No_Letterportfolio-ipad_high_quality_PDF_ by Pablo Delkan

BOOK SERIES / JULES VERNE BOX

BOOK SERIES / JULES VERNE ALL BOOKS

BOOK SERIES /

J U LES V ER N E / T W EN T Y T H O U S A N D LE AG U ES U N D ER T H E S E A / COV ER , S P I N E A N D BAC K

BOOK SERIES / E N D PA G E S

JULES VERNE

BOOK SERIES / JULES VERNE INTERIOR SPREAD

BOOK SERIES / JULES VERNE PROMOTIONAL POSTER

BOOK SERIES / THE GERMANS

A C U LT U R A L H I S T O R Y

BOOK SERIES / THE GREEKS

A C U LT U R A L H I S T O R Y

BOOK SERIES / T H E I TA L I A N S

A C U LT U R A L H I S T O R Y

BOOK SERIES / T H E S PA N I S H

A C U LT U R A L H I S T O R Y

CHILDREN’S BOOK / THE THREE LIT TLE PIGS COVER

CHILDREN’S BOOK / THE THREE LIT TLE PIGS INTERIOR SPREAD

CHILDREN’S BOOK / THE THREE LIT TLE PIGS BAC K COV ER

1 0 0 PA G E B O O K BOOK OF LONG DIGRESSIONS / COVER

1 0 0 PA G E B O O K BOOK OF LONG DIGRESSIONS / INTERIOR SPREAD

BOOK

1 0 0 PA G E B O O K

BOOK OF LONG D GRESS ONS

People marry for many reasons, including one or more of the following: legal, social, emotional, economical, spiritual, and religious. These might include arranged marriages, family obligations, the legal establishment of a nuclear family unit, the legal protection of children and public declaration of commitment.[1][2] The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved. In some societies these obligations also extend to certain family members of the married persons. In cultures that allow the dissolution of a marriage this is known as divorce. Marriage is usually recognized by the state, a religious authority, or both. It is often viewed as a contract. Civil marriage is the legal concept of marriage as a governmental institution irrespective of religious affiliation, in accordance with marriage laws of the jurisdiction. If recognized by the state, by the religion(s) to which the parties belong or by society in general, the act of marriage changes the personal and social status of the individuals who enter into it.

B abies

10 yrs ago, my husband and I went to the doctor to find out the sex of our 3rd child. We told our two girls that we were going to find out if they were going to have a baby brother or sister and that there were going to stay here with the babysitter. Our middle daughter, Laila, who at the time was 5.5yrs said to me, “Mommy, when you get home, I have 2 questions for you.” We went to the doctor, found out it was a girl and decided on the name Christine right then and there. When we came home Laila asked her first question: Am I going to have a baby sister or a baby brother?

a thorough outline on each one. Analyze what motivates them, what makes them who they are. Take your hero. Is he strong? Powerful? Wealthy? Muscular? Would you convey that impression with a name like Robin Tibbles? It’s a traditional English name, and your hero is English. Or would Garrick Maxwell Atwater III better suit him? The longer a man’s name, the more likely he will be considered honest and accomplished. What about your heroine? Is she confident and adventurous? Or is she sedate and well-mannered? Would the name Clover Darling be better for the former or latter? How about Elizabeth Knight? Also determine your characters’ ethnic backgrounds. Nothing is more jarring to the reader than coming across an Irish hero named Pedro. So if it’s vital to the story that the hero is Irish, find an Irish name for him. (Unless his mother is Spanish, perhaps, and named him Pedro because it irritated the father’s family who disowned him when he married a Spaniard . . . but that’s another story.) If you aren’t familiar with names from a particular country, investigate. Baby name books often include ethnic origins. Or read books by contemporary authors from the country in question. In other words, go directly to the source. First Names Once you know who your characters are, you can select an appropriate name for them. The way you name your characters falls into two categories--who they are, and where they come from. So you know your hero possesses all of the sterling qualities listed above. Will a name like Rickman suit him, then? Was your heroine born at night? Maybe her parents named her Starr because of it. Decide what qualifications your characters have that you want to come across most. Only you as the author know them well enough to do that.

your character, while softer sounds like “d” or “b” will have a pleasanter ring. Think about the image you wish to convey. Ending the name on a hard sound--Kent or Brooke--would be stronger than Hugh or Ella. If writing an historical, remember the setting/era of your novel. Ashley and Madison were once exclusively male names. Now, both are associated with females. If you aren’t certain which names were popular when, visit your local library’s genealogy section and read through old birth/death/marriage records. You will get a feel for the era by skimming through the files. Surnames Surnames didn’t even exist before the 12th century. A man had his name and that’s how he was known. By the 1100s, however, evidence of a second, or surname, exists. A man achieved that name in various ways--by the place of his birth, from his father (whether full or given name), by his occupation, or perhaps even by a nickname. Not everyone had surnames at once either. At first, they were taken or chosen by whomever wanted one. Some men even took combinations of the above, joining their estate name with their father’s name possibly. It wasn’t until the 13th and 14th centuries that surnames became less elaborate, eventually evolving through the 17th century as the more recognizable form we know today.

