The Fresh Air Network - Program

Page 1

Otis Sloan Brittain Architecture and Extreme Environments

THE FRESH AIR NETWORK

䂔㠿䤓䴉㺣几

YELLOW RIVER WATERBUS SYSTEM & CENTRAL TERMINAL

煓㽂㻃ₙ⏻ℳ侊兮✛₼⮽懵䵨

Otis Sloan Brittain Student No: 150131 otisharley@gmail.com Tutor: Thomas Chevalier Bøjstrup Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts School of Architecture IBT, Architecture and Extreme Environments Spring 2017

␔⹈

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION Course Outline .......................................4 Introduction ............................................6 Lanzhou ...................................................8 POLLUTION - HYPEROBJECT The Inescapable Problem .....................14 What is Air Pollution? ..........................16 A Matter of Life and Death ..................18 Approach to Pollution.........................20 NETWORK - THE URBAN Network map .......................................30 The Existing Waterbus Network.......32 Fluctuations ..........................................34 Adapting to the City’s Metabolism ....36 Territories of the River........................38 Network Intentions.............................40 TERMINAL - THE BUILDING Increasing Exposure.............................44 Site .........................................................46 Program ................................................48 Oasis and Enclosure.............................50 CULTIVATION - THE MICRO Initial Research.....................................64 Continuing investigation....................70 Approach to Cultivation......................72 y.........................................74 Methodology APPENDIX Initial Studies and Writings ................79 Bibliography.........................................80 Illustrations............................................82

3

ARCHITECTURE & EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS This thesis is situated within the Architecture and Extreme Environments Master programme which explores the intersection between architecture, technology, culture and environment. Through a VLWH VSHFL௕F DSSURDFK ZH DLP WR UHVSRQG WR SUHVHQW and future global challenges through ‘research by design’ and direct ‘on-site involvement’ in the form of active expeditions to extreme environments. In 2016 this was focused on the Chinese city of Lanzhou and the Gobi Desert. We mediate our presence in our environment via design and technology, often disregarding the environmental and cultural impacts. It is the intention of this thesis to investigate how biological services, often overlooked and taken for granted, might be considered as a rich bank of architectural technology that provide both aesthetic and spatial potentials whilst addressing the environmental challenges we face today1. 1. KADK, 2016

4 INTRODUCTION

LANZHOU

5

THE YELLOW RIVER WATERBUS NETWORK In 2015 the World Health Organisation named Lanzhou, the capital of the Gansu province, China’s most polluted city1. Sandwiched in a valley between two mountain ranges in the Gobi Desert, Lanzhou VX௔HUV IURP D VHYHUH ODFN RI IUHVK DLU 7KLV FRXSOHG ZLWK KHDY\ WUDௗF DQG H[WHQVLYH LQGXVWU\ ZLWKLQ WKH city limits has led to Lanzhou’s severe air quality problems2. This observation lead me develop and test a device that used local water cultures, such as algae, WR ௕OWHU DLU As Lanzhou has grown both physically and HFRQRPLFDOO\ VR KDV LWV WUDௗF 7KH FLW\ LV EHLQJ VX௔RFDWHG E\ D JULGORFN RI YHKLFOHV ZKLOVW contradictorily the former artery of the city, The Yellow River, lies empty following governmental SROLF\ WR EDQ ERDW WUDௗF RQ WKH ZDWHUZD\ WR UHGXFH river pollution.

CULTIVATING WATER CULTURES The Fresh Air Network aims to bring life back to the river and reduce overall vehicular pollution in Lanzhou. The project is a re-imaging of the struggling existing Lanzhou Waterbus. The Network will be planned to work with future city developments, including the subway system currently under construction. The terminals will be designed to be G\QDPLF WR DGDSW ZLWK WKH ௖XFWXDWLQJ WLGHV DQG WKH changing metabolism of Lanzhou. Collectively the terminals will create a chain of oases, using local DOJDH FXOWXUHV WR ௕OWHU SROOXWLRQ SURYLGLQJ FOHDQ DLU for travellers. This thesis will focus on the design of the central terminal as an exemplar for the rest of the network. The project considers the terminal as common space for the city that houses hybrid programs to support physical and mental health with a focus towards the age groups most vulnerable to air pollution. The Network will cultivate local water FXOWXUHV IRU DLU ௕OWUDWLRQ DQG SURYLGH D KHDOWKLHU ZD\ to traverse the city. 1. WHO, 2015 2. Costabile et al, 2010

6 INTRODUCTION

URBAN

Design for a central terminal connecting the developing Quilihe and Anning Districts through a bridging structure that provides a new commons space for the city, programmatically catering for the most vulnerable age groups to air pollution.

BUILDING

Outline Proposal for a Waterbus Network known as the Fresh Air Network, which provides not only transport for the citizens of Lanzhou but also sanctuaries (oases) of clean air within the heavily polluted city.

A Proposal for a design tectonic that incorporates algae water culture FXOWLYDWLRQ IRU DLU ௕OWHULQJ DW EXLOGLQJ scale.

MICRO

THE FRESH AIR NETWORK

DELIVERIES

7

LANZHOU 1,088 KM2

Size of urban Lanzhou

2.2 MILLION

Urban Population

200 BILLION CNY GDP of Lanzhou

57,191 CNY

GDP Per Capita (National av: 52,925 Beijing: 106,751)

2,000/KM2

Urban Density (Copenhagen: 2,052/km2)

The Lanzhou is the capital of the Gansu province in Western China. It is located in a valley at the intersection of Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, the Inner Mongolian Plateau and the Loess Plateau. The city is approximately 35km east-west and 7km north-south and surrounded by mountains between 500m-600m high. It sits on the upper reaches of the Huang He more commonly known as the The Yellow River. Lanzhou is situated on the historic silk road trade URXWH DQG WKH ௕UVW VHWWOHPHQWV LQ /DQ]KRX GDWHV EDFN to the 6th century BC. Now over 2 million people live in the city. Lanzhou is divided into 4 districts, with Chengguan (the current urban centre) in the east, Anning, Quilihe and Xigu towards the west. Given the geography of the city it has reached the limits of expansion, instead developing new satellite towns and cities such as the Lanzhou New Area, a new urban centre for 1 million inhabitants approximately 40km north of Lanzhou.

