.”Wesee itinTunisia,wheresecularandIslamistpartiesworkedtogetherthroughapoliticalprocesstoproduceanewconstitution. WeseeitinSenegal,wherecivilsocietythrivesalongsideastrongdemocraticgovernment.WeseeitinMalaysia,where

vibrantentrepreneurshipispropellingaformercolonyintotheranksofadvancedeconomies.AndweseeitinIndonesia, wherewhatbeganasaviolenttransitionhasevolvedintoagenuinedemocracy.Now,ultimately,thetaskofrejecting sectarianismandrejectingextremismisagenerationaltask--andataskforthepeopleoftheMiddleEastthemselves. Noexternalpowercanbringaboutatransformationofheartsandminds.ButAmericawillbearespectfuland constructivepartner.Wewillneithertolerateterroristsafehavens,noractasanoccupyingpower.Wewilltakeaction againstthreatstooursecurityandourallies,whilebuildinganarchitectureofcounterterrorismcooperation.Wewill increaseeffortstoliftupthosewhocounterextremistideologiesandwhoseektoresolvesectarianconflict.Andwewill expandourprogramstosupportentrepreneurshipandcivilsociety,educationandyouth--because,ultimately,these investmentsarethebestantidotetoviolence.Werecognizeaswellthatleadershipwillbenecessarytoaddressthe conflictbetweenPalestiniansandIsraelis.Asbleakasthelandscapeappears,Americawillnotgiveuponthepursuitof peace.Understand,thesituationinIraqandSyriaandLibyashouldcureanybodyoftheillusionthattheArab-Israeli conflictisthemainsourceofproblemsintheregion.Forfartoolong,that'sbeenusedasanexcusetodistractpeople fromproblemsathome.TheviolenceengulfingtheregiontodayhasmadetoomanyIsraelisreadytoabandonthehard workofpeace.Andthat'ssomethingworthyofreflectionwithinIsrael.Becauselet’sbeclear:ThestatusquointheWest BankandGazaisnotsustainable.Wecannotaffordtoturnawayfromthiseffort--notwhenrocketsarefiredatinnocent Israelis,orthelivesofsomanyPalestinianchildrenaretakenfromusinGaza.SolongasIamPresident,wewillstand upfortheprinciplethatIsraelis,Palestinians,theregionandtheworldwillbemorejustandmoresafewithtwostates livingsidebyside,inpeaceandsecurity.SothisiswhatAmericaispreparedtodo:Takingactionagainstimmediate threats,whilepursuingaworldinwhichtheneedforsuchactionisdiminished.TheUnitedStateswillnevershyaway fromdefendingourinterests,butwewillalsonotshyawayfromthepromiseofthisinstitutionanditsUniversal DeclarationofHumanRights--thenotionthatpeaceisnotmerelytheabsenceofwar,butthepresenceofabetterlife. IrealizethatAmerica’scriticswillbequicktopointoutthatattimeswetoohavefailedtoliveuptoourideals;thatAmerica hasplentyofproblemswithinitsownborders.Thisistrue.InasummermarkedbyinstabilityintheMiddleEastand EasternEurope,IknowtheworldalsotooknoticeofthesmallAmericancityofFerguson,Missouri--whereayoungman waskilled,andacommunitywasdivided.So,yes,wehaveourownracialandethnictensions.Andlikeeverycountry, wecontinuallywrestlewithhowtoreconcilethevastchangeswroughtbyglobalizationandgreaterdiversitywiththe traditionsthatweholddear.Butwewelcomethescrutinyoftheworld--becausewhatyouseeinAmericaisacountry thathassteadilyworkedtoaddressourproblems,tomakeourunionmoreperfect,tobridgethedividesthatexistedat thefoundingofthisnation.Americaisnotthesameasitwas100yearsago,or50yearsago,orevenadecadeago. Becausewefightforourideals,andwearewillingtocriticizeourselveswhenwefallshort.Becauseweholdourleaders accountable,andinsistonafreepressandindependentjudiciary.Becauseweaddressourdifferencesintheopenspace ofdemocracy--withrespectfortheruleoflaw;withaplaceforpeopleofeveryraceandeveryreligion;andwithan unyieldingbeliefintheabilityofindividualmenandwomentochangetheircommunitiesandtheircircumstancesand theircountriesforthebetter.AfternearlysixyearsasPresident,Ibelievethatthispromisecanhelplighttheworld. BecauseIhaveseenalongingforpositivechange--forpeaceandforfreedomandforopportunityandfortheendto bigotry--intheeyesofyoungpeoplewhoI’vemetaroundtheglobe.Theyremindmethatnomatterwhoyouare,or whereyoucomefrom,orwhatyoulooklike,orwhatGodyouprayto,orwhoyoulove,thereissomethingfundamental thatweallshare.EleanorRoosevelt,achampionoftheUNandAmerica’sroleinit,onceasked,“Where,afterall,do universalhumanrightsbegin?Insmallplaces,”shesaid,“closetohome--socloseandsosmallthattheycannotbe seenonanymapsoftheworld.Yettheyaretheworldoftheindividualperson;theneighborhoodhelivesin;theschool orcollegeheattends;thefactory,farmorofficewhereheworks.”Aroundtheworld,youngpeoplearemovingforward hungryforabetterworld.Aroundtheworld,insmallplaces,they'reovercominghatredandbigotryandsectarianism.And they'relearningtorespecteachother,despitedifferences.Thepeopleoftheworldnowlooktous,here,tobeasdecent, andasdignified,andascourageousastheyaretryingtobeintheirdailylives.Andatthiscrossroads,Icanpromiseyou thattheUnitedStatesofAmericawillnotbedistractedordeterredfromwhatmustbedone.Weareheirstoaproud legacyoffreedom,andwe’repreparedtodowhatisnecessarytosecurethatlegacyforgenerationstocome.Iaskthat youjoinusinthiscommonmission,fortoday’schildrenandtomorrow’s.Thankyouverymuch.(Applause.)END10:52 A.M.EDT 28 OlympicExhibition,Munich(1935)Anonym 29 AboriginesatOodnadatta,SouthAustralia–1935 30 MetropolKabarett-PaulSteinitz(1920)JoSteiner(1877-1935) 31 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAvia pingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:195857Title:18-yearoldmotherfromOklahomanowa Californiamigrant,ca.03/1937Largeimage(88373Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945 (MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:Itemfrom CollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD. RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX: 845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate:ca.03/1937Partof:Series:FranklinD.Roosevelt LibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:Unrestricted VariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCO-A-53227(607)Copy1CopyStatus:PreservationReproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType: PhotographicPrintIndexTermsSubjectsRepresentedintheArchivalMaterialDepressionsNewDeal,1933-1939 DepartmentofAgriculture.FarmSecurityAdministration. 32 Buschcircus&dance(1919)Artist:JoSteiner(1877-1935) 33 JaneWyman,1935NewspaperfilephotofromtheLosAngelesTimes.PDfornon-renewalofcopyright.Ieditedthis fromWikipedia'scopy,commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Wyman,1935.jpg--whichIaddedtoCommonsbackin 2009.Atruebathingbeauty!Fromtheevidenceathand,pureCoca-Cola--thoughifashotofrumhadbeenadded,who wouldknow? 34 GrafZeppelinLZ127atFriedrichshafen22ndOctober1935.GrafZeppelinwasthemosttraveledairship inhistory.Itflewover1millionmilesincludingthefirstcircumnavigationoftheglobeviaairship.From1931to1937it operatedscheduledservicebetweenGermanyandBrazil. 35 OntheMake:Anunmarriedmanwhoworksinthe packinghouseinDeerfield,Florida.January1937.PhotobyArthurRothstein. 36 MetropolisBrigitteHelmincostume hydratingandgettingcooledoffbetweentakes.***BornBrigitteEvaGiselaSchittenhelminBerlin,Helm'sfirstrolewas thatofMariainMetropolis,whichshebeganworkonwhileonly18yearsold.AfterMetropolis,Helmmadeover30other films,includingtalkingpictures,beforeretiringin1935.HerotherappearancesincludeTheLoveofJeanneNey(1927), Alraune(1928),L'Argent(1928),Gloria(1931),TheBlueDanube(1932),L'Atlantide(1932),andGold(1934).Helmwas consideredforthetitleroleinBrideofFrankensteinbeforeElsaLanchesterwasgiventherole.Thoughhavinga10-year contractwithUFAexpiringin1935,HelmincurredthewrathofNaziGermanyfor"racedefilement"inmarryingher secondhusbandDr.HugoKunheim,anindustrialistofJewishbackground.[3]Helmretiredfromfilms,becauseshewas