Say the name aloud. Hard sounds like “t” or “s” will strengthen

English surnames derive chiefly from local or place names. Clifford, Oakman and Ellwood are all examples of this. Surnames of relationship could use either the father or mother’s name as the root. The suffix -son was popular in the North of England, as in Johnson or Williamson. Surnames of occupation began with holders of the actual office, but eventually became hereditary. Steward, Dean and Sergeant were all occupations as well as surnames. The last type of surname origination is the nickname--a rare and seldom hereditary name. While some Barefoots, Prouds and Skippers have survived the centuries, few surnames bear this

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pealing.

pecially if you are, actually, English.

Eventually, women become more appealing, but not as much as beer and professional wrestling, which somehow seems to turn women away – but we all must have priorities.

Fu Manchu - long, downward pointing ends, generally beyond the chin:

As with most human biological processes, this specific order may vary among some individuals. Geraldo Rivera is a notable exception, as his mustache actually first appeared via sonogram in his mother’s womb before his fetus was evident to tending physicians. Most men with a normal or strong beard growth must tend to it daily – adding nuts, berries, and a liquid sausage coating – and of course by shaving the hair of the chin and cheeks, to prevent it from soon reverting to a full beard or goatee – which are each far weaker than the mustache. This necessity has engendered the invention of quite a wide variety of accoutrements designed for the care of a gentleman’s mustache, including mustache wax, mustache nets (snoods), mustache brushes, mustache combs, mustache condoms, mustache curb-feelers, and mustache scissors. The mustache cup is a drinking cup with a partial cover to protect the upper lip from froth, umbrella and maraschino cherry in the drink. There are many thick, rich and delicious mustache styles including: Dali - narrow, long points bent or curved steeply upward; areas past the corner of the mouth must be shaved. Artificial styling aids needed. Named after Salvador Dalí who was known to sport such a style later in his life and featured in the short-lived Broadway play “Hello, Dali!” starring Gene Shalit in the lead.

Pancho Villa - similar to the Fu Manchu but thicker; also known as a “droopy mustache”, generally much more so than that normally worn by the critically revered Cheech Marin. Handlebar - bushy, with small upward pointing ends. See baseball pitcher Rollie Fingers. Also known as a “spaghetti mustache”, because of its stereotypical association with Italian men. Horseshoe - Often confused with the Fu Manchu style, the horseshoe was possibly popularized by modern cowboys and consists of a full mustache with vertical extensions from the corners of the lips down to the jawline and resembling an upside-down horseshoe. Imperial - whiskers growing from both the upper lip and cheeks, curled upward (distinct from the royale, or impériale). Moustachio - bushy mustache, with hair sometimes growing down the sides of the mouth. Also known as the Nosebeard, or the Moustachio Fantastico, with mustachio being a US variant on the spelling. Taylor mustache - a thin row of fine dark hairs along the upper lip. Sometimes know as the Lilibrow. Pencil mustache - narrow, straight and thin like a pencil, closely clipped, outlining the upper lip, with a wide shaven gap between the nose and mustache. Also known as a Mouthbrow. See John Waters.

A week later I came to pick her up at school and her teacher came up to me and said, “I heard you’re having a baby girl, congrats. What are you naming it?” and I told her Christine. She then asked is Laila went to the doctor with us and I told her no. She thought for a second, then started laughing. When I asked what was so funny she said that Laila told the class she was going to have a baby sister, her name was Krispy Creme and that babies come from Dunkin Donuts! I never laughed so hard in my life. Amazing how mishearing one word changes the entire story for a 5yr. My husband and I guessed her 2nd question was: where do babies come from? Apparently, Dunkin Donuts. Best Wishes

That has become the main topic of conversation*1 at home*2 with his mom and dad, he feels left out and unnacomplished Topics of Conversation:

Offer a genuine compliment like “I like how you look in those shoes” or “You did a fantastic job with that presentation today” or “I love the way you play the piano”. Try to make it a compliment that involves something they did, rather than something they are, because then you can carry the conversation forward by asking them how they did what they did. E.g. “Where did you find the shoes?” or “How did you learn to put together such

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book, not labor over it.

