OSCE Magazine May 2004 by The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)

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N EXPERIENCED DIPLOMAT WITH A BACK GROUND AS A TEACHER !MBASSADOR 2OBERT - "EECROFT RECOGNIZED THE LINK IMMEDIATELY 7HEN HE TOOK OVER AS (EAD OF THE /3#% -ISSION TO "I( IN HE WAS DISMAYED TO FIND THE STATE OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM LARGELY UNCHANGED FROM WHEN HE HAD FIRST SERVED IN 3ARAJEVO AS 53 #HARGÏ D !FFAIRES AND 3PECIAL %NVOY FOR THE "OSNIAN &EDERATION IN IMMEDI ATELY AFTER THE WAR "ECAUSE POLITICS HAS DOMINATED THE EDUCA TION SCENE IN "I( THE QUALITY AND STANDARDS OF EDUCATION OF THE COUNTRY S YOUNG PEO PLE HAVE SUFFERED #URRICULA AND TEXTBOOKS DIFFERED FROM REGION TO REGION DEPENDING PRIMARILY ON ETHNICITY 4EACHING MATERIAL FEATURED STRONGLY NATIONALISTIC CONTENT AND REFLECTED OPEN HOSTILITY TO OTHER GROUPS %DUCATORS HAD NOT BEEN TRAINED IN UP TO DATE TEACHING METHODS &RESH GRADUATES WERE NOT EQUIPPED WITH THE NECESSARY SKILLS TO TACKLE REAL WORLD CHALLENGES -ANY SCHOOL BUILDINGS LACKED HEATING AND BASIC SANITATION FACILITIES NOT TO MENTION COMPUTERS !MBASSADOR "EECROFT S RESPONSE TO THE SITUATION WAS SWIFT AND DECISIVE h7HEN ) SAW THAT VERY LITTLE PROGRESS HAD BEEN MADE IN THE SEVEN YEARS SINCE THE WAR v HE SAYS h) RESOLVED THAT SOMETHING HAD TO BE DONE ) ALSO BELIEVED THAT THE /3#% HAD THE FLEX IBILITY CAPACITY AND VISION TO TAKE ON THE CHALLENGE v

&ROM THE HEAD OFFICE PERSPECTIVE THE -ISSION WAS IN A UNIQUE POSITION TO FORGE AHEAD IN EDUCATIONAL POLICY DEVELOPMENT WHILE CO ORDINATING INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT FOR THE PROCESS 4HIS WOULD BE REINFORCED WITH A FIELD PRESENCE IN LOCATIONS ACROSS "I( WITH PERSONNEL ABLE TO WORK ON THE GROUND TO PUT POLICY INTO PRACTICE SCHOOL BY SCHOOL 4HE /3#% 0ERMANENT #OUNCIL AGREED AND THE -ISSION FORMALLY TOOK ON ITS NEW MAN DATE IN *ULY

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#URRICULUM NINE YEARS OF COMPULSORY EDU CATION ESTABLISHMENT OF PARENT AND STUDENT COUNCILS AND GREATER SCHOOL AUTONOMY 7HEN FULLY IMPLEMENTED THE LAW WILL MEAN FOR EXAMPLE THAT A #ROAT OR A "OSNIAC STUDENT FROM THE CITY OF -OSTAR IN (ERZEGOVINA CAN TRANSFER TO A SCHOOL IN THE 2EPUBLIKA 3RPSKA OR VICE VERSA WITH CONFI DENCE THAT THE STUDENT WILL FIND AN INCLUSIVE AND HIGH QUALITY EDUCATION ENVIRONMENT ANYWHERE IN "I( !LONGSIDE THE WORK ON THE LAW PREPARA TIONS FOR A #OMMON #ORE #URRICULUM WERE ALSO UNDER WAY )T STARTED BEING INTRODUCED IN SCHOOLS IN 3EPTEMBER ENABLING STUDENTS ACROSS "I( TO SHARE A SIGNIFICANT NUMBER OF UNIFIED FEATURES IN ALL SUBJECTS )N SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS COMMON ELE MENTS MAKE UP MORE THAN PER CENT OF THE SYLLABI %VEN IN THE SO CALLED hNATIONALv SUB JECTS SUCH AS HISTORY LANGUAGE AND LITERA TURE SOME PER CENT OR MORE OF THE TOPICS TAUGHT ARE THE SAME h3O OFTEN IN "I( POLITICIANS ENCOURAGE THE PUBLIC INCLUDING STUDENTS TO FOCUS ON DIFFERENCES v !MBASSADOR "EECROFT NOTES h4HE #OMMON #ORE #URRICULUM HOWEVER REQUIRES EDUCATIONAL EXPERTS TO FOCUS ON SIM ILARITIES )T PROVES THAT THERE IS A LOT THAT CAN BE AGREED ON EVEN WHILE RESPECTING CULTURAL DIFFERENCES v !S STAFF MEMBERS IN THE -ISSION S 3ARAJEVO HEAD OFFICE WERE PUSHING FOR "I( WIDE POLICY REFORM SOME STAFF MEMBERS IN THE FIELD WERE MEETING REGULARLY WITH SCHOOL DIRECTORS PARENTS TEACHERS AND LOCAL AUTHORITIES TO IMPLEMENT REFORM IN INDIVID UAL SCHOOLS )N THE -ISSION S FIRST MONTHS AS CO ORDINATOR OF EDUCATIONAL REFORM HUGE STRIDES HAVE BEEN MADE ESPECIALLY CONCERNING EQUAL ACCESS TO LEARNING AND NON DISCRIMINA TORY PRACTICES !RMED WITH AN )NTERIM !GREEMENT ON 2ETURNEE #HILDREN EDUCATION OFFICERS EXPLAINED TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES AND AUTHORI TIES THE RIGHT OF CHILDREN TO ATTEND SCHOOLS IN THE AREA WHERE THEY WERE RETURNING "Y GUAR ANTEEING RETURNEE CHILDREN S ACCESS TO THEIR OWN hNATIONALv GROUP OF SUBJECTS IN SCHOOLS THE !GREEMENT HAS SIGNIFICANTLY RAISED THE NUMBER OF RETURNEE ENROLMENTS THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY 4HE BUSSING OF STUDENTS IN SOME CASES DRIVING PAST A SCHOOL METRES FROM THEIR DOORSTEP TO A DISTANT SCHOOL WHERE THEIR NATIONALITY IS IN THE MAJORITY HAS DECLINED -ORE RETURNEE TEACHERS HAVE ALSO BEEN HIRED THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY -ISSION SPONSORED ROUNDTABLES AND INDI

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4HE REFORM OF UNIVERSITY EDUCATION ONE OF THE MOST PRESSING ISSUES CANNOT BE LEFT OUT OF THE EQUATION !S WITH PRIMARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION THE -ISSION S PRIMARY FOCUS IN HIGHER EDUCATION IS TO PUSH FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A 3TATE LEVEL &RAMEWORK ,AW TO ENABLE "I( TO IMPLEMENT THE COM MITMENTS IT SIGNED UP TO IN UNDER THE "OLOGNA $ECLARATION AND THE ,ISBON 2ECOGNITION #ONVENTION !LTHOUGH THE DRAFTING OF THE LAW WAS COMPLETED IN $ECEMBER ITS PASSAGE BY THE "I( 0ARLIAMENT IS STILL UNCERTAIN DUE TO POLITICALLY BASED RESISTANCE )NACTION HOWEVER IS NOT AN OPTION )NDIVIDUAL FACULTIES IN SIX OF THE SEVEN UNI VERSITIES IN "I( ARE VIRTUALLY AUTONOMOUS AND CONTROL THEIR OWN FUNDING LEAVING LIT TLE SCOPE FOR THE INTRODUCTION OF %UROPEAN QUALITY STANDARDS OF TEACHING EXAMINATIONS AND RESEARCH 3TUDENTS HAVE POOR ACCESS TO PROFESSORS AND LACK DEMOCRATIC REPRESENTA TION 5PON GRADUATING IT IS DIFFICULT FOR THEM TO FIND JOBS BECAUSE THE UNIVERSITIES DO NOT TAKE ACCOUNT OF THE COUNTRY S REAL LABOUR NEEDS )T IS ALSO NOT EASY FOR THEM TO SIMPLY MOVE TO ANOTHER AREA OR TO GO ABROAD 4HE LINK BETWEEN EDUCATION AND ECO NOMIC DEVELOPMENT IS CRITICAL 4HE /3#% -ISSION S WORK COMPLEMENTS THE h*OBS AND *USTICEv AGENDA OF THE /FFICE OF THE (IGH 2EPRESENTATIVE ,ORD !SHDOWN WHO HAS REPEATEDLY PAID TRIBUTE TO THE /3#% -ISSION S ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THE SECTOR STRESSES THAT EDUCATION IS A HUGE PRIORITY AND AN INVESTMENT LITERALLY IN THE COUNTRY S FUTURE 7ORKING CLOSELY WITH THE CITIZENS OF "I( AND IN THE FACE OF DAUNTING CHALLENGES THE /3#% -ISSION HAS MADE SIGNIFICANT PROGRESS WITHIN THE PAST TWO YEARS "UT THERE IS STILL A LONG WAY TO GO %FFORTS BY SOME PARTIES TO POLITICIZE EDUCATION CONTINUE SLOWING THE REFORM AGENDA AND FRUSTRATING PARENTS WHO ARE IMPATIENT TO SEE TANGIBLE CLASSROOM IMPROVEMENTS &OR THE TIME BEING THE -ISSION S ACTIVE CO ORDINATING ROLE AND ITS COMMITMENT ON THE GROUND REMAIN CRUCIAL

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UNSHINE DRENCHES THE BLOSSOMING HILLSIDES 'REEN BUDS EAGER TO BURST DANGLE FROM THE BRANCHES OF POPLAR TREES !S IF MIMICKING NATURE S CYCLE BRIGHT RED BRICKS SPROUT FROM THE SIDES OF UNFINISHED BUILDINGS 3IGNS OF NEW LIFE ARE STARTING TO STIR ON AN EARLY SPRING DAY IN THE SMALL TOWN OF +OZARAC HALFWAY BETWEEN "ANJA ,UKA THE CAPITAL OF THE 2EPUBLIKA 3RPSKA 23 ENTITY OF "OSNIA AND (ERZEGOVINA "I( AND THE NORTHERN REGION OF 0RIJEDOR 6ALERIJA 4ISMA THE /3#% -ISSION S 2EGIONAL %DUCATION #O ORDINATOR FOR THIS AREA DRIVES THROUGH THE MODEST TOWN CENTRE TO VISIT THE SCENE OF ANOTHER REVIVAL THE

+OZARAC 0RIMARY 3CHOOL h4HIS IS THE FIRST TOWN ) VISITED WHEN ) STARTED WORKING FOR THE /3#% v SHE RECALLS AS SHE NAVIGATES THE MUDDY POTHOLES WITH HER /3#% VEHICLE A WHITE 0AJERO 4HAT WAS IN !UGUST WHEN 6ALERIJA HAD JUST SIGNED ON TO WORK WITH THE -ISSION S NASCENT %DUCATION $EPARTMENT 3HE HAD BEEN SENT TO +OZARAC TO TRY TO RESOLVE A DISPUTE BETWEEN THE EDUCATION AUTHORITIES AND PARENTS WHO WERE UNHAPPY WITH THE EDUCATION THEIR CHILDREN WERE RECEIVING 4HE PARENTS HAD BLOCKED TRAFFIC AT A MAJOR CROSSROAD AS A SIGN OF PROTEST &OR 6ALERIJA IT WAS A TRIAL BY FIRE AND AN INDI CATION OF WHAT TO EXPECT IN THE MONTHS TO COME 2ETURNING TO +OZARAC 0RIMARY 3CHOOL A YEAR AND A HALF LATER THE MEMORY OF THAT FIRST VISIT IS STILL VIVID AS 6ALERIJA AND HER ASSISTANT .ATAÝA ENTER THE THREE STOREY BUILDING 4HE SCHOOL IS SPARSELY DECORATED LIKE AN ABANDONED HOUSE STRIPPED OF ITS PER SONAL EFFECTS WITH LIME GREEN PAINT SPLASHED ON WHITE PLASTER WALLS IN AN ATTEMPT TO WARM UP THE COLD HALLWAYS 4HROUGH THE TALL BARE WINDOWS ONE CAN SEE INTO THE COURTYARD WHERE WHEELBARROWS OVERFLOW WITH WOODEN SCRAPS $ONATED BY LOCAL SAWMILLS THEY ARE A VITAL SOURCE OF HEATING FOR THE SCHOOL h7E DO NOT FREEZE COMPLETELY ONLY HALFWAY JUST OUR FINGERS v SAYS 3CHOOL $IRECTOR -UHIDIN ÁARIƾ JOKINGLY TO 6ALERIJA AND .ATAÝA 4HEY ARE OLD FRIENDS HELD TOGETHER BY THE COMMON BOND OF HAVING SEEN THE SCHOOL THROUGH TROUBLED TIMES , /1,

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4HE +OZARAC 0RIMARY 3CHOOL WAS VIRTU ALLY DESTROYED DURING THE WAR 4HE REGION WAS IN THE HEART OF 3ERB TERRITORY AND WHEN FIGHTING BROKE OUT ALMOST ALL OF THE AREA S "OSNIACS FLED !S THEY LEFT THEIR HOMES WERE RAZED !CCORDING TO THE LATEST 5.(#2 ESTI MATES MORE THAN "OSNIACS HAVE NOW RETURNED TO THE 0RIJEDOR REGION MANY OF THEM TO +OZARAC WHERE HOUSES HAVE BEEN REBUILT WITH THE HELP OF INTERNATIONAL FUND ING (OWEVER RETURNEES WERE INITIALLY WARY ABOUT SENDING THEIR CHILDREN BACK TO SCHOOL 4HE CLASSES WERE OPERATING UNDER A 3ERB CURRICULUM WITH A 3ERB ADMINISTRATION AND MOSTLY 3ERB STUDENTS ! SIMILAR SCENARIO WAS UNFOLDING ALL ACROSS "I( SAYS *O !NNE "ISHOP THE /3#% -ISSION S !DVISER ON ACCESS AND NON DIS CRIMINATION ISSUES h2ETURNEES WERE CON CERNED THAT THEIR CHILDREN MIGHT FACE VERBAL

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AND PHYSICAL ASSAULTS IN SCHOOL v SHE SAYS 6ALERIJA UNDERSTANDS HOW THE RETURNEES MUST FEEL 3HE IS ORIGINALLY FROM +NIN SOME KILOMETRES NORTHWEST OF 3PLIT IN #ROATIA AND WAS ONE OF ABOUT 3ERBS WHO LEFT THEIR HOMES DURING THE #ROATIAN !RMY S h/PERATION 3TORMv IN !UGUST h)F ) WERE TO RETURN HOME TO #ROATIA ) WONDER HOW MY THREE YEAR OLD DAUGHTER -IA WOULD FARE IN SCHOOL v SHE SAYS h) DON T THINK THERE ARE ANY 3ERB TEACHERS THERE AT ALL ,UCKILY IN "OSNIA AND (ERZEGOVINA THE /3#% -ISSION HAS THE MANDATE TO CO ORDINATE AND PRESS FOR EDUCATION REFORM v - ,

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7HEN THE /3#% FIRST BECAME INVOLVED IN EDUCATION "OSNIAC PARENTS IN +OZARAC WERE IN THE MIDST OF A FIERCE PROTEST !T THE TIME EVERY DECISION RANGING FROM THE CURRICULUM TO THE HIRING OF TEACHERS WAS BEING MADE BY A 3ERB SCHOOL DIRECTOR AND A 3ERB SCHOOL BOARD IN A TOWN KILOMETRES AWAY 4HE PARENTS WANTED TO HAVE A SAY IN THEIR CHILDREN S EDUCATION BY CHANGING THE SCHOOL S STATUS FROM A BRANCH TO A MAIN SCHOOL h7E HELPED ORGANIZE A SERIES OF MEETINGS WITH 2EPUBLIKA 3RPSKA AUTHORITIES TO LOOK INTO HOW PARENTS CONCERNS COULD BE TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT v RELATES 6ALERIJA h#HANGING THE SCHOOL S STATUS INVOLVED MANY LAYERS OF BUREAUCRACY )T HAD TO BE APPROVED BY THE 23 -INISTRY OF %DUCATION THEN BY THE ENTIRE 23 GOVERNMENT WHICH CONSISTS OF THE 0RIME -INISTER THE $EPUTY 0RIME -INISTERS AND OTHER MINISTERS v %VENTUALLY THE SCHOOL WAS GRANTED INDE PENDENCE !LTHOUGH THE BUILDING STILL NEEDED MAJOR RECONSTRUCTION AT LEAST THE COMMU NITY COULD NOW HAVE ITS OWN SCHOOL DIRECTOR AND LOCAL SCHOOL BOARD h7ITHOUT PEOPLE LIKE 6ALERIJA ) COULD NOT HAVE SURVIVED THE SITUATION v SAYS -R ÁARIƾ h)T WAS AN EXTRAORDINARY EXAMPLE OF CO OPERATION v " Ê"7

