Ec turkana governance understanding devolution by Oxfam Kenya

1. UNDERSTANDING DEVOLUTION What is devolution? Devolution is a decentralized form of governance system where political, financial and administrative authority is transferred from the national level to an independent sub-national level. The devolved governance in Kenya combines a measure of autonomy and inter-dependence leading to a co-operative system of devolved government. Basis of the devolution is anchored on the provisions of the Constitution of Kenya 2010 that was approved during the 2010 referendum. This has necessitated a shift in mindset that: • Obligates Kenyans to a new way of organizing/governance at two levels, national and county) • Strengthens greater participation of Kenyans in governance processes and structures • Ensure equitable distribution of resources • Take into account dynamism of the Kenyan territory as outlined in the 47 counties Why Devolution in Kenya – Historical Perspective • Guard against marginalisation of areas/regions considered politically incorrect. • Promote equity in distribution of national resources. • Reduce undue political competition in national leadership especially presidency. • Decentralization of public services. • Promote participation by citizens as opposed to decision making by political sycophants. Constitutional Basis of Devolution • Preamble We the people of Kenya: Exercising our sovereign and inalienable right to determine the from governance of our country and having participated fully in the making of this Constitution • Article 1 (4)(a): The Sovereign power of the people is exercised at : The national and county levels • Art. 6 (1-3): Devolution and access to services • Art. 174 (chapter 11): Devolved Governments

Principles of Devolution Created by the Constitution of Kenya 2010 – Art 174: Objectives of the devolved governments • Promote democratic and accountable exercise of power • Foster national unity and recognize diversity • Citizens to have self governance and participate in exercising sovereign power and makes decisions that affect them • Right to communities to manage their affairs and bring development to themselves • Protect the rights of minorities and marginalised communities • Ensure easily accessible services • Equitable sharing of national and local resources throughout in Kenya • Decentralization of state organs functions and services • Put in place checks and balances and separation of powers • Powers and Functions of County Governments Powers of county government • Exercise executive functions at county level – Art 183 • Legislation (passing of county legislations) – Art 185 • Perform the functions assigned in the 4th Schedule part 2 – Art 186 • Perform any function transferred to it by the national government – Art. 187 • Perform any function agreed with other county governments (Shared Services) – County Government Act, section 2) Functions of the County Government There are 14 key functions that are outlined. The functions of the County Government are outlined in the 4th Schedule – Part 2 of the Constitution. (Reference the Constitution of Kenya) Therefore by looking at the functions in Part 1 – National Government functions and Part 2 – County Government functions, it brings out 3 types of functions for both governments namely: 1. Exclusive functions A function is exclusive if it is not divided or shared with others (meaning either government). Exclusive functions are the sole responsibility of the assigned level. Though the assigned level may assign elect to transfer the function to another level of government (Art 187) e.g. the national government is responsible for foreign affairs while county governments are responsible for pre-primary education, village polytechnics, home crafts centres and childcare facilities

2. Concurrent functions A concurrent function is capable of being performed in harmony with another level government (Article 186(2)) e.g. for sports, the national government is responsible for promoting sports and sports education while the county governments are also responsible for promoting sports, cultural activities and facilities. Concurrent functions are to be exercised in consultation by various levels of government. 3. Residual functions (Derived from the word residue.) A function is referred as residual when it is not allocated after the exclusive and concurrent functions have been accounted for. According to Article 186 (3), a function or power that is not allocated by the constitution or national legislation to a county, is a function or power of the national government. For example it may be of wider national interest for all medical practitioners, irrespective of the county they are practicing in, to pass a national exam administered by a national body, in addition to any other county-level qualifications they require to practice. Legislative Authority of County Assembly (Constitution of Kenya and County Government Act, 2012) • Making laws that are necessary for the effective performance of the functions and exercise of the powers of the county government • Exercising oversight over the county executive committee and any other county executive organs • Receiving and approving plans and policies • Vetting and approving nominees for appointment to county public offices as may be provided for in the County Governments Act or any other law • Discussing and approving county budgets and expenditures. • Discussing and approving borrowing by the county government • Approving county development plans Authority of County Executive Committee (Constitution & County Government Act, 2012) • Implementing county legislations • Implementing national legislations • Managing and coordinating functions of county administration and departments. • Performing any other function allocated by the constitution or national legislation • CECs prepare proposed legislations for consideration by County Assembly

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Provide the County Assembly with full and regular reports

Roles of Members of County Assembly (MCA), County Government Act (Section 9) • Maintaining close contact with the electorate and consult them on issues before or under discussion in the county assembly; • Presenting views, opinions and proposals of the electorate to the county assembly; • Attending sessions of the county assembly and its committees; • Providing a linkage between the county assembly and the electorate on public service delivery; • Extending professional knowledge, experience or specialized knowledge to any issue for discussion in the county assembly.