Can you borrow real surnames from local historical figures? Yes and no. If you are using that figure in your novel, you have to use the name. But be careful as to how you portray him/her. For a fictional character, yes, you can borrow real names. But rather than copy a name directly (Winston Churchill, for example, or the Duke of Wellington) change it a bit. You’re more likely to avoid problems that way. And your character won’t have to live up to another’s reputation. The same applies for titles in the case of English aristocracy. Rather than copy a title exactly, like the Earl of Spenser, create your own with an imaginary county/manor house/family name, etc.. But remember not to take away from the authenticity of the title. What are the odds of there being a Duke of Washington or a Marquess of Rouen in England? Secondary Characters Put as much thought into your secondary characters as you do your hero/heroine. Use the same rules here as above regarding country of origin and historical era, but names for secondary characters can be more colorful. Consider the eccentric Aunt Poppy and the non-descript Mr. Brown before saddling them with their names. Above all, try not to confuse the reader. Don’t have surnames of Johnson, Whitson, Fredrickson and Smithson just because they’re all from Northern England. And while Mary, Maggie, Millie and Maisie are all cute names for siblings, unless each of the girls has a distinct personality trait, or they have very small parts in the book, the reader could get lost. Remember this when naming unrelated characters also. If the hero’s name is Winston, don’t have another character named Winthrop. And if the heroine’s name is cross-gender (Jamie) don’t give the hero a crossgender (Chris) name also. You want your readers to enjoy your

The various symptoms of fear of the unknown

Remember the Genre Readers of a specific genre have certain expectations when they pick up a book. You, as the author, have to fulfill those expectations. Cactus Jack and One-eyed Bill might suit a Western, but would certainly be out of place in your romance. (Unless of course, it’s set in the West and has some colorful secondary characters.) When choosing a name, think of what image that name conjures up. Rafe implies a very different type of personality than, say, Gimp. Just as Raven or Honey would for your heroine. Finally, while you can spend hours searching for just the right name, don’t be offended if a reader tells you she liked everything except the heroine’s name. We all come to the book with past experiences, and those experiences may have included some not so pleasant memories of someone who bears the same name as a hero/heroine.

Pete *2 Popularity of Pete Pete is a very popular first name for men (#365 out of 1220) and also a very popular surname or last name for all people (#5525 out of 88799). (1990 U.S. Census) Displayed below is the baby names popularity of the name Pete for boys. (2010 statistics) Compare Pete with its source form and related boy baby names. Boards of Canada: Lyrics to Pete Standing alone : [Instrumental]

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Toothbrush or Dictator - thick, but shaved except for about an inch (2.5 cm) in the center; associated with Adolf Hitler and Charlie Chaplin. Considered the “third rail” of mustaches so out of favor today that its appearance is considered a symptom of insanity.

nation-matching) for competitors who shave off their mustaches before the end of the competition.

The Zappa – a controversial mustache with soul patch, the rights to which are currently owned by the secretive Zappa family, and of course a style which is disputed by the American Mustache Institute as it contains chin coverage which eliminates the trueness of the mustache. Walrus - bushy, hanging down over the lips, often entirely covering the mouth. The GG - bushy hair grown only over the corners of the mouth, shaved in the middle. Named after musician and performing artist GG Allin, the most well-known wearer of the style. Around the world, many groups of men (co-workers, friends, and students) sometimes partake in mustache growing competitions. They are usually fun in nature and offer a bonding experience for groups of young men. The ultimate goal is to grow the most full and well-groomed mustache in the least amount of time, or over a fixed period. If you encounter one, back away carefully. While not generally dangerous, these contests often involve alcohol. In more serious competitions, the mustaches are seen as a symbol of male virility and the winner is usually seen as the most manly of the competitors, or so he may seem after 17 mixed drinks. Many competitions exist such as the North Bay Mustache League.

“Tache-Off” is a global event starting on August 1st for one month, featuring contestants from the UK, North America, Spain, Australia and beyond, spawned from a drunken idea in 2006.Each year it promises to be bigger and better, but it always seems the same. 2007 added charity fund raising and an official celebrity patron, in the form of Ron Jeremy (star of numerous adult movies). “TacheBack” is a UK-based charity fundraiser for the Everyman Male Cancer Campaign in which men are sponsored to grow mustaches for the month of September. At the end of September there is a finale party in which men show off their ‘taches in a “Tashion Parade”. It is better than described. “Mustache March” started in 2003 as a way for men to legally enjoy the stache for one month. It starts with “Just grow it January” and “Facial Hair February.” It is becoming an international event. Many events are planned and photos and such are placed on the website. “Movember” is a charity event held each year in November. It aims to promote and raise awareness of Men’s Health issues, notably prostate cancer. “Mustaches for Kids” is run in a number of North American cities in which participants grow mustaches for children’s charities. Despite the name, children are not forced to grow mustaches.

Office model – favored by middle managers who live in fear of doing anything unusual.

Some competitions are run as charity fund-raising events, with participants being sponsored for their mustache-growing and the money raised being donated to a selected cause. The rules for such competitions vary, but often include “forfeits” (e.g., do-

“Spring Finals Mustache Competition at Georgetown University Law Center” is undertaken by the future lawyers of America during the run-up to their spring finals as they prepare to meet their criminal clients who often have grown mustaches, too. The inaugural competition was won under suspect circumstances by Georgetown’s Section Two in 2006, while Section Three had an exceptionally strong showing.

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But while I am all for imagination, the phrase is intellectually lazy. It is unfocused. It mistakenly treats design as a pile of independent special cases, causing what is most likely to be gradually eclipsed by what is unrealistically specific.

