Phaeophyceae Guide INUA by PabloDonadio

PHAEOPHYCEAE GUIDE INUA, JAPAN

INUA, JAPAN

PHAEOPHYCEAE GUIDE INUA, JAPAN

INTRODUCTION As part of the project related to the investigation of edible Phaeophyceae available in Japan that has been carried with the INUA restaurant, there has been developed a guide taking into account a botanic point of view as well as a gastronomical and geographical perspective. It is important before getting any further to know that all Phaeophyceae in Japan can be legally eaten, however, for the selection that has been done in this guide, the requisite has been to have a previous record of its use for either gastronomical or medicinal purposes. This guide has been conceived to be a useful tool for either restaurants or anyone interested in the use of seaweeds.

HOW TO USE THE GUIDE? This guide will be structured by the different orders that the classified species belong to:

• Desmarestiales.

• Ectocarpales.

• Fucales.

• Ishigeales.

• Laminariales.

• Ralfsiales.

In each one of them it will be explained what makes them different from the other orders and the classified species that have been analysed belonging to it.

The analysis of each of the species has been done through a template composed by 5 sections from left to right: Picture of the species. 1. Botanic description of the taxonomy of the species. 2. The habitats around Japan where the species can be found and the uses of it. 3. Japan map with dots, showing how the species is distributed around the country. 4. Morphological description, seasonality and temperature at which the species can be found, and information about how they are harvested. As not everybody can know by just looking at the map of Japan where every prefecture is, it has introduced a map of Japan with the different prefectures and its names, that can be used as a reference. In addition, each of the orders has a different colour in the guide so that it makes it easier to look for an specific one.

PHAEOPHYCEAE GUIDE

INDEX

• Desmarestiales

• Fucales

• Laminariales

• Ectocarpales

• Ishigeales

• Ralfsiales

WHAT IS PHAEOPHYCEAE? In order to have a better knowledge about what is about to be read, it is essential to have a basic knowledge about what Phaeophyceae actually is. Phaeophyceae is one of the major groups of macroalgae that would commonly be known as brown seaweed. The common name of brown seaweed is referred to their pigments, that are chlorophyll a, c and carotenoids (dominated by fucoxanthin, the actual responsible for their brownish colour). It comprises about 265 genera with about 1500-2000 species, mainly marine, since only six genera are freshwater.

DESMARESTIALES IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS • They have a cylindrical or lingual (flat) stem with pinnate (lateral) branches attached to a discoid cake. • The sporophytic thallus is usually added to form a pseudoparenchyma. • It is highly morphologically variable, ranging from tiny species to some that can be several meters long.

Habitat: Chiba/Kanagawa. Uses: used in Korea as foodstuff.

14 Desmarestia

Description: The non-branched blade exhibites a prominent main nerve with secondary nerves,

Latin Name: Desmarestia dudresnayiÂ

with a leaf-like appearance

J.V.Lamouroux ex LĂŠman

Width: 20-50 cm

Japanese Name: Aname

Lenght: 30-70 cm

Class: Phaeophyceae

Seasonality: It grows well and gets mature during the Spring months

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Temperature: The spores breed at 10-18 degrees and the maturation is at a slightly higher

Order: Desmarestiales

temperature, between 14-22

Family: Desmarestiaceae

Harvest: It must be collected by diving at a depth of between 3 and 15 meters

Genus: Desmarestia DESMARESTIALES

ECTOCARPIALES IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS • The body is filamentous, branched and heterotrichous, a few are pseudoparenchymatous.

• The plant body elongates by intercalary growth.

• Each cell contains chloroplasts with pyrenoids.

• Reproduction takes place both asexually and sexually.

• They perform either isomorphic or hetero-morphic alternation of generations.

Habitat: Okinawa / Kagoshima. Uses: it is highly prized in Japan and after being washed to remove the salt, it is used as a fresh vegetable, eaten with soy sauce and vinegar in seaweed salads. It has also been used in medicine and for alginate production.