2. COUNTY PLANNING PROCESS County planning is critical for the fulfillment of the objectives and functions of the County Government vis-à-vis the provision of services. Principles of Planning and Development (CGA Section 102) • Integrate national values in all processes and concepts (Art 10 of the Constitution) • Protect the self- fulfillment within the county communities and with responsibility to future generations • Protect and integrate rights and interest of minorities and marginalised groups and communities • Protect and develop natural resources in a manner that aligns national and county governments policies • Align county financial and institutional resources to agreed policy objectives and programmes • Engender effective resource mobilization for sustainable development • • •

Promote the pursuit of equity in resource allocation within the county Provide a platform for unifying planning, budgeting, financing, programme implementation and performance review Serve as a basis for engagement between county government and citizenry and other stakeholders and interest groups (public participation)

Objectives of County Planning • Ensure harmony between national, county and sub county spatial planning requirements; • Facilitate the development of a well-balanced system of settlements and ensure productive use of scarce land, water and other resources for economic, social , ecological and other functions across a county; • Maintain a viable system of green and open spaces for a functioning ecosystem; • Harmonize the development of county communications system, infrastructure and related services; • Develop urban and rural areas as integrated areas of economic and social activity; • Facilitate integrating under-developed and marginalised areas to bring them to the level generally enjoyed by the rest of the county. • Protect the historical and cultural heritage artifacts and sites within the county; • Make reservations for public security and other critical national infrastructure and other utilities and services; • Work towards achieving and maintaining at least 10% of the land area of Kenya as provided in Article 69 of the Constitution; and • Develop the human resource capacity of the county. Obligations of County Planning This shall integrate economic, social, physical, environmental and spatial planning (section 104) • No public funds shall be used outside the planning framework developed by CEC and approved by County Assembly • County government shall designate the County Departments, Urban Areas and Cities, sub counties and wards as planning authorities of the county • County plans shall be binding to all sub county units for development activities within a county • Promote public participation and non state actors in the planning processes by all authorities (County Departments, Urban Areas and Cities, sub counties and wards as planning authorities of the county) Planning by County Governments (Section 105) Planning in the county will be coordinated by the County Planning Unit. The responsibilities of the CPU are to: • Coordinate planning and ensure linkage between county and national planning • Ensure meaningful participation by the citizens in the planning • Collection and storage of relevant data needed for planning.

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Establish GIS based database system. Ensure effective implementation of the planning function within the county.

Integrating National and County Planning (Section 106) County planning must be undertaken in accordance with the law and all county plans must be based on: • Functions of the county governments as per the 4th schedule of the Constitution. • Relevant national policies. • Financial viability of development programmes • Provides opportunities for citizen participation. Types of Plans by Counties (CGA Section 107 and Part 5 of UACA): 1. County Integrated Development Plan (5 year plan) – section 108 a. Inform the county budget based on annual development priorities b. Clear goals and objectives c. An implementation plan with clear outcomes (action plans, clear input, output and clear outcome indicators) d. Provisions for Monitoring and Evaluation e. Clear reporting mechanisms (to whom) f. County Executive Committee member can introduce an amendment to the plan through a resolution or introduce a proposal to amend to be approved by County Assembly after sufficient reasons are submitted an published for public comment for a period not less than 21 days 2. County Sectoral Plan (10 year plan) – section 109 a. Developed by county department b. Programme based c. Basis for budgeting and performance management (clear input, output and clear outcome indicators) d. Reviewed every 5 years by County Executive Committee and approved by County Assembly but updated annually 3. County Spatial Plan (10 year GIS plan) – section 110 a. Spatial depiction of economic and social development programme of the county b. Clear statements how the plan is linked to regional, national and other county plans c. Clear clarifications on the anticipated sustainable development outcomes of the plan