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7HAT MADE THE FEAT POSSIBLE WAS THE )NTERIM !GREEMENT ON !CCOMMODATION OF 3PECIAL .EEDS AND 2IGHTS OF 2ETURNEE #HILDREN WHICH ALL THE "I( -INISTERS OF %DUCATION SIGNED IN -ARCH ,IKE MANY OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS IT HAS A COMPLICATED NAME WITH A SIMPLE GOAL TO MAKE RETURNEE CHILDREN FEEL AS COMFORTABLE AS POSSIBLE ABOUT ENROLLING IN THEIR HOMETOWN SCHOOLS )N +OZARAC IT MEANT A CHANGE IN THE SCHOOL S STATUS )N OTHER CASES IT MIGHT INVOLVE CREATING A NON THREATENING ATMOS

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PHERE FOR STUDENTS OR WINNING PARENTS CONFIDENCE IN THE QUALITY OF THEIR CHILDREN S EDUCATION 'ETTING THE )NTERIM !GREEMENT INTO OPERA TION POSED A SIGNIFICANT CHALLENGE h!T FIRST THERE WAS A COMPLETE BOYCOTT BY THE CANTONS IN THE &EDERATION ENTITY THEY WOULDN T RECOGNIZE IT v RECALLS *O !NNE "ISHOP h.OW YOU HEAR THE %DUCATION -INISTERS REFERRING TO ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN THEIR AREAS v 4HE SHIFT IN ATTITUDE CAME AFTER THE /3#% -ISSION ENSURED THAT THE MINISTERS THEM SELVES WOULD TAKE RESPONSIBILITY FOR DEVELOP ING THE PLAN FOR IMPLEMENTING THE )NTERIM !GREEMENT )T IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE /3#% HAS BEEN ABLE TO TRANSLATE A PIECE OF PAPER INTO PRACTICE IN THE REAL WORLD -ORE THAN RETURNEE PUPILS AND STU DENTS HAVE NOW ENROLLED IN THEIR HOMETOWN SCHOOLS !S A RESULT OF PROACTIVE MEASURES CLOSE TO QUALIFIED RETURNEE TEACHERS HAVE BEEN HIRED ACROSS THE COUNTRY 4HESE FIGURES ARE SIGNIFICANT CONSIDERING THAT DISPLACED AND REFUGEE FAMILIES WHO RETURN HOME OFTEN BELONG TO THE MINORITY IN THEIR COMMUNITIES !ZRA *UNUZOVIƾ /3#% -ISSION %DUCATION /FFICER NOTES WITH SATISFACTION THAT A SENSE OF COMPLETE LOCAL OWNERSHIP OF THE !GREEMENT HAS BEEN FOSTERED h4HE /3#% HELPED GET IT STARTED BUT THE "I( AUTHORITIES HAVE BEEN DOING THE WORK THIS PAST YEAR 4HERE IS STILL A LOT TO BE ACCOMPLISHED BUT NOW LOCAL EXPERTISE HAS IMPROVED AND THE MINISTRIES HAVE THE CAPAC ITY TO CONTINUE THE JOB v 1

4HIS REBUILT SCHOOL IN THE NORTHERN REGION OF 0RIJEDOR IS EDUCATING RETURNEE CHILDREN

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REOPENING !S THE STUDENTS METICULOUSLY TAP AWAY AT THEIR KEYBOARDS THE BLUE GREEN GLOW OF THE COMPUTER MONITORS REFLECTS THE CONCENTRATION ON THEIR FACES 4HE )4 TEACHER PROUDLY TELLS 6ALERIJA THAT THE SCHOOL HAS ONE OF THE BEST EQUIPPED COMPUTER FACILITIES IN THE REGION )T HAS COMPUTERS A RATIO OF ONE FOR EVERY STU DENTS FAR BETTER THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF ONE COMPUTER FOR EVERY STUDENTS -R ÁARIƾ TOO HAS REASON TO BE PLEASED EACH TIME A CHALLENGE IS TACKLED ALONG THE WAY ESPECIALLY WHEN IT CONCERNS A FUNDA MENTAL ISSUE SUCH AS LANGUAGE 7HEN 9UGOSLAVIA STARTED TO BREAK UP SO DID THE LINGUA FRANCA THEN CALLED 3ERBO #ROATIAN .OW PEOPLE IN "I( SPEAK VARIANTS OF THE SAME LANGUAGE THAT CARRY THE NAMES

OF THE ETHNIC GROUPS "OSNIAN #ROATIAN AND 3ERBIAN 4HE CONFUSION WAS REFLECTED IN THE CONSTANT DEBATES ABOUT THE CONTENT OF INSTRUCTION AND ITS POTENTIAL TO OFFEND DUE TO POSSIBLE NATIONALISTIC CONNOTATIONS )T SEEMS ALMOST COMICAL BUT -R ÁARIƾ ADMITS THAT HE WAS NOT EVEN CERTAIN ABOUT WHICH SPELLING OR ALPHABET OUGHT TO BE USED IN SCHOOL )N TERMS OF CONTENT THERE WAS NO GUIDANCE ON WHICH AUTHORS WERE hAPPROPRI ATEv 3CHOOL OFFICIALS EVEN WONDERED IF THE SONGS THE CHILDREN SANG IN MUSIC CLASS WERE hSUITABLEv 4HEN IN !UGUST THE COUNTRY S -INISTERS OF %DUCATION TOOK A SIGNIFICANT STEP FORWARD h4HEY ADOPTED A #OMMON #ORE #URRICULUM FOR THE WHOLE COUNTRY AND THIS SAVED US v -R ÁARIƾ SAYS BEAMING &INALLY SCHOOLS HAD THE GUIDANCE THEY WERE SEEKING +OZARAC IS AN EXAMPLE OF HOW THE RETURN PROCESS CAN WORK )F IT HAS BEEN ABLE TO DEFY THE CONSIDERABLE ODDS HAVING BEEN THE SCENE OF SOME OF THE WORST ATROCITIES DURING THE WAR OTHER AREAS WITH A SIMILAR HISTORY SHOULD BE ABLE TO FOLLOW SUIT 6ALERIJA HOPES SHE WILL SEE THIS HAP PEN 3HE HAS A PERSONAL STAKE IN EDUCATION REFORM h) KEEP THINKING OF MY DAUGHTER -IA 7HEN SHE STARTS SCHOOL WHETHER IT IS HERE OR BACK HOME IN #ROATIA ) WANT HER TO LIKE IT ) WANT HER TO HAVE GOOD TEACHERS AND ) WANT HER TO GET A GOOD EDUCATION v

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T WOULD NOT COME AS A SURPRISE TO COME ACROSS THIS GRAPHIC DESCRIPTION CHARGED WITH INFLAMMATORY REFERENCES TO THE WAR IN "OSNIA AND (ERZEGOVINA IN THE SPATE OF BOOKS DETAILING THE ATROCITIES OF THE PAST (OWEVER THE PROVOCATIVE PASSAGE WAS PART OF A GRAMMAR EXERCISE IN A TEXTBOOK IN WHICH PRIMARY SCHOOLCHILDREN IN 3ARAJEVO WERE ASKED TO IDENTIFY THE GENITIVE AND ACCU SATIVE CASES )N A COUNTRY WHERE STUDENTS FROM THE THREE ETHNIC GROUPS THAT FOUGHT EACH OTHER OFTEN USE THE SAME TEXTBOOKS SUCH REFERENCES WIELD A GREAT DEAL OF POWER TO DIVIDE CLASSROOMS AND COMMUNITIES 4HE STATEMENT AN IMPLICIT INDICT MENT OF ONE GROUP OF "OSNIANS BY ANOTHER EXEMPLIFIES THE WAY IN WHICH THE POLITICS OF THE THREE MAJOR ETHNICITIES WERE PERMEAT ING THE EDUCATION SYSTEM MAKING IT DIFFICULT FOR STUDENTS FROM DIFFERENT BACKGROUNDS TO ATTEND CLASSES TOGETHER 4HE CONTENT OF TEXT BOOKS TRIGGERED A PUBLIC DEBATE WITH THE 3ARAJEVO BASED DAILY /SLOBODJENJE PUBLISH ING AN ARTICLE IN ASKING h)S GRAMMAR HISTORY v 4HIS WAS THE COMPLEX SITUATION THAT ) FACED IN *ANUARY WHEN ) ASSUMED THE POST OF $IRECTOR OF %DUCATION IN THE /3#%

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-ISSION TO "OSNIA AND (ERZEGOVINA /NE OF MY FIRST RESPONSIBILITIES WAS TO TAKE PART IN A NEWLY FORMED REVIEW COMMISSION SET UP TO REMOVE OBJECTIONABLE AND INAPPROPRIATE MATERIAL FROM TEXTBOOKS )T WAS A DAUNTING ASSIGNMENT SINCE WE HAD TO CONSIDER EVERY THING THAT COULD BE POTENTIALLY OFFENSIVE TO ANY OF THE THREE MAIN ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE COUNTRY -USLIM "OSNIACS /RTHODOX 3ERBS AND #ATHOLIC #ROATS 4HE /3#% -ISSION THE #OUNCIL OF %UROPE AND THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES ALL CONTRIBUTED FINANCIALLY TO THE PROJECT 4WENTY FOUR TEXT BOOK SPECIALISTS FROM "I( MET TO EXCHANGE FINDINGS AND TO DISCUSS AND AGREE ON ANY MATERIAL THAT NEEDED TO BE WEEDED OUT 4HE -ISSION AND THE #OUNCIL PROVIDED ADDI TIONAL SUPPORT BY ENGAGING INTERNATIONALLY RENOWNED TEXTBOOK EXPERTS TO PROVIDE ADVICE ON HOW TO HANDLE CONTROVERSIAL TOPICS IN HISTORY BOOKS AND HOW TO ENSURE MORE BAL ANCED COVERAGE OF THE VARIOUS ETHNIC GROUPS 4HE COMMISSION REVIEWED AND ANALYZED BOOKS INTENDED FOR THE SCHOOL YEAR %VERY SINGLE ONE OF THE MORE THAN TEXTBOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS WAS EXAMINED COVERING LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY NATURE AND SOCIETY AND RELIGION )T WAS A MASSIVE UNDERTAKING TO PRESENT COMPREHENSIVE PROPOSALS FOR CHANGES TO THE MINISTERS OF EDUCATION AND PUBLISHING HOUSES IN TIME FOR THE BOOKS TO BE PRINTED AND MADE AVAILABLE FOR THE NEW SCHOOL YEAR "UT IT WAS ENCOURAGING TO SEE PROOF THE SINGLE MINDED DEDICATION OF THE COMMISSION MEMBERS THAT A SERIOUS SEARCH FOR SOLU TIONS WAS UNDER WAY

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4HE PROCESS WAS OFTEN PAINFUL AS "OSNIANS WERE FORCED TO WRESTLE WITH THE POSSIBLE IMPACT OF THEIR BELIEFS ON OTHERS 7E REPEATEDLY REMINDED THE COMMISSION MEMBERS TO IMAGINE THEIR OWN CHILDREN IN THE PLACE OF OTHERS FROM A DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUP (OW WOULD THEY FEEL IF THEIR CHILDREN HAD TO READ FROM A TEXTBOOK THAT CONTAINED DEROGATORY PHRASES ABOUT THEIR OWN PEOPLE 'RADUALLY WE WITNESSED THE EMERGENCE OF A GENUINE COMMITMENT TO PLACING QUALITY EDU CATION AHEAD OF POLITICS /NE OF OUR MOST DIFFICULT MOMENTS WAS WHEN WE CAME ACROSS A DEPICTION OF THE FAMOUS "ATTLE OF +OSOVO ON THE COVER PAGE OF A TEXTBOOK 4HIS CONFLICT HAS BEEN A SOURCE OF PRIDE FOR 3ERBS FOR THE PAST YEARS (OWEVER IT ALSO RISKED AROUSING BITTER FEELINGS AMONG THE OTHER ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE FORMER 9UGOSLAVIA 4HE 3ERB MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION FINALLY AGREED THAT THE ILLUSTRATION DID NOT BELONG IN A TEXTBOOK 4HEY NOW HAD TO GO BACK TO THEIR POLITICAL AUTHORITIES AND EXPLAIN WHY THEY HAD AGREED TO DELETE THE REFERENCE 4HEIR WILLINGNESS TO COMPROMISE ON SUCH AN EMOTIONALLY CHARGED ISSUE WAS A COURAGEOUS STEP FORWARD !S THE SUMMER CAME TO AN END SO DID THE WORK OF THE COMMISSION ) WAS DEEPLY IMPRESSED BY THE GROUP S FORMI DABLE ACHIEVEMENTS IN JUST A COUPLE OF MONTHS 4HE FINAL SESSION WAS HELD IN THE (ERZEGOVINIAN CITY OF -OSTAR IN SOUTH WEST "I( !T THAT TIME THE CITY WAS STILL CARVED UP INTO SIX SECTIONS AS PART OF A POWER SHAR ING DEAL THAT GAVE THE MAJORITY TO "OSNIACS IN SOME AREAS AND TO #ROATS IN OTHERS .O OTHER PLACE IN "I( BETTER EPITOMIZES THE COUNTRY S ETHNIC DIVIDE !SSESSING THE COMMISSION S WORK AT THAT LAST GATHERING ) RETURNED TO THE QUES TION THAT HAD ORIGINALLY STIRRED THE DEBATE GRAMMAR TEXTBOOKS ) HAD HOPED THAT WE WOULD HAVE REACHED A COMMON CONSENSUS THAT UNACCEPTABLE IDEOLOGICAL MATTERS MUST NO LONGER BE ALLOWED TO SEEP INTO BASIC GRAMMAR EXERCISES ) ASKED THE MEMBERS OF THE GROUP h$O YOU THINK WE STILL HAVE TO CONSIDER GRAMMAR BOOKS IN FUTURE TEXTBOOK COMMISSIONS v 4HE ANSWER WAS AN UNEQUIV OCAL h9ES UNFORTUNATELY v !LTHOUGH WE HAD SOLVED THE PROBLEM FOR THE COMING SCHOOL YEAR WE CLEARLY HAD NOT YET SUCCEEDED IN SECURING A SUSTAIN ABLE APPROACH TO WRITING BIAS FREE GRAMMAR BOOKS NOT TO MENTION HISTORY BOOKS -Y ENTHUSIASM FOR WHAT WE HAD ACCOMPLISHED WAS TEMPERED BY THE THOUGHT OF THE TASKS THAT STILL LAY AHEAD