16 Cladosiphon Okamuranus Official Name: Cladosiphon okamuranusÂ Tokida Japanese Name: Mozuku Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Ectocarpales Family: Chordariaceae Genus: Cladosiphon

ECTOCARPALES

Description: slender, pale brown, sparsely branched, slippery, floppy (not stiff) and jelly-like. Thallus string-like, cylindrical, soft, fleshy-gelatinous, slimy, solid in young branches and hollow in old parts, brown or greenish-brown, forming interwoven clumps 20-30 cm high. Main axes 1.0-1.5 mm diam. Branching irregular, alternate, with short or long branches. Plurilocular sporangia clavate, scattered over the surface of thallus. Width: branches 1-1.5 mm. Lenght: at least 30 cm when it is mature. Seasonality: annual specie that gets mature during April-June and it almost dissapears in July. Temperature: The spores breed at 10-18 degrees and the maturation is at a slightly higher temperature, between 14-22 Harvest: growing on sandy bottom with stones, dead coral fragments, intertidal to subtidal (at depth range from 0 to 19 m), in calm shores.

Habitat: Mie/Nigata/Chiba/Ishikawa/ Osaka/Kochi. Traditional Use: it is traditionally consumed in the Noto Peninsula area of Japan. It has also been researched the antibacterial activity that it has, in order to use it a resource.

17 Papenfusiella Kuromo Official Name: Papenfussiella kuromo (Yendo) Inagaki Japanese Name: Kuromo Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Ectocarpales

Description: solitary or caespitose, arising from small discoid base, branched, solid, cord-shaped, slimy, tomentose, dark brown, haplostichous, composed of multiaxial medullary filaments and cortical layer of long and short assimilatory fi laments; sub-cortical layer absent and boundary between medulla and cortex distinct; phaeophycean hairs absent. Lenght: 50 cm. Temperature: at low temperature (10-15ºC) the zoosporas grow and the meiosis occurs at 1520ºC. Harvest: it tends to grow on the rocks.

Family: Chordariaceae Genus: Papenfussiella

ECTOCARPALES

FUCALES IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

• The body is filamentous, branched and heterotrichous, a few are pseudoparenchymatous.

• The plant body elongates by intercalary growth.

• Each cell contains chloroplasts with pyrenoids.

• Reproduction takes place both asexually and sexually.

• They perform either isomorphic or hetero-morphic alternation of generations.

Habitat: Distributed almost all around Japan. Uses: used as food in main dishes, and traditional medicine, in Japan and Korea. It is interesting to consume it when it is young. It is also used to make a high quality moshio (seaweed salt).

20 Sargassum Fusiforme Official Name: Sargassum fusiformeÂ (Harvey) Setchell Japanese Name: Hijiki Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum

FUCALES

Description: yellow-brown, holdfast conical, scutellate, composed of finger-like outgrowths from the basal part of the stem, up to 2 cm in diameter. A single stem arising from the holdfast, short in length, terete and unbranched, usually not exceding 1 cm high. Several main branches issued spirally from the distal part of the stem, triangulate, 3-4 mm wide, often twisting loosely. Numerous lateral branches. Lenght: 1-2 m on average and up to 5 m. Seasonality: Annual. Maturation from Winter to Spring. Temperature: temperate-tropical waters. Harvest: it grows on rocks of upper subtidal zone.

Habitat: Habitat: Kobe/Hokkaido/Iwate/ Miyagi/Ibaraki/Chiba/Kanagawa/Mie/ Kagawa/Tokushima/Okayama/Kochi/ Yamaguchi/Hiroshima/Kumamoto/Nagasaki/ KagoshimaTottori/Shimane/Yamagata. Uses: the young fronds are collected and dried in the sun. People boil it in two changes of water to extract the strong flavors, then drain, chop, and mix it with brown sugar to make a sweet filling for steamed buns. These are eaten especially during the New Year and other Chinese festivals.Recent studies have shown that hijiki contains potentially toxic quantities of inorganic arsenic, and the food safety agencies of several countries (except Japan). 21

Japanese Name: Hondawara

Description: thallus thick-fleshy, yellow brown. Main axis cylindrical, 1 cm long, 3–4 mm diam. Primary axes cylindrical bearing short cylindrical branchlets of various sizes in whorls from all sides. Phylloids shortly stalked, long, without midrib, with entire margins, commonly filiform, linearspathulate, clavate, ovate. Vesicles shortly stalked, fusiform with mucronate apices. Receptacles stalked, cylindrical, simple or branched, 5–15 mm long, with obtuse apices, crowded in axils of phylloids Attachment by well-developed fibrous holdfast.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Lenght: 0.2–1 m.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Seasonality: perennial specie that gets mature during the first year and it can be collected from March to May.