8 INTRODUCTION

Chengguan ⩝␂◉

Quilihe

ₒ摛㽂◉

Anning ⸘⸐◉

Xigu

導⦉◉

9 5km

Photo study of Lanzhou. ^ Xigu - Industrial District Ȓ Zhongshan Bridge - Historic Centre INTRODUCTION

^ Panoramic of Lanzhou f > 7UDௗF LQ &KHQJJXDQ ' Ȓ White Pagoda - Baitash

from Chengguan District 'LVWULFW an Mountain

^ Central Bus Station Č’ Pedestrian Street - Commercial Centre

11

THE HYPEROBJECT

怔⺈廰 PM2.5 LQ ̀J P3 <10 11-15 16-25

POLLUTION

㻰㩢 PM2.5 LQ ̀J P3 26-35 36-69 >70

THE INESCAPABLE PROBLEM Hyperobject: entities of such vast temporal and spatial dimensions that they GHIHDW WUDGLWLRQDO LGHDV DERXW ZKDW D WKLQJ LV LQ WKH ࣾUVW SODFH 1 7LPRWK\ 0RUWRQ

In Lanzhou air pollution is inescapable. Due to Lanzhou’s proximity to the Gobi desert, the city is at the forefront of one of the largest environmental LVVXHV &KLQD FXUUHQWO\ IDFHV GHVHUWL௕FDWLRQ 7KLV LV the spreading of the desert’s sands through wind. ,W LV HVWLPDWHG WKDW FRVW RI GHVHUWL௕FDWLRQ DFURVV China per year is over 89 billion RMB, around 1% of China’s GDP2 7UHPHQGRXV H௔RUWV KDYH EHHQ made to attempt to halt these spreading sands, such DV WKH SODQWLQJ RI WKH ZRUOG֢V ODUJHVW DUWL௕FLDO IRUHVW China’s great green wall3 :LWK WKLV GHVHUWL௕FDWLRQ huge quantities of dust particles are being blown into Lanzhou’s air supply. The average AQI reading (Air 4XDOLW\ ,QGH[ LQ /DQ]KRX LV DURXQG FODVVL௕HG as unhealthy in the WHO’s air quality index. To put that into perspective, the average AQI reading for Copenhagen is around 304. Whilst writing the following program, Lanzhou had an AQI of 999, the very top of the scale5. 7UDௗF LV FXUUHQWO\ VWUDQJOLQJ /DQ]KRX 7KH /DQ]KRX government has gone to great lengths to try and reduce this, including staggering personal car use so only cars with certain license plates can drive on VSHFL௕F GD\V DQG PRVW UHFHQWO\ WHPSRUDULO\ PDNLQJ bus transport completely free. The reality is these are largely symbolic gestures and not long term solutions to what is really an issue of poor urban planning. 7UDௗF MDPV DUH D GDLO\ RFFXUUHQFH VSHZLQJ ERWK pollution and noise throughout the city. This, in FRPELQDWLRQ ZLWK WKH GLௗFXOW\ RI PRYLQJ WKURXJK Lanzhou’s overcrowded roads, has resulted in a city that is slow, frustrating and unhealthy to navigate.

14 POLLUTION

&RPPXWHU GRQV IDFH PDVN DV UH௕QHU\ SXPSV SROOXWDQWV LQWR WKH DLU behind her in Lanzhou’s industrial Xigu district.

Another key source of pollution in Lanzhou is the large amount of industry within the city, particularly in Lanzhou’s western Xigu district. Xigu is home WR &KLQD֢V ௕UVW QXFOHDU SRZHU SODQW D௔HFWLRQDWHO\ QDPHG &KLQD֢V 6RQ DV ZHOO DV QXPHURXV UH௕QHULHV and other industrial plants pumping pollutants into the air. Lanzhou is both dependent on this industry EXW DOVR VX௔RFDWHG E\ LW DV WKH SUHYDLOLQJ HDVWHUO\ wind carries this pollution into the urban heart of the city. $Q\ H௔RUWV WR ௕JKW DLU SROOXWLRQ IHHO VR QRPLQDO when the problem is omnipotent and inescapable. How does one attempt to address an issue as large as air itself? In my initial research into air pollution in Lanzhou (see p64) I explored a more targeted DSSURDFK ௕OWHULQJ WKH VPDOOHU YROXPHV RI DLU HQFORVHG inside buildings using algae cultures. This idea of manipulating indoor air quality has been around since the invention of air conditioning. The Fresh Air Network aims to continue this investigation through a transport network situated within the Yellow River, a source of these cultures, that uses this ORFDO ELRORJ\ WR ௕OWHU DLU R௔HULQJ UHVSLWH ZLWKLQ WKH terminals to the citizens of Lanzhou whilst providing another means of public transport to reduce city ZLGH WUDௗF SROOXWLRQ 1. Morton, 2013 2.Cheng et al, 2013 3. The Economist, 2014

4. World Air Quality, 2015 5. World Air Quality, 2017

15

WHO:

LANZHOU:

Particle Pollution:

20 PM10

144 PM10

10 PM2.5

67 PM2.5

Gaseous Pollution:

40 NO2

42 NO2

20 SO2

55 SO2

World Health Organisation’s recommended air pollution guidelines (left) compared with Lanzhou’s annual mean average (right). 9DOXHV DUH ̀J P

16 POLLUTION

WHAT IS AIR POLLUTION? Air Pollution: The presence in or introduction into the air of a substance which KDV KDUPIXO RU SRLVRQRXV HࣽHFWV 1

Air pollution takes two forms, ambient air pollution which is the quality of outdoor air and indoor air pollution. Within these two categories it is further broken down into particle pollution and hazardous gas pollution. Particle pollution consists of solid and liquid matter WKDW LV ௖RDWLQJ LQ WKH DLU VXFK DV GXVW 5HDGLQJV IRU particle pollution are given as the number of particles below a certain size per cubic meter. PM10 readings are the number of particles of 10 micrometers and under and PM2.5 is for matter under 2.5 micrometers. Hazardous gas pollution is largely concerned with the concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Sulphur Oxides (SOx), Nitrogen Oxides (NOx), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) such as Methane and Benzene. 1. Oxford Dictionary, 2017

17

1.2MILLION

4TH KILLER

no. of deaths in China related to particle pollution

pollution related diseases were the 4th largest killer in China

India

UK

Denmark

China

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

No. of deaths per 100,000 related to particle pollution

ALRD

42K COPD 67K LC 219K STROKE

129K IHD

No. of deaths by disease related to particle pollution in China (ALRD) Acute lower respiritory disease, (COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, (LC) Lung cancer, (IHD) Ischaemic Heart Disease. All data taken from 2010 from the WHO database

18 POLLUTION

A MATTER OF LIFE & DEATH ,Q 7KH :RUOG +HDOWK 2UJDQLVDWLRQ QDPHG &KLQD DV WKH FRXQWU\ ZLWK PRVW GHDWKV FDXVHG E\ RXWGRRU DLU SROOXWLRQ 1

Often discussions concerning air pollution are IRFXVHG RQ LWV HQYLURQPHQWDO H௔HFWV VXFK DV WKH increased emission of green house gases and global warming. In Lanzhou and to a greater extent China, conversations about air pollution are a matter of life and death. China is in the midst of what is being described as the ‘air-pocalypse’. In 2010, 1.2 million people died from health issues caused by ambient particle matter and it is the fourth leading cause of death in the country2. Air pollution damages the lungs, brain, QHUYRXV V\VWHP DQG WKH KHDUW ZKLOVW WKH H௔HFWV RI XOWUD ௕QH SDUWLFOHV HQWHULQJ WKH EORRGVWUHDP LV VWLOO unknown. Those most susceptible to pollution are the elderly, infants and children and unborn children3. In the elderly, due to comorbidity, exposure to air pollution can be fatal and has been linked to increased incidences of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), chronic bronchitis, asthma and emphysema4 3ROOXWLRQ H௔HFWV FKLOGUHQV֢ development and can lead to impaired lung function and neurodevelopment. A study carried out in Lanzhou in 2015 showed increased cases of congenital heart birth defects amongst pregnant women exposed to higher levels of air pollution5.