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4HE REVIEW PROCESS DID PROVE THAT THE PEOPLE OF "I( COULD COME TOGETHER TO TACKLE SOME RATHER CONTENTIOUS EDUCATION RELATED ISSUES "UT IT WAS ALSO EVIDENT THAT SIMPLY REVIEWING PUBLISHED BOOKS AND MANUSCRIPTS WAS NOT THE BEST APPROACH 4HE /3#% -ISSION HAS PROPOSED TO THE EDUCATION AUTHORITIES THAT FUTURE TEXTBOOK COMMISSIONS SHOULD DEVELOP GUIDELINES FOR AUTHORS TO ENSURE THAT NEW TEXTBOOKS ADDRESS THE NEED FOR AN INCLUSIVE NON DISCRIMINATORY EDUCATION 4HE BOOKS WOULD BE WRITTEN WITH "OSNIA AND (ERZEGOVINA AS THE MAIN REFERENCE POINT AND SHOULD AIM FOR A BALANCED PRES ENTATION OF ALL POPULATION GROUPS IN THE COUNTRY AND IN NEIGHBOURING 3TATES 4HE COMMISSION S RECOMMENDATIONS WOULD BE AN INDISPENSABLE PART OF THE TEXTBOOK APPROVAL PROCEDURE WITH THE AUTHORS AND "I( EDUCATIONAL AUTHORITIES HAVING SOLE RESPONSIBILITY FOR SUITABILITY ! COMMISSION OF THIS KIND WOULD INITIALLY FOCUS ON HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY TO EASE THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW COMPARATIVE AND MULTIPLE PERSPECTIVE APPROACHES INTO THE TEACHING OF THESE SUB JECTS !LTHOUGH THE TEXTBOOK ISSUE IS JUST ONE AMONG MANY FACETS OF EDUCATION REFORM IN "I( IT IS GAINING IN IMPORTANCE BECAUSE OF ITS POTENTIAL SPIN OFF EFFECT ON SIMILAR PROJECTS IN OTHER COUNTRIES OF THE REGION &OR EXAMPLE THE /3#% -ISSION TO 3ERBIA AND -ONTENEGRO IS INVOLVED IN REVIEWING AND IMPROVING HISTORY TEXTBOOKS FOR THE !LBANIAN MINORITY !ND THE 5NITED .ATIONS )NTERIM !DMINISTRATION -ISSION IN +OSOVO 5.-)+ HAS ASKED THE )NTERNATIONAL 4EXTBOOK 2ESEARCH )NSTITUTE IN 'ERMANY TO EVALUATE +OSOVO S NEW HISTORY TEXTBOOKS ) BELIEVE THAT OUR WORK WITH THE TEXT BOOK COMMISSION SERVES AS A MODEL OF HOW /3#% ASSISTANCE THROUGH THE PROVISION OF ADVICE AND INTERNATIONAL EXPERTISE ORGANI ZATIONAL SKILLS AND MATERIAL SUPPORT CAN CONTRIBUTE SIGNIFICANTLY TOWARDS EDUCATION REFORM .ATURALLY THE TOUGH DECISIONS ULTIMATELY HAVE TO BE TAKEN BY THE LOCAL AUTHORITIES BUT IN A REGION WHERE IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE ACCUSATIVE AND GENITIVE CASES CAN FAN POWERFUL PASSIONS A NEUTRAL VOICE CAN HELP PEOPLE TO MOVE PAST POLITICS TO WHAT REALLY MATTERS THE EDUCATION OF CHILDREN

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ONDARY SCHOOL TEACHER IN HER NATIVE .ORWAY SHE KNOWS ONLY TOO WELL THAT CHILDREN NEED TO BE CHALLENGED 3HE ASKS THEM A SERIES OF FOLLOW UP QUESTIONS h7HY DO YOU NEED COMPUTERS 7HAT CAN YOU DO WITH THEM (OW WILL THEY HELP IMPROVE YOUR EDUCA TION v 4HIS STYLE OF TEACHING DEMANDS ANA LYTICAL THINKING NOT SIMPLY THE REPETITION OF MEMORIZED INFORMATION WHICH IS THE NORM IN MOST "I( SCHOOLS h9OU HAVE TO TAP INTO THE CURIOSITY OF CHILDREN v *ORUNN SAYS h4HEY MUST LEARN BY ASKING QUESTIONS AND SEEKING ANSWERS 4HEY SHOULD LOOK UPON THE TEACHER AS AN ADVISER AND AS SOMEONE WHO GUIDES THEM TO FIND ANSWERS v *ORUNN HAS BEEN WITH THE /3#% -ISSION SINCE .OVEMBER STARTING AS A DEMOC RATIZATION OFFICER AND LATER MOVING TO THE %DUCATION $EPARTMENT "EFORE COM ING TO 3ARAJEVO SHE WAS A MEMBER OF THE .ORWEGIAN PARLIAMENT FROM TO 4HIS UNIQUE BLEND OF EXPERIENCES MAKES HER IDEALLY SUITED TO TACKLE EDUCATION REFORM ISSUES IN "I( FROM MORE THAN ONE ANGLE &ROM A TEACHER S VANTAGE POINT SHE CAN CLEARLY SEE IN PRACTICAL TERMS THAT MOST SCHOOLS IN "I( ARE IN POOR SHAPE #LASSROOMS ARE OVERCROWDED BUILDINGS ARE IN A STATE OF DISREPAIR TEACHERS WORK WITHOUT PAY FOR MONTHS AT A TIME BASIC SUPPLIES ARE LACKING THE CURRICULUM IS OVERLOADED AND TEACHING TECHNIQUES ARE OUTDATED !S A FORMER LEGISLATOR SHE IS AWARE OF THE ROOT CAUSE OF MANY OF THE PROBLEMS POLITICS , /

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MUNDANE AS THE WAY A TEACHER GREETS STUDENTS CAN BE LOADED WITH POLITICAL IMPLICATIONS 4HE ACCEPTED GREETING IS DOBAR DAN OR hGOOD DAYv "UT IN SOME SCHOOLS WHERE POLITICS AND RELIGION HAVE MOVED TO THE FORE TEACHERS USE EITHER THE -USLIM 3ALAAM ALAYKUM !RABIC FOR h0EACE BE WITH YOUv THE 3ERB 0OMOZ "OG h-AY 'OD HELP YOUv OR THE #ROAT (VALJEN )SUS h-AY *ESUS SAVE YOUv !S A RESULT GREETINGS THAT ARE SUPPOSED TO MAKE CHILDREN FEEL WELCOME IN SCHOOL END UP HAVING THE OPPOSITE EFFECT ON MANY OF THEM DEPENDING ON THEIR FAITH /SMAN .AKAÝ 0RIMARY 3CHOOL FOR EXAMPLE HAS STUDENTS MOST ARE "OSNIAC BUT THERE ARE ALSO #ROATS 3ERBS AND EVEN 2OMA #ONSIDERING THIS DIVERSITY THE SCHOOL DIRECTOR 3REƿKO :EKIƾ FELT IT WAS CRUCIAL TO EDUCATE TEACHERS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF USING NON RELIGIOUS GREETINGS "UT EVEN THIS TINY STEP COULD ENDANGER HIS JOB SINCE HE IS APPOINTED BY THE AREA S POLITICAL REPRESENTATIVES h4HE DIRECTOR BELIEVES PEOPLE ARE AFRAID TO SPEAK OUT AGAINST THE POLITICIANS v SAYS *ORUNN h0OLITICIANS HAVE BEEN TRYING TO CONVINCE HIM TO HAVE A MONO ETHNIC SCHOOL AND IT IS TO HIS CREDIT THAT SO FAR HE HAS BEEN STANDING FIRM AGAINST THE PRESSURE v "1/- Ê 1,, 1 1

2ELIGIOUSLY COLOURED GREETINGS ARE ONE OF A RANGE OF ISSUES THAT MUST BE RESOLVED BUT WHICH ARE ALSO TAKING THE FOCUS AWAY FROM OTHER PRESSING CONCERNS 5NDER THESE CIRCUMSTANCES IT IS DIFFICULT TO MAKE MUCH HEADWAY IN MATTERS SUCH AS CURRICULA AND TEACHING METHODOLOGIES &OR EXAMPLE -R :EKIƾ ATTEMPTED TO UPDATE CLASSROOM INSTRUCTION BY SENDING HIS TEACHERS TO A TRAINING PROGRAMME ON MODERN INTERACTIVE TEACHING TECHNIQUES THAT ENGAGE STUDENTS AND ENCOURAGE THEM TO USE CRITICAL THINKING "UT THE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED IN SUCH A WAY THAT SCHOOLS CANNOT TAKE THEIR OWN INITIATIVES WITHOUT THE CONSENT OF POLITI CAL REPRESENTATIVES &OR THE TIME BEING THE CANTONAL -INISTRY OF %DUCATION HAS DECIDED TO LIMIT THE PROGRAMME TO FIRST AND SECOND GRADE PUPILS h4HEY DON T WANT TO INTRODUCE AN @OUTSIDE CURRICULUM IN THE SCHOOLS v -R :EKIƾ SAYS

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WITH A SHRUG 4HAT MAY SOUND REASONABLE BUT HE ADDS THAT IN FACT THE PROGRAMME DOES NOT DEAL WITH THE CURRICULUM AT ALL IT MERELY INTRODUCES A MORE CONTEMPORARY TEACHING METHOD &OR SOME POLITICIANS IT IS ALL A MATTER OF CONTROL h4HE COUNTRY S LEADERS ARE FOCUSING ON ISSUES RELATED TO ETHNICITY AND CULTURE v REFLECTS *ORUNN h-ANY EDUCATORS AND SCHOOL DIRECTORS ARE INTERESTED IN ADVANCING REAL REFORMS BUT ARE BEING HELD BACK BY THE POLIT ICAL PROCESS v (ERE IS JUST HOW COMPLICATED IT CAN GET /NCE A LAW ON EDUCATION IS PASSED THE LOCAL -INISTRY OF %DUCATION MUST ISSUE INSTRUC TIONS BASED ON THE LAW TO THE SCHOOLS 4HIS MEANS THAT EVEN WHEN MODERNIZATION MEAS URES ARE INCLUDED WITHIN THE SCOPE OF THE LAW SCHOOL OFFICIALS CANNOT IMPLEMENT THEM UNTIL THEY GET THE GO AHEAD FROM THEIR SUPE RIORS )N SOME CASES THE MINISTERS WILL NOT ISSUE THESE INSTRUCTIONS WITHOUT A GREEN LIGHT FROM THEIR POLITICAL PARTY LEADERS /N TOP OF THESE FRUSTRATIONS SCHOOLS SUF FER FROM A SERIOUS AND PERSISTENT LACK OF RESOURCES !CCORDING TO INFORMATION PROVID ED BY SCHOOL DIRECTORS TO THE /3#% -ISSION ABOUT SCHOOLS DO NOT HAVE ADEQUATE HEATING MORE THAN DO NOT HAVE GYMS ABOUT DO NOT HAVE LIBRARIES AND SCHOOLS DO NOT HAVE A TELEPHONE CONNECTION *, / -

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*ORUNN IS CONVINCED THAT FUNDAMENTAL VIEWS ABOUT EDUCATION IN "I( SIMPLY HAVE TO CHANGE 7HILE STUDENTS LEARN ABOUT DEMOC RACY BASIC DEMOCRATIC TENETS ARE NOT REGU LARLY PRACTISED IN THE CLASSROOM 3TUDENTS ARE OFTEN AFRAID OF THEIR TEACHERS AND ARE EXPECT ED NOT TO ASK QUESTIONS /NE WAY TO CHANGE THIS MINDSET IS THROUGH STUDENT COUNCILS WHICH ARE NOW BEING SET UP THROUGHOUT THE COUNTRY /NCE STUDENTS GAIN A VOICE THEY MAY BE MORE WILLING TO USE IT IN CLASS 4HE REAL POTENTIAL FOR CHANGE RESTS IN THE HANDS OF PEOPLE LIKE $IRECTOR :EKIƾ (E HAS WORKED AT THE SCHOOL FOR YEARS WITH A PROVEN COMMITMENT TO A FAIR OPEN AND MODERN EDUCATION (E IS ENCOURAGING OTHER SCHOOL DIRECTORS TO FOLLOW HIS LEAD AND HAS EVEN TAKEN TO ECHOING A MANTRA OF THE INTER NATIONAL COMMUNITY h$O YOU WANT TO JOIN %UROPE OR NOT v *ORUNN SAYS THAT EVERYONE WITH A STAKE IN AN IMPROVED SYSTEM PUPILS PARENTS AND SCHOOL AUTHORITIES IS LONGING FOR IMPROVE MENTS h4HEY ARE ALL LOOKING FORWARD POSI TIVELY TO THE REFORMS 4HEY ARE IMPATIENT TO SEE CHANGES !ND THAT S THE BEST IMPETUS ANY PROJECT CAN HAVE v

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-IKHAIL %VSTAFIEV 7HAT CHALLENGES WERE YOU FACED WITH WHEN YOU ARRIVED IN 6IENNA NEARLY THREE YEARS AGO !MBASSADOR !LEKSEYEV )T WAS A RATHER DIF FICULT TIME FOR THE /3#% )N $ECEMBER THE -INISTERIAL #OUNCIL IN 6IENNA HAD REVEALED A NUMBER OF CRISIS TRENDS AND IMBALANCES IN THE /RGANIZATION ! GREAT DEAL OF EFFORT WAS NEEDED TO OVERCOME THIS DAN GEROUS IMPASSE AND TO PUT THE /3#% BACK ON THE (ELSINKI TRACK 7E SHOULD REALLY THANK THE 2OMANIAN #HAIRMANSHIP WHO DISPLAYED THE BRAVERY AND DETERMINATION TO START A PROCESS OF THOROUGH ANALYSIS OF THE /RGANIZATION S SHORTCOMINGS AND TO DEVELOP A PROGRAMME OF ACTION INCLUDING THE REFORM PROCESS DESIGNED TO MAINTAIN THE RELEVANCE OF THE /3#% IN A CHANGING POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT )T GOES WITHOUT SAYING THAT THE EVENTS OF 3EPTEMBER REPRESENTED A TURNING POINT IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE /3#% A WAKE UP CALL TO MAKE US ALL REALIZE THAT IN ORDER TO EFFECTIVELY COMBAT NEW RISKS AND THREATS ESPECIALLY TERRORISM WE SHOULD PUT ASIDE OUR DIFFERENCES AND GET DOWN TO REAL BUSINESS (OW DO YOU SEE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE /3#% AND THE 2USSIAN &EDERATION ESPECIALLY IN THE PERIOD SINCE THE )STANBUL 3UMMIT OF 4HE 2USSIAN &EDERATION HAS ALWAYS BEEN A STRONG ADVOCATE OF THE /3#% CAUSE 2USSIA REGARDS THE /3#% AS AN INDISPENSABLE PILLAR OF THE NEW ALL %UROPEAN SECURITY ARCHITEC TURE WITH COMMON VALUES AND NORMS OF BEHAVIOUR FOR ALL 3TATES 4HE /3#% 3UMMIT IN )STANBUL PLAYED AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN THE HISTORY OF THE /RGANIZATION BY ADOPTING A #HARTER FOR %UROPEAN 3ECURITY WHICH ESTABLISHED A SET OF PRINCIPLES AND COMMITMENTS FOR EQUAL CO OPERATION BETWEEN THE /3#% PARTICIPATING 3TATES )N )STANBUL WE ALL AGREED TO REGARD THESE VOLUNTARY COMMITMENTS AS AN INTEGRAL PACKAGE WITHOUT DIFFERENTIATING BETWEEN MORE IMPORTANT AND LESS IMPORTANT ONES 5NFORTUNATELY IMMEDIATELY AFTER THE )STANBUL 3UMMIT SOME PARTIES DISPLAYED A CLEAR AMNESIA REGARDING THIS CORE PRINCIPLE AND STARTED SINGLING OUT CERTAIN COMMIT MENTS OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES WHILE TOTALLY FORGETTING ABOUT THEIR OWN 4HIS PRACTICE OF DOUBLE STANDARDS HAS TAKEN A NEGATIVE TOLL ON THE /3#% S CREDIBILITY AND IS STILL UNDER MINING ITS DEMOCRATIC AND IMPARTIAL FOUNDA TIONS /NE APPALLING EXAMPLE IS THE SITUATION OF THE 2USSIAN SPEAKING POPULATION IN ,ATVIA AND %STONIA ,ET ME BE BLUNT )N THE CENTRE OF %UROPE HUNDREDS OF THOUSANDS OF PEO