We have to imagine, of course, in order to consider directions and decisions before we’ve sunk resources into acting upon them. However it is the integrated act of more rigorous consideration that does the work – the artist’s trained judgment or the designer’s application of sound principle – not the raw yield of imagined possibilities.

accept criticism or blame with composure. Instead, he argues or even lies to avoid blame. He also hates losing and will blatantly cheat, or change the rules, to win in a competition.

from co-workers and others were positive. Now that I’m getting down to the last few pounds, I’m in negativity land. “Did you eat this morning?” One of my adult students asked me, (he thinks I’m getting too thin). “How can you stay thin and eat all of that?” a female co-worker asked at lunch as another replied, “She’s young.”

English - narrow, beginning at the middle of the upper lip the whiskers are very long and pulled to the side, slightly curled; the ends are pointed slightly upward; areas past the corner of the mouth usually shaved. Artificial styling may be needed, es-

said it too.

What doesn’t add to the design takes away from it. What doesn’t drive a project forward stalls it. And while it’s generally in a programmer’s interest to find a scaleable solution… well, I’ll just put this here: “If you’re willing to restrict the flexibility of your approach, you can almost always do something better.” —John Carmack And for a second opinion: John Salwitz, one of the 4 original developers for Paperboy in 1984, told me (I’m paraphrasing, this was 2005) that the most common error made by game programmers is trying to make software that does everything, instead of focusing on making software that does what it’s supposed to well. The issue with using imagination in design arguments is that a healthy mind can imagine quite literally anything – things we can’t even begin to describe in words – regardless of its relevance or the chances of it actually happening. Good design requires coherent vision, selective emphasis, and conscious tradeoffs to produce a curated experience. Chasing unrelated threads in every direction in a futile effort to please every person in every circumstance is the opposite of that – the opposite of good design. I can imagine a situation coming up tomorrow for which I would want to have a frog costume to wear. But that in itself is not a valid justification to go out and buy a frog costume tonight, in lieu of preparing for and tending to all the other more probable realities.

It’s like an architect delivering a “blueprint” that’s really just random lines all over a page, expecting someone else to do the real work of deciding which to erase, which to rearrange, and which to structure how to arrive at a usable blueprint so that builders can proceed. He has a job to do, and doing this isn’t doing it. It suggests cluelessness about how to spot decisions at the intersection of what has been done and what’s left to be done. Or a lack of clear thinking. Imagination is how we start a thought, not how we close or present it. This whole problem goes away with one minor tweak, instantly converting a statement from a useless declaration into one which can be evaluated and, if found true, accepted as grounds for further action: “It seems likely that…” The likelihood can then be questioned, and the impact weighed according to that likelihood. If it can’t be phrased that way, because it isn’t likely to be relevant, there’s the answer right there.

t h e s i x ye a r o l d

With a commanding position over the entrance to Mahon’s harbour, Es Castell has some interesting places to visit for history buffs including Fort Sant Felip, Fort Marlborough and the military museum in the main square. This is also the first place in Spain to see the sun rise, being the most easterly point on the island. I never really got into soccer, It isn’t much of a problem now but when I was 8 or 9 it was a important barrier between the guys from my school and me, I really just wasn’t good at it. Wait, maybe I was, it just didn’t seem worth trying. It probably would of been good to try, I don’t know why I didn’t try. Of course, the outcome of playing soccer when your 8 isn’t as positive as when you are 17 or 18 or 20 or whatever age it is when girls really start appreciating nice good soccer players and spend their sunday afternoons watching the game and later on celebrating with the players. That seemed simple, and nice maybe. I don’t know I always thought it was stupid. In the end, I’m 21 years old now, I can play soccer, I’m just not that good at it, but it’s not a big deal, I’m happy no girls will come watch me play, I wouldn’t be able to put much of a show.

The small*1, perverted*2, dumbtrainer*3, the one that is only able to coach*4 the 8 year olds*5 and even they treated him as a fool.*6

Six-year olds need encouragement and praise. They need to know that it’s okay to make mistakes and how to be a gracious loser. Too much pressure for perfect grades and model behavior increases six’s tension and is not appropriate at this stage of development. Focus on being attentive and accepting to help him feel good about being who he is at age six.

big / small head size

I currently play with a 90 square inch frame, and plan to stick to it for quite some time. But everywhere I turn... people keep saying that my raquet sucks. I always tell them its just becuase they can’t play with it. They always have those 100+ frames, and I just wanted to know the advantages of having a smaller head size versus a larger head size. I know its partly becuase of the control, and power. But I’ve always been a firm believer that to be a true tennis power, you should always be able to generate your own power, not need a raquet to create it for you. Dunno if I make any sense... but I just wanted to know what people thought.

smaller body size

Six-year olds have to be right. The early self is fragile when it begins to recognize the perspective of others. Six doesn’t

So ... after the first fifty pounds or so, comments I received

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Es Castell retains the feel of a colonial town. The central Placa de S’Esplanada is the former parade ground, surrounded by Georgian buildings including the distinctive red town hall with its English clock tower.Es Castell has its own small harbour named Cales Fonts, just a short walk from the main square. Lined with restaurants, it is an ideal spot for summer evenings or for picking up a boat tour around Port de Maó.