"disgustedwiththeNazitakeoverofthefilmindustry".[7]In1935,shealsomovedtoSwitzerland,whereshelaterhad fourchildrenwithvonKunheim.Inherlateryears,sherefusedtograntanyinterviewsconcerningherfilmcareer. 37 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:LibraryofCongressviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:TITLE:Doped singer,"Loveoh,love,ohkeerlesslove,"ScottsRun,WestVirginia.Reliefinvestigatorreportedanumberofdopecases atScottsRunCALLNUMBER:LC-USF33-006118-M5[P&P]REPRODUCTIONNUMBER:LC-DIG-fsa-8a16597(digital filefromoriginalneg.)LC-USF33-006118-M5(b&wfilmnitrateneg.)MEDIUM:1negative:nitrate;35mm.CREATED/ PUBLISHED:1935Oct.CREATOR:Shahn,Ben,1898-1969,photographer.RELATEDNAMES:UnitedStates. ResettlementAdministration.NOTES:Titleandotherinformationfromcaptioncard.LOT1721(Locationof correspondingprint.)Transfer;UnitedStates.OfficeofWarInformation.OverseasPictureDivision.WashingtonDivision; 1944.TOPICS:Morgantown--WestVirginiaSUBJECTS:UnitedStates--WestVirginia--ScottsRun.FORMAT:Nitrate negatives.PARTOF:FarmSecurityAdministration-OfficeofWarInformationPhotographCollection(Libraryof Congress)REPOSITORY:LibraryofCongressPrintsandPhotographsDivisionWashington,DC20540USADIGITAL ID:(digitalfilefromoriginalneg.)fsa8a16597hdl.loc.gov/pnp.loc/fsa.8a16597OTHERNUMBER:D916CARD#: fsa1997016543/PP 38 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARC Identifier:195845Title:WifeandchildrenofasharecropperinWashingtonCounty,Arkansas,ca.1935Largeimage (117684Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials: PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.Roosevelt LibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPost Road,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.gov ProductionDate:ca.1935Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962 AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLRPHOCO-A-53227(541)Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD. RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrintIndexTermsSubjectsRepresentedinthe ArchivalMaterialDepressionsNewDeal,1933-1939DepartmentofAgriculture.FarmSecurityAdministration. 39 PLANE CSDORNIERDoXFLYINGBOAT-ACTIVE1929-1937-ARTBYSHIGEOKOIKETheDornierDoXwasthelargest, heaviest,andmostpowerfulflyingboatintheworldwhenitwasproducedbytheDorniercompanyofGermanyin1929. FirstconceivedbyDr.ClaudiusDornierin1924,ittooksevenyearstodesignandanothertwoyearstobuild.Duringthe designprocess,aone-to-onewoodenmock-up,thefirstinaviationhistory,wasbuilt.TheDoXwasfinancedbythe GermanTransportMinistryandmanufacturedinaspeciallydesignedplantatAltenrhein,ontheSwissportionofLake Constance,inordertocircumventtheTreatyofVersailleswhichforbadeanyaircraftexceedingsetspeedandrange limitstobebuiltinGermanyafterWorldWarI.Whilepopularwiththepublic,alackofcommercialinterestandanumber of(non-fatal)accidentspreventedmorethanthreemodelsfrombeingbuilt.TheDoXhadanall-duraluminhull,with wingscomposedofasteel-reinforcedduraluminframeworkcoveredinheavylinenfabric,coveredwithaluminumpaint. Itwasinitiallypoweredby12391kW(524hp)Siemens-builtBristolJupiterradialengines(sixtractorpropellersandsix thatweallshare.EleanorRoosevelt,achampionoftheUNandAmerica’sroleinit,onceasked,“Where,afterall,do universalhumanrightsbegin?Insmallplaces,”shesaid,“closetohome--socloseandsosmallthattheycannotbe seenonanymapsoftheworld.Yettheyaretheworldoftheindividualperson;theneighborhoodhelivesin;theschool orcollegeheattends;thefactory,farmorofficewhereheworks.”Aroundtheworld,youngpeoplearemovingforward hungryforabetterworld.Aroundtheworld,insmallplaces,they'reovercominghatredandbigotryandsectarianism.And they'relearningtorespecteachother,despitedifferences.Thepeopleoftheworldnowlooktous,here,tobeasdecent, andasdignified,andascourageousastheyaretryingtobeintheirdailylives.Andatthiscrossroads,Icanpromiseyou thattheUnitedStatesofAmericawillnotbedistractedordeterredfromwhatmustbedone.Weareheirstoaproud legacyoffreedom,andwe’repreparedtodowhatisnecessarytosecurethatlegacyforgenerationstocome.Iaskthat youjoinusinthiscommonmission,fortoday’schildrenandtomorrow’s.Thankyouverymuch.(Applause.)END10:52 A.M.EDT 28 OlympicExhibition,Munich(1935)Anonym 29 AboriginesatOodnadatta,SouthAustralia–1935 30 MetropolKabarett-PaulSteinitz(1920)JoSteiner(1877-1935) 31 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAvia pingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:195857Title:18-yearoldmotherfromOklahomanowa Californiamigrant,ca.03/1937Largeimage(88373Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945 (MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:Itemfrom CollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD. RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-4861147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate:ca.03/1937Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary PublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariant ControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCO-A-53227(607)Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-ReproductionReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrintIndex TermsSubjectsRepresentedintheArchivalMaterialDepressionsNewDeal,1933-1939DepartmentofAgriculture.Farm SecurityAdministration. 32 Buschcircus&dance(1919)Artist:JoSteiner(1877-1935) 33 JaneWyman,1935 NewspaperfilephotofromtheLosAngelesTimes.PDfornon-renewalofcopyright.IeditedthisfromWikipedia'scopy, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Jane_Wyman,1935.jpg--whichIaddedtoCommonsbackin2009.Atruebathing beauty!Fromtheevidenceathand,pureCoca-Cola--thoughifashotofrumhadbeenadded,whowouldknow? 34 Graf ZeppelinLZ127atFriedrichshafen22ndOctober1935.GrafZeppelinwasthemosttraveledairshipinhistory.Itflewover 1millionmilesincludingthefirstcircumnavigationoftheglobeviaairship.From1931to1937itoperatedscheduled servicebetweenGermanyandBrazil. 35 OntheMake:AnunmarriedmanwhoworksinthepackinghouseinDeerfield, Florida.January1937.PhotobyArthurRothstein. 36 MetropolisBrigitteHelmincostumehydratingandgettingcooled offbetweentakes.***BornBrigitteEvaGiselaSchittenhelminBerlin,Helm'sfirstrolewasthatofMariainMetropolis, whichshebeganworkonwhileonly18yearsold.AfterMetropolis,Helmmadeover30otherfilms,includingtalking pictures,beforeretiringin1935.HerotherappearancesincludeTheLoveofJeanneNey(1927),Alraune(1928),L'Argent (1928),Gloria(1931),TheBlueDanube(1932),L'Atlantide(1932),andGold(1934).Helmwasconsideredforthetitle roleinBrideofFrankensteinbeforeElsaLanchesterwasgiventherole.Thoughhavinga10-yearcontractwithUFA expiringin1935,HelmincurredthewrathofNaziGermanyfor"racedefilement"inmarryinghersecondhusbandDr. HugoKunheim,anindustrialistofJewishbackground.[3]Helmretiredfromfilms,becauseshewas"disgustedwiththe Nazitakeoverofthefilmindustry".[7]In1935,shealsomovedtoSwitzerland,whereshelaterhadfourchildrenwithvon