Sargassum Fulvellum Official Name: Sargassum fulvellum (Turner) C.Agardh

Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum

Temperature: the ideal is around 22ºC Harvest: the ideal is around 22ºC

FUCALES

Habitat: Kagawa/Akita/Chiba/Aichi/ Tokushima/Kanagawa/Wakayama/ Osaka/Ehime/Kochi/Oita/Kagoshima/ Nagasaki/Shimane/Tottori/Hyogo/ Kyoto/Fukui/Ishikawa/Niigata. Uses: used for foodstuff in China and Korea, in the Philippines, the tender tops are used in salads. Extracts of this species have antiinflammatory, antioxidant and immunestimulating activity.

Japanese Name: Iso - Moku

Description: holdfast composed of many radiating filamentous outgrowths from the basal part of the stem. These filaments re up to 2-3 cm long, 0,8 mm wide, branched irregularly several times, creeping to form a mat on th substratum. Stem upright, short in length, less than 1,5 cm an 1,5-2 mm wide. Several main branches issued spirally from the terminal part of the stem. Several leaves formed near the base of main branch, spreading horizontally, and upper leaves becoming vertical in direction.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Lenght: usually less than 1 m.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Seasonality: perennial specie that gets mature during the first year and it can be collected from March to May.

Sargassum Hemiphyllum Official Name: Sargassum hemiphyllumÂ Â (Turner) C.Agardh

Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum

FUCALES

Temperature: lower intertidal to subtidal zones. Harvest: it grows on rocks in an area protected from strong wave action.

Habitat: North Hokkaido / Chinese Sea China. Uses: it is recorded to be used as food in China.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: one or two main axes. Main axes smooth, terete, often less than 2 cm, up to 2.5 cm long, brown, 1.5–5 mm in diam, giving rise to several cylindrical to sub-cylindrical primary branches, slightly compressed after drying, angled, 1–2 mm in diam; secondary branches and leaves both giving rise from primary branches, secondary branches, cylindrical, 0.2–1.5 cm long, variable; leaves papyraceous, lanceolate, generally 4–8 cm long, up to 18 cm, 2–7 mm broad, with some shallow teeth at the margins, with oblique cuneate bases and acute apices, distinct percurrent midrib, cryptostomata scattered on both sides of the midrib. Vesicles spherical, sub-spherical to ovate, 4–9 mm long, 3–5 mm in diam, rounded at the apices.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Lenght: 40cm on average.

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: it grows luxuriantly from January to June.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: 25°C are the preferable temperature for the growth.

Genus: Sargassum

Harvest: it forms densely populated zones in the shallow subtidal.

Sargassum Henslowianum Official Name: Sargassum hemiphyllum (Turner) C.Agardh Japanese Name:

FUCALES

24 Sargassum Hemiphyllum

Japanese Name: Iso - Moku

Class: Phaeophyceae

Lenght: usually less than 1 m.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Seasonality: perennial specie that gets mature during the first year and it can be collected from March to May.

Official Name: Sargassum hemiphyllumÂ Â (Turner) C.Agardh

Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum

FUCALES

Temperature: lower intertidal to subtidal zones. Harvest: it grows on rocks in an area protected from strong wave action.

Habitat: Dogojima/Hokkaido/Aomori/ Akita/Niigata/Ishikawa. Uses: it is used for foodstuff in Japan, especially for the manufacture of potash salts. It is being research for its possible antitumor effect.

25 Sargassum Miyabei Official Name: Sargassum miyabeiÂ Yendo Japanese Name: Hahakimoku Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum

Description: small holdfast discoid up to 1 cm in diameter. New shoot arising from the terminal part of the fibrous creeping outgrowths. Stem erect, short in length (less than 2 cm), 2-3 mm in diameter. Several main branches issued spirally from the terminal part of the stem, 1,5-2 mm wide, angular. Numerous lateral branches. Upper leafs becoming vertically directed. Lenght: less than 1 m high. Seasonality: maturation in Summer. Temperature: temperate to tropical waters. Harvest: it grows on rocks of lower intertidal or upper subtidal levels of rather protected area, forming a zone just below that of S. Thunbergii.