1. WHO, 2012 2. Global Burden of Disease, 2013 3. Health.Gov, 2017

4. Simoni et al, 2015 5. Jin et al, 2015

19

A THREEFOLD APPROACH TO POLLUTION: 1

NETWORK REDUCING CONTRIBUTORS

2

TERMINAL INTEGRATING OASIS

3

CULTIVATION USING POLLUTION

20 POLLUTION

POLLUTION AND THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT ո(QYLURQPHQWDO SROOXWLRQ LV DQ LQFXUDEOH GLVHDVH ,W FDQ RQO\ EH SUHYHQWHG 1� %DUU\ &RPPRQHU

In isolation, environmental scientist Dr. Commoner’s comment on pollution may appear fatalistic, however, he is using it as a call to action, to spur a multi disciplinary strategy on pollution reduction, focused on prevention at the point of production. The fact is the issue of pollution in Lanzhou so severe and vast it requires an extensive, cross disciplinary strategy in order to prevent it, whether it can be really be prevented at all given its location. The aim of this thesis is to explore one possible option of address the issue of air pollution in Lanzhou through the built environment. The IROORZLQJ FKDSWHUV H[SORUH WKUHH VWUDWHJLHV 7KH ௕UVW 1HWZRUN H[SORUHV KRZ FLW\ ZLGH WUDௗF SROOXWLRQ and congestion can be reduced through the waterbus system. The second looks at whether a terminal within this network can provide relief from pollution and how exposure to more Lanzhou residents can be increase and targeted towards those most vulnerable. The third looks at how local algae cultivation might be integrated within the building technology of the WHUPLQDO WR ERWK XVH DQG ௕OWHU WKH SROOXWLRQ

1. Commoner, 1971

21

REDUCING CONTRIBUTORS Pollution levels have reached such extremes in Lanzhou due to both geographical reasons and as a result of poor city planning. Contributing factors can be summarised under 6 categories1: GEOGRAPHY

The arid dusty climate means thousands of tonnes of dust is blown into the city then trapped in the valley. ENERGY STRUCTURE

Lanzhou is reliant on coal accounting for 80% of consumption. INDUSTRY

Petroleum, metallurgy chemical industrial plants and power stations exist within city limits. TRAFFIC

7UDௗF LV FRQVWDQWO\ RQ WKH ULVH DV PRUH /DQ]KRX citizens own cars, increasing rapidly from 50,000 in 1990 to 128,000 in 2000. INCREASING POPULATION

Lanzhou has seen a steady and continuous population increase since the 1930’s. WESTERN CHINESE ECONOMY

Western China is less developed both economy and technologically than its eastern counterpart. 1. Ta et al, 2003

22 POLLUTION

The Fresh Air Network aims to reduce pollution contributors through the following:

REDUCING CAR USE

The Fresh Air Network hopes to reduce individual FDU XVH WKURXJK WKH H[SDQVLRQ RI D ]HUR WUDௗF PHDQV to travel the length of the city. INCREASING WATER CROSSINGS

The Fresh Air Network will increase the number of points to cross the Yellow river, thus causing a UHGXFWLRQ LQ RYHUDOO WUDௗF FRQJHVWLRQ EDUCATION

The public transport network is a point of contact for a broad and varied socio demographic in Lanzhou. It aims to raise awareness and educate its users about pollution sources and how they might be reduced.

23

^ Temporary Fresh Air bar in Zhengzhou city, Henan province 24 POLLUTION

PROVIDING OASIS “Air pollution is a slow and invisible killer 2Q DYHUDJH ZH WDNH EUHDWKV D GD\ DERXW OLWUHV RI DLU 2XU EUDLQ XWLOLVHV DSSUR[LPDWHO\ SHU FHQW RI WKH ERG\ŐľV R[\JHQ supply and brain cells quickly begin to die when they are deprived RI WKH R[\JHQ OHDGLQJ WR ORVV RI PHPRU\ VOHHS DSQRHD IDWLJXH DQG PRUH 0RUHRYHU ZH VSHQG PRUH WKDQ SHU FHQW RI RXU WLPH LQGRRUV ,I ZH ࣞ[ RXU RऀFH DQG RXU KRPH LW ZLOO JLYH RXU UHVSLUDWRU\ V\VWHP WKH UHVW LW QHHGV WR EXLOG LPPXQLW\ WR ࣞJKW SROOXWLRQ RXWGRRUV +HQFH LW LV LPSHUDWLYH WKDW ZH ORRN DW WKH VROXWLRQV WKDW NHHS XV KHDOWK\ LQ RXU LQGRRU VSDFHV 1â€? .DPDO 0HDWWOH IRXQGHU RI Ő´*URZ <RXU 2ZQ $LUŐľ PRYHPHQW

The program aims to give users access to clean ‘fresh air’ within the enclosures of the terminal buildings and waterbuses. There is strong evidence WR VXSSRUW WKDW IUHVK DLU LV EHQH௕FLDO ERWK PHQWDOO\ and physically and exposure to and physical exertion within polluted environments can be harmful. There is also a burgeoning recreational health market emerging within China around its pollution problem, H[HPSOL௕HG E\ VRPHZKDW JLPPLFN\ SURGXFWV VXFK as Chinese entrepreneur Chen Guangbiao’s ‘air in a can’2 $VLGH IURP IXQFWLRQLQJ DV DQ H௔HFWLYH PHDQV to travel through Lanzhou, The Fresh Air Network aims to mediate between these two potential markets, as both a place for health and a place for leisure. 1. Post Magazine, 2015 2. ‘Chen Guangbiao, Chinese Millionaire, Sells Canned Fresh Air To Combat 3ROOXWLRQÖ˘ +XௗQJWRQ 3RVW

25

“The wholesale transformation of production technologies that is mandated by pollution prevention creates a new surge of HFRQRPLF GHYHORSPHQW 1” %DUU\ &RPPRQHU

26 POLLUTION

POLLUTION AS RESOURCE ո3ROOXWLRQ LV QRWKLQJ EXW WKH UHVRXUFHV ZH DUH QRW KDUYHVWLQJ :H DOORZ WKHP WR GLVSHUVH EHFDXVH ZHյYH EHHQ LJQRUDQW RI WKHLU YDOXH ” %XFNPLQVWHU )XOOHU

Ever the technological positivist, Buckminster )XOOHU TXHVWLRQV WKH YHU\ GH௕QLWLRQ RI SROOXWLRQ $W WKH IRUHIURQW RI HQYLURQPHQWDOLVP LV DQ H௔HFW WR reduce pollution, often requiring costly changes to massive infrastructures, with no immediate return on investment. Perhaps a means to incentivise actors to reduce pollution is to make it economical to safely harvest it? Air pollution is hazardous to humans but to water cultures such as algae it provides a source of nutrients. Algae absorb CO2 during photosynthesis and Sulphur and Nitros Oxides and produce Oxygen. Dust pollution is also high in minerals and nutrients such as phosphates that algaes need. The Fresh Air Network aims to capitalise on the air pollution WR JURZ ZDWHU FXOWXUHV ZKLFK LQ WXUQ ௕OWHU WKH DLU and provide a source of biomass that can be sold for additional revenue or even used to create bio-fuels.