Kunheim.Inherlateryears,sherefusedtograntanyinterviewsconcerningherfilmcareer. 37 PublicDomain.Suggested credit:LibraryofCongressviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:TITLE:Dopedsinger,"Loveoh,love,oh keerlesslove,"ScottsRun,WestVirginia.ReliefinvestigatorreportedanumberofdopecasesatScottsRunCALL NUMBER:LC-USF33-006118-M5[P&P]REPRODUCTIONNUMBER:LC-DIG-fsa-8a16597(digitalfilefromoriginal neg.)LC-USF33-006118-M5(b&wfilmnitrateneg.)MEDIUM:1negative:nitrate;35mm.CREATED/PUBLISHED:1935 Oct.CREATOR:Shahn,Ben,1898-1969,photographer.RELATEDNAMES:UnitedStates.ResettlementAdministration. NOTES:Titleandotherinformationfromcaptioncard.LOT1721(Locationofcorrespondingprint.)Transfer;United States.OfficeofWarInformation.OverseasPictureDivision.WashingtonDivision;1944.TOPICS:Morgantown--West VirginiaSUBJECTS:UnitedStates--WestVirginia--ScottsRun.FORMAT:Nitratenegatives.PARTOF:FarmSecurity Administration-OfficeofWarInformationPhotographCollection(LibraryofCongress)REPOSITORY:Libraryof CongressPrintsandPhotographsDivisionWashington,DC20540USADIGITALID:(digitalfilefromoriginalneg.)fsa 8a16597hdl.loc.gov/pnp.loc/fsa.8a16597OTHERNUMBER:D916CARD#:fsa1997016543/PP 38 PublicDomain. Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:195845Title:Wifeandchildren ofasharecropperinWashingtonCounty,Arkansas,ca.1935Largeimage(117684Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,Franklin D.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterials LevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882 -1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE: 845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate:ca.1935Partof:Series: FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUse Restrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCO-A-53227(541)Copy1Copy Status:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)Media MediaType:PhotographicPrintIndexTermsSubjectsRepresentedintheArchivalMaterialDepressionsNewDeal, 1933-1939DepartmentofAgriculture.FarmSecurityAdministration. 39 PLANECSDORNIERDoXFLYINGBOATACTIVE1929-1937-ARTBYSHIGEOKOIKETheDornierDoXwasthelargest,heaviest,andmostpowerfulflyingboat intheworldwhenitwasproducedbytheDorniercompanyofGermanyin1929.FirstconceivedbyDr.ClaudiusDornier in1924,ittooksevenyearstodesignandanothertwoyearstobuild.Duringthedesignprocess,aone-to-onewooden mock-up,thefirstinaviationhistory,wasbuilt.TheDoXwasfinancedbytheGermanTransportMinistryand manufacturedinaspeciallydesignedplantatAltenrhein,ontheSwissportionofLakeConstance,inordertocircumvent theTreatyofVersailleswhichforbadeanyaircraftexceedingsetspeedandrangelimitstobebuiltinGermanyafterWorld WarI.Whilepopularwiththepublic,alackofcommercialinterestandanumberof(non-fatal)accidentspreventedmore thanthreemodelsfrombeingbuilt.TheDoXhadanall-duraluminhull,withwingscomposedofasteel-reinforced duraluminframeworkcoveredinheavylinenfabric,coveredwithaluminumpaint.Itwasinitiallypoweredby12391kW (524hp)Siemens-builtBristolJupiterradialengines(sixtractorpropellersandsix pushers),mountedinsixtowernacellesonthewing.Theair-cooledJupiterengineswerepronetooverheatingand provedtoonlybeabletolifttheDoXtoanaltitudeof425m(1,400ft).Theenginesweresupervisedbyanengineer,who alsocontrolledthethrottle.Thepilotwouldasktheengineertoadjustthepower,inamannersimilartothatusedon maritimevessels.Aftercompleting103flightsin1930,theDoXwasrefittedwith455kW(610hp)CurtissConqueror water-cooled12-cylinderinlineengines.Onlythenwasitabletoreachthealtitudeof500m(1,650ft)necessarytocross theAtlantic.Dr.Dornierdesignedtheflyingboattocarry66passengerslongdistanceor100onshorterflights.The luxuriouspassengeraccommodationsapproachedthestandardsoftransatlanticliners.Onthemaindeckwasasmoking roomwithitsownwetbar,adiningsalon,andseatingforthe66passengerswhichcouldalsobeconvertedtosleeping berthsfornightflights.Aftofthepassengerspaceswasanall-electricgalley,lavatories,andcargohold.Thecockpit, navigationaloffice,enginecontrolandradioroomswereontheupperdeck.Thelowerdeckheldfueltanksandnine watertightcompartments,onlysevenofwhichwereneededtoprovidefullflotation.Theengineerinthemachinecentre operatedthethrottlesofthe12enginesTheFlugschiff(flyingship),asitwascalled,waslaunchedforitsfirsttestflight onJuly12,1929,withacrewof14.Inordertosatisfyskeptics,onits70thtestflightonOctober21sttherewere169 soulsonboard;150passengers(mostlyproductionworkersandtheirfamilies,andafewjournalists),10aircrewand9 "stowaways",whodidnotholdtickets.Theflightbrokethethenworldrecordforthenumberofpersonscarriedonasingle flight,arecordthatwasnotbrokenforanother15years.Afteratakeoffrunof50secondstheDoXslowlyclimbedtoan altitudeofonly200m(650ft).Asaresultoftheship'ssize,passengerswereaskedtocrowdtogetherononesideorthe othertohelpmaketurns.Itflewfor40minutesatamaximumspeedof170km/h(105mph)beforefinallylandingonLake Constance.TointroducethemassiveairlinertothepotentialUnitedStatesmarkettheDoXtookofffromFriedrichshafen, GermanyonNovember3,1930,underthecommandofFriedrichChristiansenforatransatlantictestflighttoNewYork. TheroutetooktheDoXtotheNetherlands,England,France,Spain,andPortugal.ThejourneywasinterruptedatLisbon onNovember29th,however,whenatarpaulinmadecontactwithahotexhaustpipeandstartedafirethatconsumed mostoftheportsidewing.AftersittinginLisbonharborforsixweekswhilenewpartswerefabricatedandthedamage repaired,theflyingboatcontinued(withseveralfurthermishapsanddelays)alongtheWesterncoastofAfricaandthen acrosstheAtlantictoSouthAmericawherethecrewweregreetedasheroesbythelocalGermanémigrécommunities. CovercarriedfromRiodeJaneirotoNewYorkontheDO-X,August5-27,1931TheflightcontinuednorthtotheUnited States,finallyreachingNewYorkonAugust27,1931,almostninemonthsafterdepartingFriedrichshafen.TheDoXand crewspentthenextninemonthsthereasitsengineswereoverhauled,andthousandsofsightseersmadethetripto GlennCurtissAirport(nowLaGuardiaAirport)totourtheleviathanoftheair.TheeconomiceffectsoftheGreat DepressiondashedDornier'smarketingplansfortheDoX,however,anditdepartedfromNewYorkonMay21,1932via NewfoundlandandtheAzorestoMüggelsee,BerlinwhereitarrivedonMay24andwasmetbyacheeringcrowdof 200,000.Germany'soriginalDoXwasturnedovertoLufthansa,thenationalairline,afterthefinanciallystrappedDornier Companycouldnolongeroperateit.Afterasuccessful1932tourofGermancoastalcities,LufthansaplannedaDoX flighttoVienna,Budapest,andIstanbulfor1933.Thevoyageendedafterninedayswhentheflyingboat'stailsection toreoffduringabotched,over-steeplandingonareservoirlakenearthecityofPassau.Whilethefiascowas successfullycoveredupandtheDoXwasrepaired,itwasthenflowntoBerlin,whereitbecamethecenterpieceof Germany'snewaviationmuseumin1934.TheDoXremainedanexhibituntilitwasdestroyedinaRAFairraidduring WorldWarIIinlateNovember1943.Whileneveracommercialsuccess,theDornierDoXwasthelargestheavier-than-