FUCALES

Habitat: Ibaraki/Hyogo/Kochi/ Dogojima/ Chiba/Miyogi/Aomori/Akita/Iwate/ Miyogi/Kagoshima/Tokushima/Kagawa/ Okayama. Uses: Though not of commercial use, many coastal populations make use of Sargassum as an edible seaweed. It is reported to be more bitter than other seaweed species, but is high in minerals and nutrients and can bemade palatable through various preparation techniques. It is also used asnutrient-rich fertilizer or compost, although it is also used as animal feed, fish bait, and insect repellent. 26 Sargassum Muticum Official Name: Sargassum muticumÂ (Yendo) Fensholt Japanese Name: Tama-hahaki-moku Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae

Description: holdfast complanate discoid in shape, up to 1,5 cm in diameter. Stem solitary on the holdfast, upright, terete, 2-3 mm in diameter, up to 2 cm high, usually unbranched, sometimes once or twice branched in the upper part. Several main branches issued spirally from the terminal part of the stem. Main branch angular, 2 mm wide. Lateral branches numerously developed. Leaves on the lower part of the main branch and leaves on the upper part becoming smaller with dentation in distal part. Lenght: more than 1 m .

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: maturation period in Winter to early Summer when it reaches it maximum development.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: the optimal temperature is between 17 and 20 Â°C but it tolerates -9 and 30 Â°C.

Genus: Sargassum

Harvest: it grows on rocks rather protected from wave action, in a zone from lower intertidal to upper subtidal.

FUCALES

Habitat: Habitat: Kanagawa/Fukushima/ Chiba/Saga/Tottori/Hyogo/Ishikawa. Uses: it is recorded to be used as food in the asian countries.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: stem terete, branched, decumbent or procumbent, 1.5 mm in diameter. Attaching discs formed on the ventral surface of the creeping stem. Discs enlarging and fusing with each other to form an irregular mat with the stem. Main branches issued from the dorsal side of the stem, ancipitous except the very base. Lateral branches short in length, appearing after the main branches attained their full length. Leaf shortly stipitate, elliptical to lanceolate, obliquely spatulate or nearly hemiphyllous in shape, with cuneate base and obtuse apex, becoming gradually smaller upwards, thick and cartilaginous in texture.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Lenght: less than 0,7 m.

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: maturation In Spring to early Summer.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: the optimal temperature is between 17 and 20 °C but it tolerates -9 and 30 °C.

Genus: Sargassum

Harvest: it grows on rocks exposed to strong wave action in the lower intertidal zone.

Sargassum Nigrifolium Official Name: Sargassum nigrifolium Yendo Japanese Name: Narasamo

FUCALES

Habitat: Akita/Niigata/Ishikawa. Uses: used for foodstuff in China. Extracts of this species have antioxidant, immunity-enhancing antimicrobial and hemolytic.

28 Sargassum Palliidum Official Name: Sargassum pallidum (Turner) C.Agardh Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Fucales Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Sargassum

FUCALES

Description: discoid holdfast or conical blunt, 1–2 cm diam. Main axe cylindrical, mostly solitary, 2–7 mm diam, leafl ets alternate, winter litter after residual remnants of the cone-shaped trunk. Leaves simple, alternate, leaf variation very large, primary leaves obovate, lanceolate, 20–70 mm long; secondary leaves relatively small, linear to lanceolate, sometimes shallow plume jagged crack or sparse, thin ribs obvious; spherical airbags, with 2–5 mm diam. Lenght: up to 1 m. Seasonality: Perennial. It can be collected from June to October. Temperature: subtropical and temperate latitudes. Harvest: growing on stony bottom, in lower intertidal, upper subtidal, in sheltered and open shores.

Habitat: Mie/Wakayama/Ibaraki/Kochi/ Miyazaki/Kagoshima/Shimane. Uses: it is recorded to be used as food in Korea. It is being used for research due to the fact that its extract exhibits antiinflammatory and antibacterial effects.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: conical holdfast, up to 5 cm in diameter. Stem terete, forking pseudodichotomously several times. Lower part of the stem becoming buried in the holdfast, giving an appearance that several stems arising from the surfaceof the holdfast. Several main branches issued annually from the terminal part of the stem in spiral succesion. Leaves in the lower part of the main branch retroflexed, spread horizontally. Leaves on the uppert part of the main branch and lateral branches becoming narrower to linear in shape.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Lenght: up to 1 m when well developed.

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: Perennial. It can be collected from June to October.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: maturation period in Autumn to Winter.

Genus: Sargassum

Harvest: it grows on rocks rather exposed to wave, from low water, mark to 2 m deep.