d. Linked to the County Integrated Development plan e. Developed by County Executive Committee and approved by County Assembly f. Reviewed every 5 years by County Executive Committee and approved by County Assembly 4. Cities and Urban Areas plans (provided for in the Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011) a. There shall have the following plans i. City or Municipality land use plan ii. City or Municipality building and zoning plan iii. City or Urban area building and zoning plan iv. Location of recreational areas and public facilities b. City or municipal plans shall be key tool for development facilitation and control of development within the city or municipal c. City or municipal plans shall provide for i. Functions and principles of land use and building plans ii. Locations of various types of infrastructure iii. Development control within the national housing and building code framework The county plan shall be the basis for all budgeting and spending in the county Decentralized Units (County Government Act) For planning and delivery of services to be organized, the County Government Act, details the decentralized units that will support the implementation of devolution especially the providing services and ensuring public participation by residents of each particular county. Under the county government there are established units that will enhance public participation and service delivery namely: • Urban Areas and Cities • Sub counties (constituency) o Office of the Sub county Administrator o Role of the Administrator within the sub county Unit § Development of Polices and Plans § Service delivery § Developmental activities to empower the community § Provision and maintenance of public infrastructure and facilities of public service § County public service § Facilitation and coordination of citizen participation in the development of policies and plans and delivery of services

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Exercise any functions and powers delegated by County Public Service Board under section 86

Wards o Office of the Ward administrator o Role of the Administrator within the Ward Unit § (Same as for the Sub county Administrator above) Village (including constituting the village council) o Office of the Village administrator (who chairs the Village council) o Role of the Administrator within the village Unit § Ensuring and coordinating the participation of the village unit residents in governance § Assisting the village unit to develop the administrative capacity for the effective exercise of the functions and powers and participation in governance at the local level § Exercise any functions and powers delegated by County Public Service Board under section 86 The Village Council o Comprise not less than 3 and not more 5 village elders o Role of the Village council at the village unit § Ensuring and coordinating the participation of the village unit residents in governance § Assisting the village unit to develop the administrative capacity for the effective exercise of the functions and powers and participation in governance at the local level § Monitoring the implementation of the policies at the village unit § Advising the Ward and Sub county Administrators on matters of pertaining to the village § Any other function necessary for the better administration of the village unit

Other Decentralized Unit at County Level • County Intergovernmental Forum (CIF) – chaired by Governor/Deputy Governor/CEC member designated by Governor o Composition of County Intergovernmental Forum

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All Heads of departments of national government rendering services in the county § All County Executive Committee members or their nominees appointed in writing Role of the County Intergovernmental Forum § Harmonization of services rendered in the county § Coordination of development activities in the County § Coordination of intergovernmental functions § Such other functions as may be provided for law

3. DELIVERY OF COUNTY PUBLIC SERVICES Principles of Public Service Delivery (CGA Section 116) The county government has a duty to deliver services within its designated area of jurisdiction. In so doing, it has to observe the principles of: • Equality, • Efficiency, • Accessibility • Non discrimination • Transparency and accountability • Sharing data and information and subsidiarity • Note: The tenet of these principles holds that nothing should be done by a larger and more complex organization which can be done as well by a smaller and simpler organization. In other words, any activity which can be performed by a more decentralized entity should be). Factors for Consideration by County Government in Delivering Services (CGA Section 107) • Give priority to basic needs of the public • Promote the development of public service delivery institutions • Ensure all members of the public have access to the basic services (the PWDs and gender considerations) Shared Services (CGA Section 118) • A county government can enter into an agreement with the national government or any other agency to provide or receive a specific service and this must be aligned to national policies, standards and norms.

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Under the Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011 (Part 4 as read with article 187(2) (a) and 176 (2) of the Constitution), the county assembly may legislate on the set up and establishment of service delivery entities (sec 32). A City Board may enter into partnership with a public utility company within or outside the county or internationally for the provision of social infrastructural services. It may also contract a private entity to provide a service in accordance with the Public Procurement and Disposal Act, 2005. This must be done in consultation with the county executive and approved by the county assembly. Cities and municipalities may jointly provide and finance cross- city and cross- municipality services for purposes of efficiency. A resident may object to a joint venture or partnership by the county, town, municipality with a utility company if not satisfied with a process or outcome.