airaircraftofitstime,apioneerindemonstratingthepotentialofaninternationalpassengerairservice.Asuccessor,the Do-XX,wasenvisionedbyDornierbutneveradvancedbeyondthedesignstudystage.ThreeDoXswereconstructed intotal:theoriginaloperatedbyDornier,andtwoothermachinesbasedonordersfromItaly-theX2(namedUmberto Maddalena)andX3(namedAlessandroGuidoni).TheItalianvariantswereessentiallyidenticaltotheoriginalwiththe exceptionofthepowerplantandenginemounts.EachwaspoweredbyFiatA-22RV12water-cooledengines,withthe sixmotormountsbeingcoveredbyastreamlinedfairing.TheDoX2enteredserviceinAugust,1931,andtheX3followed inMay,1932.BothshipswerebasedattheseaplanestationatLaSpezia,ontheLigurianSea.Italy'sDoX3Alessandro Guidoni,oneofthethreeDoX'sbuilt.BothordersoriginatedwithSANA,thentheItalianstateairline,butwere requisitionedandusedbytheItalianAirForceprimarilyforprestigeflightsandpublicspectacles.Afterplansforafirstclasspassengerservice(Genoa-Gibraltar)weredeemedunfeasible,theX2andX3mayhavebeenusedfortrainingand transportflights(onerumorhasitthataDoXevenferriedtroopstoEthiopiainFebruary,1935.Noevidenceexistsof theirfate;presumably,theywerequietlybrokenupforscraparound1935.Operators:Germany:LufthansaItaly:Regia Aeronautica;SANAStateAirline)GeneralCharacteristicsCrew:10-14Capacity:66-100passengersLength:41m(134 ft2in)Wingspan:48m(157ft5in)Height:10m(33ft)Wingarea:450m²(4,844ft²)Emptyweight:28,250kg(62,280 lb)Maxtakeoffweight:56,000kg(123,460lb)Powerplant:12×CurtissConquerorwater-cooled12-cylinderinline,455 kW(610hp)eachPerformance:Maximumspeed:211km/h(131mph)Cruisespeed:175km/h(109mph)Range:1,700 km(1,056mi)Serviceceiling:500m(1,650ft) 40 CastleofSãoJorge1500CastlesfromWikipediaformyTimelineat kylepounds.comSãoJorgeCastle(Portuguese:CastelodeSãoJorge;Portuguesepronunciation:[kɐʃˈtɛludɨsɐw ˈʒɔɾʒ(ɨ)];SaintGeorgeCastle)isaMoorishcastleoccupyingacommandinghilltopoverlookingthehistoriccentreofthe PortuguesecityofLisbonandTagusRiver.ThestronglyfortifiedcitadeldatesfrommedievalperiodofPortuguese history,andisoneofthemaintouristsitesofLisbon.Contents1History1.1Kingdom1.2Republic2Architecture3See also4References5ExternallinksHistoryA16th-centuryilluminatedmanuscriptofLisbon,intheCrónicadeD.Afonso HenriquesbyDuarteGalvao,depictingthecastleandwalls,includingtheRoyalPalace(Alcáçova)(1505)Caravelsand carracksintheTagusRiver,withthecastleinthecentredistance,unknownartist(1572)Althoughthefirstfortifications onthishilltopdatefromthe2ndcenturyBC,archaeologicalexcavationshaveidentifiedahumanpresenceintheTagus valleyasfarbackasthe6thcenturyBC.Thefirstfortificationwas,presumably,erectedin48BC,whenLisbonwas classifiedasaRomanmunicipality.ThehillwasfirstusedbyindigenousCeltictribes,thenbyPhoenicians,Greeks,and CarthaginiansasadefensibleoutpostthatwaslaterexpropriatedbyRoman,Suebic,Visigothic,andMoorishpeoples. Duringthe10thcentury,thefortificationswererebuiltbyMuslimBerberforces,theseincludedthewallsorCercaMoura ("MoorishEncirclement").Kingdom[edit]InthecontextoftheChristianReconquista,thecastleandthecityofLisbon werefreedfromMoorishrulein1147byAfonsoHenriquesandnorthernEuropeanknightsintheSiegeofLisbonduring theSecondCrusade;thisvictorywastheonlynotablesuccessofthatfailedcrusade.Accordingtoanoft-repeated legend,theknightMartimMoniz,noticingthatoneofthedoorstothecastlewasopen,preventedtheMoorsfromclosing pushers),mountedinsixtowernacellesonthewing.Theair-cooledJupiterengineswerepronetooverheatingand provedtoonlybeabletolifttheDoXtoanaltitudeof425m(1,400ft).Theenginesweresupervisedbyanengineer, whoalsocontrolledthethrottle.Thepilotwouldasktheengineertoadjustthepower,inamannersimilartothatusedon maritimevessels.Aftercompleting103flightsin1930,theDoXwasrefittedwith455kW(610hp)CurtissConqueror water-cooled12-cylinderinlineengines.Onlythenwasitabletoreachthealtitudeof500m(1,650ft)necessarytocross theAtlantic.Dr.Dornierdesignedtheflyingboattocarry66passengerslongdistanceor100onshorterflights.The luxuriouspassengeraccommodationsapproachedthestandardsoftransatlanticliners.Onthemaindeckwasasmoking roomwithitsownwetbar,adiningsalon,andseatingforthe66passengerswhichcouldalsobeconvertedtosleeping berthsfornightflights.Aftofthepassengerspaceswasanall-electricgalley,lavatories,andcargohold.Thecockpit, navigationaloffice,enginecontrolandradioroomswereontheupperdeck.Thelowerdeckheldfueltanksandnine watertightcompartments,onlysevenofwhichwereneededtoprovidefullflotation.Theengineerinthemachinecentre operatedthethrottlesofthe12enginesTheFlugschiff(flyingship),asitwascalled,waslaunchedforitsfirsttestflight onJuly12,1929,withacrewof14.Inordertosatisfyskeptics,onits70thtestflightonOctober21sttherewere169 soulsonboard;150passengers(mostlyproductionworkersandtheirfamilies,andafewjournalists),10aircrewand9 "stowaways",whodidnotholdtickets.Theflightbrokethethenworldrecordforthenumberofpersonscarriedonasingle flight,arecordthatwasnotbrokenforanother15years.Afteratakeoffrunof50secondstheDoXslowlyclimbedtoan altitudeofonly200m(650ft).Asaresultoftheship'ssize,passengerswereaskedtocrowdtogetherononesideorthe othertohelpmaketurns.Itflewfor40minutesatamaximumspeedof170km/h(105mph)beforefinallylandingonLake Constance.TointroducethemassiveairlinertothepotentialUnitedStatesmarkettheDoXtookofffromFriedrichshafen, GermanyonNovember3,1930,underthecommandofFriedrichChristiansenforatransatlantictestflighttoNewYork. TheroutetooktheDoXtotheNetherlands,England,France,Spain,andPortugal.ThejourneywasinterruptedatLisbon onNovember29th,however,whenatarpaulinmadecontactwithahotexhaustpipeandstartedafirethatconsumed mostoftheportsidewing.AftersittinginLisbonharborforsixweekswhilenewpartswerefabricatedandthedamage repaired,theflyingboatcontinued(withseveralfurthermishapsanddelays)alongtheWesterncoastofAfricaandthen acrosstheAtlantictoSouthAmericawherethecrewweregreetedasheroesbythelocalGermanémigrécommunities. CovercarriedfromRiodeJaneirotoNewYorkontheDO-X,August5-27,1931TheflightcontinuednorthtotheUnited States,finallyreachingNewYorkonAugust27,1931,almostninemonthsafterdepartingFriedrichshafen.TheDoXand crewspentthenextninemonthsthereasitsengineswereoverhauled,andthousandsofsightseersmadethetripto GlennCurtissAirport(nowLaGuardiaAirport)totourtheleviathanoftheair.TheeconomiceffectsoftheGreat DepressiondashedDornier'smarketingplansfortheDoX,however,anditdepartedfromNewYorkonMay21,1932via NewfoundlandandtheAzorestoMüggelsee,BerlinwhereitarrivedonMay24andwasmetbyacheeringcrowdof 200,000.Germany'soriginalDoXwasturnedovertoLufthansa,thenationalairline,afterthefinanciallystrappedDornier Companycouldnolongeroperateit.Afterasuccessful1932tourofGermancoastalcities,LufthansaplannedaDoX flighttoVienna,Budapest,andIstanbulfor1933.Thevoyageendedafterninedayswhentheflyingboat'stailsection toreoffduringabotched,over-steeplandingonareservoirlakenearthecityofPassau.Whilethefiascowas successfullycoveredupandtheDoXwasrepaired,itwasthenflowntoBerlin,whereitbecamethecenterpieceof Germany'snewaviationmuseumin1934.TheDoXremainedanexhibituntilitwasdestroyedinaRAFairraidduring WorldWarIIinlateNovember1943.Whileneveracommercialsuccess,theDornierDoXwasthelargestheavier-than-