1. Commoner, 1971 2. Farrell, 1971, p51

27

WELCOME ABOARD

㶱扝䤊㧉

THE FRESH AIR NETWORK

䂔㠿䤓䴉㺣几

NETWORK MAP 7KH PDS WR WKH ULJKW LV QRW WKH ௕QDO GHVLJQ RI WKH network but an impression of how the waterbus system might be woven into the future infrastructure of the city. The plan shows both the future subway network that is currently under construction and the predicted zoning of the city by 2030.

NETWORK MANIFESTO The Fresh Air Network aims to provide: ֫ A healthier way to traverse the city ֫ An alternative to the metro and bus systems but also part of those systems, creating a diverse network of public transport infrastructure for Lanzhou ֫ A chain of oases from the city’s pollution ֫ A continuum of commons spaces for the city that house hybrid programs in response to local contexts and those must susceptible to air pollution ֫ Terminal design that gives added value to the GL௔HUHQW WHUULWRULHV RI WKH ULYHU ֫ A dynamic network that can adapt to both the changing river level and the metabolism of the city ֫ A system that both cultivates local biological water FXOWXUHV IRU DLU ௕OWUDWLRQ EXW DOVR D FXOWXUH UHVSRQVLYH to the human made causes of air pollution

5km

30

30

LANZHOU 2030 RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL/ CIVIC EDUCATIONAL

LINE 1

DISTRICTS

LINE 2

TERMINALS

LINE 3

10MIN WALK

GREEN AREAS

LINE 4

CROSSINGS

COMMERCIAL

LINE 5

XIGU 導⦉◉ մ/DQ]KRXյV 1HZ %XVLQHVV DQG ,QGXVWU\ GLVWULFWյ

ATTRACTIONS ALONG THE NETWORK:

ZHONGSHAN BRIDGE

31 XIGU AMUSEMENTS

DONGFANGHONG SQUARE

₼⮽兗䵾

CENTRAL TERMINAL

The Central Terminal provides access to the full Fresh Air Networks services whilst forming a physical and community link between the Anning and Quilihe Districts.

ANNING AND QUILIHE մ/DQ]KRXյV 1HZ &RPPHUFLDO DQG &LYLF GLVWULFWVյ

Zhongshan Bridge

WHITE PAGODA MOUNTAIN

ISLAMIC MARKET

XIGUAN MOSQUE

DAGOB

BA TEMPLE

CHENGGUAN ⩝␂◉

մ/DQ]KRXյV +LVWRULF &HQWUHյ

WATERWHEEL PARK

URBAN PLANNING MUSEUM

REVIVING THE EXISTING WATERBUS NETWORK ո7KH SUREOHP LV QRW WKH ZDWHU OHYHO WKH ERDWV FDQ DOZD\V JR 7KH SUREOHP LV WKH WHUPLQDOV WKHUH DUHQվW HQRXJK DQG RQ D EDG GD\ WKH ERDWV FDQվW UHDFK WKHP � /DQ]KRX :DWHUEXV %RDW 'ULYHU

Currently a small waterbus service has been operating for three years with two stops on the river. Having spent a week riding the water bus and interviewing users, drivers and employees of the system it is DSSDUHQW WKDW LW IDFHV PDQ\ GLௗFXOWLHV )LUVWO\ WKHUH simply are not enough stops. There is a high demand for more stations within the Chengguan city centre and towards the east and west of the city where many commuters live. The two existing terminals lack visibility from street level and locations are not within easy walking distance to other transport links such as local buses. The buildings are simple open air waiting rooms with no other amenities except WRLOHWV DQG D WLFNHW RௗFH 'XULQJ WKH ZLQWHU ZKHQ the temperature can drop below zero this creates a very unpleasant waiting environment. The terminals are also anchored to the banks of the river so when the tide is very low the water buses cannot moor at the stations and the service cannot run. ^ Waterbus traveling through Chengguan District

32 NETWORK

Terminal 2 Terminal 1

^ Terminal 1 < Terminal 2 Č’ Terminal locations

33

<HDUO\ ௖XFWXDWLRQV LQ 3ROOXWLRQ 7HPS DQG 5LYHU /HYHO

AQI 200 150 100 50 jan

feb

mar

apr

may

jun

8m 9m 10m 11m RIVER DEPTH

YEARLY CYCLES Õ´FRQFHQWUDWLRQV RI SROOXWLRQ XQGHUJR D VHDVRQDO F\FOH FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ D ZLQWHU PD[LPD IRU 62 DQG 12[ DQG E\ D VSULQJ PD[LPD IRU SDUWLFOH SROOXWLRQÕµ 1

7KLV GL௔HUHQFH LV EHOLHYHG WR EH SDUWLDOO\ GXH WR increased coal burning during the colder months2. The network responds to these seasonal changes by providing oasis from the pollution in the winter and opening up the terminals in the less polluted warmer summers.

AQI 200 spring

summer

autumn

winter

150 100 50 00:00

02:00

04:00

25% 50% week day

weekend

75% 100% NETWORK USE

34

06:00

08:00

10:00

Av. Temp

Pollution AQI

AV. TEMP 30 20 10 0

jul

aug

sep

oct

nov

dec

DAILY CYCLES մ$ UHJXODU SDWWHUQ RI GLXUQDO YDULDWLRQV RI SROOXWLRQ FRQFHQWUDWLRQV H[KLELWHG D ࣾUVW KLJK SHDN LQ WKH PRUQLQJ RU QRRQ DQG WKH VHFRQG ORZ SHDN LQ WKH ODWH HYHQLQJ RU PLGQLJKW յ

7KH ௕UVW PRUQLQJ SHDN LV EHOLHYHG WR EH D FRQVHTXHQFH of increased vehicle use during rush hour, increased factory use and the elevated inversion4. This period corresponds to peak use of the network, which can R௔HU UHOLHI WR FRPPXWHUV ZKLOH WKH FLW\ VX௔HUV LWV worst pollution.

'DLO\ ௖XFWXDWLRQV LQ 3ROOXWLRQ DQG 5LYHU 8VH

12:00

1. Ta et al, 2003

14:00

16:00

2. Ta et al, 2003

18:00

35

20:00

22:00

URBAN DEVELOPMENT 1949 - 2012

1949

1978

2000

2012

Lanzhou has continuously grow within the valley and has now reached its limits of expansion.

LANZHOU ZONING 2012

In 2012 Lanzhou was zoned with its urban centre towards the east in the Chengguan District and industry towards the west in Xigu.