Citizen’s Service Centres County Executive Committee shall establish Citizen’s service centres at • County • Sub county • Ward • And other decentralized level o Serve as central office for the provision by county executive committee in conjunction with national government of public services to the county citizens o Governor shall ensure use of appropriate ICT to aid in provision of timely and efficient services Public Participation in County Planning Processes (CGA Section 115) • This is mandatory and shall be facilitated through by the County Governments • Mechanisms for public participation (part VII – principles of public participation, section 87) o Timely access to information, data, documents o Reasonable access to the process of formulating and implementing policies, laws and regulations o Protection and promotion of the interest groups – minorities, marginalised – to access information o Legal standing of interested or affected communities to appeal from, or review decisions or redress grievances

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Reasonable balance in the roles and obligations of the county governments and no state actors in decision making processes to promote shared responsibility and partnership Promotion of public – private partnerships – joint committees, technical teams, citizen commissions to encourage direct dialogue and sustainable development Recognition and promotion of the reciprocal role of the non state actors participation and governmental facilitation and oversight

Citizen Fora (Urban Areas & Cities Act Section 22) Residents of a city or municipality may participate actively in its management and this is also known as Citizen Fora. Participation may be through:• Deliberating and making proposals to the relevant bodies or institutions e.g. on the provision of services • Planning strategies for engaging various levels of government on matters concerning citizens • Monitor the activities of elected and appointed officials of the urban areas and cities including the members of the various boards. • Receive presentations, including feedback on issues raised by the county citizens from elected and appointed officials. County government shall establishment of structures to facilitate public participation • ICT based platforms (web sites, social media, blogs etc) • Town hall meetings • Budget formulation and validation forums • Development project sites • Avenues for the participation of peoples’ representatives including MPs and Senators • Establishment of citizens’ participations forums at county and decentralized units Public Communication and Access to Information • County government shall use the media to: o Create awareness on devolution and governance o Promote citizens’ understanding for purposes of peace and national cohesion o Undertake advocacy on core development issues (agriculture, education, health, sustainable environment, security, economics etc) o Promotion of freedom of information • County government shall establish mechanism to facilitate public communication and access to information in the form of media with the widest public outreach in the county

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Television stations Information, communication and technology centres Community radio stations Public meetings Traditional media

Important Dates for Planning and Budgeting Process at the County • 30th Aug every year – the County Executive Committee member for finance shall issue a circular setting out guidelines to be followed by all of the county government's entities in the budget process. • 1st September approval of County Plans • 30th September every year – the County Treasury shall prepare a County Budget Review and Outlook Paper submit the paper to the County Executive Committee • 28th February every year - the County Treasury shall submit to the county assembly a statement setting out the debt management strategy of the county government (its actual liability and potential liability in respect of loans and its plans for dealing with those liabilities) • 28th February every year – the County Treasury shall submit the approved Fiscal Strategy Paper to the county assembly (prepared and submitted to the County Executive Committee for approval) • 30th April every year - the County Executive Committee member for finance upon approval by the County Executive Committee submit to the county assembly the County budget estimates, supporting documents, and any other Bills required to implement the budget, except the Finance Bill • 15th June every year – the County government shall prepare an annual cash flow projection for the county for the next financial year, and submit the cash flow projection to the Controller of Budget with copies to the Intergovernmental Budget and Economic Council and the National Treasury How to Enhance Transparency and Accountability in County Governance As state officers, you are obligated to ensure that you respect, uphold and defend the Constitution through • Cultivating the culture of constitutionalism o Article 1: Sovereignty of the People of Kenya o Article 2: Supremacy of the Constitution

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o Article 3: Defence of this Constitution Enforcement of Bill of Rights o Article 22 (1-3) & Art 23 o Article 35 – freedom of information Putting right people in the right places o Vetting of public/state officers Inculcate national values and aspirations o Article 10 (2) o Leadership & Integrity chapter - 6 Structured partnerships & alliances Legislation and policy formulation processes Practical immediate actions o Social audit processes o Continued & sustained civic education Use of language that is friendly to citizenry o Article 7 (1-3) Tracking of national and county budgets (inculcate the lessons learnt and best practices) o Case studies - LASDAP/LATF processes, CDF, FPE, HSSF Capacity building for communities on active participation and monitoring of the county governance processes Participation in national processes that will shape the mechanisms for accountability and transparency e.g. Parliament business etc