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PLE ARE BEING DEPRIVED OF THEIR ELEMENTARY HUMAN RIGHTS Â&#x2C6; CITIZENSHIP VOTING RIGHTS THE RIGHT OF THEIR CHILDREN TO RECEIVE EDUCA TION IN THEIR NATIVE LANGUAGES AND SO ON !ND THIS ABNORMAL SITUATION WHICH ENDAN GERS SECURITY AND STABILITY IN %UROPE IS PRAC TICALLY BEING IGNORED BY THE /3#% 4HERE IS MUCH TALK OF 2USSIA S )STANBUL COMMIT MENTS 7HAT IS YOUR PERSPECTIVE ON THIS 4HE 2USSIAN &EDERATION HAS PROVED ITS SERIOUSNESS IN COMPLYING WITH THE )STANBUL COMMITMENTS CONTAINED BOTH IN THE #HARTER AND THE )STANBUL $ECLARATION 2USSIA HAS FULFILLED Â&#x2C6; WELL AHEAD OF SCHEDULE Â&#x2C6; ALL THE RELEVANT COMMITMENTS UNDERTAKEN IN THE CONTEXT OF THE ADOPTED 4REATY ON #ONVENTIONAL !RMED &ORCES IN %UROPE #&% 4HE "UCHAREST AND 0ORTO -INISTERIAL #OUNCIL -EETINGS IN AND CON FIRMED THE PROGRESS THAT HAD BEEN ACHIEVED IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF OUTSTANDING AGREE MENTS AND COMMITMENTS INCLUDING THOSE CONCERNING 'EORGIA AND -OLDOVA 4HERE IS A REAL POSSIBILITY THAT GIVEN THE POLITICAL WILL OF ALL CONCERNED THIS QUESTION WILL BE RESOLVED PROVIDED OF COURSE THAT ALL THE NECESSARY CONDITIONS ARE IN PLACE !T THE SAME TIME WE WOULD URGE OTHER /3#% COUNTRIES TO DISPLAY A SIMILARLY CONSTRUCTIVE ATTITUDE AND TO FULFIL THEIR OWN )STANBUL COM MITMENTS IN A FAIR AND UNSELECTIVE WAY (OW DO YOU VIEW THE CLOSURE OF THE /3#% -ISSIONS IN %STONIA AND ,ATVIA AND THE SUBSEQUENT WORK OF THE /3#% (IGH #OMMISSIONER ON .ATIONAL -INORITIES IN THESE COUNTRIES 7HEN THE TWO -ISSIONS WERE ABOUT TO BE CLOSED ) URGED THE /RGANIZATION NOT TO MAKE A MISTAKE THAT COULD UNDERMINE THE /3#% S CREDIBILITY AND THE PROSPECTS OF ITS FIELD ACTIVITIES 4HE ISSUE OF MASS STATELESS NESS AND DISCRIMINATION AGAINST THE 2USSIAN SPEAKING POPULATION IN ,ATVIA AND %STONIA HAD NOT BEEN RESOLVED IN ANY WAY )N THE TWO YEARS SINCE THE CLOSURE OF THE -ISSIONS THE SITUATION OF THE 2USSIAN SPEAKING MINORITY HAS DETERIORATED RATHER THAN IMPROVED )T HAS BECOME CLEAR THAT THE EFFORTS OF THE /3#% (IGH #OMMISSIONER ON .ATIONAL -INORITIES HAVE NOT BEEN SUFFICIENT LY INFLUENTIAL TO CHANGE THE DISCRIMINATORY POLICIES OF THESE TWO COUNTRIES AUTHORITIES )F THE /3#% DOES NOT MAKE THIS ISSUE A PRIORITY AND START WORKING WITH THE SAME DETERMINATION AS OTHER INTERNATIONAL BOD IES THE ABILITY OF THIS /RGANIZATION TO WORK IMPARTIALLY AND EFFECTIVELY IN THE HUMAN DIMENSION WILL BE CALLED INTO QUESTION 'OING BACK TO THE ISSUE OF DOUBLE STANDARDS COULD YOU EXPLAIN WHERE YOU SEE THE PROBLEMS AND WHAT YOU BELIEVE SHOULD BE DONE DIFFERENTLY

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7E THINK THAT IN ITS PRESENT FORM THE /3#% DOES NOT MEET ITS PROCLAIMED GOAL OF SERVING AS A DEMOCRATIC FORUM FOR EQUAL DIA LOGUE AND CO OPERATION AMONG ALL PARTICI PATING 3TATES ) WILL EXPLAIN WHY &IRST OF ALL THE /3#% HAS LOST ITS INDI VIDUAL NATION BASED NATURE )NSTEAD OF BEING ONE FAMILY OF EQUAL 3TATES UNITED BY COMMON GOALS AND VALUES THE /3#% IS NOW SPLIT BETWEEN DIFFERENT hEXCLUSIVE CLUBSv OF COUNTRIES PURSUING THEIR OWN POLITICAL AGENDAS AND INTERESTS 6ERY OFTEN DIALOGUE IS REPLACED BY A PATRONIZING AND MORALIZING APPROACH BY CERTAIN COUNTRIES AND EQUAL CO OPERATION GIVES WAY TO ROBUST POLITICAL PRESSURE !S YOU KNOW A GAME WITHOUT RULES BEN EFITS THOSE WHO ARE STRONG AT THE EXPENSE OF THOSE WHO ARE WEAK OR WHO DO NOT HAVE THE PRIVILEGE OF BELONGING TO EXCLUSIVE GROUP INGS )F THIS SITUATION WERE TO CONTINUE IT WOULD FURTHER DEVALUE THE /3#% S CREDIBILITY 4HE ABSENCE OF ESTABLISHED RULES AND PRO CEDURES Â&#x2C6; OUR SO CALLED FLEXIBILITY Â&#x2C6; OPENS THE GATE FOR THE EXTENSIVE USE OF SO CALLED hADMINISTRATIVE RESOURCESv OR hUNDER THE CARPET DIPLOMACYv BY CERTAIN GROUPINGS OR COUNTRIES 4HIS SITUATION IS AGGRAVATED BY THE LACK OF PROPER ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY IN THE ACTIVITIES OF MAJOR INSTITUTIONS AND FIELD OPERATIONS )T LEADS TO THE VIOLATION OF ESTAB LISHED MANDATES AND THE MISMANAGEMENT OF FINANCIAL AND PERSONNEL RESOURCES 4HE LACK OF A FAIR CONSULTATION PROCESS BOTH WITHIN THE /3#% AND BETWEEN THE /3#% AND HOST 3TATES HAS CONTRIBUTED TO A DETERIORATION IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THEM AND HAS CAUSED SOME INTERNAL CRISES 4HESE ARE ONLY SOME OF THE MOST OBVIOUS STRUCTURAL FLAWS IN THE /3#% 4HE LIST COULD BE EXPANDED ENDLESSLY ,EFT UNATTENDED THOSE SHORTCOMINGS HAVE ALREADY RESULTED IN Â&#x2C6; AND ARE STILL LEADING TO Â&#x2C6; MORE DANGER OUS POLITICAL EFFECTS SUCH AS BIASED AND POLIT ICIZED APPROACHES GEOGRAPHICAL IMBALANCES AND A DIVISION BETWEEN hEQUALv AND hMORE EQUALv NATIONS $O YOU BELIEVE THAT THE /3#% CAN PLAY A CON STRUCTIVE ROLE IN ENDING THE CRISIS IN #HECHNYA AND IF SO IN WHAT WAY ) BELIEVE THAT WHAT YOU CALL THE hCRISISv IN #HECHNYA ALREADY BELONGS TO THE PAST 4HE 2USSIAN FEDERAL AND #HECHEN AUTHORITIES ARE NOW DOING THEIR UTMOST THROUGH THE PROC ESS OF POLITICAL SETTLEMENT TO RETURN LIFE IN THE #HECHEN 2EPUBLIC TO NORMALITY IN ALL SPHERES POLITICAL ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL !S TO WHETHER THE /3#% CAN PLAY A CON STRUCTIVE ROLE OR CONTRIBUTE SOME REAL ADDED

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VALUE IN ASSISTING #HECHNYA S CURRENT REHA BILITATION ) HAVE MY DOUBTS ) WILL TRY TO EXPLAIN 4HE POLITICAL SETTLEMENT PROCESS IN THE 2EPUBLIC IS AIMED AT CREATING LEGALLY ELECTED BODIES 7ITH A VIEW TO THIS OBJECTIVE A CONSTITUTIONAL REFERENDUM AND PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS WERE HELD IN #HECHNYA IN 4HE /3#% WAS INVITED TO OBSERVE THESE TWO EVENTS BECAUSE WE FELT THAT A POSITIVE ASSESS MENT OF THE VOTING PROCESSES BY THE /3#% COULD HAVE REPRESENTED A CONSTRUCTIVE CON TRIBUTION BY THIS /RGANIZATION TO THE POLITICAL SETTLEMENT "UT THE /FFICE FOR $EMOCRATIC )NSTITUTIONS AND (UMAN 2IGHTS /$)(2 CHOSE NOT TO SEND OBSERVERS TO THE REFERENDUM LIMITING ITS ROLE TO DISPATCHING A SMALL ASSESSMENT TEAM Â&#x2C6; AND NOT EVEN THAT TO THE PRESI DENTIAL ELECTIONS 4HE PRETEXT GIVEN FOR NOT SENDING OBSERVERS IS NOT SO IMPORTANT NOW SINCE OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS SENT REPRESENTATIVES TO THE 2EPUBLIC AND ASSESSED THE ELECTORAL PROCESSES IN #HECHNYA AS BEING FREE AND DEMOCRATIC 7HAT IS IMPORTANT HERE IS THE OBVIOUS LACK OF POLITICAL WILL ON THE PART OF THE /3#% AND THE /$)(2 TO PLAY A CONSTRUCTIVE ROLE IN #HECHNYA 4HE PURPOSE OF THE POSITION TAKEN BY THE /3#% #HAIRMANSHIP AND /$)(2 WAS EVIDENT TO CAST A SHADOW ON THE LEGITIMACY OF THE ELECTED 0RESIDENT OF THE #HECHEN 2EPUBLIC !S FAR AS THE VIABILITY OF A POSSIBLE /3#% ROLE IN THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL RECONSTRUC TION OF #HECHNYA IS CONCERNED ) STILL DON T HAVE AN ANSWER 7E HAVE BEEN TRYING FOR QUITE SOME TIME TO IDENTIFY SOME SPECIFIC PROJECTS IN THIS FIELD 5NFORTUNATELY MOST OF THE OFFERS WE RECEIVED WERE NOT OF REAL PRACTICAL VALUE AND DID NOT CORRESPOND TO #HECHNYA S NEEDS 2USSIA IS CURRENTLY CO OPERATING WITH MANY INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS IN #HECHNYA Â&#x2C6; IN PARTICULAR THOSE WITHIN THE 5NITED .ATIONS SYSTEM THE )NTERNATIONAL #OMMITTEE OF THE 2ED #ROSS )#2# AND THE #OUNCIL OF %UROPE Â&#x2C6; AND WE WANT TO AVOID DUPLICATION 4OTAL INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE AMOUNTS TO JUST PER CENT OF THE FUNDS BEING CHAN NELLED INTO RECONSTRUCTION IN #HECHNYA WITH THE REMAINING PER CENT COMING FROM THE 2USSIAN FEDERAL BUDGET 4HIS CO OPERATION IS TAKING PLACE WITHIN THE #HECHEN 2EPUBLIC S FEDERAL PROGRAMME OF SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION 'OOD EXAMPLES OF SUCH CO OPERATION ARE )#2# PROJECTS WITH FUNDING OF MILLION FOR AND 5.%3#/ ACTIVITIES IN THE FIELD OF

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EDUCATION AMOUNTING TO MILLION ) DOUBT THAT THE /3#% CAN OFFER ANYTHING COMPARABLE IN TERMS OF FUNDING AND EXPER TISE 7HAT IS REALLY NEEDED IN #HECHNYA IS ASSISTANCE IN REVIVING THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CREATING JOBS IMPROVING HEALTH CARE AND EDUCATION AND BUILDING APARTMENTS FOR RETURNING INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS )$0S AND ALL THOSE WHO LOST THEIR HOMES !RE YOU IN FAVOUR OF THE /3#% SHIFTING ITS GEOGRAPHICAL FOCUS MORE TOWARDS THE #AUCASUS AND #ENTRAL !SIA 7HAT ROLE WOULD YOU LIKE THE /RGANIZATION TO PLAY IN THESE REGIONS )N PRINCIPLE THE /3#% SHOULD PAY EQUAL ATTENTION TO ALL ITS PARTICIPATING 3TATES AND REGIONS 7E ALL HAVE THE SAME COMMITMENTS AND NONE IS WITHOUT SHORTCOMINGS ) AM AGAINST ARTIFICIALLY FOCUSING ON ANY SPECIFIC REGION SINCE THIS COULD LEAD TO A DEEPENING OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL IMBALANCE IN THE /3#% /UR /RGANIZATION SHOULD ADDRESS SPECIFIC PROBLEMS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES 4AKE FOR EXAMPLE IRREGULARITIES IN THE ELECTION PROC ESS ANTI 3EMITISM AND OTHER FORMS OF INTOL ERANCE IN %UROPE CORRUPTION AND PRESS FREE DOM ON BOTH SIDES OF THE !TLANTIC HUMAN TRAFFICKING ACROSS THE /3#% AREA Â&#x2C6; WHETHER IN 2USSIA !USTRIA OR 3WEDEN Â&#x2C6; UNRESOLVED CONFLICTS TO THE 7EST AND TO THE %AST OF 6IENNA NATIONAL MINORITIES IN ,ATVIA AND %STONIA AND IMPERFECTIONS IN THE FUNCTION ING OF THE PENITENTIARY SYSTEM IN QUITE A NUMBER OF PARTICIPATING 3TATES /F COURSE SOME /3#% PARTICIPATING 3TATES INCLUDING THOSE IN #ENTRAL !SIA OR THE #AUCASUS MAY WELL REQUEST /3#% ASSISTANCE )F FUNDS ARE AVAILABLE AND IF THE REQUESTS ARE IN LINE WITH THE /3#% S MAN DATE ) DON T SEE ANY PROBLEM ABOUT THE /RGANIZATION S RESPONDING 7HAT IS IMPOR TANT IS THAT ANY ASSISTANCE SHOULD BE EXPLIC ITLY REQUESTED BY THE HOST COUNTRY S AUTHORI TIES AND DELIVERED IN A TRANSPARENT WAY AND AGAIN WITH THE PROVISO THAT ADEQUATE FINAN CIAL RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE (AVING STUDIED THE /3#% CLOSELY FROM THE INSIDE WOULD YOU RECOMMEND ANY CHANGES IN ITS STRUCTURE OR THE WAY IT WORKS TO IMPROVE ITS EFFECTIVENESS !ND HOW DO YOU SEE THE FUTURE OF /3#% FIELD MIS SIONS 4O KEEP UP TO DATE WITH THE EVOLVING SECURITY ENVIRONMENT THE /3#% NEEDS TO HAVE THE CAPACITY FOR CONSTANT CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT 4HE PROCESS OF /3#% TRANSFOR MATION AND ADAPTATION SHOULD BE A PERMA NENT ONE 4HE PRACTICE OF OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS INCLUDING THE 5NITED .ATIONS CONFIRMS THIS 7E BELIEVE THAT THE PROCESS OF /3#% REFORM SHOULD BE BASED ON TWO PILLARS 4HE

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FIRST PILLAR SHOULD REST ON THE FORMULATION OF A NEW POLITICAL AGENDA FOR THE /3#% WHICH WOULD EMBRACE THE ENTIRE /3#% REGION AND THE POLITICO MILITARY THE ECONOMIC ENVI RONMENTAL AND THE HUMAN DIMENSIONS 4HE DECISIONS ADOPTED AT THE -INISTERIAL #OUNCIL -EETING IN -AASTRICHT IN $ECEMBER ARE AN IMPORTANT STEP IN THIS DIRECTION 4HE SECOND PILLAR SHOULD BE A PROGRAMME OF COMPREHENSIVE INTERNAL REFORMS COVERING VARIOUS ASPECTS OF THE /3#% S STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES 4HE REFORM EFFORTS SHOULD GO HAND IN HAND WITH THE ELABORATION OF THE NEW AGENDA IN ORDER TO SUSTAIN THE WHOLE PROCESS AND KEEP IT FORWARD LOOKING 4HE ISSUE OF /3#% FIELD ACTIVITIES IS THE MOST PRESSING 4HE MISSIONS IN THEIR PRESENT FORM HAVE LOST THEIR INITIAL MEANING AS A MECHANISM FOR ASSISTING COUNTRIES ACTING AT THEIR REQUEST 4HEY OFTEN ACT ALONG LINES WHICH HAVE NOTHING TO DO WITH THEIR MANDATES )NSTEAD OF ASSISTING THE MISSIONS INTERFERE IN INTERNAL AFFAIRS AND DO NOT PROPERLY CONSULT WITH THE AUTHORITIES OF THE HOST COUNTRIES 4HE MAIN FOCUS OF THEIR ACTIVITIES HAS SHIFTED FROM ASSISTANCE TO MONITORING AND CRITICISM &URTHERMORE THERE IS STILL AN OBVIOUS LACK OF DUE TRANSPARENCY AND ACCOUNTABILITY IN THEIR FINANCES AND PERSONNEL POLICIES 4HIS HAS ALREADY RESULTED IN A NUMBER OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN MISSIONS AND HOST AUTHORI TIES ) AM CONVINCED THAT UNLESS THE CURRENT SITUATION CHANGES THE DAYS OF FIELD ACTIVITIES ARE NUMBERED ) WOULD ALSO LIKE TO SAY A FEW WORDS ON AN ISSUE WHICH HAS BEEN RAISED ON THE MARGINS OF SOME RECENT /3#% EVENTS

THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSENSUS 4HE OPINION HAS BEEN EXPRESSED THAT THIS PRINCIPLE HAS ALREADY OUTLIVED ITSELF HAS BECOME AN OBSTACLE TO THE /3#% AND SHOULD BE CHANGED OR ABOLISHED 4HE 2USSIAN &EDERATION SEES SUCH VIEWS AS VERY DANGEROUS AND AS THREATENING THE VERY EXISTENCE OF THE /3#% 4HE CONSENSUS RULE IS A BASIC PRINCIPLE OF THE /RGANIZATION CONFIRMED IN A NUMBER OF /3#% DECISIONS INCLUDING THE #HARTER FOR %UROPEAN 3ECURITY )T ARMS THE /3#% WITH A GENUINELY DEMOCRATIC TOOL THAT PROVIDES ALL COUNTRIES BIG OR SMALL WITH EQUAL RIGHTS IN DECISION MAKING AND IN THE SHAPING OF /3#% POLICY 7ITHOUT THE CONSENSUS RULE THE /3#% RISKS TURNING INTO A FORUM IN WHICH A MAJOR ITY OF COUNTRIES WILL IMPOSE THEIR WILL UPON THE MINORITY MAKING THEM IN THE PROCESS PAY MONEY FOR ACTIVITIES THEY DO NOT AGREE WITH 5NDER SUCH A SCENARIO QUITE A NUMBER OF COUNTRIES WOULD NOT STAY A DAY LONGER IN THE /RGANIZATION 9ES IT S TRUE SOMETIMES IT TAKES A LOT OF EFFORT AND TIME TO BUILD CONSENSUS 4HE OUT COME DEPENDS TO A GREAT EXTENT ON THE WILL AND DIPLOMATIC SKILLS OF THE #HAIRMANSHIP "UT IF THE PROCESS IS STRUCTURED PROPERLY AND TRANSPARENTLY AND THE CONCERNS OF ALL 3TATES ARE DULY TAKEN INTO ACCOUNT THINGS CAN BE RESOLVED MUCH MORE EASILY !ND WE WILL THEN HAVE A POWERFUL INSTRUMENT SOMETIMES EVEN MUCH STRONGER THAN LEGALLY BINDING DECISIONS 4HIRTY YEARS OF THE /3#% HAVE PROVED THE EFFECTIVENESS AND RELEVANCE OF CONSENSUS AND WE SHOULD DO EVERYTHING TO MAINTAIN AND STRENGTHEN IT

!-"!33!$/2 !,%8!.$%2 9 !,%+3%9%6 SERVED AS $IRECTOR OF THE 4HIRD !SIAN $EPARTMENT IN THE 2USSIAN &OREIGN -INISTRY FROM TO PRIOR TO HIS APPOINTMENT IN 6IENNA (IS OVERSEAS POSTINGS HAVE INCLUDED 0AKISTAN WHERE HE WAS !MBASSADOR FROM TO AND TWO STINTS IN )NDIA FROM TO AND FROM TO "ORN IN -OSCOW IN !MBASSADOR !LEKSEYEV GRADUATED FROM THE -OSCOW 3TATE )NSTITUTE OF )NTERNATIONAL 2ELATIONS AND HOLDS A 0H $ IN (ISTORY

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+OSOVO IS STILL STRUGGLING WITH MANY PROBLEMS AND THERE ARE ENOUGH REASONS FOR PEOPLE TO BE UNHAPPY *OBS ARE SCARCE AND THE ECONOMY IS NOT GROWING FAST ENOUGH TO SUPPORT A GROWING POPULATION )NDEED THERE COULD EVEN BE A RECESSION THIS YEAR AS CUR RENCY INFLOWS AND THE INTERNATIONAL PRESENCE CONTINUE TO SHRINK #ONSTANT POLICY DISAGREEMENTS BETWEEN 5.-)+ AND THE LOCALLY ELECTED 0ROVISIONAL )NSTITUTIONS OF 3ELF 'OVERNMENT 0)3' ARE MAGNIFIED BY THE MEDIA WEAKENING THE CREDIBILITY OF BOTH STRUCTURES 4HIS SITUATION HELPS CREATE THE IMPRESSION THAT +OSOVO IS GOING NOWHERE AND CANNOT OFFER ANY FUTURE TO ITS YOUNG PEOPLE /BSERVERS NOTED THAT MALE TEENAGERS MADE UP THE MAJORITY OF RIOTERS 4HEN THERE IS OF COURSE THE EVER PRESENT QUESTION OF +OSOVO S FINAL STATUS 4HE CON TINUING UNCERTAINTY IS FAR FROM HELPFUL IN BRINGING ABOUT STABILITY (OWEVER POPULAR DISSATISFACTION ALONE WOULD NOT HAVE SUSTAINED THE VIOLENCE FOR THREE STRAIGHT DAYS IN ALMOST EVERY PART OF +OSOVO "ASED ON EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS IT SEEMED OBVIOUS THAT THE CROWDS WERE BEING DIRECTED AND MANIPULATED %VERYONE IN +OSOVO KNOWS THAT THERE ARE CERTAIN ELEMENTS IN SOCIETY THAT ARE ALWAYS READY TO TAKE UP VIOLENCE FOR POLITICAL OR CRIMINAL ENDS 3TILL NO ONE WAS QUITE PRE PARED FOR THE EXTENT OF DAMAGE AND DESTRUC TION THAT THESE ELEMENTS COULD INFLICT ONCE THEY GAINED CONTROL OF ANGRY CROWDS

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h3OME OF THE DAMAGE CAN BE REPAIRED SOME NOT "UILDING TRUST AND CONFIDENCE WILL BE DIFFICULT AND DOESN T STAND A CHANCE OF SUCCEEDING IF THE EFFORTS ARE NOT MUTUAL /NE DAY THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY WILL BE GONE AND WE WILL HAVE TO LEARN TO LIVE TOGETHER v %DITA "U AJ 0RESS /FFICER /-I+ REFLECTING ON THE -ARCH EVENTS

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N -ARCH +OSOVO 3ERB RESIDENTS OF #AGLLAVICÑ #AGLAVICA A VILLAGE JUST OUTSIDE THE CAPITAL 0RISTINA BLOCKED THE MAIN 0RISTINA 3KOPJE HIGHWAY IN PROTEST AGAINST AN EARLIER DRIVE BY SHOOTING WHICH HAD WOUNDED A LOCAL RESIDENT 4HAT SAME EVENING IN THE NORTHERN VIL LAGE OF £ABÑR #ABRA THREE +OSOVO !LBANIAN BOYS DROWNED IN THE )BAR RIVER ! FOURTH BOY WHO SURVIVED SAID THAT THEY HAD BEEN HARASSED BY 3ERBS WITH A DOG 4HESE TWO SEPARATE INCIDENTS LED TO THREE DAYS OF RIOTING BY CROWDS OF +OSOVO !LBANIANS 4HE VIOLENCE SPREAD TO OTHER AREAS DIRECTED MAINLY AGAINST +OSOVO 3ERB COMMUNITIES BUT ALSO AGAINST OTHER GROUPS AND 5.-)+ TARGETS 4HE DEATH TOLL REACHED -ORE THAN PEOPLE WERE INJURED AND SOME WERE LEFT HOMELESS .EARLY HOUSES AND ABOUT /RTHODOX RELIGIOUS SITES WERE EITHER DAM AGED OR DESTROYED

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)T WAS CLEAR THAT THE INTERNATIONAL COMMU NITY HAD TO TAKE THESE UNEXPECTED DEVELOP MENTS VERY SERIOUSLY 7HAT WAS TO STOP THE VIOLENCE FROM ERUPTING AGAIN EVERY TIME A PROVOCATION AROSE 0ART OF THE ANSWER LAY IN IDENTIFYING AND PROSECUTING THOSE WHO WERE MAINLY RESPONSIBLE "UT EQUALLY CLEARLY WE AT THE /3#% HAD TO DIG DEEPER INTO THE ROOT CAUSES OF THE VIOLENCE 3INCE +OSOVO HAS BEEN ADMINISTERED BY A 3PECIAL 2EPRESENTATIVE OF THE 5NITED .ATIONS 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL 4HE FOUR PIL LARS OF THE ADMINISTRATION ARE POLICE AND JUSTICE 5NITED .ATIONS CIVIL ADMINISTRA TION 5NITED .ATIONS INSTITUTION BUILD ING /3#% AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT %UROPEAN 5NION !S A PILLAR OF 5.-)+ WHAT COULD THE /3#% -ISSION IN +OSOVO DO TO RESPOND $URING THE DISTURBANCES OUR MAIN CON CERN WAS THE PROTECTION OF OUR STAFF ESPE CIALLY THOSE OF 3ERB ETHNICITY 3EVERAL WERE

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-ITROVICA -ARCH THE CALM AFTER THE STORM 4HE )BAR RIVER DIVIDES THE TOWN INTO TWO ETHNIC PARTS

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/NCE THE SECURITY OF STAFF WAS ASSURED WE FOCUSED ON REASSESSING THE -ISSION S POLICY IN THE WAKE OF THE INCIDENTS 4HE (EAD OF -ISSION !MBASSADOR 0ASCAL &IESCHI CRE ATED FIVE TASK FORCES TO REVIEW POLICY ASPECTS THAT APPEARED TO BE DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF THE VIOLENCE 4HE TASK FORCES WORK CUTS ACROSS THE -ISSION S VARI OUS DEPARTMENTS 9OUTH AND EDUCATION 7HY WERE SO MANY YOUNG PEOPLE PREPARED TO GO OUT INTO THE STREETS AND ATTACK THEIR FELLOW CITIZENS 7HAT MORE CAN THE /3#% DO TO HELP THEM BUILD A PROMISING FUTURE AND NURTURE THEIR EFFORTS TO BECOME USEFUL MEMBERS OF SOCIETY )NTER COMMUNITY AFFAIRS 4HE /3#% AND ITS LOCAL AND INTERNATIONAL PARTNERS HAD INVESTED HEAVILY IN PROMOTING INTER ETHNIC DIALOGUE AND RECONCILIATION PROGRAMMES 7HY WAS THIS INVESTMENT NOT ENOUGH TO PRE VENT THE RE EMERGENCE OF HATRED 7AS IT SIM PLY THAT OUR MESSAGE HAD NOT BEEN REACHING THE RADICAL PARTS OF SOCIETY THOSE MOST LIKELY TO RESORT TO VIOLENCE -EDIA -ANY RESIDENTS SAID THAT THEIR DEEP ANGER AT THE ALLEGED 3ERB INVOLVEMENT IN THE )BAR DROWNINGS HAD DRIVEN THEM ONTO THE STREETS /BSERVERS HAVE SAID THAT THIS REACTION HAD BEEN DIRECTLY PROVOKED BY EXCITED AND UNCRITICAL BROADCASTING ON THE NIGHT OF -ARCH 4HE /3#% S 2EPRESENTATIVE ON &REEDOM OF THE -EDIA HAS SAID THAT IF IT HAD NOT BEEN FOR THE RECKLESS AND SENSATIONALIST REPORTING THE EVENTS COULD HAVE TAKEN A DIFFERENT TURN AND MIGHT NOT HAVE BECOME SO VICIOUS AND BRUTAL /THERS HAVE ALSO REMARKED THAT IF THE MEDIA HAD TAKEN MORE MEASURED ACTIONS AND WEIGHED THEIR POSSIBLE CONSEQUENCES THE RIOTS MIGHT NOT HAVE TAKEN PLACE AT ALL 7HY DID THE CAPACITY TO DO THIS NOT EXIST AFTER SEVERAL YEARS OF MEDIA DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMMES SPONSORED BY THE /3#% AND OTHERS &EAR OF THE PAST 7HY IS THE 3ERB COM MUNITY STILL THE TARGET OF CHOICE FOR !LBANIAN EXTREMISTS WHEN ITS REDUCED NUMBERS HARDLY CONSTITUTE A THREAT #AN ANYTHING MORE BE

DONE TO LIFT THE DEAD WEIGHT OF HISTORY FROM THE PEOPLE OF +OSOVO -ONITORING AND CAPACITY BUILDING 7HY WERE THE 0ROVISIONAL )NSTITUTIONS OF 3ELF 'OVERNMENT SO POWERLESS AND SO LACK ING IN INFLUENCE TO PREVENT AND STEM THE VIOLENCE 7HAT CAN BE DONE TO HELP THEM BE BETTER ABLE TO CARRY OUT THEIR RESPONSIBILI TIES ESPECIALLY SINCE THE +OSOVO 3TANDARDS )MPLEMENTATION 0LAN GIVES THEM FAR REACHING TASKS AND DUTIES ;4HE +OSOVO 3TANDARDS )MPLEMENTATION 0LAN WAS LAUNCHED ON -ARCH BY THE 5. 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL S 3PECIAL 2EPRESENTATIVE (ARRI (OLKERI AND 0)3' 0RIME -INISTER "AJRAM 2EXHEPI AFTER SEVERAL MONTHS OF PREPARATION 4HE PLAN LAYS OUT A SERIES OF MEASURES THAT NEED TO BE TAKEN TO CREATE A PLURALISTIC TOLERANT AND MODERN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY IN +OSOVO = -EMBERS OF THE TASK FORCES ARE IN UNANI MOUS AGREEMENT THAT /-I+ SHOULD CONTINUE TO OFFER A MODEL OF PARTNERSHIP TO THE PEOPLE AND INSTITUTIONS OF +OSOVO (OWEVER THEY ACKNOWLEDGE THAT THIS MODEL REMAINS VUL NERABLE TO FORCES PREPARED TO TURN TO VIO LENCE TO ACHIEVE POLITICAL ENDS AT ANY COST 4O REDUCE THIS VULNERABILITY THE TASK FORCES HAVE MADE THE FOLLOWING RECOMMEN DATIONS x %NGAGE ALL ELEMENTS OF SOCIETY INCLUDING THOSE THAT ARE KNOWN TO BE HOSTILE TO THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY S OBJECTIVES AND TRY TO IDENTIFY OPPORTUNITIES FOR BRIDGE BUILDING IF THIS IS AT ALL POSSIBLE AT THE VERY LEAST UNDERTAKE AN ACCURATE ASSESS MENT OF THE BALANCE OF FORCES IN SOCIETY x $EVELOP A DUAL TRACK APPROACH TO CAPACITY BUILDING AND TO MONITORING OF PERFORMANCE OF GOVERNMENTAL MEDIA AND CIVIL SOCIETY STRUCTURES )F IT IS TO BE FORWARD LOOKING MONITORING MUST FEED BACK INTO CAPACITY BUILDING OTHERWISE IT BECOMES AN END IN ITSELF WITH NO PROGRESS BEING MADE x 7ORK TOWARDS FOSTERING AN IMPROVED ATTI TUDE OF MUTUAL RESPECT AT ALL LEVELS OF SOCI ETY ESPECIALLY AMONG YOUNG PEOPLE 4HIS PROGRAMME IS NOT MEANT AS AN INSTANT FORMULA TO TRANSFORM +OSOVO #HANGING A SOCIETY IS A TASK BEYOND THE RESOURCES OF THE /3#% OR ANY OTHER ORGANIZA TION AND EXPERIENCE SHOWS THAT THE RESULTS NEVER FALL INTO PLACE AS NEATLY AS PLANNED .ONETHELESS /-I+ CAN AND SHOULD CONTINUE OFFERING VALUABLE SUPPORT TO THE VAST MAJORITY OF PEOPLE IN +OSOVO WHO STILL HAVE HOPES FOR A BRIGHT FUTURE AND FOR AN ESCAPE FROM THE FAILED AND DESTRUCTIVE MOD ELS OF THE PAST

