ARCHITECTURAL PORTFOLIO
MINGXIAN OUYANG 2022-2023 oo1009139857@gmail.com
CONTENTS CULTURAL ECOLOGY
01
MIAMI FLOATING HOUSE
HOW DOES THE ENVIRONMENT PRODUCE ARCHITECTURE?
1-6
HOW DOES SOCIETY PRODUCE ARCHITECTURE?
7-11
HOW DOES CULTURE PRODUCE ARCHITECTURE?
12-16
Metabolism Movement, Metabolism Movement, Modular
02
INFORMAL WOMEN'S MOSQUE Islam, Farmland, Females, Transcendence
03
PRIVATE RESIDENCE Modern Siheyuan, Cultural Integration
04
XIAOZUO LIFE ART ISLAND ART EXCHANGE CENTER
17
01 MIAMI FLOATING HOUSE
As a coastal city, housing and infrastructure in coastal areas are at risk due to sea levels caused by climate change, while some insurance companies are cancelling coverage of homes in high-risk flood zones, which could leave parts of the population homeless after a major hurricane hits. These impending environmental crises catalyze a water project that is both resistant to salt water erosion and economically profitable.
【 Individual work 】 Program time: September 10,2022 Instructor: Joseph
1
BACKGROUND Population below poverty line (%)
16 15 14 13 12 11 1999
Miami is facing two major emergencies. It has become the least affordable US city to live in1. Its housing stock has been depleted by its quickly growing population, accelerated by more people moving during the recent pandemic. Recent reports suggest nearly 1000 people are moving to Florida each day. New developments are pushing rental rates and costs of housing higher, making areas now unaffordable, and pricing people out of their neighborhoods. FIGHT A 100
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010 years United States
2011
2012
2013
2014
Country
1999
2001
2003
2004
2010
2018
2019
2020
United States
12.7
12.7
12
12
15.1
15.1
15.1
15.1
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
（Source: CIA World Factbook）
Definition of Population below poverty line: National estimates of the percentage of the population falling below the poverty line are based on surveys of sub-groups, with the results weighted by the number of people in each group. Definitions of poverty vary considerably among nations.
80
FLOATING SHELL
60
These two problems, combined together, demand new solutions for housing in Miami. How can we design solutions that not only create affordable housing but also make it resilient to the looming problem of sea-level rise?
40
Various strategies can be used to make a home float. People have used things such as steel pontoons, large diameter logs, and pressurized barrels. The most common today is polystyrene foam coated in a concrete shell. Residents of the Netherlands, a country located below sea level, have been dealing with water and living on floating housing for centuries. Schoonschip is a new sustainable community located in Amsterdam and made up of 30 floating plots.
20
0
2011
2014
2017
Account, income, poorest 4096 (96 ages 15+)
2050 2100 Source: Country Climate and Development Report (CCDR） Residential unit
Additional population exposed to annual coastafloods due to sea level rise, as a share of actualpopulation (96) - Max exposure, 2050
FIGHT B （Population below poverty line ）
（Population density ）
15
（Demographics: Net migration rate）
34
3
Economic housing
Green space
Functional combination
According to a new UNICEF report, 43.1 million children have been forcibly displaced by weather-related disasters in 44 countries over the past six years.......
Rising sea levels caused by climate change will greatly help to see its housing. In MiamiD a d e C o u n t y, 2 6 % o f U.S. households are at risk from sea level rise2. Some insurers are canceling services in high-risk flood areas, which could leave some people homeless after wind restrictions pass.
Pier
Transportation
Waterfront space
Swimming pool
Shared facilities
Playground
Garden
Gym
——Source:CIA World Factbook
44 countries over the past six years....... displaced by weather-related disasters in 43.1 million children have been forcibly According to a new UNICEF report,
(Households and Nonprofit Organizations; Total Mortgages; Liability, Level/1000)/Gross Domestic Product
HOMES Plan——The HOMES Plan includes a full suite of programs that provides relief to struggling homeowners and renters.
Households; Owners' Equity in Real Estate, Level/Gross Domestic Product
0.9
Miami-Dade launches fund for affordable housing The $70 million fund will be used to build new affordable and workforce housing projects inMiami-Dade County.
Bil. of$Bil. of$ , {Mil. of $/1 000Bil. of$
0.8
Its housing stock has been depleted by its quickly growing population, accelerated by more people moving during the recent pandemic.