Sargassum Sagamianum Official Name: Sargassum sagamianum Yendo

FUCALES

Habitat: Ibaraki/Kanagawa/Ishikawa Chiba/Dogojima/Yamaguchi/Kagawa/ Ehime/Nagasaki. Uses: used in Korea for foodstuff. It is being research because of the antioxidant properties of the extract.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: holdfast conical, up to 3-4 cm in diameter. A single stem arising on top of the holdfast, branching several times, 2-3 cm high. In individuals several years old, growth of holdfast burying the lower part of the stem resulting in an appearance that 2 or more stems arising from the same holdfast. Main branches issued from the distal part of the stem, flat below and triquetrous above. Leaf near the base of the main branch elliptical to lanceolate in shape. Midrib immersed, evanescent near the apex. This type of leaf falling off after the main branch growing longer. Leaf becoming abruptly longer and larger, with conspicuous serration on the margin.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Lenght: 10-20 cm on average and up to 1 m.

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: Perennial. It can be collected from June to October.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: maturation in spring to early summer in the southern part of its distribution, summer in northern extremes.

Sargassum Siliquastrum Official Name: Sargassum siliquastrum (Mertens ex Turner) C.Agardh Japanese Name: Yore-Moku

Genus: Sargassum

FUCALES

Harvest: it grows on rocks of subtidal zone down to 15 m deep.

Habitat: distributed almost all around Japan. Uses: in Japan and Korea is used for foodstuff, especially for the manufacture of potash salts. Extracts of this species have vermifuge, antitumor, and hypocholesterolemic activity. It is being research as an antitumor active fucoidan.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: holdfast depressed disc shaped, 1-1.5 cm in diameter. Stem upright, less than 1 cm high, terete, about 2 mm in diameter, once or twice branched at the distal part. Main branches issued from the distal part of the stem. In early season, main branches simple without lateral branches and densely covered with leaves and vesicles. Later, numerous lateral branches produced. Lateral branches being longest in the middle portion of the main branch, gradually decreasing in length approaching upward and downward.Leaf formed near the basal part scalelike, becoming linear, cuneate to filiform in shape.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Lenght: usually less than 0.5 m high, but exceeding 1 m in a calm habitat.

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: maturation in Spring to early Summer.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: tropics to temperate latitudes.

Genus: Sargassum

Harvest: grows on rocks of middle to lower level in the intertidal zone, forming a conspicuous belt in places not so exposed to strong wave action.

Sargassum Thunberghii Official Name: Sargassum thunbergii (Mertens ex Roth) Kuntze Japanese Name: Umitoranoo

FUCALES

Habitat: Habitat: Hokkaido/Shimane/ Iwate/Miyagi. Uses: in China and Korea is used for foodstuff and for extraction of alginates.

32 Silvetia Babingtonii Official Name: Silvetia babingtonii (Harvey) E.A.Serrão, T.O.Cho, S.M.Boo & Brawley Japanese Name: Yezo-Ishige Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Fucales Family: Fucaceae Genus: Silvetia

FUCALES

Description: dark olive or yellowish-brown. Stipe almost cylindrical, short. Branching repeatedly dichotomous, in one plane. Branches cylindrical at the lower part, compressed at the upper part, Without midrib. Air bladders oblong-oval, often bifurcated (protruding from both sides of branches) are developed on the branches, often in diverging point. Receptacles 3-4 cm long, broadly-linear, with forked top and swollen base, are developed at the tips of branches. Attachment by discoid holdfast. Width: 0,15-0,4 cm on average and up to 0,8 cm. Lenght: 15-20 cm on average and up to 50 cm. Seasonality: it becomes mature after 2-3 years and it can be collected from September to November. Temperature: tropics to temperate latitudes. Harvest: it becomes mature after 2-3 years and it can be collected from September to November.

Habitat: Hokkaido. Uses: it is recorded to be used as food in Japan.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: thallus perennial, coarse, bushy, differentiating into coneshaped holdfast, stipe and erect axis; yellowish-brown to dark brown. Erect axis coarse, cylindrical. Branching alternate, in all directions. Primary branches to 1.5 m long, cylindrical or flattened, fusiform and thickened (swollen) in basal portion. Phylloids coarse, leathery, linear-lanceolate, to linear. Vesicles, receptacles and small phylloids develop in the upper part of thallus. Vesicles elongated, solitary or in 2-(3-5) series of tightly connected vesicles.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Lenght: 1-2 m on average and up to 3 m.