airaircraftofitstime,apioneerindemonstratingthepotentialofaninternationalpassengerairservice.Asuccessor,the Do-XX,wasenvisionedbyDornierbutneveradvancedbeyondthedesignstudystage.ThreeDoXswereconstructed intotal:theoriginaloperatedbyDornier,andtwoothermachinesbasedonordersfromItaly-theX2(namedUmberto Maddalena)andX3(namedAlessandroGuidoni).TheItalianvariantswereessentiallyidenticaltotheoriginalwiththe exceptionofthepowerplantandenginemounts.EachwaspoweredbyFiatA-22RV12water-cooledengines,withthe sixmotormountsbeingcoveredbyastreamlinedfairing.TheDoX2enteredserviceinAugust,1931,andtheX3followed inMay,1932.BothshipswerebasedattheseaplanestationatLaSpezia,ontheLigurianSea.Italy'sDoX3Alessandro Guidoni,oneofthethreeDoX'sbuilt.BothordersoriginatedwithSANA,thentheItalianstateairline,butwere requisitionedandusedbytheItalianAirForceprimarilyforprestigeflightsandpublicspectacles.Afterplansforafirstclasspassengerservice(Genoa-Gibraltar)weredeemedunfeasible,theX2andX3mayhavebeenusedfortrainingand transportflights(onerumorhasitthataDoXevenferriedtroopstoEthiopiainFebruary,1935.Noevidenceexistsof theirfate;presumably,theywerequietlybrokenupforscraparound1935.Operators:Germany:LufthansaItaly:Regia Aeronautica;SANAStateAirline)GeneralCharacteristicsCrew:10-14Capacity:66-100passengersLength:41m(134 ft2in)Wingspan:48m(157ft5in)Height:10m(33ft)Wingarea:450m²(4,844ft²)Emptyweight:28,250kg(62,280 lb)Maxtakeoffweight:56,000kg(123,460lb)Powerplant:12×CurtissConquerorwater-cooled12-cylinderinline,455 kW(610hp)eachPerformance:Maximumspeed:211km/h(131mph)Cruisespeed:175km/h(109mph)Range:1,700 km(1,056mi)Serviceceiling:500m(1,650ft) 40 CastleofSãoJorge1500CastlesfromWikipediaformyTimelineat kylepounds.comSãoJorgeCastle(Portuguese:CastelodeSãoJorge;Portuguesepronunciation:[kɐʃˈtɛludɨsɐw ˈʒɔɾʒ(ɨ)];SaintGeorgeCastle)isaMoorishcastleoccupyingacommandinghilltopoverlookingthehistoriccentreofthe PortuguesecityofLisbonandTagusRiver.ThestronglyfortifiedcitadeldatesfrommedievalperiodofPortuguese history,andisoneofthemaintouristsitesofLisbon.Contents1History1.1Kingdom1.2Republic2Architecture3See also4References5ExternallinksHistoryA16th-centuryilluminatedmanuscriptofLisbon,intheCrónicadeD.Afonso HenriquesbyDuarteGalvao,depictingthecastleandwalls,includingtheRoyalPalace(Alcáçova)(1505)Caravelsand carracksintheTagusRiver,withthecastleinthecentredistance,unknownartist(1572)Althoughthefirstfortifications onthishilltopdatefromthe2ndcenturyBC,archaeologicalexcavationshaveidentifiedahumanpresenceintheTagus valleyasfarbackasthe6thcenturyBC.Thefirstfortificationwas,presumably,erectedin48BC,whenLisbonwas classifiedasaRomanmunicipality.ThehillwasfirstusedbyindigenousCeltictribes,thenbyPhoenicians,Greeks,and CarthaginiansasadefensibleoutpostthatwaslaterexpropriatedbyRoman,Suebic,Visigothic,andMoorishpeoples. Duringthe10thcentury,thefortificationswererebuiltbyMuslimBerberforces,theseincludedthewallsorCercaMoura ("MoorishEncirclement").Kingdom[edit]InthecontextoftheChristianReconquista,thecastleandthecityofLisbon werefreedfromMoorishrulein1147byAfonsoHenriquesandnorthernEuropeanknightsintheSiegeofLisbonduring theSecondCrusade;thisvictorywastheonlynotablesuccessofthatfailedcrusade.Accordingtoanoft-repeated legend,theknightMartimMoniz,noticingthatoneofthedoorstothecastlewasopen,preventedtheMoorsfromclosing itbythrowinghisownbodyintothebreach,thusallowingChristiansoldierstoenteratthecostofhisownlife.Withthe takingofthecastleChristianforceswereabletomaintainthedefenseofLisbonuntiltheendofthe12thcentury.The castlewallsandtowers,constructedduringtheMoorishoccupationofLisbonWhenLisbonbecamethecapitalofthe kingdomin1255,thecastleservedasthealcáçova,afortifiedresidenceforAfonsoIII,inhisroleasgovernor.Itwas extensivelyrenovatedaround1300byKingDenisI,transformingtheMoorishalcáçovaintotheRoyalPalaceofthe Alcáçova.[1]Between1373and1375,KingFerdinandIorderedthebuildingoftheCercaNovaorCercaFernandina,the walledcompoundthatenclosedtheentiretyofthecastle.ThemasterbuildersJoãoFernandesandVascoBráswere responsibleforitsconstruction.[1]Thiswall,whichpartiallyreplacedtheoldMoorishwalls,wasdesignedtoencircle previouslyunprotectedpartsofthecity.Completedintwoyears,ithad77towersandaperimeterof5,400metres (17,700ft).ThecastleandthecityresistedtheforcesofCastileseveraltimesduringthe14thcentury(notablyin1373 andin1383–1384).Itwasduringthisperiod(thelate14thcentury)thatthecastlewasdedicatedtoSaintGeorgebyKing JohnI,whohadmarriedtheEnglishprincessPhilippaofLancaster.SaintGeorge,thewarrior-saint,wasnormally representedslayingadragon,andwasverypopularinbothcountries.Fromthispointonwardmanyofthekingdom's recordswerehousedintheTorredeUlisses("TowerofUlysses"),alsoknownastheTorreAlbarrã,untilthereignof ManuelI.ThePortugueseNationalArchive,wheretheeminentPortuguesechroniclersFernãoLopesandDamiãode Góisonceworked,isstillreferredtoastheTorredoTombo(literallythe"ToweroftheArchive").On9December1448, GilPireswasnamedthecastlemasterbuildertoreplaceAfonsoEsteves,beingpaid400réisforhiswork.Between1448 and1451,themasterbuilderwaspaidseveralstipendsforhisworkonthepalace.Similarly,themasonJoãodeAlverca waspaidasubstantialsumforstonework.Thesepublicworkscontinuedfrom1449until1452,withadditionalpayments beingmadeforlaborandmaterialstoconvertthebuildingfromafortifiedcastletoaroyalresidence.Astheroyalpalace, thecastlewasthesettingforthereceptionbyKingManuelIofthenavigatorVascodaGamawhenhereturnedfrom discoveringthemaritimeroutetoIndiain1498.Thecastlealsoservedasatheaterin1502whenpioneeringplaywright GilVicentestagedhisMonólogodoVaqueirotohonorthebirthofManuelI'ssonandheir,thefutureJoãoIII.[1]Around theearly16thcentury,followingtheconstructionoftheRibeiraPalacebesidetheTagusriver,thePalaceofAlcáçova begantoloseitsimportance.[1]Anearthquakeoccurringin1531furtherdamagedtheoldcastle,contributingfurtherto itsdecayandneglect.[1]In1569,KingSebastianorderedtherebuildingoftheroyalapartmentsinthecastle,intending touseitashisofficialresidence.Aspartoftherebuilding,in1577FilippoTerzidemolishedoneofthetowersnearthe principalfacadeoftheChurchofLoreto.[1]However,manyoftheworkswerenevercompletedaftertheyoungking's apparentdeathduringtheBattleofAlcácerQuibir.ThefollowingPortuguesedynasticcrisisopenedthewayforsixty yearsofSpanishruleandthecastlewasconvertedintomilitarybarracksandaprison.[1]On30December1642, TeodósiodeFriastheYoungerwasappointedmasterbuildertocontinuetheworksbegunbyhisfather,LuísdeFrias, andhisgrandfather,TeodósiodeFrias.ThiswaspartofagreaterplanbytheSpanishforcestorecommissionthe fortification.LisbonseenfromSãoJorgeCastleHowever,afterPortugalregaineditsindependencefollowingthe PortugueseRestorationWar,theworksweretakenoverbythePortuguesegovernment.On6November1648,Nicolau deLangreswascalledupontotakeoverthedesign,executionandconstructionofanewfortificationthatwouldsurround theCastleofSãoJorgeandthecitywallsofLisbon.In1650themilitaryarchitectMateusdoCoutowasnamedmaster builderoftheprojectandreconstructiontookonanewformality:althoughthemilitaryengineerJoãoGillotbuiltnewwalls in1652,constructionagainfollowedCouto'splansbetween1657and1733.In1673,theSoldiers'Hospital,dedicatedto

SãoJoãodeDeus(StJohnofGod),wasinstalledonthegroundsbesidetheRuadoRecolhimento.Attheendofthe 17thcenturytheRecolhimentodoCastelo("CastleShelter")wasconstructedalongthesoutheastangleofthecourtyard, andin1733,newprojectswereinitiatedbymasterCustódioVieira.The1755Lisbonearthquakeseverelydamagedthe castleandcontributedtoitscontinuingdecay:apartfromthewallsoftheoldcastle,thesoldier'shospitalandthe Recolhimentowereleftinruins.Thenecessityofmaintainingasupportingmilitaryforcewithinthecapitalcityrequired expansionofthesite'sroleofgarrisonandpresidio.From1780to1807,thecharitableinstitutionCasaPia,dedicatedto theeducationofpoorchildren,wasestablishedinthecitadel,whilesoldierscontinuedtobegarrisonedonsite.Inspired bytheeventsoftheearthquakeandthefollowingtsunami,thefirstgeodeticobservatoryinPortugalwasconstructedin 1788atthetopofoneofthetowersofthecastle,laterreferredtoastheTorredoObservatório(ObservatoryTower). Republic[edit]Aspartofthecommemorativecelebrationsmarkingthefoundationofnationhoodandrestorationof independence(Portuguese:FundaçãodaNacionalidadeedaRestauraçãodaIndependência),thegovernmentof AntóniodeOliveiraSalazarinitiatedextensiverenovationsatthesite.Mostoftheincongruousstructuresaddedtothe castlecompoundinpreviouscenturiesweredemolished,underthesupervisionoftheDGEMN,andtherewasapartial restorationoftheRecolhimento.Inaddition,on25October1947,amonumentdedicatedtoAfonsoHenriques,presented bythecityofPorto,ofareplicacreatedbySoaresdosReis(in1887)wasinstalledonthegrounds.In1998,thesemirectangularspaces,columnsandcisternwereadaptedintothemuseumOlissipónia.On22August2006,Direcção RegionaldeCulturaLisboa(DRCLisboa)definedaspecialprotectionzone,thatincludedtheCastleofSãoJorgeand therestofthewallsofLisbon,theBaixaPombalinaandvariouspropertiesthatwerealreadyclassifiedascultural heritage.TheConselhoNacionaldeCultura(NationalCouncilofCulture)proposedshelvingthisdefinitionon10October 2011,whichwassupportedbyIGESPAR.Architecture[edit]ApanoramaoftheentireCastleofSãoJorgeThecastleis inthecentreofLisbon,onahill,whilemanyofitswallsextendaroundthecitadelintothecivilparishesthatsurroundit totheeastandsouth.Thecastle'splanisroughlysquare,anditwasoriginallyencircledbyawall,toformacitadel.The castlecomplexconsistsofthecastleitself(thecastelejo),someancillarybuildings(includingtheruinsoftheroyal palace),gardens,andalargeterracedsquarefromwhichanimpressivepanoramaofLisbonisvisible.Themain entrancetothecitadelisa19th-centurygatesurmountedbythecoat-of-armsofPortugal,thenameofQueenMariaII, andthedate1846.Thisgatepermitsaccesstothemainsquare(Praçad'Armas),whichisdecoratedwitholdcannons andabronzestatueofAfonsoHenriques,thePortuguesemonarchwhotookthecastlefromtheMoors.Thisstatueisa copyofthe19th-centuryoriginal,bytheromanticsculptorAntónioSoaresdosReis,whichislocatednearGuimarães CastleinnorthernPortugal.Theremnantsoftheroyalpalacearelocatednearthemainsquare,butallthatisleftare somewallsandafewrebuiltroomssuchastheCasaOgival.ItnowhoststheOlissipónia,amultimediashowaboutthe historyofLisbon.Themedievalcastleislocatedtowardthenorthwestcornerofthecitadel,atitshighestpoint. Hypothetically,duringasiege,ifattackersmanagedtoenterthecitadel,thecastlewasthelaststronghold,thelastplace inwhichtotakerefuge.Itisrectangular,withtentowers.Awallwithatowerandaconnectingdoordividesthecastle courtyardintohalves.Aseriesofstairwaysallowvisitorstoreachthewalkwayatopthewallandthetowers,fromwhich magnificentviewsofLisboncanbeenjoyed.TheTowerofUlysses(wheretheTorredoTomboarchiveusedtobe)now hasacameraobscurathatallowstouristsa360-degreeviewofthecity.Apartfromitsmainwalls,thecastleisprotected, onitssouthernandeasternsides,byabarbican(barbacã),alowwallthatpreventedsiegeenginesfromapproaching themaincastlewalls.Thenorthernandwesternsidesofthecastle,ontheotherhand,werenaturallyprotectedbythe steephillsideslopingdownwardfromthecastle'sfoundations.Thecastleisalsopartiallyencircledbyamoat,nowdry. Themainentranceisfrontedbyastonebridgeacrossthemoat.Onthewestside,thereisalongcurtainwallextending downhill,endingatatower(theTorredeCouraça).Thistowerservedtocontrolthevalleybelow,anditcouldalsobe usedtoescape,incasethecastlewastakenbyenemies. 41 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews. Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:196499Title:Depression:Breadlines:longlineofpeoplewaitingtobe fed:NewYorkCity,ca.02/1932Largeimage(115541Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano), 1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription: ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location: FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770, FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate:ca.02/1932Partof:Series:FranklinD. RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions: UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCO-A-67107(1)Copy1CopyStatus: Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMedia Type:PhotographicPrintIndexTermsSubjectsRepresentedintheArchivalMaterialDepressions 42 PublicDomain. Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:196024Title: Paintings:Murals:ConradA.Albrizio:titled"TheNewDeal":dedicatedtoPresidentRoosevelt:placedintheauditoriumof theLeonardoDaVinciArtSchool149East34thStreetNewYorkNewYork,ca.1934Largeimage(165027Bytes) Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:Photographs andotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary PublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad, HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProduction Date:ca.1934Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Access

Restrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLRPHOCO-A-59333Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.Roosevelt Library(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrintIndexTermsSubjectsRepresentedintheArchival MaterialFederalWorksAgency.WorkProjectsAdministration.FederalWorksAgency.WorkProjectsAdministration. FederalArtProject. 43 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews.Additionalsourceandcreditinfofrom source:ARCIdentifier:196842Title:FranklinD.RooseveltinWashington,Washington,D.C,09/30/1934Largeimage (74133Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials: PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.Roosevelt LibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPost Road,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.gov

ProductionDate:09/30/1934Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962

AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLRPHOCO-A-47961783Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD. RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrint 44 Lot11597-6:TehranConference, November28-December1,1943.ThestrategymeetingofPremierJosephStalin,PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt,and PrimeMinisterWinstonChurchillattheRussianEmbassyatTehran,Iran.Thisconferencewasthefirstof“BigThree” leaders(SovietUnion,UnitedStatesandUnitedKingdom).Note,AdmiralWilliamD.Leahy,USN,behindWinston Churchill.OriginallyanU.S.Armyphotograph.OfficeofWarInformationPhotograph(2016/01/15). 45 Universal DeclarationofHumanRights(1948)"Allhumanbeingsarebornfreeandequalindignityandrights.Theyareendowed withreasonandconscienceandshouldacttowardsoneanotherinaspiritofbrotherhood."—TheUniversalDeclaration ofHumanRights ▶ AdoptedbytheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblyResolution217A10December1948. ******************** ▶ "TheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightswastheresultoftheexperienceoftheSecondWorld War.Withtheendofthatwar,andthecreationoftheUnitedNations,theinternationalcommunityvowedneveragainto allowatrocitieslikethoseofthatconflicthappenagain.WorldleadersdecidedtocomplementtheUNCharterwitharoad maptoguaranteetherightsofeveryindividualeverywhere.Thedocumenttheyconsidered,andwhichwouldlater becometheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights,wastakenupatthefirstsessionoftheGeneralAssemblyin1946. [...]TheCommissiononHumanRightswasmadeupof18membersfromvariouspolitical,culturalandreligious backgrounds.EleanorRoosevelt,widowofAmericanPresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt,chairedtheUDHRdrafting committee.[...]Byitsresolution217A(III)of10December1948,theGeneralAssembly,meetinginParis,adoptedthe UniversalDeclarationofHumanRightswitheightnationsabstainingfromthevotebutnonedissenting."—United Nations[accessed11December2016]******************* ▶ PREAMBLE"Whereasrecognitionoftheinherentdignityand oftheequalandinalienablerightsofallmembersofthehumanfamilyisthefoundationoffreedom,justiceandpeacein theworld,Whereasdisregardandcontemptforhumanrightshaveresultedinbarbarousactswhichhaveoutragedthe conscienceofmankind,andtheadventofaworldinwhichhumanbeingsshallenjoyfreedomofspeechandbeliefand freedomfromfearandwanthasbeenproclaimedasthehighestaspirationofthecommonpeople,Whereasitis essential,ifmanisnottobecompelledtohaverecourse,asalastresort,torebellionagainsttyrannyandoppression, thathumanrightsshouldbeprotectedbytheruleoflaw,Whereasitisessentialtopromotethedevelopmentoffriendly relationsbetweennations,WhereasthepeoplesoftheUnitedNationshaveintheCharterreaffirmedtheirfaithin fundamentalhumanrights,inthedignityandworthofthehumanpersonandintheequalrightsofmenandwomenand havedeterminedtopromotesocialprogressandbetterstandardsoflifeinlargerfreedom,WhereasMemberStateshave pledgedthemselvestoachieve,incooperationwiththeUnitedNations,thepromotionofuniversalrespectforand observanceofhumanrightsandfundamentalfreedoms,Whereasacommonunderstandingoftheserightsand freedomsisofthegreatestimportanceforthefullrealizationofthispledge,Now,therefore,TheGeneralAssembly, ProclaimsthisUniversalDeclarationofHumanRightsasacommonstandardofachievementforallpeoplesandall nations,totheendthateveryindividualandeveryorganofsociety,keepingthisDeclarationconstantlyinmind,shall strivebyteachingandeducationtopromoterespectfortheserightsandfreedomsandbyprogressivemeasures, nationalandinternational,tosecuretheiruniversalandeffectiverecognitionandobservance,bothamongthepeoples ofMemberStatesthemselvesandamongthepeoplesofterritoriesundertheirjurisdiction." ▶ Fulltext,viatheU.N.

**************** ▶ Photointhepublicdomain.AccessedatwebsiteoftheBritishLibrary. ▶ ImageuploadedbyYoursFor GoodFermentables.com. ▶ Foralargerimage,type'L'(withoutthequotationmarks).—Followonweb: YoursForGoodFermentables.com.—FollowonTwitter:@Cizauskas.—FollowonFacebook: YoursForGoodFermentables.—FollowonInstagram:@tcizauskas. 46 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAvia pingnews.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:195890Title:SurplusCommodities:SchoolLunch Programs,ca.1936Largeimage(87602Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(Most Recent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollection FDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.Roosevelt Library(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147, EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate:ca.1936Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublic DomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControl Number(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCO-A-53227(1771)Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-ReproductionReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrintIndex TermsSubjectsRepresentedintheArchivalMaterialDepressionsFoodstampsNewDeal,1933-1939Departmentof Agriculture. 47 ARCIdentifier:196707Title:FranklinD.RooseveltattheBrooklynNavyYard,12/12/1916Largeimage (78350Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials: PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.Roosevelt LibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPost Road,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.gov

ProductionDate:12/12/1916Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962

AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLRPHOCO-A-4796450ACopy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD. RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrint 48 80-G-35136:PresidentFranklinD. Rooseveltridinginajeep,reviewsUStroopsatRabat,FrenchMorocco,duringtheCasablancaConference.Lieutenant GeneralMark.W.Clark,US5thAirCommanderinNorthAfrica,walksbesidesjeep,14-24January1943.(7/9/2014). 49

ARCIdentifier:197022Title:FranklinD.RooseveltattheBrooklynNavyYard,03/16/1914Largeimage(79016Bytes) Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:Photographs andotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary PublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad, HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProduction

Date:03/16/1914Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Access

Restrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLRPHOCO-A-48223688(36)Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD. RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrint 50 208-PU-172-A-73:PresidentFranklinD.