0.7
The new disconnect between mortgages and house equity
0.6 0.5 (Sources: Board of Governors, BEA)
0.4 0.3 0.2
Miami-Dade hosted a summit on affordable housing The Mayor's housing summit featured expert speakers, breakout sessions on subjects criticalto Miami-Dade's housing supply and affordability crisis.
0.1
1950
1955
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
Our FRED graph above looks at what U.S. households own and owe in terms of real estate: The blue line representshouseholds'total equity in real estate as a share of GDP, and the red line represents households total mortqage debt as a share of GDP over the same time period. it has become the least affordable US city to live in. Its housing stock has been depleted by its quickly growing population, accelerated by more people moving during the recent pandemic. Recent reports suggest nearly 1000 people are moving to Florida each day. New developments are pushing rental rates and costs of housing higher, making areas now unaffordable, and pricing people out of their neighborhoods.
2
HISTORICAL DISASTERS
Due to the high humidity conditions and intense sunlight during the summer, the ocean constantly generates water vapor, which rises into the atmosphere. As a result, Miami frequently experiences hurricanes.
Casualties: 243 people deceased. Economic losses: 100 million dollars The number of damaged houses: 15,000
1900
Casualties: 65 people deceased. Economic losses: 25 billion dollars. The number of damaged houses: 125,000
Great Miami Hurricane (1926)
Hurricane Andrew (1992) Flood (from 1960 to 1970)
King Tide (2019)
Casualties: None. Economic losses: Millions of dollars. The number of damaged houses: 20,000 Due to the phenomenon of a supermoon and the resulting high tidal levels, seawater surges into coastal areas, leading to flooding.
Many houses in the area lack structural stability and are easily destroyed when subjected to damage, rendering them unfit to serve as shelters for residents.
SITE
Age : 57 Occupation : Retirement
Residence : Single-family house
Our house is too far from the nearby shopping mall, making it inconvenient to buy food. To avoid the rising sea levels, my family is planning to move to an inland area near the shopping mall.
PUBLIC BOAT RAMP
Age : 29 Occupation : Vagrant Residence : Homeless
Age : 21 Occupation : Programmer Residence : Studio apartment BISCAYNE BAY
Age : 36 Occupation : Administrator Residence : Penthouse
If it doesn't rain, I usually sleep in the park, which has a beautiful scenery. I don't have a specific skill set at the moment, but I would be willing to take up any job opportunity if it is available to me.
Intrusion distance of seawater
Sea level heigh
Tide Heigh
Every day, I live a monotonous life shuttling between the office and my apartment. It can be quite dull. I really enjoy gardening, but my apartment's size doesn't allow me to pursue this interest. I have a friend who lives in another apartment building, and we meet each other every day by taking the elevator and crossing through the shopping mall. If sea levels rise, it would make it difficult for us to meet.
Intrusion distance of seawater
LEGION PARK
Sea level heigh/Tide Hei gh (mm)
ATLANTIC COASTAL WATERS
SURROUNDING RESIDENTSV
Years A large portion of the global population lives near coastlines, and sea levels are rising.
Global mean sea level will rise by an average of 4.5 mm per year between 2013 and 2021
In 2020, greenhouse gas concentrations hit a new high globally, and they will continue to increase in 2021
In Miami, where rainfall is frequent, many houses have severely aging Occupation : Plumber p l u m b i n g i n f r a s t r u c t u r e . N o w, Residence : Single-family house occasional seawater intrusion has extended further inland, and drainage has become a significant problem.
Age : 33/35
Age : 18 Occupation : Mall employee Residence : Studio apartment
The floors in the shopping mall are often particularly humid because malls are typically located on the ground floor.
Ocean heat hits record high Global mean sea level rose by an average of 4.5 millimeters per year between 2013 and 2021 before reaching a record high in 2021. This rate is more than double the rate between 1993 and 2002. Warming in the upper 2,000 meters of the ocean continued in 2021 and is expected to continue into the future - a change that is irreversible on century-to-millennium timescales. The heat trapped by human-caused greenhouse gases will warm the planet for generations. 3
MIND MAP
TRAFFIC ROUTES AND GREEN AREAS Global Warming and Climate Change
Challenages
Increase in greenhouse gas emissions
Adapting to rising sea levels and changing climate patterns
High cost of living and expensive housing
Melting polar ice caps and rising sea levels
Ensuring the resilience and durability of the community
Vulnerability to coastal flooding and storm surges
Housing crisis and homelessness
Managing the cost of construction A d d r e s s i n g t h e n e e d s o f t h e and infrastructure development homeless and displaced populations
Risk to existing buildings and infrastructure
Tradition
Causes
Balancing affordability and sustainability in housing options
Tr a d i t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e s require a significant number of pillars for support
Meeting each other requires navigating through complex flow patterns in the public spaces.