LANZHOU ZONING 2030

By 2030 Lanzhou is set to radically change, with less industry towards the west with new commercial centres emerging in its place RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL/ CIVIC

EDUCATIONAL GREEN AREAS

36 NETWORK

COMMERCIAL

ADAPTING WITH THE CITY’S METABOLISM Õ´WKH DYHUDJH EXLOGLQJ LQ &KLQD ZLOO RQO\ ODVW EHWZHHQ WZHQW\ ࣾYH DQG WKLUW\ \HDUV EHIRUH QHHGLQJ WR EH WRUQ GRZQ )RU D VHQVH RI VFDOH RQ DYHUDJH KRXVHV LQ %ULWDLQ ODVW IRU \HDUV DQG WKRVH LQ WKH 86$ IRU \HDUV 1Õµ 4LX %DR[LQJ 9LFH 0LQLVWHU RI WKH +RXVLQJ DQG 8UEDQ 5XUDO 'HYHORSPHQW 0LQLVWU\

Since the start of the 20th century, urban development has been spreading along the Yellow 5LYHU DQG ௕OOLQJ WKH /DQ]KRX 9DOOH\ 7KH FLW\ QRZ has reached the limits of expansion and is seeking more drastic measures to creating more space for GHYHORSPHQW IXUWKHU D௕HOG DV VHHQ LQ /DQ]KRX New Area (see appendix ‘Cultivating Ecologies’). The present urban core is now in a state of constant metamorphosis within its geographical limits, driven in part by the short lifespan of Chinese construction, a leasehold property market and developers looking WR EXLOG PRUH SUR௕WDEOH W\SRORJLHV ZLWK WKH OLPLWHG space the city has. This is evident in how the city is set to radically transform over the next 15 years. :LWK D FLW\ FRQVWDQWO\ LQ ௖X[ KRZ PLJKW RQH FUHDWH a transport infrastructure that is designed to change with the city? The Fresh Air Network sees the Yellow River as an artery on which the terminals can be easily moved to adapt to changes both in water level and the demands of the city. As new urban centres emerge and the demography of the city changes, stations can be UHVKX௘HG WR QHZ FRQ௕JXUDWLRQV WKDW EHVW VXLW WKH city. 1. Sheppard, 2015, p15

37

ENGAGING WITH THE TERRITORIES OF THE RIVER

38 NETWORK

What sets the The Fresh Air Network apart from other transport infrastructure in Lanzhou, are the opportunities to interact with the rich and diverse range of territories on the Yellow River. URBAN NORTH The Network aims to create terminals that are integrated with the urban context past the highway, so passengers can transition easily from river to city and onwards.

HIGHWAY NORTH A 4 lane highway runs the parallel to the edge of the river. The QHWZRUN DLPV WR ZRUN ZLWK H[LVWLQJ ௖\ RYHUV DQG SURSRVHG QHZ RQHV WR HDVH SHGHVWULDQ ௖RZ

BANK NORTH The shoreline, particularly around the Chengguan district appears to be more catered for pedestrians, incorporating parks and tourist attractions. The Network aims to enhance and link these areas.

RIVER CONDITIONS The main body of the river presents a variety of territories that change with the seasons including clear expanses, bridges and the areas created beneath and raised areas that before small islands in the winter when the water level is at its lowest.

BANK SOUTH The southern shore, particularly towards the western districts, is fragmented from the rest of the city not just by the highway but by other physical barriers such as walls and changes in level. The network aims to increase pedestrian permeability in these areas.

HIGHWAY SOUTH A 4 lane highway also runs the length of the river on its southern side.

URBAN PARKS A series of urban parks lie in the territory between the river and the urban grain however pedestrian access is often blocked by highways. The Network looks at how the cities green spaces might be better connected by the river.

URBAN SOUTH The Network hopes to provide new ways to connect the north and south of the river, to spread vitality across the city.

39

URBAN

HIGHWAY

BANK

RIVER

BANK

HIGHWAY

PARK

URBAN

40

DIAGRAM OF NETWORK INTENTIONS

LINKING TRANSPORT NETWORKS

The Network aims to create terminals that are integrated with the urban context past the highway, so passengers can transition easily from river to city to other transport infrastructure.

CREATING CROSSINGS

The Network creates more points for pedestrians to cross both highway and river, either via physical links like bridges and ௖\RYHUV XVLQJ WKH ZDWHUEXVHV WR IHUU\ SDVVHQJHUV RU SRWHQWLDOO\ creating terminals that themselves move across the water.

FIXED AND MOVING TERMINALS

6LPSOH SHGHVWULDQ ZDONZD\V OLQN WKH EDQNV DQG WKH ௖RDWLQJ terminals. This means that as the city changes the terminals can move to more suitable locations taking these pedestrian links or leaving then to become additional ways to reach the river or reappropriated.

41 NETWORK

THE BUILDING

兗䵾ㆉ䷠

TERMINAL

兗䵾ㆉ䷠

USING THE TERMINAL TO INCREASE EXPOSURE Programmatically the central terminal aims to LQFUHDVH H[SRVXUH DQG H௔HFWLYHQHVV RI WKH IUHVK DLU environment by encouraging users to stay longer, use the air more and encourage the ages groups most vulnerable.

INCREASE USE

The central terminal aims to encourage greater use through the creation of a new pedestrian bridge linking the developing commercial areas in the Anning and Quilihe districts. The bridge houses the waterbus stations but also provides a civic leisure space.

ENCOURAGE USERS TO STAY LONGER

The terminal encourages users to stay for longer than the next waterbus departure through the incorporation of civic spaces for leisure and to breath the fresh air.

44 TERMINAL

PROMOTE ACTIVITIES FOR HEALTH մ7KH ࣾUVW VWHS LQ ࣾJKWLQJ SROOXWLRQ LV WR FKDQJH DWWLWXGHV ,I LWյV VPRJJ\ VXSSRUW \RXU GLJHVWLYH DQG LPPXQH V\VWHP 7DNH FDOPLQJ WHDV WR KHOS FDOP \RX GRZQ :H VKRXOG EH PRUH FHQWUHG on our own nutrient levels and our own physical and emotional health than worrying about an external thing that we have so OLWWOH FRQWURO RYHUյ /RXLVH %XFNOH\ WKHUDSLVW

The terminal considers a holistic approach to health by interweaving leisure spaces within the bridge for exercise, relaxation and nourishment.