Order: Fucales

Seasonality: Perennial.

Family: Sargassaceae

Temperature: temperate latitudes.

Genus: Stephanocystis

Harvest: growing on lower intertidal to subtidal.

Stephanocystis Crassipes Official Name: StephanocystisÂ crassipes Japanese Name: Nebuto-Moku

FUCALES

ISHIGEALES IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

• It used to be part of the Ectocarpales order.

• Pyrenoid is absent in the Ishigeaceae, despite the presence of a rudimentary pyrenoid in the specie Ishige Okamurae.

• Oligostichous structure of thalli.

• Phaeophycean hairs formed within cryptostomata.

• Unilocular sporangia transformed from terminal cortical cells.

• Plurilocular sporangia lacking sterile terminal cells.

Habitat: Kanagawa. Uses: it has been used in Korea as food.

36 Ishige Foliacea Official Name: Ishige Foliacea Okamura Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Ishigeophycidae Order: Ishigeaceae Family: Sargassaceae Genus: Ishige

ISHIGEALES

Description: discoid holdfast, irregularly dichotomously branched, terete or foliose with short stipe. Erect thalli composed of densely packed, entangled, colorless, thickwalled, isodiametric medullary filaments and pigmented cubic cortical cells. Thallus flabellate, foliaceous, leathery, erect, shortly stalked, yellowishbrown, dark olive-brown color to blackish when dried. In transverse section, cortex composed of small, spherical, roundish to widely-oval cells, 6-10 μm across, heavily pigmented. Medulla composed of colorless densely entangled filaments, 9–10 μm diam. Unangia clavate develop from superficial cells of the thallus. Width: branches 0.3-2 cm. Length: up to 20 cm. Harvest: growing on rocks and boulders often forming vast belt in the middle to low intertidal zone exposed to strong wave action.

Habitat: Miyogi/baraki/ Yamaguchi/ Kanagawa/Kagawa. Uses: it is mainly consumed in China and Korea. The simplest way to cook it involves powdering the dried blades, then mixing with condiments; or the dried thallus may be steamed, then boiled, each about 15 min, mixed with soy sauce, and eaten. It has also been researched that the extract promotes hair growth.

37 Ishige Sinicola Official Name: Official Name: Ishige sinicolaÂ (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) ChiharaÂ Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Ishigeophycidae Order: Ishigeaceae

Description: discoid holdfast, dark brown to olive green, irregularly dichotomously branched, terete or foliose with short stipe. Profusely branched upright filaments develop from the center of disk which further develops into dichotomously branched, parenchymatous erect thalli. It can easily be confused with a Rhodophyceae. Width: Length: more than 10 cm. Harvest: it tends to beattached on the rocks.

Family: Ishigeophycidae Genus: Ishige

ISHIGEALES

Habitat: Shizuoka/Chiba/Kanagawa Tokushima/Nagasaki/Hiroshima. Uses: it has been used dried and boiled for about 15 min in China and Korea. Their extracts have anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant action. Some fraction extracts (phlorotannins) exhibited inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase that could be used as potential functional food ingredients or nutraceuticals for preventing Alzheimer’s disease.

Subclass: Ishigeophycidae

Description: lacking sterile terminal cells, apical growth, pyrenoid-less discoid plastids and an isomorphic life history. Thallus bushy, wiry, cartilaginous, bearing several flabellate branches, dark olive-brown to black when exposed to the air during low tide. Branching irregularly dishotomous, in all directions. In transverse section, cortex composed of peripherical small, cubical cells in compact rows arranged anticlinally and the innermost larger and more spherical cells. Medulla composed of densely entangled colorless filaments. Plurangia clavate scattered on the surface of the thalli.

Order: Ishigeales

Width: 1-3 mm.

Family: Ishigeaceae

Length: 5–15 cm.

Genus: Ishige

Temperature: it appears in warmer areas of the coast.

Ishige Okamurae Yendo Official Name: Ishige sinicola (Setchell & N.L.Gardner) Chihara Class: Phaeophyceae

Harvest: attachment by small discoid holdfast to rocks in the upper and middle intertidal zone exposed to strong wave action.

ISHIGEALES

LAMINARIALES IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

• Large size and complexity in structure. Some of the members reach up to 50-60 meters.

• Bodies are mostly parenchymatous and growth takes place by intercalary, medullary and superficial meristems.