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h4HIS IS A DAY OF SORROW FOR ALL THE PEOPLE OF +OSOVO 6IOLENCE ONLY CAUSES PERSONAL PAIN AND HARMS RELATIONS BETWEEN COMMUNITIES -ORE IMPORTANTLY IT WILL MAKE IT MORE DIFFICULT TO FINDING LONG LASTING SOLU TIONS TO THE PROBLEMS IN +OSOVO )N THE LIGHT OF THESE TRAGIC INCIDENTS THE PEOPLE IN +OSOVO AND THEIR POLITICAL LEADERS HAVE A RESPONSIBILITY TO BRING CALM AND CONTINUE ON THE PATH OF EMBRACING DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY x 4HE MEDIA HAVE A GREAT RESPONSIBILITY TO FACTUALLY REPORT ON EVENTS AND NOT BE PARTY TO CREATING MORE TENSIONS )F CLAIMS MADE IN AND BY THE MEDIA CANNOT BE VERIFIED THEN THEY TOO MUST ACCEPT RESPON SIBILITY FOR MISINFORMING THE PUBLIC v !MBASSADOR 0ASCAL &IESCHI (EAD OF THE /3#% -ISSION IN +OSOVO IN A MESSAGE TO THE PEOPLE AND LEADERS OF +OSOVO INCLUDING THE MEDIA 0RISTINA -ARCH

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h4HE VIOLENCE IN +OSOVO IS NOT ACCEPTABLE IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETIES AND IT IS NOT WELCOME ON THE PATH TO %UROPE 4HE PERPETRATORS OF THE VIOLENCE SHOULD BE BROUGHT TO JUSTICE 7E EXPECT AN URGENT ACTION PLAN FROM THE 0ROVISIONAL )NSTITUTIONS OF 3ELF 'OVERNMENT AND WOULD LIKE THEM TO GIVE FEEDBACK ON HOW THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY CAN HELP v #I/ 3OLOMON 0ASSY IN A JOINT VISIT WITH .!4/ 3ECRETARY 'ENERAL *AAP DE (OOP 3CHEFFER 0RISTINA -ARCH h%VIDENCE THAT TO SOME DEGREE THE VIOLENCE THAT BROKE OUT ON -ARCH WAS ORGANIZED AND ORCHESTRATED DOES NOT EXCUSE ERRORS OF JOURNALISM 4HE FACTUAL ACCURACY TONE AND CONTEXT OF REPORTS TOUCHING ON ANY ASPECT OF ETHNICITY ARE PARTICULARLY CRUCIAL TO PREVENT BROADCASTS FROM BECOMING IMMEDIATE CATALYSTS FOR VIOLENCE )N THE FACE OF EXPLOSIVE

ALLEGATIONS THERE IS NO LATITUDE IN PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISM FOR RUMOUR OR GUESSING ABOUT THE TRUTH v 4EMPORARY -EDIA #OMISSIONER 2OBERT 'ILLETTE IN A REPORT EXAMINING THE PERFORMANCE OF THREE +OSOVO WIDE TELEVISION BROADCASTERS 0RISTINA !PRIL 4O READ THE REPORT SEE WWW OSCE ORG KOSOVO

@4RAGIC LACK OF BALANCING VOICES h&OR SEVERAL CRUCIAL DAYS THE MEDIA IN +OSOVO BORROWED SOME OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF ITS OWN UN FREE PRE DEMOCRATIC PAST FEATURES THAT ) PERSONALLY KNOW ONLY TOO WELL LACK NOT ONLY OF OBJECTIVITY BUT ALSO OF PLURALITY 7HAT WE WIT NESSED IN +OSOVO WAS NOT JUST ONE SIDED CARELESS AND UNPROFESSIONAL JOUR NALISM IN A POST CONFLICT VOLATILE SOCIETY BUT IT WAS A TRAGIC LACK OF OTHER BALANCING VOICESx hx 3PECIFICALLY THE BROADCASTING SECTOR DISPLAYED UNACCEPTABLE

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LEVELS OF EMOTION BIAS CARELESSNESS AND FALSELY APPLIED @PATRIOTIC ZEAL 4HE REPORTING ON THE EVENING OF -ARCH BY THE THREE MAIN +OSOVAR 46 CHANNELS DESERVES THE STRONGEST POSSIBLE CRITI CISM )N CONTRAST THE MAINSTREAM PRINT MEDIA WITH SOME UNFORTUNATE EXCEPTIONS DISPLAYED RATHER MORE CONSTRUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR hx 4HE CLEAR SPIN GIVEN BY THE MEDIA IN ACCOUNTS OF THE FATAL DROWNING OF A GROUP OF CHILDREN x SEEMS TO BE UNSUPPORTED BY ANY JOURNALISTICALLY

VALID ACCOUNTS .EITHER CAN ONE SAY THESE ACCOUNTS WERE INFORMED BY A DESIRE TO HELP AVOID VIOLENCE v h7HILE DISPLAYING THE WEAKNESSES IT DID THE MEDIA WAS NOT OF COURSE INTENTIONALLY INSTIGATING VIOLENCE "UT THE MEDIA HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TO REACT PROPERLY AND PROFES SIONALLY TO SERVE THE BEST INTERESTS OF THE POPULA TION OF +OSOVO

A DIFFERENT TURN 4HEY MIGHT NOT HAVE REACHED THE INTENSITY AND LEVEL OF BRUTALITY THAT WAS WIT NESSED OR EVEN MIGHT NOT HAVE TAKEN PLACE AT ALL v -IKLOS (ARASZTI /3#% 2EPRESENTATIVE ON &REEDOM OF THE -EDIA IN A SPECIAL REPORT TO THE /3#% 0ERMANENT #OUNCIL ON THE ROLE OF THE LOCAL MEDIA IN THE -ARCH EVENTS IN +OSOVO 6IENNA !PRIL

h7ITHOUT THE RECKLESS AND 4O READ THE REPORT SENSATIONALIST REPORT SEE WWW OSCE ORG FOM ING ON AND -ARCH EVENTS COULD HAVE TAKEN

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SNIFFED A HINT OF IMPENDING TROUBLE WHEN ) WALKED INTO THE /3#% S FIELD OFFICE IN -ITROVICÑ -ITROVICA EARLY ON 7EDNESDAY -ARCH ) WAS TOLD BY THE SECURITY GUARDS THAT ON THE PREVIOUS EVENING 24+ THE PUBLIC BROADCASTER HAD REPORTED ON THE DROWNING OF THREE !LBANIAN BOYS IN THE 3ERB MAJORITY MUNICIPALITY OF :UBIN 0OTOK 4HE REPORTS SAID THAT THEY WERE CHASED INTO THE RIVER BY 3ERBS WHO HAD UNLEASHED A DOG ON THEM !THOUGH THE STORY HAD YET TO BE CON FIRMED BY POLICE TENSIONS WERE MOUNTING 3CHOOLCHILDREN HOLDING UP PLACARDS AND ACCOMPANIED BY THEIR TEACHERS SLOWLY PACED THROUGH TOWN IN SILENT PROTEST OVER WHAT THEY BELIEVED TO HAVE BEEN ANOTHER INTER COMMUNAL CRIME )T WAS NOT LONG BEFORE INTERNATIONAL 3PECIAL 0OLICE 5NITS CAME INTO THE h#ONFIDENCE :ONEv PARKING CLOSE TO THE BRIDGE LEADING TO THE NORTH ! GROUP OF !LBANIAN MEN GATHERED WAV ING THE !LBANIAN FLAG AND THREATEN ING TO CROSS THE BRIDGE /NCE THEY BROKE THROUGH THE RANKS OF THE POLICE ON THE SOUTHERN SIDE A BRIEF STREET SKIRMISH ENSUED ON THE NORTHERN

SIDE WHERE SOME 3ERBS STOOD WAITING 4HE !LBANIAN TIDE FOUND ITSELF PUSHED BACK ACROSS THE BRIDGE (AD IT ALL BEEN OVER AFTER A FEW ROCKS AND PUNCHES WERE THROWN FEW PEOPLE OUTSIDE OF +OSOVO WOULD HAVE GOT WIND OF THE INCIDENT "UT IT ESCALATED INTO SEMI AUTOMATIC GUNFIRE AND LOBBING OF GRENADES LEAVING SEVEN DEAD IN THE FORMER MINING TOWN SOME KILO METRES MILES NORTH OF 0RISTINA 7E !LBANIAN 3ERB AND INTERNATIONAL /3#% STAFF COULD ONLY WATCH THE UNFOLD ING VIOLENCE HELPLESSLY AND IN DISBELIEF FROM THE WINDOWS OF THE SIXTH AND TOP FLOOR OF THE /3#% OFFICE BUILDING A MERE FEW HUN DRED METERS FROM THE BRIDGE 7E SAW YOUNG !LBANIANS ATTACKING POLICE UNITS TO TRY TO STOP THEIR ADVANCE THROUGH THE PEDESTRIAN MALL Ê -- ,6

!S PART OF MY JOB ) MONITORED THE MEDIA COVERAGE OF THE EVENTS WHICH WAS DEEPLY DISAPPOINTING .OT ONLY HAD 24+ DONE A DISSERVICE TO ITS ENTIRE PUBLIC IN +OSOVO THE NIGHT BEFORE BY SENSATIONALIZING A STORY WITHOUT MAKING ANY EFFORT TO LOOK INTO THE FACTS IT THEN WENT ON TO FUEL PASSIONS BY BROADCASTING hLIVE ON THE SPOTv FOCUSING ON A SCHOOLCHILDREN S MARCH TO THE VILLAGE WHERE THE THREE BOYS HAD LOST THEIR LIVES ) WAS EXPECTING 24+ AT THE VERY LEAST TO INTERVIEW A +OSOVO !LBANIAN OFFICIAL WHO ) WAS HOPING WOULD SEND A CONSTRUCTIVE MES SAGE AND APPEAL FOR CALM 4O MY DISMAY WHEN AN OFFICIAL FINALLY DID GO ON THE AIR IT WAS TO SPRINKLE HIS STATEMENTS WITH OFFEN SIVE PHRASES AND EXPRESSIONS

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! 3ERB STATION S PERFORMANCE WAS NO BETTER 4RUE ITS BRIEF NEWSCAST ON THE INCI DENT ON THE BRIDGE WAS FACTUAL AND TRUE A +OSOVO 3ERB MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT WHO WAS INTERVIEWED SOUGHT TO EASE THE TENSIONS BUT THESE WERE QUICKLY FOLLOWED BY A NATIONAL ISTIC FEATURE FILM ABOUT THE SITUATION OF 3ERBS UNDER THE /TTOMAN %MPIRE ) WAS IN CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE OFFICE OF THE 4EMPORARY -EDIA #OMMISSIONER AN INDEPENDENT BODY THAT OVERSEES THE MEDIA IN +OSOVO WITH THE SUPPORT OF THE /3#% )T WAS CLEAR THAT THE #OMMISSIONER 2OBERT 'ILLETTE FROM THE 5NITED 3TATES WOULD HAVE TO TAKE ACTION AFTER THE DUST HAD SETTLED 4HAT EVENING THE 5NITED .ATIONS EVACU ATED THE 3ERB EMPLOYEES OF THE /3#% S -ITROVICA OFFICE FROM OUR BUILDING TO THE NORTH WHERE THEY LIVED 4OGETHER WITH SEVEN OTHER INTERNATIONAL STAFF ) WAS MOVED TO 5NITED .ATIONS QUARTERS IMMEDIATELY ADJA CENT TO THE BRIDGE 4HIS WAS WHERE WE SPENT THE NIGHT WAITING ANXIOUSLY FOR NEWS DEVEL OPMENTS PHONING FRIENDS AND COLLEAGUES SPECULATING ON WHAT HAD GONE WRONG AND WHAT MIGHT STILL UNFOLD )T WAS THE WORST NIGHT THAT MOST OF US HAD EVER SPENT IN +OSOVO )T WAS NOT THE COLD AND DAMP IN THE BUNKER THAT MADE US SHIVER BUT THE DAY S TRAGEDY £ n Ê , ] Ê / 1 , - 9

4HE FOLLOWING DAY WAS SPENT IN ANTICIPA TION OF EXACTLY WHAT WE DID NOT KNOW 7OULD THERE BE MORE CLASHES 7OULD THINGS RETURN TO hNORMALv #OULD WE ALL GET ON WITH OUR LIVES AND OUR WORK 4HANKFULLY THE DAY PASSED WITHOUT ANY TURMOIL SINCE +&/2 .!4/ S +OSOVO 3TABILIZATION &ORCE HAD TAKEN CONTROL OF THE TOWN AND IMPOSED A CURFEW (OWEVER REPORTS OF ANOTHER MAJOR IMPENDING CLASH THAT EVENING FORCED +&/2 TO RELOCATE ALL INTERNATIONAL STAFF FROM THE /3#% THE 5. 5.(#2 AND OTHER AGENCIES TO THE &RENCH +&/2 BASE ON THE SOUTHERN OUTSKIRTS OF -ITROVICA /NCE WE ARRIVED AT THE CAMP THOUGH WE ALL WISHED WE HAD REMAINED IN TOWN FOR WE FOUND OURSELVES WITNESSING A SCENE OF CONFLAGRATION ACCOMPANIED BY SOUNDS OF GUNFIRE 4HE VILLAGE OF 3VINJARE HARDLY A KILOMETRE AWAY WAS GOING UP IN FLAMES 4HE HOMES OF +OSOVO 3ERBS ABOUT HAD BEEN SET ABLAZE 7E WERE LATER TOLD BY +&/2 THAT THE VILLAGERS HAD BEEN EVACU ATED HASTILY JUST BEFORE THE MOBS CAME IN BY BUS 4HE PEOPLE OF THE VILLAGE SOME FAMILIES WERE TAKEN TO THE MESS HALL OF THE &RENCH +&/2 BASE WHERE THEY HAD THEIR

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-ORE THAN A HUNDRED MEALS AND SLEPT CROWDED TOGETHER 4HEY HOUSES IN THE VILLAGE OF PASSED THE TIME SMOKING AND EXCHANGING 3VINJARE WENT UP IN FLAMES THOUGHTS ON WHAT MIGHT HAPPEN TO THEM 4HEY COMMISERATED WITH ONE ANOTHER AND 0HOTOS OF SCENES AROUND CALLED RELATIVES IN OTHER 3ERB MAJORITY AREAS +OSOVO ON -ARCH 3LOWLY THEY BEGAN TO MOVE TO THE CREST OF ARE COURTESY OF 5.-)+ S THE HILL OVERLOOKING THEIR VILLAGE TAKING IN !FRIM (AJRULLAHU WHAT THEY HAD FEARED SINCE 3VINJARE WHICH HAD BEEN HALF !LBANIAN AND HALF 3ERB WAS NO MORE ) HAVE BEEN INVOLVED IN HUMANITARIAN WORK BEFORE AND HAVE WORKED AMONG THE hINTERNALLY DIS h4HE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY IS UNITED IN ITS PLACEDv BUT NEVER EFFORTS TO PREVENT SUCH VIOLENCE HAPPENING WILL ) FORGET THE SAD NESS THE LONELINESS AGAIN 6IOLENCE AND INTOLERANCE DO NOT HELP TO RESOLVE THE SITUATION IN +OSOVO /N THE AND THE DESPERATION CONTRARY THEY COMPLICATE IT v THAT ) SAW IN AN OLD WOMAN S EYES #HAIRMAN IN /FlCE 3OLOMON 0ASSY THAT NIGHT AS SHE MEETING WITH SENIOR GOVERNMENT OFlCIALS WATCHED HER HOPES OF 3ERBIA AND -ONTENEGRO DREAMS AND MEMO "ELGRADE -ARCH RIES VANISHING INTO THIN AIR /NE OF MY COLLEAGUES WHO WORKS CLOSELY WITH MANY ETHNIC COMMUNITIES WAS GREATLY SHAKEN BY THE EVENTS AS WERE WE ALL (ARDLY A SINGLE MUNICIPALITY WITH A 3ERB POPULATION WAS LEFT UNTOUCHED /RTHODOX CHURCHES THAT HAD STOOD FOR CENTURIES WERE AMONG THOSE THAT WERE EITHER DESTROYED OR PILLAGED 7E REMAINED IN THE CAMP FOR SIX DAYS WAITING FOR THE SITUATION TO CALM DOWN GLUED TO THE RADIO .O ONE DARED SAY IT BUT DEEP DOWN EACH ONE OF US KNEW THAT ONCE OUTSIDE THE SAFETY OF OUR SANCTUARY WE WOULD ALL HAVE TO FACE A DRASTICALLY DIFFERENT +OSOVO FROM THE ONE WE WERE USED TO iÀ >À`Ê6ÀL> ÊÜ>ÃÊ>Ê i` >Ê i VÀ>Ì â>Ì Ê "vv ViÀÊ ÊÌ iÊ" Êv i `Ê vv ViÊ Ê ÌÀ Û V>]Ê Ü V Ê >ÃÊ>L ÕÌÊÈäÊÃÌ>vvÊ i LiÀÃ°Ê iÊ >ÃÊ ÕÃÌÊ >ÃÃÕ i`Ê>Ê iÜÊ>ÃÃ } i ÌÊ>ÃÊ" ½ÃÊ i«ÕÌÞÊ -« iÃ«iÀÃ °