PROVIDE SPACES FOR THE MOST VULNERABLE Graph of aging population (65+) in Lanzhou 1980 to 2015. 350,000 300,000 250,000 200,000 150,000 100,000 50,000

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Lanzhou is in the midst of an elderly and baby boom, the age groups most vulnerable to pollution. The terminal is a commons space for civic interactions with a series of programs targeted at those age groups. This takes form as an intergenerational community centre. 45

SITE

The site was chosen from multiple crossing points LGHQWL௕HG VHH 1HWZRUN 0DS 7KLV VLWH FUHDWHV D link in the new civic centre developing to the west of the Chengguan. A stark contrast exists between the two sides of the river. Currently to the north of the site there is a long pedestrian strip with malls and other commercial buildings whilst across the river it is largely under construction. The site is within close proximity to existing bus infrastructure and the new metro system being constructed. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Site and crossing point Existing pedestrian axis New civic area under construction including commercial and public buildings 3 residential areas within a 10 minute walk The banks of the Yellow River are gradually being developed into a series of parks Site within 10 minute walk to Line 1 metro station, WKH ௕UVW OLQH GXH IRU FRPSOHWLRQ LQ Metro line 2 within 20 minute walk Vehicular bridge approximately 1km from site Protected green belt

Line 1

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48 TERMINAL

PROGRAM

FRESH AIR OASIS

TERMINAL Commuter Boat Pontoons Tourism Pontoons Waiting Spaces 7LFNHW 2ௗFH Tourist Information Supermarket & Eateries Toilets 6WD௔ 2ௗFHV Driver Room

PARK Algae Cultivation Exercise routes Exercise Equipment Tea House Library Amphitheatre/ Cinema Kayak Club City Bike Station Pool

COMMUNITY Community Hall Community Classrooms Kindergarten Prenatal Centre Kitchen

49

Collection of activities taking place along the river banks

50 TERMINAL

PROGRAM | PARK Within Lanzhou there is a strong practice of using the river’s edge for leisure and exercise particularly amongst the elderly. The terminal aims to further enhance this by connecting these spaces and providing a healthier environment for these informal congregations.

51

COMMONS & INFRASTRUCTURE The project takes inspiration from projects such as the Galata Bridge in Istanbul, Li Xiaodong’s bridge school in Xiaoxi, China and Copenhagen’s own Dronning Louises Bridge. These are examples of how infrastructure has been appropriated by the public for leisure. The project investigates how spatial and material qualities, such as a stone wall that gradually heats up in the summer sun in the case of Dronning Louises Bridge, might encourage information social occupation. ^ Li Xiaodong’s bridge school in Xiaoxi, China.

52 TERMINAL

Illustrations taken from Atelier Bow Wow’s Behaviourology studies, 2014. ^ Galata Bridge, Istanbul. Ȓ Dronning Louises Bridge,

53

The terminal provides a healthy and stimulating environment

The terminal links various elderly social spaces along river

The terminal incorporates mutually EHQH௕FLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV between the most vulnerable groups

Programs such as the cross network library widen the reach of the community, allowing users to take books for the journey and deposit them at other terminals

54 TERMINAL

Parents can leave/ collect kids at the terminal on their commute

PROGRAM | COMMUNITY The program aims to foster a sense of community amongst all users whilst focusing on how the hybrid of transport infrastructure and community architecture might aid the demographics most vulnerable to air pollution, whilst providing a platform for mutually EHQH௕FLDO UHODWLRQVKLSV WR GHYHORS The community centre within the terminal caters for the elderly, new parents, pregnant women and children to create an intergenerational program. A kindergarten provides a stimulating and healthy environment for working parents to leave their children incorporated into their commute. The network connects the social nodes along the river that are popular amongst the elderly whilst the terminal itself becomes another space for social gathering. The program explores the idea of an ‘integral intergenerational community centre’ pioneered by Shimada Masaharu in Tokyo in 19761. Shimada combined a special nursing home for the elderly with a day care centre. Shimada believed that time spent by the elderly in the company of children helped was a strong remedy for loneliness and depression whilst the children developed a positive mentality towards the elderly. Though the terminal does not house a nursing home, it creates spaces for these groups to interact to form nurturing relationships that improve mental and physical health in the face of pollution. 1. Hisamichi, 1998, p60

55

PROGRAM | TERMINAL A COMMUTER TOURISM HYBRID The Thames Clipper is a river bus service operating in London and founded in 1999. The Clipper RSHUDWHV D YDULHW\ RI GL௔HUHQW VHUYLFHV WR FDWHU IRU both commuters and tourists. The RB1 & RB6 services transport workers from the east and west to London’s centre whilst services such as the Tate to Tate and the Express deliver passengers from attraction to attraction. The network transports approximately 8,500 passengers per day1. 1. Thames Clippers, 2016

WEST ZONE

CENTRAL ZONE

RB1 - Stopping service RB1X - Express service RB1/RB5 Limited service RB2 - Tate to Tate service

56 TERMINAL

^ Thames Clipper’s ‘Waterloo’ Pier, next to the London Eye < Thames Clipper’s ‘North Greenwich’ Pier, next to the O2 Ȓ Thames Clipper Route Map

The Pier design is typical very simple, consisting RI D ௖RDWLQJ SRQWRRQ FRQQHFWHG WR WKH ULYHU֢V HGJH by a long footbridge that can pivot up and down and rotate, allowing the pontoon to change level in response with the river. EAST ZONE

RB4 - Docklands Ferry RB6 - Monday to Friday only Emirates Air Line

57

58 TERMINAL

PROGRAM | TERMINAL The Yellow River provides access to Lanzhou in general but is also home to a tourism culture of its own, including a string of attractions along the banks of the river, city river cruises and the famous LQ௖DWHG VKHHS VNLQ UDIWV WRS OHIW EXW DOVR SRWHQWLDO tourist destinations or small cruises outside the city. The terminal is a hybrid of commuter and leisure travel, and provides facilities for tourism and is itself an attraction. ^ Summer on the Yellow River < Waterwheel Park in Chengguan Ȓ Tourist boat on the river

59

^ Crescent Lake Oasis in the Gobi desert < Siheyuan - traditional Chinese courtyard housing È’ The Eden Project

60 TERMINAL

OASIS AND ENCLOSURE In the terminal, I aim to explore the idea of how to enclose volumes of air for conditioning whilst maintaining a feeling of openness and oasis. This idea runs through many traditional Chinese architectures in the form of the courtyard, which serves to both create comfortable micro-climates and places of tranquillity. A more technological approach might be Grimshaw’s design for the Eden project, which in its vastness gives a sense of openness to the enclosure environments within. 7KH SURMHFW LQWHQGV WR XVH WKH VWXG\ RI DLU௖RZ ZLWKLQ the terminal as a key design factor, with the aim of trying to challenge the permeability of the enclosures and means of reducing barriers whilst containing air WR IDFLOLWDWH XVHU ௖RZ WKURXJK WKH WHUPLQDO

External enclosure within traditional Chinese architecture. Illustrations by Li Gan Lang: < > < >

Qianlong Fujian Huaan Er Yi Wanna Residence Fujian Ningde village houses Wudang Mountain

61

THE MICRO

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verb: SUHSDUH DQG XVH ODQG JURZ RU PDLQWDLQ OLYLQJ FHOOV RU WLVVXH LQ FXOWXUH WR SURPRWH WKH JURZWK RU GHYHORSPHQW RI DQ DUW VFLHQFH HWF IRVWHU 2[IRUG 'LFWLRQDU\

64 CULTIVATION

INITIAL RESEARCH During photosynthesis and growth, algae absorbs air pollutants from the atmosphere and creates oxygen1. Last semster, I designed and built a set of devices to investigate whether algae cultivated from local water sources such as the Yellow River, could be used within building façade systems to improve air quality. The algae was grown using a portable incubator unit (top left) that optimised the conditions for rapid development. After 10 days of cultivation, polluted air was pumped through these cultures and the particle content, harmful gas content, humidity and temperature were recorded before and afterwards. These cultures were then decanted into a facade module (left middle) that could attach to existing windows and air is pumped through it improve air quality. The device was deployed in various locations throughout Lanzhou, reducing air pollution in shop fronts and to spark conversation about pollution and the built environment’s role in addressing it. Video outlining the project can be found here: www.vimeo.com/otissb/cultivatingair 1. Kodo, 2000

^ Water sampling using the incubator unit in the Yellow River < )DFDGH ERWWRPV ௕OOHG ZLWK FXOWXUHV DWWDFKHG WR WKH LQVLGH RI D local shop front to improve air quality inside Ȓ Facade panels assembled on frame during rush hour in Lanzhou with the aim of sparking conversation about pollution and the built environment.