This difficult period can be a learning opportunity when parents approach these behaviors with gentle firmness. Don’t push competition on your six-year old. Instead, provide opportunities for non-competitive games and activities this year. Be matterof-fact about lying and cheating. Don’t let them slide; add a consequence for lying and explain that cheating spoils the game.

T h e S m a l l , *1 may refer to:

Something of low number Something of low size Lower case is the small form (case) of a letter SMALL, an ALGOL-like programming language Pawn (programming language), a C-like language formerly known as Small A term to describe smaller aircraft for purposes of air traffic control. Specifically, small refers to a plane having a maximum takeoff weight of less than 41,000 pounds. Small, a peer-reviewed interdisciplinary journal in the field of nanoscience. Small, a song from the Queen + Paul Rodgers album The Cosmos Rocks.

p e r ve r te d

Perversion is a concept describing those types of human behavior that are a serious deviation from what is considered to be orthodox or normal. Although it can refer to varying forms of deviation, it is most often used to describe sexual behaviors that are seen by an individual as abnormal, repulsive or obsessive. Perversion differs from deviant behavior, since the latter refers to a recognized violation of social rules or norms. It is often considered derogatory and in psychological literature the term paraphilia has been used as a replacement, though this term is controversial, and ‘”deviation” is now used instead’ by others. Freud’s first essay, on “The Sexual Aberrations”, designated ‘the person from whom sexual attraction proceeds the sexual object and the act towards which the instinct tends the sexual aim ‘, and stressed that ‘numerous deviations appear in respect of both of these - the sexual object and the sexual

In my insecurity, I defend myself when I don’t need to. I tell them I know how many calories I need in a day and remind myself that perhaps it’s just their jealousy ... but I feel my emotional issues closing in. Sometimes the heart is the heaviest part of a woman no matter her size.

holding it up

I was listening to a song this week by the Smalltown Poets, a now-defunct Christian group. The song is called, “Hold It Up to the Light,” and while I was listening to it, I was thinking of the imagery of taking an object and holding it up to the light. What could that mean? What are some things I hold up to the light in the course of my days? Why would you hold something up to the light, anyway? I hold things up to the light to see whether they’re correct. As Christians, we are not to compare ourselves with other Christians as our guideline. The first thing I thought of was making labels at work. My job as a library clerk entails making a lot of labels: labels for library cards, barcode labels for books, and spine labels. When I am ready to print my labels, I rarely skip the intermediate step of printing out a test sheet of labels on regular paper, and then holding them and the guidelines (a blank sheet of labels) up to the light. The light shines through that set of guides and shows me whether my work lines up the way that it should. PAGE 65 - PART 3

someone for his sake involves both sympathy and action on the friend’s behalf. That is, friends must be moved by what happens to their friends to feel the appropriate emotions: joy in their friends’ successes, frustration and disappointment in their friends’ failures (as opposed to disappointment in the friends themselves), etc. Moreover, in part as an expression of their caring for each other, friends must normally be disposed to promote the other’s good for her sake and not out of any ulterior motive. (However, see Velleman 1999 for a dissenting view.)

your commitment to certain values to your commitment to your friend. Of course, within friendship the influence need not go only one direction: friends influence each other’s conceptions of value and how to live. Indeed, that friends have a reciprocal effect on each other is a part of the concern for equality many find essential to friendship, and it is central to the discussion of intimacy in Section 1.2.

To care about something is generally to find it worthwhile or valuable in some way; caring about one’s friend is no exception. A central difference among the various accounts of mutual caring is the way in which these accounts understand the kind of evaluation implicit therein. Most accounts understand that evaluation to be a matter of appraisal: we care about our friends at least in part because of the good qualities of their characters that we discover them to have (Annas 1977; Sherman 1987; Whiting 1991); this is in line with the understanding of love as philia or eros given in the first paragraph of Section 1 above. Other accounts, however, understand caring as in part a matter of bestowing value on your beloved: in caring about a friend, we thereby project a kind of intrinsic value onto him; this is in line with the understanding of love as agape given above.

The relationship of friendship differs from other interpersonal relationships, even those characterized by mutual caring, such as relationships among colleagues: friendships are, intuitively, “deeper,” more intimate relationships. The question facing any philosophical account is how that characteristic intimacy of friendship is to be understood.