Tall structures are more susceptible to destruction
The heavy-faced walls need to withstand the full impact of ocean waves
Arch structures support each unit
The public spaces radiate outward from the center
The interconnection of units forms a matrix-like structure
Creating outlets for waves
Solutions Creating green spaces and wetlands for natural stormwater management
Incorporating mixed-income housing options
Utilizing renewable energy sources and energy-efficient systems
Future
Adopting elevation and floodresistant building techniques
ENERGY DEMAND Requirement
Food
Individual
Crops Types of agricultural products
Product samples
Energy Contribution per 100g (Calories)
The annual production per module (kilograms)
The daily energy contribution per module (calories)
96
2400
6315
23
600
378
86
90
212
Tropical fruit Fruits
CONCEPT GENERATION
(Banana)
10%
Carbohydrates
Leafy greens
20%
(Spinach)
Protein
33%
Rropical tuber vegetables
Vegetables
50%
Simple modules
Assembly combination
Mortise lock
(Sweet potato)
Vertical farming
Unit
Each unit can accommodate more than 65 modules
✖ 2
Monolithic formation Replication, mirroring, composition Traditional public space
✖ 2
Rotation, single block subtraction, multiple block addition
The central public space both vertically and horizontally
✖ 5
Each unit requires 85,000 calories
Sea food
The number of modules for tropical fruits, leafy greens, and tropical tuber vegetables in each unit is 6, 46, and 13, respectively
Each device can contribute an average of 230 calories per day
The traditional spatial model of commercial spaces has many drawbacks when facing rising sea levels and crowd activities, making it unsuitable for offshore environments. To meet the residential needs of Miami's population, this project takes inspiration from the Chinese traditional puzzle device called "Lu Ban Lock" and breaks away from traditional spatial patterns to redefine the layout of public spaces. The office building with commercial spaces is rotated and interlocked, and the overlapping parts of the newly formed volumes are transformed into public spaces. The residential spaces are distributed in a radial layout from the center, defining it as a unit. Different units are replicated, mirrored, and connected based on wind direction and wave orientation. As the number of units increases, there is no need to continuously strengthen the bottom structure due to the increased floor area. Instead, the matrix form enhances the project's resistance to wind and waves. 1.Maglev train 2.Roof Module Planting 3.Living House 4.Activity Center 5.Life Pier 6.Marine Aquaculture
By analyzing the number of people a single unit can accommodate and the proportion of daily dietary requirements for an individual, as well as the energy contribution of crops suitable for cultivation in the offshore areas of Miami and the cultivation of seafood products near the coast, modular agricultural planting and aquaculture devices can be utilized. The energy requirements for each unit can be calculated to determine the area of modular and device space that needs to be reserved.
MODULAR PLANTING
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Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
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Type 4 3
SITE PLAN
ELEVATION PLAN
Maglev train
1
1.Maglev train 2.Roof Module Planting 3.Living House 4.Activity Center 5.Life Pier 6.Marine Aquaculture
Rooftop planting
Marine Aquaculture
Living house
2
To meet the residential needs of Miami's population, this project takes inspiration from the Chinese traditional puzzle device called "Lu Ban Lock" and breaks away from traditional spatial patterns to redefine the layout of public spaces. The office building with commercial spaces is rotated and interlocked, and the overlapping parts of the newly formed volumes are transformed into public spaces. The residential spaces are distributed in a radial layout from the center, defining it as a unit.
4 3 ① Maglev train
② Fully concealed glass ③ I n c l i n e d
curtain wall
steel bars
tension
this project takes inspiration from the Chinese traditional puzzle device called "Lu Ban Lock" and breaks away from traditional spatial patterns to redefine the layout of public spaces. The office building with commercial spaces is rotated and interlocked, and the overlapping parts of the newly formed volumes are transformed into public spaces. The residential spaces are distributed in a radial layout from the center, defining it as a unit.