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SAMPLING & CULTIVATION The map to the left shows the sampling locations. 4 of the 6 samples were taken from locations on the Yellow River. Below shows the samples under a microscope after 10 days of in the incubator unit. < Sampling locations ^ Incubator device È’ 6DPSOHV XQGHU PLFURVFRSH DIWHU FXOWLYDWLRQ A2

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67 CULTIVATION

AIR QUALITY INDEX

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Of the 6 water sampled taken, 4 showed signs of DOJDH JURZWK DIWHU GD\V RI FXOWLYDWLRQ $LU ௕OWHUHG by the water cultures showed a sharp decrease in particle pollution and partial reduction in harmful gases. Humidity also increased which could provide relief from the very dry air in Lanzhou. 68 CULTIVATION

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AIR QUALITY INDEX: GOOD (0-35) Air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk

MODERATE (35-75) Air quality is acceptable; however, for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a very small number of people who are unusually sensitive to air pollution.

UNHEALTHY (75-115)

µg/m3

Members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.

VERY UNHEALTHY (115-150)

PM 1 0

Everyone may begin to experience health effects; members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects

EXTREMELY UNHEALTHY (150-250) Health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected.

WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION’S GUIDELINES

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69

CULTIVATION

CONTINUING INVESTIGATION The Fresh Air Network looks to continue this initial LQYHVWLJDWLRQ LQWR XVLQJ ORFDO ZDWHU FXOWXUHV WR ௕OWHU air at a building scale within the terminals. The project aims to develop a design to facilitate algae cultivation DQG DLU ௕OWUDWLRQ WKURXJK UHVHDUFK LQWR WKH YROXPHV of clean air needed for the building occupancy and the relative quantities of water cultures. < Close Up of Algae Facade Panel Filtering Air

71

1.

2.

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72 CULTIVATION

APPROACH TO CULTIVATION 8SRQ UH௖HFWLRQ RI WKH GHYLFH SKDVH DQG WKH LQLWLDO studies into algae cultivation, I began to question some of the decisions I had made regarding the mastery position of the cultivist (see ‘Cultivating Ecologies’ in appendix) and some of the tectonic decisions made, that I feel a large portion of architects engaging with algae are also making, particularly the SUDFWLFH RI ֡DOJDH FODGGLQJ֢ *LYHQ WKH GL௔HUHQFH LQ scale and time of the Fresh Air Network compared with device, I aim to engage with the practice of cultivation under three themes: 1. WORKING WITH THE PERVASIVE NATURE OF ALGAE

How might the cultivation be a more natural process, LQ ZKLFK ORFDO PLFUR RUJDQLVPV VWDUW WR LQ௕OWUDWH the architecture, with each terminal becoming a PDJQL௕HU RI WKH ORFDO PLFURVFRSLF PDULQH FXOWXUHV" 2. CHOREOGRAPHY

+RZ PLJKW WKH DUFKLWHFWXUH SURYLGH D VFD௔ROG WKDW choreographs the cultivation of algae to create an engaging aesthetic? 3. INTEGRATED TECTONIC

How can the cultivation of algae move beyond a cladding of more traditional building design towards something that is integrated into the tectonic logic of the architecture?

^ Algae spreading over rocks on the river bank < Algae creeping up a limestone wall, changing its aesthetic Ȓ Algae cladding of the BIQ House by Splitterwerk Architects and ARUP and right is the algae column of the Alga(e)zebo by MAM

73

METHODOLOGY The project will engage with the following methodologies: FLUCTUATING BETWEEN SCALES

Through oscillating between the scales of the Network, The Terminal and algae cultivation I aim WR HQJDJH LQ D GHVLJQ SURFHVV ZKHUH WKH GL௔HULQJ scales are constantly informing each other, from the microscopic to the urban. CULTIVATION:

7KH SURJUDP HQJDJHV ZLWK LQ WKH ௕HOG RI FXOWLYDWLRQ on a pragmatic level in order to gain an understanding WHFKQLFDO UHTXLUHPHQWV IRU ௕OWHULQJ WKH YROXPHV RI air within the terminal, through further analysis of the results the initial research (p64) and critically UH௖HFWLQJ XSRQ FKDQJHV DQG LPSURYHPHQWV WKDW could be made to such a system at a building scale, considering particle and gas pollution, air temperature, air movement and humidity. On a more theoretical level I will use the polysemic meaning of cultivation as guiding design principles, pushing to create spatial relations that may naturally develop a culture around the terminals that aids mental and physical health. TIME AND SPACE

Journey 7KH SURJUDP ZLOO H[DPLQH WKH GL௔HUHQW FKDSWHUV of the journey and how these may be enhanced through the spaces, materials and technologies one encounters along the way. Adaption Adapting to the daily and annual cyclical patterns of both climate, pollution and river use but also the unpredictable changes to the city and its environment will be considered as a opportunity to give the project added richness, investigated through drawings and diagrams.

74 METHODOLOGY

1:10000 - Network The program will provide an outline proposal for the Fresh Air Network through a mapping process of zoning and infrastructure both current and future, nodes and territories in the city and along the river, ULYHU ௖XFWXDWLRQV SROOXWLRQ HPLVVLRQV DQG SK\VLFDO relations with the city such as walking time. The program aims to appropriate a proposal through overlaying these layers of information. 1:1000 - Terminal The program will explore the terminal’s location within the immediate urban context of the Anning and Quilihe Districts, to enhance connectivity and SXEOLF DFFHVVLELOLW\ EHWZHHQ WKH GL௔HUHQW WHUULWRULHV along the river (p38) and greater Lanzhou. The program will assess opportunities to increase site ௖RZV DQG FOLPDWLF SHUIRUPDQFH DQG DFWLYDWH DQG LPSURYH WKH VSDWLDO TXDOLWLHV RI GL௔HUHQW DUHDV RI WKH within the site. 1:200/50 - Terminal The majority of the design process will be represented in the scales of 1:200 and 1:50, focusing on the narrative of the journey, spatial and programmatic relations and composition. 1:1/5/20 - Cultivation 5HVHDUFK RQ DLU ௕OWUDWLRQ DQG DOJDH PDLQWHQDQFH ZLOO culminate in a series of detail and material proposals for cultivation integrated into the terminal design. Logs The process of data collection, research and critical UH௖HFWLRQ ZLOO EH UHFRUGHG LQ D VHW RI UXQQLQJ ORJ books and micro essays, giving further background to the ideas developed in the thesis and their chronological order. The UN Global Goals The project is considered a testing bed for innovative ideas to improve health and well being whilst aiming to raise awareness of the preventable deaths as a result of air pollution in China. 75