Friedman (1989, 6) argues for bestowal, saying that if we were to base our friendship on positive appraisals of our friend’s excellences, “to that extent our commitment to that person is subordinate to our commitment to the relevant [evaluative] standards and is not intrinsically a commitment to that person.” However, this is too quick, for to appeal to an appraisal of the good qualities of your friend’s character in order to justify your friendship is not on its own to subordinate your friendship to that appraisal. Rather, through the friendship, and through changes in your friend over time, you may come to change your evaluative outlook, thereby in effect subordinating

1.2 Intimacy

On this point, there is considerable variation in the literature—so much that it raises the question whether differing accounts aim at elucidating the same object. For it seems as though when the analysis of intimacy is relatively weak, the aim is to elucidate what might be called “acquaintance friendships”; as the analysis of intimacy gets stronger, the aim seems to tend towards closer friendships and even to a kind of ideal of maximally close friendship. It might be asked whether one or another of these types of friendship ought to take priority in the analysis, such that, for example, cases of close friendship can be understood to be an enhanced version of acquaintance friendship, or whether acquaintance friendship should be understood as being deficient in various ways relative to ideal friendship. Nonetheless, in what follows, views will be presented roughly in order from weaker to stronger accounts of intimacy. To begin, Thomas (1987; 1989; 1993) claims that we should understand what is here called the intimacy of friendship in terms of mutual self-disclosure: I tell my friends things about myself that I would not dream of telling others, and I expect them to

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in terms of the individual considering whether to be (or continue to be) engaged in a friendship: why should I invest considerable time, energy, and resources in a friend rather than in myself? What makes friendship worthwhile for me, and so how ought I to evaluate whether particular friendships I have are good friendships or not?

quently, the shared activity of friendship is partly constitutive of human flourishing.

having her as my friend (because it is in virtue of those properties that she contributes to my flourishing), then on this view I would be equally justified in being friends with anyone else having relevantly similar properties, and so I would have no reason not to replace my current friend with someone else of this sort. Indeed, it might even be that I ought to “trade up” when someone other than my current friend exhibits the relevant friendship-justifying properties to a greater degree than my friend does. This is surely objectionable as an understanding of friendship.

the historical-relational properties can provide any additional justification for friendship beyond that provided by thinking about the value of friendship in general, which does not solve the fungibility problem. For the mere fact that this is my friend does not seem to justify my continued friendship: when we imagine that my friend is going through a rough time so that he loses those virtues justifying my initial friendship with him, why shouldn’t I just dump him and strike up a new friendship with someone who has those virtues? It is not clear how the appeal to historical properties of my friend or our friendship can provide an answer.

One sort of answer is that friendship is instrumentally good. Thus, Telfer (1970–71) claims that friendship is “life enhancing” in that it makes us “feel more alive”—it enhances our activities by intensifying our absorption in them and hence the pleasure we get out of them (239–40). Moreover, she claims, friendship is pleasant in itself as well as useful to the friends. Annis (1987) adds that it helps promote self-esteem, which is good both instrumentally and for its own sake. Yet friendship is not merely instrumentally valuable, as is hinted at by Annis’ claim that “our lives would be significantly less full given the universal demise of friendship” (1987, 351). Cooper (1977b), interpreting Aristotle, provides two arguments for why this might be so. First, Cooper’s Aristotle claims, living well requires that one know the goodness of one’s own life; however, given the perpetual possibility of self-deception, one is able accurately to evaluate one’s own life only through friendship, in which one’s friend acts as a kind of mirror of one’s self. Hence, a flourishing life is possible only through the epistemic access friendship provides. Second, Cooper’s Aristotle claims that the sort of shared activity characteristic of friendship is essential to one’s being able engage in the sort of activities characteristic of living well “continuously” and “with pleasure and interest” (310). Such activities include moral and intellectual activities, activities in which it is often difficult to sustain interest without being tempted to act otherwise. Friendship, and the shared values and shared activities it essentially involves, is needed to reinforce our intellectual and practical understanding of such activities as worthwhile in spite of their difficulty and the ever present possibility that our interest in pursuing them will flag. Conse-

So far these are attempts to understand the value of friendship to the individual in terms of the way friendship contributes, instrumentally or constitutively, to something else that is valuable to the individual. Yet one might also think that friendship is valuable for its own sake. Schoeman (1985), partly in response to the individualism of other accounts of the value of friendship, claims that in friendship the friends “become a unique community with a being and value of its own” (280): the intimacy of friendship results in “a way of being and acting in virtue of being united with another” (281). Although this claim has intuitive appeal, Schoeman does not clearly explain what the value of that “unique community” is or why it should have that value. Indeed, we ought to expect that fleshing out this claim would involve a substantive proposal concerning the nature of that community and how it can have a separate (federated?—cf. Friedman 1998) existence and value. Once again, the literature on shared intention and plural subjecthood is relevant here; see, for example, Gilbert 1989, 1996, 2000; Tuomela 1984, 1995; Searle 1990; and Bratman 1999. A question closely related to this question of the value of friendship is that of what justifies my being friends with this person rather than with someone else or no one at all. To a certain extent, answers to the question of the value of friendship might seem to provide answers to the question of the justification of friendship. After all, if the value of friendship in general lies in the way it contributes (either instrumentally or constitutively) to a flourishing life for me, then it might seem that I can justify particular friendships in light of the extent to which they contribute to my flourishing. Nonetheless, this seems unacceptable because it suggests—what is surely false— that friends are fungible. (To be fungible is to be replaceable by a relevantly similar object without any loss of value.) That is, if my friend has certain properties (including, perhaps, relational properties) in virtue of which I am justified in