4. LEADERSHIP AND INTEGRITY Reference: Chapter 6 of the Constitution and Leadership & Integrity Act (2012) 1. What are the elements of leadership and integrity in terms of chapter 6 of the constitution of Kenya 2010? - Article 73 (1) a. Public Trust b. Responsibility to serve and not rule the people c. Respect for the people d. Promoting public confidence

2. What are the guiding principles of Leadership? Article 73 (2) a. Selection based on integrity, competence and suitability b. Objectivity and impartiality in making decisions c. Public interest must be paramount in executing a public duty d. Accountability to the public must be ensured e. Discipline and commitment in serving people f. Declaration of personal interest where available 3. As a state officer, one shall be bound by the national values and principles of governance i.e. patriotism, national unity, sharing and devolution of power, the rule of law and participation of the people (Article 10) 4. Enforcement (through the leadership and Integrity Act No. 19 of 2012) o It provides for the establishment of a specific leadership and integrity code for the state officers in each public entity (section 37) o Otherwise the code under section 37 applies if the public entity has no specific code. 5. Enforcement of the code in the event of a breach (Part iv- section 40-45) o One can lodge a complaint with the public entity and an investigation is done. o Fair hearing will be accorded to the public officer. o If culpable i.e. civil or criminal matter then the same to be referred to the Attorney General or the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP) for appropriate action Recalling MCAs: Section 27, 28, 29 of County Government Act, 2012 o This provision derives from Article 104 of the Constitution on recall of the MPs. o Registered voters can exercise the right of recall an MCA under the provisions of the County Governments Act- section 27 and 28 The grounds for recall are:o Violation of the provisions of leadership and integrity in the constitution of Kenya. o Mismanagement of public resources. o Conviction of an offence under the Elections Act. • The electorate in a county ward may recall their member of the county assembly before the end of the term of the member on any of the grounds o Violation of the provisions of leadership and integrity; o Mismanagement of public resources; o Electoral offence under the Elections Act.

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A recall of a member of the county assembly can only be initiated upon a judgment or finding by the High Court confirming the grounds specified above. A recall shall only be initiated twenty-four months after the election of the member of the county assembly and not later than twelve months immediately preceding the next general election. A recall under section 27 shall be initiated by a petition which shall be filed with the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission - in writing and signed by a petitioner who is a voter in the ward with a list that represents 30% of the registered voters in the ward. The voters must represent the face (diversity) of the ward. IEBC must verify that the petitioners are registered in the concerned ward within 30 days. IEBC issues recall notice to the Speaker of County Assembly if satisfied with the petitioners list. Recall must to take place within the following ninety days of the publication. IEBC to frame the recall question which may be YES or NO, or symbols for those for and against. Recall is by secret ballot presided by IEBC and decided upon through simple majority. New election to be carried out in the ward if the recall is successful. Recalled member is allowed to run for the new election.

5. LEGISLATION PROCESS AND RETHINKING OF THE COUNCIL BY-LAWS UNDER THE COUNTY GOVERNMENT County Government o Article 176 of the Constitution establishes the County government consisting of a County Assembly and County Executive. o Article 185 of the Constitution provides for the Legislative authority of the County to be exercised by the County Assembly. Preparation and Presentation of Legislation The procedure involves the following main stages; a) Approval of Annual Legislation Programme. Here, the assembly is expected to set out its expected targets and time frame within which the same are to be achieved. For instance the fast-tracking of bills that would ensure the alignment of the former council’s bills as they were are aligned to the county government legislation e.g. the County Government Act. Once a Bill is settled it will then be printed and circulated to all relevant County Departments for comments.