Rooseveltshowingthesizeofapossiblefishcaughtwhilefishing,undated.OfficeofWarInformationCollection. (2016/08/30). 51 churchill-roosevelt-stalin-at-Yalta'TheBigThree':WinstonChurchill,FranklinDRooseveltandJoseph StalinsitforphotographsduringtheYaltaConferenceinFebruary1945.NAM236PartofWAROFFICESECOND WORLDWAROFFICIALCOLLECTION 52 Lot9439-8:WeWillHavetheOffensive.Addressingthenationina WashingtonBirthdaybroadcast,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltassuredthepeopleoftheUnitedStatesaswellasthe peopleoftheworldthattheUnitedNations“willsoonhavetheoffensive;willwinthefinalbattlesandwillmakethefinal peace.”ThePresidentisshownpointingonamaptoapositioninaFarEasternsectorofconflict,shortlybeforehisradio talk.OfficeofWarInformationCollection,Feb-Mar1942.Note,originalimageissmall.(2015/12/11). 53 TheEconomic BillofRightsOnJanuary11,1944,PresidentFranklinD.RooseveltdeliveredtheannualStateoftheUnionaddress,not attheCapitolinfrontofCongress,butfromtheWhiteHouseasa'FiresideChat'broadcasttothenation.Thespeech becameknowastheEconomicBillofRights.Anexcerpt:*************** ▶ "Itisourdutynowtobegintolaytheplans anddeterminethestrategyforthewinningofalastingpeaceandtheestablishmentofanAmericanstandardofliving higherthaneverbeforeknown.Wecannotbecontent,nomatterhowhighthatgeneralstandardoflivingmaybe,ifsome fractionofourpeople—whetheritbeone-thirdorone-fifthorone-tenth—isill-fed,ill-clothed,ill-housed,andinsecure. ThisRepublichaditsbeginning,andgrewtoitspresentstrength,undertheprotectionofcertaininalienablepoliticalrights —amongthemtherightoffreespeech,freepress,freeworship,trialbyjury,freedomfromunreasonablesearchesand seizures.Theywereourrightstolifeandliberty.Asournationhasgrowninsizeandstature,however—asourindustrial economyexpanded—thesepoliticalrightsprovedinadequatetoassureusequalityinthepursuitofhappiness.Wehave cometoaclearrealizationofthefactthattrueindividualfreedomcannotexistwithouteconomicsecurityand independence.'Necessitousmenarenotfreemen.'Peoplewhoarehungryandoutofajobarethestuffofwhich dictatorshipsaremade.Inourday,theseeconomictruthshavebecomeacceptedasself-evident.Wehaveaccepted,so tospeak,asecondBillofRightsunderwhichanewbasisofsecurityandprosperitycanbeestablishedforall— regardlessofstation,race,orcreed.Amongtheseare:●Therighttoausefulandremunerativejobintheindustriesor shopsorfarmsorminesofthenation;●Therighttoearnenoughtoprovideadequatefoodandclothingandrecreation; ●Therightofeveryfarmertoraiseandsellhisproductsatareturnwhichwillgivehimandhisfamilyadecentliving;● Therightofeverybusinessman,largeandsmall,totradeinanatmosphereoffreedomfromunfaircompetitionand dominationbymonopoliesathomeorabroad;●Therightofeveryfamilytoadecenthome;●Therighttoadequate medicalcareandtheopportunitytoachieveandenjoygoodhealth;●Therighttoadequateprotectionfromtheeconomic fearsofoldage,sickness,accident,andunemployment;●Therighttoagoodeducation.Alloftheserightsspellsecurity. Andafterthiswariswonwemustbepreparedtomoveforward,intheimplementationoftheserights,tonewgoalsof humanhappinessandwell-being.America'sownrightfulplaceintheworlddependsinlargepartuponhowfullythese andsimilarrightshavebeencarriedintopracticeforourcitizens."—FranklinD.RooseveltPresidentialLibraryand Museum.*************** ▶ ImageuploadedbyYoursForGoodFermentables.com. ▶ Foralargerimage,type'L'(without thequotationmarks).—Followonweb:YoursForGoodFermentables.com.—FollowonFacebook: YoursForGoodFermentables.—FollowonInstagram:@tcizauskas. ▶ Commercialuserequiresexplicitpermission,as perCreativeCommons. 54 Mrs.FranklinD.RooseveltatTarongaParkZoo,SydneyWifeofthepresidentoftheUnited StatesofAmericavisitedTarongaParkZoo.Phototakenfromanoldillustratedvisitorguideforthezoo.TarongaZoois thecityzooofSydney,NewSouthWales,AustraliaandislocatedontheshoresofSydneyHarbourinthesuburbof Mosman.Itwasofficiallyopenedon7October1916.TarongaZooismanagedbytheZoologicalParksBoardofNew SouthWales,underthetradingnameTarongaConservationSociety,alongwithitssisterZooDubbo'sTarongaWestern PlainsZoo.Dividedintoeightzoogeographicregions,the21-hectare(52-acre)TarongaZooishometoover2,600 animalsof340species.Ithasazooshop,acafe,andinformationcentre.TarongaisanAboriginalwordmeaning beautifulview. 55 FranklinD.RooseveltandWinstonChurchillattheCasablancaConference,1943 56 FranklinD RooseveltPortraitStudyDigitalphotographofanoriginalportraitandartstudyofPresidentFranklinDelanoRoosevelt byartistDouglasChandor,oiloncanvas,1945,SmithsonianNationalPortraitGallery 57 32FranklinDRoosevelt FranklinD.RooseveltbyEliasGoldensky,December27,1933.Photocredit:LibraryofCongressWhiteHousebioof FranklinD.Roosevelt:www.whitehouse.gov/1600/presidents/franklindroosevelt 58 BlackHistoryMonthMembersofthe 6888thBattaliontakepartinaparadeceremonyinRouen,France,inhonorofJoanofArc,May27,1945.[adaptedfrom Wikipedia]The6888thCentralPostalDirectoryBattalion,nicknamedthe"SixTripleEight",wasanall-blackbattalionof theWomen'sArmyCorps(WAC).Itwastheonlyall-black,all-femalebattalionsentoverseasduringWorldWarII.During WorldWarII,therewasasignificantshortageofsoldierswhowereabletodelivermailforU.S.Armypersonneloverseas. ManyprominentfiguresincludingFirstLadyEleanorRooseveltworkedtofindmeaningfulrolesforblackwomeninthe wareffort.Whenthe6888tharrivedinBirmingham,EnglandinFebruary1945,theysawlettersstackedtotheceilingof themakeshiftpostoffice,abacklogofsome17millionitemsthathadbeenthereaslongastwoyears.The6888th devisedtheirownsystemtohandlethebacklogofmail,developingacardindexofnamesandmilitaryserialnumbers, thatgrewto7millioncards.Theyworkedinthreeshifts,sevendaysaweek,processinganddeliveringmailtotroops, andcompletedwhatwassupposedtobeasix-monthtaskinthreemonthsbyMay1945.TheythenwenttoRouen, France,todealwithanotherbacklogofmailthere,withsomeofthelettersbeingthreeyearsold.Formoreinformation: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6888th_Central_Postal_Directory_Bat...Photocredit:NARAcommons.wikimedia.org/wiki/ File:Members_of_the_6888th_Cen... 59

AnneFrankOnJuly6,1942,AnneFrank,13,joinedherparentsandhersister hidinginanannextoafactoryinAmsterdamherfatherhadformerlyowned.Thedecisiontogointohidingwasprompted bythefactthattheGermans,whohadinvadedHollandinMay1940,werebecomingincreasinglyaggressiveabout roundingupJewsandshippingthemofftoconcentrationcamps.TheFranks,soonjoinedbyfourotherfugutives,would remaininhidinguntilAugust4,1944,whentheGermanpolicediscoveredtheirrefugeandarrestedthem.Duringthose twoyearsinhiding,AnneFrankkeptadiary.Shewouldnotsurvivethewar,dyingattheageof15inthewinterof1945 attheNaziconcentrationcampBergen-Belsen.Butherdiarydidsurvive,leavingbehindaremarkablerecordofabright younggirlcomingofageinatimeofterror.Anestimated5to6millionJewsdiedduringtheHolocaust.AnneFrankhas emergedasavividsymboloftheabsoluteinhumanitytheHolocaustrepresented.Herfather,thelonememberofthe familytosurvivethewar,managedtogetaneditedversionofthediarypublishedinEuropein1947.AnAmerican translationwaspublishedin1952.InherintroductiontothatfirstAmericanedition,EleanorRooseveltcalledit“oneof thewisestandmostmovingcommentariesonwaranditsimpactonhumanbeingsthatIhaveeverread.”“Thisiswhat