APPENDIX

棓㇤

Incubator Device

Facade Module

^ Isometric Drawings of Devices used for Initial Investigations

78

INITIAL STUDIES & WRITING /LQNV WR D GRFXPHQWV DQG ௕OP RXWOLQLQJ P\ SUHYLRXV work relating to this thesis can be found below:

Cultivating Air - Video

www.vimeo.com/otissb/cultivatingair Brief video outlining and contextualising WKH ࣾUVW VHPHVWHU UHVHDUFK LQWR XVLQJ DOJDH to clean air and integrating this within a IDFDGH PRGXOH

Cultivating Air - Portfolio

https://tinyurl.com/zgpx44k Portfolio outlining and contextualising WKH ࣾUVW VHPHVWHU UHVHDUFK LQWR XVLQJ DOJDH to clean air and integrating this within a IDFDGH PRGXOH

&XOWLYDWLQJ $LU 6FLHQWL௕F 3DSHU

https://tinyurl.com/jd25g2u 6FLHQWLࣾF UHSRUW GRFXPHQWLQJ SURFHVV UHFRUGLQJV H[SHULPHQWV DQG UHVXOWV RI WKH ࣾUVW VHPHVWHU UHVHDUFK LQWR DOJDH DLU ࣾOWUDWLRQ

Cultivating Ecologies - Essay

https://tinyurl.com/gvjpyn4 7KLV HVVD\ H[SORUHV &KLQDÕµV FXUUHQW mass urbanisation through the lens of D FXOWLYLVW ZLWK WKH DLP WR SURYLGH DQ ecological standpoint with which to FULWLFDOO\ H[DPLQH QHZ FLWLHV OLNH /1$

79

BIBLIOGRAPHY Cheng, L. Cui, X. Gong, L. 2013. ‘Methodologies for Valuating 'HVHUWL௕FDWLRQ &RVWV LQ &KLQD Ö˘ 81&&' QG 6FLHQWL௕F &RQIHUHQFH 3') $FFHVVHG 'HFHPEHU KWWS VF XQFFG LQW ௕OHDGPLQ XQFFG XSORDG documents/WhitePapers/White_Paper_1.pdf. Commoner, Barry. The closing circle: nature, man, and technology. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Costabile F, Bertoni G, De Santis F, Bellagotti R, Ciuchini C, Vichi F, Allegrini I. Spatial Distribution of Urban Air Pollution in Lanzhou, China.. 2010. The Open Environmental Pollution & Toxicology Journal 8-15. Farrell, B. ‘A View from the Year 2000’. Life Magazine. February 26, 1971. Global Burden of Disease. Global health data exchange. 2014 Accessed December 18, 2016 .http://ghdx.healthmetricsandevaluation.org/. Jin, Lan, Jie Qiu, Yaqun Zhang, Weitao Qiu, Xiaochun He, Yixuan Wang, Qingmei Sun, Min Li, Nan Zhao, Hongmei Cui, Sufen Liu, Zhongfeng Tang, Ya Chen, Li Yue, Zhenqiang Da, Xiaoying Xu, Huang Huang, Qing Liu, Michelle L. Bell, and Yawei Zhang. “Ambient air pollution and congenital heart defects in Lanzhou, China.â€? Environmental Research Letters 10, no. 7 (2015): 074005. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/7/074005. KADK. “Architecture and Extreme Environments.â€? January 23, 2017. Accessed February 06, 2017. https://kadk.dk/en/programme/architecture-andextreme-environments. Kaplan, Matt. Intergenerational programs: support for children, youth, and elders in Japan. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1998. Kodo K, Kodo Y,Tsuruoka M. System for purifying a polluted air by using DOJDH 3DWHQW QR 86 $ 86$ 86 3DWHQW 2ௗFH Morton, Timothy. 2013. Hyperobjects: Philosophy and Ecology after the End of the World. University of Minnesota Press, 16: +HDOWK ÖĽ:KR LV D௔HFWHG E\ DLU SROOXWLRQ ÖŚ $FFHVVHG )HEUXDU\ KWWS ZZZ KHDOWK QVZ JRY DX HQYLURQPHQW DLU 3DJHV ZKR LV D௔HFWHG DVS[ Oxford Dictionaries | English. Accessed February 06, 2017. https:// en.oxforddictionaries.com/. Peter C. Chu, Yuchun Chen, Shihua Lu, Zhenchao Li, Yaqiong Lu, Particulate air pollution in Lanzhou China, Environment International, Volume 34, Issue 5, July 2008, Pages 698-713, ISSN 0160-4120, http://dx.doi. org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.12.013. Shepard, Wade. 2015. Ghost Cities Of China. London: Zed Books Ltd. 6LPRQL 0 %DOGDFFL 6 0DLR 6 &HUUDL 6 6DUQR * 9LHJL * $GYHUVH H௔HFWV RI RXWGRRU SROOXWLRQ LQ WKH HOGHUO\ -RXUQDO RI 7KRUDFLF 'LVHDVH doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2014.12.10.

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South China Morning Post. Hampshire, Angharad. “Beating Hong Kong’s bad air: the best ways to defend your lungs from air pollution.â€? South China Morning Post. July 06, 2016. Accessed February 06, 2017. http://www.scmp. com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1689002/beating-hong-kongs-bad-airbest-ways-defend-your-lungs-air. 7KH +XௗQJWRQ 3RVW ÖĽ&KHQ *XDQJELDR &KLQHVH 0LOOLRQDLUH 6HOOV &DQQHG Fresh Air To Combat Pollution.â€? Accessed February 06, 2017. http://www. KXௗQJWRQSRVW FRP FKLQD FDQQHG DLU FKHQ JXDQJELDR FKLQHVH millionaire_n_2574901.html. Thames Clippers. Accessed February 06, 2017. http://www.thamesclippers. com/. The Economist. “Great Green Wall.â€? August 23, 2014. Accessed January 20, 2017. http://www.economist.com/news/international/21613334-vast-treeplanting-arid-regions-failing-halt-deserts-march-great-green-wall. The World Air Quality Index project. Air Pollution: Real-time PM2.5 Air Quality Index (AQI). 2014. Aqicn.org. Accessed December 18, 2016. http:// aqicn.org/. Walker, J. C. G. (1980) The oxygen cycle in the natural environment and the biogeochemical cycles, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Federal Republic of Germany. Wanquan Ta, Tao Wang, Honglang Xiao, Xueyi Zhu, Zhen Xiao, Gaseous and particulate air pollution in the Lanzhou Valley, China, Science of The Total Environment, Volume 320, Issues 2–3, 29 March 2004, Pages 163-176, ISSN 0048-9697, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.026. World Health Organization. “WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database (update 2015).â€? Accessed January 01, 2017. http://www.who.int/ phe/health_topics/outdoorair/databases/cities/en/.

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