function

CHAPTER

→ cells as the basic structural feature of life on Earth, including the distinction between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells → surface area to volume ratio as an important factor in the limitations of cell size and the need for internal compartments (organelles) with specific cellular functions → the structure and specialisation of plant and animal cell organelles for distinct functions, including chloroplasts and mitochondria → the structure and function of the plasma membrane in the passage of water, hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances via osmosis, facilitated diffusion and active transport KEY KNOWLEDGE 2 Cell structure and function Cells are the basic units of all life on Earth. Depending on their internal structure, cells are classed as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic. Light microscopy and electron microscopy can be used to identify the type of cell and the different organelles they contain. By looking at the cell structure, scientists can determine and analyse cellular functions. Cellular functions are carried out by specialised structures and organelles within each cell. These specialised organelle structures are highly adapted so that they are able to carry out the specific functions efficiently. All the organelles work together as part of larger pathways and processes within a cell. These processes include the transport of different molecules across the plasma membrane, cellular respiration and photosynthesis. Source: VCE Biology Study Design (2022–2026) reproduced by permission © VCAA DRAFT ONLY - NOT FOR SALE

FIGURE 1 Transverse section of a rhododendron stalk viewed under a light microscope

GROUNDWORK QUESTIONS

Before you start this chapter, try the following groundwork questions. If you need help with any of the questions, have a go at the corresponding groundwork resource on your obook pro. 2A Name the structure in plant cells that carries out photosynthesis. 2B Describe the basic function of the plasma membrane. 2C Explain the difference between unicellular and multicellular. 2A Groundwork resource Cell organelles 2B Groundwork resource The plasma membrane

2C Groundwork resource Unicellular versus multicellular PRACTICALS PRACTICAL 2.2 Surface area to volume ratio matters PRACTICAL 2.3 Internal structure of plant cells PRACTICAL 2.4 Osmosis through potato plasma membrane For full instructions for each practical, go to Chapter 11 Practical work. For additional practical support, including video demonstrations, risk assessments and lab tech notes, go to your obook pro. DRAFT ONLY - NOT FOR SALE