happenedtoAnneFrank,alittleJewishgirl,”saidArleneWolfson,theMuseumofScience&History’sprojectmanager forthetravelingexhibit“AnneFrank:AHistoryforToday.”“Butitcanhappentoanybodytoday.”Thiswasherfinalentry: Tuesday,1August,1944:DearestKitty,“Abundleofcontradictions”wastheendofmypreviousletterandisthe beginningofthisone.Canyoupleasetellmeexactlywhat“abundleofcontradictions”is?Whatdoes“contradiction” mean?Likesomanywords,itcanbeinterpretedintwoways:acontradictionimposedfromwithoutandoneimposed fromwithin.Theformermeansnotacceptingotherpeople’sopinions,alwaysknowingbest,havingthelastword;inshort, allthoseunpleasanttraitsforwhichI’mknown.Thelatter,forwhichI’mnotknown,ismyownsecret.AsI’vetoldyou manytimes,I’msplitintwo.Onesidecontainsmyexuberantcheerfulness,myflippancy,myjoyinlifeand,aboveall,my abilitytoappreciatethelightersideofthings.BythatImeannotfindinganythingwrongwithflirtations,akiss,an embrace,anoff-colourjoke.Thissideofmeisusuallylyinginwaittoambushtheotherone,whichismuchpurer,deeper andfiner.NooneknowsAnne’sbetterside,andthat’swhymostpeoplecan’tstandme….Oh,Icanbeanamusingclown foranafternoon,butafterthateveryone’shadenoughofmetolastamonth.Actually,I’mwhataromanticmovieistoa profoundthinker–amerediversion,acomicinterlude,somethingthatissoonforgotten:notbad,butnotparticularly goodeither.Ihatehavingtotellyouthis,butwhyshouldn’tIadmititwhenIknowit’strue?Mylighter,moresuperficial sidewillalwaysstealamarchonthedeepersideandthereforealwayswin.Youcan’timaginehowoftenI’vetriedtopush awaythisAnne,whichisonlyhalfofwhatisknownasAnne-tobeatherdown,hideher.Butitdoesn’twork,andIknow why.I’mafraidthatpeoplewhoknowmeasIusuallyamwilldiscoverIhaveanotherside,abetterandfinerside.I’m afraidthey’llmockme,thinkI’mridiculousandsentimentalandnottakemeseriously.I’musedtonotbeingtaken seriously,butonlythe“light-hearted”Anneisusedtoitandcanputupwithit;the“deeper”Anneistooweak.IfIforce thegoodAnneintothespotlightforevenfifteenminutes,sheshutsuplikeaclamthemomentshe’scalledupontospeak, andletsAnnenumberonedothetalking.BeforeIrealizeit,she’sdisappeared.SotheniceAnneisneverseenin company.She’snevermadeasingleappearance,thoughshealmostalwaystakesthestagewhenI’malone.Iknow exactlyhowI’dliketobe,howIam…ontheinside.ButunfortunatelyI’monlylikethatwithmyself.Andperhapsthat’s why-no,I’msurethat’sthereasonwhyIthinkofmyselfashappyontheinsideandotherpeoplethinkI’mhappyonthe outside.I’mguidedbythepureAnnewithin,butontheoutsideI’mnothingbutafrolicsomelittlegoattuggingatitstether. Avoicewithinmeissobbing,“Yousee,that’swhat’sbecomeofyou.You’resurroundedbynegativeopinions,dismayed looksandmockingfaces,people,whodislikeyou,andallbecauseyoudon’tlistentotheadviceofyourownbetterhalf.” Believeme,I’dliketolisten,butitdoesn’twork,becauseifI’mquietandserious,everyonethinksI’mputtingonanew actandIhavetosavemyselfwithajoke,andthenI’mnoteventalkingaboutmyownfamily,whoassumeImustbesick, stuffmewithaspirinsandsedatives,feelmyneckandforeheadtoseeifIhaveatemperature,askaboutmybowel movementsandberatemeforbeinginabadmood,untilIjustcan’tkeepitupanymore,becausewheneverybodystarts hoveringoverme,Igetcross,thensad,andfinallyendupturningmyheartinsidegout,thebadpartontheoutsideand thegoodpartontheinside,andkeeptryingtofindawaytobecomewhatI’dliketobeandwhatIcouldbeif…ifonly therewerenootherpeopleintheworld.Yours,AnneM.Frank 60 80-G-207676:Mrs.EleanorRoosevelttalkswith patientsinNavalHospitalatNavalAirStation,Seattle,Washington.SheislisteningtotheexperiencesofEnsignNorman Erickson,aOS2Upilot,whoseplanecrashedintheAleutians.Hewanderedinsnowandicefortendaysbeforebeing rescued.PhotographedJuly20,1943.OfficialU.S.NavyPhotograph,nowinthecollectionsoftheNationalArchives. (2017/06/27). 61 Women'sHistoryMonthRosaParks,EleanorRooseveltandAutherineLucyFosterPhotocredit: LibraryofCongresswww.loc.gov/item/94506916/ 62 FDRandEleanorRooseveltwithAnnaandbabyJames,formal portraitinHydePark,NewYork,1908 63 OriginalCaption:8/12/1933-WhiteTopMountain,Virginia-Mrs.FranklinD. RooseveltisshownwiththegroupofVirginia"RidgeRunners"whoentertainedher.Thiscommunitywasoncethehome ofthelateElliotRoosevelt,fatherofMrs.Roosevelt,anditwashiswishthatsometimeduringherlife,hisfamous daughtershouldmeethisVirginiamountainfriends.TheFirstLadywasentertainedbycrackmountainsingersand players,andwasshownsightsthatinterestedherfather.Here,"HappyDaysareHereAgain"isplayedbythese MountainHill-BilliesforMrs.RooseveltandherguestNancyCook,standinginback,duringtheirvisit. 64 Eleanorvotes FirstLadyEleanorRooseveltvotesinthe1936presidentialelection.NationalArchives(NARA) 65 Eleanor_Roosevelt_-

_NARA_-_195591 66 MrsEleanorRooseveltatofficialluncheonatParliamentHouse,Canberra,Australia-4 September1943AnnaEleanorRoosevelt(1884–1962)wasanAmericanpolitician,diplomatandactivist.Shewasthe longest-servingFirstLadyoftheUnitedStates,havingheldthepostfromMarch1933toApril1945duringherhusband PresidentFranklinD.Roosevelt'sfourtermsinoffice. 67 FirstLadyEleanorRooseveltandMaryMcLeodBethune,the DirectoroftheDivisionofNegroAffairsoftheNationalYouthAdministration,atthesecondNationalConferenceonNegro Youth. 68 OriginalCaption:ThisphotoshowsDeanAcheson,Mrs.EleanorRoosevelt,andSirGladwinJebbofBritainat theU.N.GeneralAssemblyatFlushingMeadows. 69 EleanorRooseveltexaminesTheUniversalDeclarationofHuman Rights"Whereasrecognitionoftheinherentdignityandoftheequalandinalienablerightsofallmembersofthehuman familyisthefoundationoffreedom,justice,andpeaceintheworld..."AsthechairoftheUnitedNationsHumanRights Commission,EleanorRooseveltwasthedrivingforceincreatingTheUniversalDeclarationofHumanRights.—adopted bytheUnitedNationson10December1948.***************"In1946,Rooseveltwasappointedasadelegatetothe UnitedNationsbyPresidentHarryTruman,whohadsucceededtotheWhiteHouseafterthedeathofFranklinRoosevelt in1945.AsheadoftheHumanRightsCommission,shewasinstrumentalinformulatingtheUniversalDeclarationof HumanRights,whichshesubmittedtotheUnitedNationsGeneralAssemblywiththesewords:'Westandtodayatthe thresholdofagreateventbothinthelifeoftheUnitedNationsandinthelifeofmankind.Thisdeclarationmaywell becometheinternationalMagnaCartaforallmeneverywhere.'”—UnitedforHumanRights. ▶ Fulltext,viatheU.N.: here.*************** ▶ ImageuploadedbyYoursForGoodFermentables.com. ▶ Foralargerimage,type'L'(without thequotationmarks).—Followonweb:YoursForGoodFermentables.com.—FollowonTwitter:@Cizauskas.—Follow onFacebook:YoursForGoodFermentables.—FollowonInstagram:@tcizauskas.70FDRandEleanorclose-upThese peoplehadtheopportunityto1.notmarrytheirowncousins,2.justberichpeopleoutintheHudsononalltheiracres, 3.ignorepoorpeople.InsteadtheyreadalotandhelpedintroduceAmericatoprettydecentideaslikeprotectingunions orcreatingasocialsafetynetorjoiningtheUN.Man,imagineaworldwherepeoplegaveashitabouteachother?These statuesaregonnabeweirdunderwater!Credits:ChrisDignes 71 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NARAviapingnews. AdditionalsourcedescriptionandcreditinfofromtheNationalArchives:ARCIdentifier:197181Title:EleanorRoosevelt andMrs.WinstonChurchillatQuebec,Canadaforconference,09/11/1944Largeimage(87944Bytes)Creator:

Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(MostRecent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:Photographsandother GraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollectionFDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomain Photographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY 12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147,EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate: 09/11/1944Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions: UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControlNumber(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCOA-48223916(23)Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-ReferenceStorageFacility:FranklinD.Roosevelt Library(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrint 72 PublicDomain.Suggestedcredit:NationalArchives viapingnews.com.Additionalinformationfromsource:ARCIdentifier:195506Title:EleanorRooseveltinMoscow, Russia,09/1957Largeimage(88373Bytes)Creator:Roosevelt,FranklinD.(FranklinDelano),1882-1945(Most Recent)TypeofArchivalMaterials:PhotographsandotherGraphicMaterialsLevelofDescription:ItemfromCollection FDR-PHOCO:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublicDomainPhotographs,1882-1962Location:FranklinD.Roosevelt Library(NLFDR),4079AlbanyPostRoad,HydePark,NY12538-1999PHONE:845-486-7770,FAX:845-486-1147, EMAIL:roosevelt.library@nara.govProductionDate:09/1957Partof:Series:FranklinD.RooseveltLibraryPublic DomainPhotographs,1882-1962AccessRestrictions:UnrestrictedUseRestrictions:UnrestrictedVariantControl Number(s):NAILControlNumber:NLR-PHOCO-A-7121Copy1CopyStatus:Preservation-Reproduction-Reference StorageFacility:FranklinD.RooseveltLibrary(HydePark,NY)MediaMediaType:PhotographicPrint 73 PeterDriben 04PeterDriben(American,1902-1968).BedroomEyes,paperbackcover,1935.Oilonboard.

ShenandoahNationalPark

Haliaeetusleucocephalus 21

BaldEagle NPS|B.Raeburn

Algumas Ideias e Valores dos Direitos Humanos

REFERÊNCIAS

ÍNDICE, INTRODUÇÃOE GUIADE CONSULTA

ALGUMAS REFERÊNCIAS HISTÓRICASDASIDEIASEVALORESDOS

SEGURANÇASOCIAL

HISTÓRICASDASIDEIASEVALORESDOS