A Core tube
①
②
5 ③
6 A Architectural ArchStructure
4
PERSPECTIVE SECTION A-A
Pause 1
Pause 2
Make the foundation part of offshore structures into soft-bottom objects, and assemble them on land
Use a ship to tow it to the construction site
Pause 3 Use the cement box as a buoyancy chamber and press water inside it, adjust the buoyancy to allow it to sink smoothly into the water
Pause 4 Land on the seabed floor lined with stones, and then proceed with the construction of the upper structure
Roof Module Planting
Roof Module Planting-A Roof Module Planting-B
Marine Aquaculture
In the current aquaculture system, the cultured fish experience periods of starvation a few days before and after typhoon attacks because feeding ships are unable to reach the offshore sea cages. To avoid high waves and strong currents, the sea cages are submerged approximately 10 meters below the sea surface. Therefore, there is a need to develop an automated feeding system to enable the cultured fish to grow faster under these harsh natural conditions. The proposed system consists of multiple submerged fish cages and a feeding platform. The feeding platform includes fuel tanks, feed storage silos, and an automated feeding machine. (https://doi.org/10.1115/ OMAE2008-57719) The automated feeding machine is equipped with infrared sensors that detect the falling of feed particles on the seafloor, allowing it to shut off and minimize food waste.
PERSPECTIVE DRAWING
Roof Module Planting-A
Roof Module Planting-B
Roof Module Planting
Marine Aquaculture
5
AERIAL VIEW
To address the issue of displacement, I designed floating housing. This floating housing is based on communal living and is designed to meet the unique lifestyle needs of Miami. These floating homes are designed to be flexible and can be adapted to the needs and preferences of the residents. They can be adapted to different environmental conditions, including natural disasters such as saltwater erosion and storm surges. The floating homes are designed with the cultural and social needs of the community in mind. They provide spaces for communities to gather and encourage interaction and cooperation among residents. These homes can also provide basic amenities and services such as health care, education and employment opportunities to help residents rebuild their lives. In addition to addressing housing issues, Miami needs to take other steps to address the challenges of sea level rise. These include strengthening seawalls and flood defenses, restoring coastal wetlands and coral reefs, and promoting renewable energy development. These measures will not only protect the city from saltwater erosion, but also bring new opportunities and revenue to the local economy. Miami is facing serious challenges from climate change and sea level rise. By promoting water projects that address both saltwater erosion and economic benefits, such as floating homes and other sustainability measures, Miami can provide a safer and sustainable future for its residents. These initiatives can also preserve the cultural and social values of the community and contribute to the overall growth of the city..
6
02 INFORMAL WOMEN'S MOSQUE
Senegal's traditional social structure is based on extended families, tribes and clans, characterized by social hierarchy, division of gender roles and religious influence. In the Islamic religious society, Allah the Glory promised that He would raise the status of those who had acquired knowledge, and as religious leaders, even women, they would still be able to enjoy the same land ownership as men. In Senegal, Islam is both a religion and a force for social change, offering women a path to social respect and economic independence.
【 Individual work 】 Program time: July 8,2023 Instructor: YingJie Liu
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TYPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
TOPOQLOGICAL ANALYSIS
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The systemic gender violence in West Africa is not merely a social issue but also a spatial one, echoing Henri Lefebvre’s notion of "spatial justice." Women, particularly in Senegal, are disenfranchised from the legal realm of land ownership in agrarian contexts. This deprivation is further compounded by their marginalization within domestic and religious spaces. Islam, as a socio-cultural and ideological construct, permeates Senegal's secular landscape, echoing what Michel Foucault refers to as "power/knowledge" dynamics. Lucy E. Creevey's work, "The Impact of Islam on Women in Senegal," elucidates this as a bidirectional paradigm—both empowering and disempowering for women.
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Situated in Baghere Village, the project interrogates the typological constraints of traditional mosques. Young female Muslims are excluded from the central prayer halls, relegating them to 'forgotten' domestic spaces. Through a critical analysis of existing typologies, the project overlays an orthogonal grid aligned towards Mecca upon these 'forgotten spaces,' thereby disrupting the traditional male-dominated spatial hierarchy. Strategically positioned adjacent to farmlands, the project aims to facilitate the spiritual rituals of women laborers. By incorporating communal and educational spaces, it cultivates a new form of female-centric 'agora,' fostering interaction, knowledge-sharing, and skill development. This spatial organization, grounded in the concept of 'critical regionalism,' provides a tangible vehicle for women to challenge their systemic marginalization. The inclusion of Quranic classrooms arms them with intellectual tools to renegotiate their socio-spatial position.
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Rather than succumbing to the allure of a metaphysical utopia that irons out gender disparities, the project advocates for 'realpolitik'—the actualization of tangible rights and tranquility within this lifetime. This approach aligns with David Harvey's idea of the 'right to the city,' but extends it to include the 'right to the religious space,' even if it implies a certain degree of spatial or social regression. Thus, the project serves as a form of spatial activism, reclaiming both physical and ideological territories for women.