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HAT DID YOU ACTUALLY DO v h7HAT WAS IT LIKE v h7HY DID YOU GO v ) AM ASKED THESE QUESTIONS ALL THE TIME ABOUT MY STAY IN +OSOVO ) TRY TO EXPLAIN IT THIS WAY h7E GO TO THE MOST DIFFICULT PLACES ON EARTH IN SEARCH OF OUR COMMON HUMANITY TO DISCOVER WHAT BINDS US TOGETHER DESPITE THE CHASMS THAT HAVE OPENED UP BETWEEN US AND TO HELP BUILD ย OR REBUILD ย THE BRIDGES THAT WILL STRENGTHEN OUR CONNECTIONS WITH EACH OTHER v 3OMEHOW THOUGH NO EXPLANATION SEEMS TO MAKE SENSE EXCEPT TO THOSE WHO WERE THERE THOSE WHO ARE STILL THERE AND MOST IMPORTANTLY THOSE WHO WILL ALWAYS BE THERE "UT IT S NOT GOOD ENOUGH TO SAY THAT IT S REALLY HARD TO TALK ABOUT IT IS IT 0ERHAPS THAT IS WHY ) AGREED TO TAKE PART IN THE MAKING OF THE FILM +OSOVO &RAGILE 0EACE WHICH WAS PRODUCED BY THE .ATIONAL &ILM "OARD OF #ANADA 4HE FOLKS BACK HOME ARE NOT ONLY ENTITLED TO KNOW WHAT WE AT THE /3#% DO AND WHY THEY MUST ALSO LEARN TO UNDERSTAND OUR WORK IF IT IS TO BE SUSTAIN ABLE ย AND SOMETIMES IMAGES SPEAK MORE ELOQUENTLY THAN ANY LECTURE OR REPORT COULD 4HE FILM FOCUSES ON THE FIRST CENTRAL ELECTION IN +OSOVO IN !T THAT TIME ) WAS THE $IRECTOR OF $EMOCRATIZATION FOR THE /3#% -ISSION IN +OSOVO /-I+ AND MY DAUGHTER +ATE /JA WAS THERE ON A SIX MONTH VISIT 4HE FILM IS ALSO ABOUT +ATE AND ME AND THAT WAS NOT EASY FOR US -OIRA 3IMPSON A FILMMAKER FROM 6ANCOUVER AND OUR FRIENDS AT THE .ATIONAL &ILM "OARD HAD TO CONVINCE US THAT THERE HAD TO BE A PERSONAL ANGLE SO THAT THE OVERALL MESSAGE COULD BE BETTER APPRECIATED BY THE WIDER #ANADIAN PUBLIC

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WHICH WAS NOT AS FAMILIAR WITH ISSUES IN THE "ALKANS AS THE %UROPEAN AUDIENCE WAS 4HE ONE HOUR FILM PREMIERED IN SEVERAL #ANADIAN CITIES IN )N /TTAWA MY CON TRACTING AGENCY THE 7ORLD 5NIVERSITY 3ERVICE OF #ANADA 753# HOSTED THE EVENT WHICH ATTRACTED AN AUDIENCE OF SOME ย MORE THAN COULD FIT IN THE AUDITORIUM 3INCE THEN THE 753# HAS DISTRIBUTED THE FILM TO ITS WIDE NETWORK OF UNIVERSITIES )T HAS ALSO BEEN SHOWN AT SPECIAL EVENTS SUCH AS THE !MNESTY )NTERNATIONAL &ILM &ESTIVAL

#AROLYN -C#OOL AT A VOTING CENTRE IN +OSOVO IN 0HOTOS .ATIONAL &ILM "OARD OF #ANADA

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4HE RESPONSE HAS BEEN OVERWHELMINGLY FAVOURABLE WITH ONE INTERESTING EXCEPTION ON SEVERAL OCCASIONS AFTER THE QUESTION AND ANSWER PORTION !LBANIAN AND 3ERBIAN #ANADIANS HAVE COME UP TO ME ย SEPARATE LY ย SAYING THAT WE HAD SHOWN THE OTHER COMMUNITY IN TOO POSITIVE A LIGHT #ERTAINLY STRIKING THE RIGHT BALANCE WAS ONE OF THE GREATEST CHALLENGES WE ENCOUN TERED IN DOING THE FILM AND WE DID NOT LAY CLAIM TO PERFECTION OR EVEN WISDOM 7HAT WAS UPPERMOST IN OUR MINDS WAS )T IS ALWAYS THE TASK OF A MISSION MEMBER TO SERVE ย AND TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND ย ALL COMMUNITIES PARTICULARLY THOSE THAT HAVE BEEN IN VIOLENT CONFLICT WITH EACH OTHER 4HERE ARE MANY THINGS THAT ARE NOT IN THE FILM -Y EXPERIENCES AS THE $IRECTOR OF -ITROVICร -ITROVICA 2EGION FOR THE /3#% FROM !UGUST THROUGH $ECEMBER ARE NOT THERE ย A HUGE GAP CONSIDERING THE ROLE THAT CITY AND THAT REGION PLAYED IN THE EARLY POST CONFLICT ERA .OR ) MUST SAY HONESTLY WAS THERE REALLY ANY SENSE OF WHAT THE /3#% -ISSION IN +OSOVO WAS LIKE BEHIND THE SCENES EITHER INTERNALLY OR IN RELATION TO THE MORE PRIVATE AND CONFIDENTIAL ASPECTS OF OUR ACTIVITIES WITH THE PEOPLES OF +OSOVO &INALLY THE FILM ENDS WITH THE ANNOUNCE MENT OF ELECTION RESULTS AND DOES NOT ENTER THE FASCINATING COMPLEX AND HIGHLY CHARGED

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WORLD OF PRACTICAL DAY TO DAY GOVERNANCE &ORMER COL LEAGUES WHO SHARED WITH ME THAT VERY EMOTIONAL FREEZ ING COLD DAY IN .OVEMBER WOULD KNOW WHAT A GAP THIS WAS SINCE THAT WAS THE DAY WHEN FAIRLY ELECTED REPRESENTATIVES OF ALL THE COMMUNITIES OF +OSOVO CAME TOGETHER UNDER ONE ROOF IN 0RISTINA FOR THE FIRST TIME "UT A FILM MUST HAVE A BEGINNING AND AN ENDING AND FILMMAKERS MUST GO HOME AT SOME POINT TO BEGIN THE LONG AND DIFFICULT PROCESS OF CREATION )T TOOK NEARLY A YEAR AND THE RESULT IS +OSOVO &RAGILE 0EACE * 1

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#ANADIANS HAVE A SPECIAL REGARD FOR PEACE BUILDING /UTSIDE OUR COUNTRY IT IS HARDLY KNOWN THAT #ANADIAN DIPLOMAT AND STATESMAN ,ESTER " 0EARSON WHO LATER BECAME 0RIME -INISTER WAS AWARDED THE .OBEL 0EACE 0RIZE IN FOR AN INITIATIVE TO SEND A 5NITED .ATIONS FORCE TO THE 3UEZ #ANAL IN ORDER TO QUELL THE OUTBREAK OF VIOLENT CONFLICT BETWEEN %GYPT AND )SRAEL 4HIS WAS THE BEGINNING OF THE MODERN PRACTICE OF PEACE KEEPING AND SUBSEQUENTLY PEACE BUILDING ) BELIEVE THAT #ANADIANS WORKING IN FIELD OPERATIONS TRY TO LIVE UP TO THIS HERITAGE 4O HAVE BEEN ABLE TO DO THIS WITHIN THE /3#% A REGIONAL ORGANIZATION DEDICATED TO THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE HIGHEST IDEALS OF SECURITY AND

CO OPERATION BETWEEN PEOPLE AND BETWEEN NATIONS HAS BEEN AN HONOUR FOR ME )F ) HAVE ONE REQUEST OF /3#% COLLEAGUES WHETHER THEY ARE WITH NATIONAL DELEGATIONS IN THE 3ECRETARIAT AND THE INSTITUTIONS OR ON FIELD MISSIONS IT WOULD BE THIS &IND SOME WAY TO SHARE WITH PEOPLE IN YOUR HOME COUNTRIES WHAT THE /3#% IS ALL ABOUT -AKE IT ALIVE MAKE IT REAL FOR THEM 0ARTICULARLY IN THESE DAYS OF DOUBT AND CONFUSION ABOUT THE NATURE OF INSTITUTION BUILDING OF DEMOCRATIZATION IN THE WIDEST SENSE OF THE WORD WE MUST ALL TAKE PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR SUPPORTING THOSE WHO HAVE DEMONSTRATED AN ABILITY TO GET THE JOB DONE 4HE /3#% IS ONE OF THE ORGANIZATIONS THAT IS MAKING A DIFFERENCE $O FOR IT WHAT YOU CAN AND YOU WILL BE DOING IT FOR THOSE WHOM IT SERVES

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4HE MAKING OF h+OSOVO &RAGILE 0EACEv "9 -/)2 ! 3)-03/.

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N *UNE A JOURNALIST AND DOCUMENTARY FILMMAKER ASKED ME IF ) WAS INTERESTED IN MAKING A FILM ABOUT HER FRIEND #AROLYN -C#OOL WHO WAS h$IRECTOR OF $EMOCRATIZATIONv IN POST CONFLICT +OSOVO ) QUICKLY LOOKED ON THE /3#% S WEBSITE AND FOUND OUT THAT THE /RGANIZATION FOR 3ECURITY AND #O OPERATION IN %UROPE WAS THE LARGEST REGIONAL SECURITY ORGANIZATION IN THE WORLD 4HAT WAS THE START OF A MOST EXTRAORDINARY YEAR ) BECAME FASCINATED BY THE OPPORTUNITY TO WITNESS A POST CONFLICT SOCIETY &OR YEARS ) HAD MADE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL ISSUE DOCUMENTARIES BUT NEVER IN A WAR TORN LAND ,IKE MOST #ANADIANS ) WAS PROUD OF #ANADA S REPUTATION FOR AIDING TROUBLED PARTS OF THE WORLD YET ) HAD NEVER REALLY UNDERSTOOD WHAT hDEMOCRATIZATIONv OR hNATION BUILDINGv ENCOMPASSED !S ) DID MY RESEARCH FOR THE FILM ) BECAME AWARE OF GRUMBLINGS INVOLVING FOREIGN MIS SIONS ) READ AN ARTICLE WRITTEN BY AN AID WORKER IN "EIRUT CLAIMING THAT THE hLIBERATORSv HAD BECOME hOCCUPIERSv ! FRIEND WHO ONCE LIVED IN A POST CONFLICT SOCIETY HAD BECOME SCEPTICAL ABOUT THE MOTIVES OF SOME OF THE hINTERNATIONALSv 3HE CALLED THEM hTHE NEW MISSIONARIESv

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#AROLYN AND DAUGHTER +ATE /JA ARE FEATURED IN +OSOVO &RAGILE 0EACE &OR MORE INFORMATION PLEASE SEE WWW NFB CA AND WWW WUSC CA

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%AGER TO DISCOVER FOR MYSELF WHAT AN INTER NATIONAL PEACE BUILDING MISSION WAS LIKE AND TO EXPLORE SOME OF THESE THORNY QUESTIONS ) FLEW TO +OSOVO SEVERAL MONTHS AFTER MEETING #AROLYN BRIEFLY FOR THE FIRST TIME IN 6ANCOUVER ) ARRIVED IN 0RISTINA ALONE WITH SEVEN CASES OF GEAR AS DIRECTOR WRITER CINEMATOGRAPHER AND SOUND RECORDIST ROLLED INTO ONE #AROLYN S YEAR OLD DAUGHTER +ATE WHO WAS TEMPORARILY LIVING IN +OSOVO WITH HER MOM HELPED WITH SOUND 7ITH HER OWN CAMERA SHE FILMED A VIDEO JOURNAL PARTS OF WHICH WERE LATER EDITED INTO THE FILM !LONG A PARALLEL PATH WITH #AROLYN BUT AT A GRASS ROOTS LEVEL +ATE WORKED FOR AN /3#% FUNDED TRAVELLING MUSICAL ROADSHOW WHICH WAS TRYING TO GENERATE SUPPORT FOR THE UPCOMING ELECTION 4HROUGH THIS PROJECT +ATE MADE CLOSE FRIENDS WITH OTHER YOUNG PEOPLE BOTH !LBANIAN AND 3ERB $URING MY TWO MONTHS IN +OSOVO ) FACED ALL THE DAILY FRUSTRATIONS OF ANYONE LIVING IN A PLACE WITHOUT A WORKING INFRASTRUCTURE "UT MY CHIEF CONCERNS WERE RELATED TO THE FILM -Y CAMERA BROKE AND SINCE THERE WERE NO REPAIR OR RENTAL SERVICES ) HAD TO SHOOT MOST OF THE FILM WITH AN INEXPENSIVE BACKUP CAMERA , ! 2 ' % 2 4! 0 % 3 4 2 9

-OIRA 3IMPSON AT WORK IN +OSOVO

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) WALKED PRACTICALLY EVERYWHERE WITH MY HEAVY GEAR BECAUSE ) COULDN T CALL A CAB TO PICK ME UP SINCE THERE WERE SO FEW ADDRESSES OR STREET SIGNS REMAINING AFTER THE CONFLICT ) WOULD SET UP LIGHTS FOR A SEQUENCE AND INVARI ABLY THE ELECTRICITY WOULD GO OFF MY CANDLE LIGHT EXPOSURES IMPROVED DRAMATICALLY 3EVERAL TIMES +&/2 CONFISCATED MY TAPES BECAUSE ) HAD BEEN FILMING IN hSENSITIVEv AREAS THAT ) HADN T EVEN REALIZED WERE CONSIDERED HIGH RISK &ROM THE BEGINNING ) DIDN T FEEL ) WOULD BE IN +OSOVO LONG ENOUGH TO BE ABLE TO AUTHENTI CALLY TELL THE STORY OF ITS PEOPLE FROM THE POINT OF VIEW OF !LBANIANS OR 3ERBS 4HEREFORE THE FILM S CENTRAL STORYLINE HAD TO FOLLOW #AROLYN AND +ATE !T THE SAME TIME ) WANTED THE PEOPLES LAND AND CULTURE OF POST CONFLICT +OSOVO TO PERMEATE THE FILM )T WAS IMPORTANT TO ME THAT THE FRAGILITY OF +OSOVO S PEACE AND THE TENUOUS BIRTHING OF A DEMOCRACY BE LAYERED THROUGH THE STORY OF +OSOVO S FIRST EVER FREE CENTRAL ELECTION -Y GOAL WAS TO WEAVE AN INTI MATE STORY ABOUT A MOTHER AND HER DAUGHTER INTO A MUCH LARGER TAPESTRY 4HE MOST DIFFICULT CHALLENGE WAS TO TRY TO FILM THE DIFFERENT COMMUNITIES IN +OSOVO IN A WAY THAT WOULD ALLOW EACH TO FEEL THAT IT WAS BEING TREATED HONESTLY AND FAIRLY DESPITE THE ATROCITIES OF THE RECENT CONFLICT AND ITS AFTER