b) Bill is then submitted to the Legislation Committee for consideration. If the bill is generated by the county executive then it will automatically be submitted to the County Executive Legislation Committee. If it is a product of a member of the County Assembly the member will present the bill to the relevant County Executive member responsible for that County Department for tabling before the Legislation committee. c) Bill is then sent by the Legislation Committee for approval by County executive. d) Introduction of Bill to the County Assembly; i. Clerk of the Assembly to receive copies of the Bill under cover of a Memorandum and shall cause the copies to be laid on the table of the Assembly. ii. On introduction and tabling in the Assembly the Bill will undergo; First Reading During the First reading of the Bill the County member of Assembly shall read the necessary motions which are not debatable and says nothing at this time. The member may also stand the Bill i.e. fail to appear in the Assembly or just fail to respond when the Bill is called out by the Clerk. At this stage it is purely formal and takes place when the proposer of the Bill stands/rises and bows to the Chair as the Clerk reads out aloud the Long title. Second Reading Involves consideration of the principles and general merits of the Bill Committee Stage Details of the Bill may be considered and amendments made. The Assembly in this case may forward the Bill to the relevant Committee of the Assembly. Normally two sittings must elapse between Second reading and Committee stage. Third Reading Upon receiving the Third reading the Bill is deemed to be passed. In this stage the Bill is tabled and read to check if the amendments if any and other issues raised in the earlier stages have been considered. Assent When the Bill has been passed by the Assembly the Clerk shall prepare and present according to the laid down procedures copies of the Bill to the County Governor for assent i.e. signature.

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Publication Immediately after the Assent the ‘Act’ or piece of legislation must be published in the Gazzette. This is provided for under Article 199 of the Constitution. Rethinking of the Bye-laws Existing Bye-laws are creatures of the former bodies established by the now repealed Local Government Act i.e. City Councils, Municipalities etc. The County Government must therefore see how to realign these bye-laws to the current circumstances. This can be through; (a) Law revision;-All Bye-laws currently in force in the County must be reprinted so as to have an up-to-date and comprehensive statute book from which all legislation that are no longer enforce are omitted. (b) Consolidation;-The bye-laws may be consolidated. (c) Reform;-Systematic review of the Bye-laws with a view of introducing changes that will better suit the current circumstances.

6. PARTICIPATION What is participation? • Participation is a process by which people especially the disadvantaged influence decisions that affect them. It entails influencing the development decisions and not simply involvement in the implementation or (in sharing) benefits of a development activity, although those types of involvement are important and are often encouraged opportunities for influence (Mulwa, 2006). • Public participation means active engagement of the hoi polloi, greatest number of the masses or simply the crowd. It is a practice of involving and consulting members of the public- in their diversity- in policy decision making. It is anchored on the principle that the process is as important as the outcome. • Public participation encompasses clear procedures that are designed to consult, involve, and inform the public to allow those affected by a decision to have an input into that decision. • It is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them Standards for Public Participation Process • The public should have a say in decisions about actions that affect their lives. • Public opinion/contribution should influence the decision. • Communicates the interests and meets the process needs of all participants.

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Seeks out and facilitates involvement of people potentially affected by the proposed decision. Involves participants in defining how they will participate--thus how the process will be structured. Provides participants with the information they need to participate in a meaningful way. Communicates to participants and stakeholders how their input affected the decision.

Principles for Public Involvement • Timeliness: the process allows enough time for the public to participate fully, with enough advance notice for all activities and crucial points in the process. • No expenses: The public is able to participate at minimum cost and commitment of time. • Fairness: all views offered are considered. • Openness: dialogue is welcomed and facilitated among all interests. Anyone who wishes to participate can. Information to the public is accessible to all and is in a language that people can understand. • Early and Continuous involvement: the public is involved from beginning to end, and relationships are built over the long term. • Tangible: results of the public’s input are clearly demonstrated, and the public understands how their involvement influenced the outcome. Important Participation is a major theme of the Constitution of Kenya, which captures it as a national value in Article 10. Levels of Participation • Information • Consultation • Deciding together • Acting together • Supporting independent community development initiative Forms of Participation • Passive participation: The least participatory while primary stakeholders and targets are only informed.

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Participation by consultation: Opinion may be sought but may not influence the outcome, is more extractive and people are not given opinion to make decisions. Participation by collaboration: People participate in discussion and analysis of predetermined outcomes. Empowerment participation: People have capacity and participate in initial agenda setting, analysis and participate in decision making.

REFERENCE MATERIALS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Constitution of Kenya, 2010 County Government Act, 2012 Public Finance Management Act, 2012 Urban Areas and Cities Act, 2011 Intergovernmental Relations Act, 2011 Transition to Devolved Governments Act, 2012 Leadership & Integrity Act, 2012 Sessional Paper on Devolution