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This architectural endeavor, therefore, is not merely a built form but a critical spatial practice, aiming to reconfigure gender dynamics and reclaim female agency within the religious and social fabric of Senegal.
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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT
Minarets | Libraries
Masjid
Directional Guidance
Constriction
Fusion
Interaction
Subtraction
Segregation
Repetition
Storage
Multi-directional Openness
Demarcation
Leisure | Sotrage
Square field grid
A grid of long strips
Sabil
A new grid suitable
Hammam | Wudu Crop Market Sabil
Majlis Madrassa
Extraction of mosque
Quadratic combination
Place space into the new grid
9
PLANE
UNFOLDED SECTION
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1
Located near the Musallah's entrance, the "Wudu Area" is integrated with a changing room, serving as a transitional medium for Muslim women between the farmland and the Musallah. Additionally, outdoor "Hawd" water storage tanks are employed to meet the ablutionary needs for both daily and congregational prayers.
2
The educational space, traditionally known as a "Madrassa," adopts a rectangular form, breaking away from the traditional square layout where students encircle the teacher. Semi-open spaces are formed using panels and wooden "Mashrabiya" screens, enabling the Madrassa to be co-facilitated by both teachers and students. This format not only allows for the acquisition of knowledge but also fosters spontaneous discussions within the Majlis. The semi-open design also integrates the Madrassa with the adjacent farmland, suitable for hands-on agricultural learning experiences.
3
The prayer space, or "Musallah," is delineated by rectangular slabs, eschewing the traditional "Mihrab" as the focal point and transforming what was originally the "Bab-un-Nisa" (women's entrance) into the primary point of entry. The exterior is defined by lowlying rectangular wall panels, enclosing the Musallah with a "Sahn" (courtyard) through narrow gaps that only allow single-file passage. This enclosure is further reinforced through exterior water channels, enhancing the sense of spatial boundary around the Sahn. Inside, inclined panels guide visual focus, and niches are carved into the Qibla wall, allowing light to filter in. Ground channels demarcate the rectangular prayer area, offering an alternative interpretation to traditional mosque carpeting. Simultaneously, wall niches of varying sizes are introduced around the perimeter, providing "Majlis" alcoves for discussion and social interaction. During the rainy season, water flows through the niches into the channels, allowing the space to oscillate between light and water.
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03 PRIVATE RESIDENCE
Re-discuss the part of the housing needs arising from culture, including but not limited to lighting, functional allocation, orientation, landscape, indoor and outdoor connection, yard distribution, etc.
【 Teamwork 】 Program time: November 3,2023 Instructor: QiWei Li Construction in 2024
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LOCATION ANALYSIS
ROAD
GROVE
MEADOW
60 M
22 Acre
≈
12 Football Filed
CUSTOMER DEMAND
+Back-shape layouts nested
+Need a Chinese Siheyuan
within each other
+ Good lighting
WINDOWS 7
+ Roof lighting
+Private office area
WINDOWS 8
+Distinction between public
+ quiet
and private
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNER
CLIENT
WINDOWS 1
SPATIAL ORGANIZATION WINDOWS 6
The use area is divided into public space and private space. The subdivision of the area is divided into users such as parents, children and guests. The main use space is the bedroom, which is placed on the south side with plenty of light. The courtyard serves as both a medium to connect the indoor and outdoor forests and helps to separate the public entertainment space from the office space.
Kitchen + Morning: 450 sqf
Storage: 100 sqf
Main Bedroom: 350 sqf
Living Room: 350 sqf
Laundry: 80 sqf
M+W: 200 sqf
Dinning Room: 200 sqf
Half Bath = Pantry: 50 sqf
Bathroom: 150 sqf
courtyard
WINDOWS 4
circulation
WINDOWS 5
WINDOWS 2
WINDOWS 3 Main Bedroom: 350 sqf
Guestroom: 220 sqf
M+W: 200 sqf
Bathroom: 80 sqf
Bathroom: 150 sqf
Closet: 50 sqf
Office: 300 sqf
free plan
view
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1. Bedroom 2. Closet 3. Bathroom 4. Kitchen + Morning Room 5. Livingroom 6. Pantry 7. Dinning Room 8. Mech + Gun Room 9. Mudroom 10. Laundry 11. Storage 12. Garage 13. Office
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04 OTHER WORKS In the project at Zhu Pei Architectural Studio, I was primarily responsible for the design of the renovation of the existing site into master studios.
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