MATH 4HERE WOULD BE NO SIMPLE GOOD GUY BAD GUY SCENARIOS 4HAT INCLUDED THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY ) WANTED TO SHOW THE LEGITIMACY OF PEACE BUILDING PROJECTS BUT ALSO TO ACKNOWL EDGE THE CRITICISMS %ACH DAY OF FILMING BEGAN THE SAME WAY ) WOULD WALK WITH MY GEAR TO THE /3#% OFFICES ALWAYS BUYING A WARM APPLE PASTRY ON THE WAY 4HE SHOCK AND PAIN OF SEEING BOMBED AND BURNED OUT BUILDINGS IN MY ADOPTED NEIGHBOURHOOD NEVER FADED 7HEN ) REACHED THE /3#% ) WOULD MAP OUT MY DAY ) MIGHT ACCOMPANY AN /3#% STAFF MEMBER TO A 3ERB ENCLAVE ATTEND AN ELECTION GATHERING IN A 2OMA COMMUNITY BE TAKEN BY THE &RENCH +&/2 ON A TOUR OF SITES THAT COULD NOT BE FILMED WITHOUT MILITARY ESCORTS OR HANG OUT WITH +ATE AND HER FRIENDS AND LEARN ABOUT THE POST CONFLICT TENSIONS THROUGH THEIR EYES ",!:).' ! 42!),

7HENEVER WE COULD FIND THE TIME "EKIM #AROLYN S KIND DRIVER WOULD DRIVE ME THROUGH THE TOWNS AND COUNTRYSIDE OF +OSOVO 4HROUGH THE WINDOW OF THE VAN ) WOULD FILM WAR MON UMENTS LINING THE ROAD DESTROYED HOMES BEING RECONSTRUCTED PACKS OF STREET DOGS CHILDREN ON THEIR WAY TO SCHOOL +&/2 CONVOYS BARREL ING TOWARDS US RUSTY OLD FARM VEHICLES THAT KEPT THE TRAFFIC MOVING AT A SNAIL S PACE AND MOSQUES ON THE HORIZON #AROLYN WAS ALWAYS THE ANCHOR "RIEF DAILY INTERVIEWS WITH HER KEPT ME PLUGGED INTO THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS 7HENEVER POSSIBLE ) FILMED HER WORKING 3TRUGGLING TO HELP BUILD A MULTI ETHNIC SOCIETY #AROLYN WAS TRYING TO BRING BOTH 3ERBS AND !LBANIANS INTO THE ELEC TORAL PROCESS ) LEARNED A LOT ABOUT THE POS SIBILITIES OF PEACE BUILDING AS ) WATCHED HER SENSITIVELY AND COMPASSIONATELY HELP hBLAZE A TRAILv FOR A TRAUMATIZED PEOPLE "ACK IN #ANADA ABOUT HOURS WORTH OF FOOTAGE WAS LEFT ON THE PROVERBIAL CUTTING ROOM FLOOR 7HAT REMAINED WAS A DISTILLATION OF WHAT ) HAD FILMED ,ETTING GO OF STORIES AND IMAGES AND CHARACTERS ) HAD MET AND GROWN SO FOND OF WAS SO PAINFUL THAT IT WAS ONLY LATER THAT ) BEGAN TO SEE WHAT THE FILM ACCOM PLISHED RATHER THAN TO GRIEVE FOR WHAT WAS NOT THERE #AROLYN AND +ATE AND EVERYONE ) MET ON MY JOURNEY TRUSTED ME WITH THEIR INSIGHTS AND THEIR IDEAS AND THEIR LOVE FOR +OSOVO ) DEEPLY HOPE ) HAVE HONOURED THAT TRUST ) TOO GREW TO LOVE +OSOVO -OIRA 3IMPSON IS A 6ANCOUVER BASED AWARD WINNING FREELANCE FILM DIRECTOR AND CINEMATOGRAPHER 3HE IS CURRENTLY INVOLVED IN A DOCUMENTARY ON THE STRUGGLE OF -USLIM WOMEN IN #ANADA

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T 3OFIA AIRPORT ON -ARCH IT HAD BECOME APPARENT THAT BREAKING NEWS DEVELOPMENTS WOULD RADICALLY ALTER THE AGENDA FOR THE FIRST LEG OF OUR TRIP TO THE #AUCASUS 3IMMERING TENSIONS BETWEEN THE NEW 'EORGIAN LEADERSHIP AND THE HEAD OF THE !UTONOMOUS 2EPUBLIC OF !JARA !SLAN !BASHIDZE HAD ESCALATED INTO A STAND OFF THAT PUT THE COUNTRY S STABILITY AT RISK

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! CHURCH IN 4BILISI 'EORGIA

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3HORTLY AFTER LANDING IN 4BILISI WE LEARNED THAT THE WHOLE 'EORGIAN 'OVERNMENT HAD LEFT TO JOIN 0RESIDENT -IKHEIL 3AAKASHVILI IN THE WESTERN PORT OF 0OTI FOR EMERGENCY TALKS ON THE CRISIS 2IGHT THEN AND THERE THE OFFICIAL PRO GRAMME FOR THE /3#% #HAIRMANSHIP S VISIT WAS SCRAPPED 4HE #HAIRMAN IN /FFICE #I/ DECIDED TO PRO CEED TO 0OTI TO MEET THE 0RESIDENT !MBASSADOR 2OY 2EEVE (EAD OF THE /3#% -ISSION TO 'EORGIA PLACED THE

-ISSION HELICOPTERS ON STAND BY (E ALSO INSTRUCTED -ISSION CARS TO LEAVE AT DAWN FOR 0OTI SO THEY COULD BE AT THE /3#% TEAM S DISPOSAL IN CASE THE RETURN WOULD HAVE TO BE BY ROAD !T DAYBREAK ON -ARCH HOWEVER BAD WEATHER MADE IT IMPOSSIBLE FOR HELICOPTERS TO FLY AT THE SAME TIME THE /3#% DRIVERS WERE ORDERED TO TURN BACK AFTER THEY FOUND THEMSELVES CRAWLING ALONG AT A SNAIL S PACE THROUGH THICK FOG ON A SNOW COVERED MOUN TAIN PASS 4HE -INISTER S 4U JET WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN ABLE TO LAND ON THE AIRPORT RUNWAY AT 0OTI SO A LIGHT AIRCRAFT WAS CHAR TERED )N 0OTI THE #HAIRMAN IN /FFICE ENCOUR AGED 0RESIDENT 3AAKASHVILI TO RESUME A DIALOGUE WITH THE !JARAN LEADERSHIP TO TRY DEFUSING THE TENSIONS AROUND !JARA 4HE 'EORGIAN LEADER ASSURED HIM THAT FORCE WOULD NOT BE USED AND THAT HE WOULD INVITE -R !BASHIDZE TO MEET HIM FOR TALKS THAT SAME DAY -INISTER 0ASSY QUICKLY CALLED -R !BASHIDZE ON THE PHONE URGING HIM TO ACCEPT THE OFFER TO MEET AND RESOLVE DIFFER ENCES IN A PEACEFUL MANNER !PPEALING PUBLICLY TO BOTH SIDES TO EXER CISE RESTRAINT THE #I/ MADE CLEAR THAT THE /3#% WOULD DO ALL IT COULD TO SUPPORT THE COUNTRY S TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY h7E ARE COM MITTED TO PROMOTING DEMOCRACY IN 'EORGIA AND WILL WORK HARD TO SECURE A PEACEFUL FUTURE FOR THE PEOPLE OF THE REGION v HE SAID 4HE SAME MESSAGE WAS REPEATED AT -INISTER 0ASSY S MEETINGS WITH 0RIME -IN ISTER :URAB :HVANIA ACTING &OREIGN -INISTER $AVID !PTSIAURI AND THE 0ATRIARCH OF !LL 'EORGIA )LIA )) 4HE #I/ REMAINED IN CONTACT WITH 0RESIDENT 3AAKASHVILI BY TELEPHONE AFTER HIS DEPARTURE FROM 'EORGIA 4HE MEETING BETWEEN THE 'EORGIAN 0RESIDENT AND THE LEADER OF !JARA EVENTUALLY TOOK PLACE ON -ARCH AND AGREEMENT WAS REACHED h7ITHOUT ANY DOUBT THIS CAN BE SEEN AS A VERY POSITIVE DEVELOPMENT FOR THE WHOLE REGION v THE #I/ LATER SAID IN A STATEMENT WELCOMING THE NEWS h4ENSIONS HAVE BEEN DEFUSED THROUGH NEGOTIATIONS 4HE EASING OF TENSIONS IN 'EORGIA WILL CONTRIBUTE TO THE FREE AND FAIR CONDUCT OF PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS v 1]Ê < ,

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,ATE IN THE EVENING WE BOARDED THE -INISTER S PLANE AND SET OFF ON THE NEXT LEG OF THE TRIP 4HERE WAS NO LET UP IN THE #I/ S SCHEDULE IN "AKU THE FOLLOWING DAY

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4HE #I/ AND !ZERBAIJAN S &OREIGN -INISTER 6ILAYAT 'ULIYEV TOOK QUESTIONS FROM THE PRESS AFTER EXTENSIVE DISCUSSIONS 0HOTOS /3#% -IKHAIL %VSTAFIEV

-INISTER 0ASSY AND !RMENIAN &OREIGN -INISTER 6ARDAN /SKANYAN AGREED THAT CONTINUED DIALOGUE WAS THE KEY TO SOLVING THE .AGORNO +ARABAKH CONFLICT

-INISTER 0ASSY HAD A LENGTHY MEETING WITH THE 0RESIDENT OF !ZERBAIJAN )LHAM !LIYEV AND ALSO HELD TALKS WITH 0RIME -INISTER !RTUR 2ASIZADEH 3PEAKER OF 0ARLIAMENT -URTUZ !LESKEROV AND &OREIGN -INISTER 6ILAYAT 'ULIYEV 4HE #I/ CALLED FOR CONTINU ATION OF THE DIALOGUE ON THE POLITICAL SETTLEMENT OF THE .AGORNO +ARABAKH CONFLICT WITHOUT ANY PRECONDITIONS h4HE /3#% IS ALWAYS PRE PARED TO BE A FACILITATOR 7E CAN OFFER MANY SCENARIOS ON THE RESOLUTION OF THE CON FLICT BUT IT WILL ALL BE JUST LABORATORY WORK UNTIL BOTH !ZERBAIJAN AND !RMENIA REACH AN AGREEMENT AT THE TABLE v HE SAID h4HE /3#% IS NOT CAPABLE OF MIRACLES AND CAN NOT IMPOSE A READY MADE SOLUTION (ISTORY TEACHES US THAT WHEN IT COMES TO CONFLICTS TIME ALWAYS WORKS AGAINST US v -INISTER 0ASSY ALSO MADE IT CLEAR THAT THE /3#% -INSK 'ROUP CO CHAIRED BY &RANCE THE 2USSIAN &EDERATION AND THE 5NITED 3TATES AND THE 0ERSONAL 2EPRESENTATIVE OF THE /3#% #HAIRMAN IN /FFICE ON THE #ONFLICT $EALT WITH BY THE /3#% -INSK #ONFERENCE !MBASSADOR !NDRZEJ +ASPRZYK WERE DOING THEIR UTMOST TO HELP FIND A SOLUTION TO THE CONFLICT 4HE #I/ EXPRESSED THE HOPE THAT EDU CATION A PRIORITY OF THE "ULGARIAN /3#% #HAIRMANSHIP WOULD PLAY A PART IN RESOLV ING THE .AGORNO +ARABAKH CONFLICT h7E MUST INVEST IN THE EDUCATION OF THE NEXT GENERATION v HE SAID STRESSING THAT IT WAS IMPORTANT THAT YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE ACCESS TO ACCURATE AND OBJECTIVE HISTORY BOOKS h)F WE ALLOW OUR CHILDREN TO BE MISLED BY PROPAGANDA THE NEXT GENERATION WILL FIND IT HARD TO BE OBJECTIVE AND TO FORGET ABOUT OLD SCARS v 4HE VISIT TO "AKU ALSO INCLUDED INFORMAL MEETINGS WITH OPPOSITION LEAD ERS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS WHO WERE CONCERNED ABOUT HUMAN RIGHTS ELECTION ISSUES AND FREEDOM OF THE PRESS 9 , 6 ] Ê , £È £ÇÊ ,

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/NCE AGAIN THE .AGORNO +ARABAKH CONFLICT TOOK CENTRE STAGE THE NEXT DAY WHEN THE #I/ MET !RMENIAN 0RESIDENT 2OBERT +OCHARYAN 0RIME -INISTER !NDRANIK -ARGARYAN

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&OREIGN -INISTER 6ARDAN /SKANYAN AND THE #ATHOLICOS OF !LL !RMENIANS +AREKIN )) 2ENEWING HIS APPEAL FOR CONTINUED DIA LOGUE -INISTER 0ASSY SUGGESTED THAT THE PARTIES IN THE .AGORNO +ARABAKH CONFLICT SHOULD TRY TO STEP BACK FROM YEARS OF MUTUAL MISTRUST h7E NEED TO OVERCOME THE HIS TORIC BURDENS AND DO OUR UTMOST TO HEAL THE WOUNDS OF THE PAST AS SOON AS POSSIBLE 7E MUST FIND NEW DIRECTIONS FOR THE NEXT GENER ATION IN !RMENIA AND !ZERBAIJAN v HE SAID !T THE END OF THE 3OUTH #AUCASUS TRIP THE /3#% #I/ POINTED OUT THAT hTIME IS NOT AN ALLYv FOR ANY OF THE PARTIES AND THAT DRAWING THE ATTENTION OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY COULD HELP PROMOTE SETTLEMENT OF THE CONFLICT !S HE WAS LEAVING FOR 3OFIA THE #I/ LEARNED THAT !ZERBAIJAN WHERE HE HAD RAISED QUESTIONS ON DEMOCRATIZATION AND RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS HAD PARDONED PRISONERS WHO HAD BEEN CONSIDERED POLITICAL PRISONERS BY VARIOUS INTERNATIONAL AND NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS /N THE WAY HOME -INISTER 0ASSY HELD CONSULTATIONS WITH HIS &IRST $EPUTY ,JUBOMIR )VANOV AND !MBASSADOR )VAN .AYDENOV AND IT WAS DECIDED THAT A PRESS STATEMENT REGARDING THE PARDONING SHOULD BE ISSUED THE NEXT MORNING 7E SKETCHED A QUICK DRAFT INCORPORATING THE -INISTER S WORDS h) HOPE THIS MOVE WILL PROVE TO BE ANOTHER STEP TOWARDS RECONCILIATION AND THE UPHOLDING OF DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN !ZERBAIJANI SOCIETY 7E ARE GLAD THAT !ZERBAIJAN RECOGNIZES THE NEED TO FOLLOW /3#% PRINCIPLES IN PROMOTING DEMOCRACY AND HUMAN RIGHTS 4HIS MOVE GIVES NEW HOPE FOR POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COUNTRY v -" ]Ê 1 , \Ê£Ç £nÊ ,

!LTHOUGH THE EXHAUSTED MEMBERS OF THE DELEGATION AND THE JOURNALISTS COULD LOOK FORWARD TO GETTING HOME PROMPTLY THERE WAS NO SUCH LUXURY FOR THE &OREIGN -INISTER !T THE AIRPORT LOUNGE IN A LAST MINUTE HUDDLE WITH HIS AIDES HE REVIEWED REPORTS DISCUSSED AN IMPORTANT MORNING APPEARANCE BEFORE PARLIAMENT WHICH WAS SCHEDULED TO RATIFY THE .ORTH !TLANTIC 4REATY GAVE INSTRUC TIONS TO URGENTLY PREPARE A STATEMENT CON DEMNING THE VIOLENCE IN +OSOVO AND CON SIDERED A POSSIBLE TRIP TO THE TROUBLED AREA > Ê ÛÃÌ>v iÛÊ ÃÊ>Ê*ÀiÃÃÊ"vv ViÀÊ ÊÌ iÊ -iVÀiÌ>À >Ì½ÃÊ*ÀiÃÃÊ> `Ê*ÕL VÊ v À >Ì Ê -iVÌ °

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**" / /-

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