In solving this problem of fungibility, philosophers have typically focused on features of the historical relationship of friendship (cf. Brink 1999, quoted above). One approach might be found in Sherman’s 1987 union account of friendship discussed above (this type of view might be suggested by the account of the value of friendship in Schoeman 1985). If my friend and I form a kind of union in virtue of our having a shared conception of how to live that is forged and maintained through a particular history of interaction and sharing of our lives, and if my sense of my values and identity therefore depends on these being most fundamentally our values and identity, then it is simply not possible to substitute another person for my friend without loss. For this other person could not possibly share the relevant properties of my friend, namely her historical relationship with me. However, the price of this solution to the problem of fungibility, as it arises both for friendship and for love, is the worry about autonomy raised towards the end of Section 1.2 above. An alternative solution is to understand these historical, relational properties of my friend to be more directly relevant to the justification of our friendship. Thus, Whiting (1991) distinguishes the reasons we have for initiating a friendship (which are, she thinks, impersonal in a way that allows for fungibility) from the reasons we have for sustaining a friendship; the latter, she suggests, are to be found in the history of concern we have for each other. However, it is unclear how

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Remarks on the allegory

The glasses are great*1, I like them, I used to wear glasses and then I didn’t have to anymore*2.

“The safety glasses I purchased are excellent and perfect for old, tired eyes like mine. They are lightweight, comfortable to wear all day long and are very well made. I am very pleased with them and will be ordering some more soon, so I can have some.” - Brian K.

Socrates remarks that this allegory can be taken with what was said before, namely the metaphor of the Sun, and the divided line. In particular, he likens “the region revealed through sight” – the ordinary objects we see around us – “to the prison home, and the light of the fire in it to the power of the Sun. And in applying the going up and the seeing of what’s above to the soul’s journey to the intelligible place, you not mistake my expectation, since you desire to hear it. A god doubtless knows if it happens to be true. At all events, this is the way the phenomena look to me: in the region of the knowable the last thing to be seen, and that with considerable effort, is the idea of good; but once seen, it must be concluded that this is indeed the cause for all things of all that is right and beautiful – in the visible realm it gives birth to light and its sovereign; in the intelligible realm, itself sovereign, it provided truth and intelligence – and that the man who is going to act prudently in private or in public must see it” (517b-c). After “returning from divine contemplations to human evils”, a man “is graceless and looks quite ridiculous when – with his sight still dim and before he has gotten sufficiently accustomed to the surrounding darkness – he is compelled in courtrooms or elsewhere to contend about the shadows of justice or the representations of which they are the shadows, and to dispute about the way these things are understood by men who have never seen justice itself?” (517d-e)

T h e g l a ss e s a re g re at *1 “I absolutely love the glasses. There is nothing that I do not like about them. They fit very well, are light, durable, comfortable and quite stylish. I use them quite a bite, and have nothing bad to say about them. Your company provided quick shipping, and the product was as advertised.” - Ryan Z.

In part the trouble here arises from tacit preconceptions concerning the nature of justification. If we attempt to justify continued friendship in terms of the friend’s being this particular person, with a particular historical relationship to me, then it seems like we are appealing to merely idiosyncratic and subjective properties, which might explain but cannot justify that friendship. This seems to imply that justification in general requires the appeal to the friend’s being a type of person, having general, objective properties that others might share; this leads to the problem of fungibility. Solving the problem, it might therefore seem, requires somehow overcoming this preconception concerning justification—a task which no one has attempted in the literature on friendship. (For further discussion of this problem of fungibility as it arises in the context of love, as well as discussion of a related problem concerning whether the object (rather than the grounds) of love is a particular person or a type of person, see Section 6 of the entry on love.) 2.2 Social Value Another way to construe the question of the value of friendship is in more social terms: what is the good to society of having its members engaged in relationships of friendship? Telfer (1970–71, 238) answers that friendship promotes the general PAGE 95 - PART 3

“The glasses I ordered from you guys are great! The fit is nice and the lenses wrap around nicely so as not to inhibit peripheral vision. Overall they fit great and are perfect for grinding, polishing and working around a fumehood.” - Jared D.

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“By that time, we had assistance from the city of Brownsville and other police departments,” Cardoza said. “We blocked off the entrances to campus and told everyone to stay away from the border. Once we had that in place, and after evaluating from all of our sources, we made the decision to cancel everything for that night. Since my biggest concern is for the safety and welfare of our students, I also recommended to the president, provost and vice president that we shut down on Saturday and Sunday as well.”

that they might come over to our side of the border. Still, we have a number of proactive measures in place and we’re always telling our students, faculty and staff to be alert. … We are a safe community, and people should never hesitate in coming to our city or campus.”

In addition to the soccer tournament and a few classes, the institution’s annual homecoming celebrations were also postponed. The university has dormitories on campus, and they were put on lockdown Friday afternoon. Residents were, however, allowed to remain in their dormitories over the weekend. Cardoza noted that this weekend’s campus closing is not unprecedented for the institution. For example, the campus shut down for multiple days last year after cross-border gunfire struck the recreation center and a car in the college’s parking lot. As with last year’s incident, Cardoza confirmed that none of the university’s students, faculty or staff were hurt or killed in Friday’s violence. Last month, however, a student was murdered while on a trip to visit his relatives across the border in Mexico when the bus he was riding on was hijacked. After two days back on campus this week, Cardoza added, everything is pretty much back to normal. Still, he did note that his campus police officers have upped their visibility around campus and are working double shifts this week in case of a resurgence of border violence.

“You could hear shooting coming from across the border,” Morgan said. “Also, when you see helicopters flying around, that’s a major sign that there’s some activity going on over in Matamoros. You could see clouds of smoke from grenade launchers and things like that. There was this certain smell in the air. It’s sort of like when they are tarring a roof.” Morgan said that, while she and her colleagues are getting used to all of the violent activity across the border, and faculty genuinely applaud campus security, she recently altered her daily schedule because of the violence. “This is very serious,” Morgan said. “It’s escalating every day. I see this kind of thing occurring more often [rather] than less. You have to make some changes in what you do. I mean, one thing I’ve started doing is bringing my lunch every day so that I don’t have to come and go from the building multiple times during the day. I feel safe in the buildings here, but I just don’t want to take that extra exposure outside anymore.” Morgan said she has not heard from any faculty or staff members talking about leaving the institution out of concern for their safety.

While he admits that drug-related activity along the border has increased in recent months, Cardoza defended the security of Brownsville and his campus.

Rosalinda Rangel, vice president of the Student Government Association and a graduate student in public policy and administration, echoed Morgan’s solidarity with the institution and the general feeling of safety despite the recent uptick in border violence.

“Of course anytime bullets go up in the air, they’ve got to come down somewhere,” Cardoza said. “There’s always the possibility

“Are we afraid at times?” wrote Rangel via e-mail. “Yes, but we are afraid because we don’t know exactly what is going on across

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NTER OR SPREADS

But instead of asking her second question she ran off.

I said, “You’re going to have a baby sitter and her name is Christine. What’s your second question?”

origin.

ALL

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This type of fear accompanied with a number of familiar symptoms like, rapid heart rate, dry mouth, constant perspiration, lack of clear thought and speech, trembling in fear, fear of dying, anxiety attacks, breathing trouble, and a plethora of associated difficulties in survival. However, it must be remembered that you are neither the first nor the last one to suffer from the plight of the peculiar fear of the unknown. The effectual remedies Though this type of fear is not that fatal to an individual, yet it should definitely be remedied in order to enjoy a healthy carefree life bereft of any fear. For that, first of all, we have to turn the unfamiliar into familiar. This can be successfully achieved through meditation and by playing upon our imagination. Our mind is what that does not care for any restriction. So does our imagination. Our thoughts and imagination, if applied, can definitely solve a much of the problem of the fear of the unknown. However, Self Help NLP techniques are, so far, the best way to help yourself out of this peculiar plight. The particular process helps in resurrecting your lost confidence and build up a healthy mindset that frees you from the shackles of your fear. It removes the negative feelings and ideas about the fear of the unknown or unfamiliar and restores the mental and physical peace.

His brother*1 in the other hand is married*2 and is already expecting a baby.*3 PAGE 18 - PART 1

What Is Sibling Rivalry? *1 A little competition isn’t a bad thing. Sometimes it can keep you working hard — like when you and your brother spend time shooting hoops. If he’s good at it, it may make you want to improve, too. But some sibling rivalry involves arguing, like when you think your brother is hogging the ball. People who love each other might argue sometimes, but too much fighting is unpleasant for everyone. Have you ever heard of the green-eyed monster called jealousy? Sometimes brothers and sisters are jealous of one another. For instance, if your sister always does well at school, it may be frustrating for you, especially if your grades are lower. Although you’re probably proud of your sibling or siblings, it’s normal to be a little jealous, too. It may make you feel better to focus more on doing your own personal best, rather than comparing yourself with a brother or sister. All kids want attention from their parents, but sometimes you need to take turns. If you’re feeling ignored or like your sibling is always in the spotlight, talk to your mom or dad. If a parent knows you’re feeling left out, together you can figure out ways to help you feel better again.

Marriage

Marriage is a social union or legal contract between people that creates kinship. It is an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually intimate and sexual, are acknowledged in a variety of ways, depending on the culture or subculture in which it is found. Such a union, often formalized via a wedding ceremony, may also be called matrimony.

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