• Dominant body is very large and sporophytic (2n) in nature. They are usually differentiated into root-like holdfast or hapteron, stalk-like stipe and leafy blades. But the gametophytic plant body is very small and microscopic.

• Reproduction takes place by both asexual and sexual means.

• They exhibit heteromorphic alternation of generations.

Habitat: Iwate/Hokkaido/Aomori. Uses: in Japan and Korea is used for foodstuff, especially for the manufacture of potash salts. It has also been used for its alginate content. It is being researched for its general nutrients and other antioxidant bioactive materials, in order to develop processed food.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: thallus blade-like, coarse, oval or roundish in outline, with undulate or smooth margins, often with a ragged top, cordate base, olive-brown to almost black in color, single or in groups in association with laminarian algae. Midrib percurrent, prominent or flattened, up to 2 cm wide. The blade with numerous, irregularly located perforations on the whole surface; from 0.5 to 1 cm in diam (commonly the largest perforations are situated along the midrib). Stalk short (2â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 cm), compressed or long, slender, to 30 cm. Sporangial sori develop in the middle portion on both surfaces of the blade. Attached to the substratum by welldeveloped, long, branched rhizoids.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Width: up to 50 cm

Order: Laminariales

Length: up to 1 m long

Family: Agariceae

Seasonality: Perennial.

Genus: Agarum

Temperature: it tends to be in wter betweeen 13-14ÂşC

Agarum clathratum Official Name: Agarum clathratum Dumortier Japanese Name: Aname

Collection: growing in the low intertidal to subtidal (to 20 m depth), on rocky, stony and sandymuddy bottom with stones and shells, on semi-protected coasts. LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Iwate/Hokkaido/Aomori/Miyagi/ Fukushima/Ibaraki. Uses: it used to be used as a substitute of wakame. It has been used as food in China, Japan and Korea.

41 Alaria Crassifolia Official Name: Alaria crassifoliaÂ Kjellman in Kjellman & Petersen

Description: purplish brown seaweedt, the lower portion of the thalli pinnately deeply-lobed, the apical portion oblong, coriaceous, very thick along the midrib. Length: up to 1.5-2 m.

Japanese Name: Chigaiso

Seasonality: it is perennial and it gets mature every Autumn.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Temperature: the vegetative growth is at high temperature condition, whereas it gets mature at low temperature.

Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Alariaceae

Harvest: it can be collected at low tide and until a depth of around 10 m, as it forms large communities near the low-sea line.

Genus: Alaria

LAMINARIALES

falta foto

Habitat: Hokkaido/Fukuoka/Aomori/Iwate/ Ibaraki/Chiba/Fukushima/Mie Kanagawa/ Shizuoka/Tokushima/Wakayama/Okayama/ Miyazaki/Saga/Nagasaki/Yamaguchi/ Hiroshima/Tottori/Dogojima/Nigata. Uses: used for preparation of soup, jam, salads, and seaweed powder for various foods in the Japanese cuisine. It contains a fair amount of calcium, which is present in chelated form, that is bound to an organic or amino acid, which permits the body to absorb more of the mineral. In addition, it has been used because of its Alginic Acid.

42 Eklonia Bicyclis Official Name: Ecklonia bicyclisÂ Kjellman in Kjellman & J.V.Petersen

Description: is a rather small kelp with a stiff, woody stipe and two flattened oval fronds or lobes, with many lateral blades. Width: up to 50 cm

Japanese Name: Kajimi / Sagarame

Length: up to 1-2 m.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Seasonality: perennial, with a useful life of 4-6 years. Each year fronds are shed and new ones develop creating a branched and feathery plant. The strenght of it deppends on the season, specially, from Autumn to Winter, the side lobules are weak.

Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Lessonacieae Genus: Ecklonia

LAMINARIALES

Temperature: it is limited to warm-temperate waters. Harvest: from a fisheries point of view, it helps to conserve the coastal marine environment.

Habitat: Yokohama/Yamagata/Chiba Kanagawa/Shizuoka/Mie/Wakayama/ Osaka/Hyogo/Kochi/Tokushima/Kagawa/ Miyazaki/Oita/Saga/Nagasaki/Shimane/Yamaguchi/Ishikawa. Uses: it is mostly used for food in China, Japan and Korea, where it is boiled with soy sauce. However, in the wester countries E. cava extract is being sold in capsule or powdered form for dietary supplements as it has antihypertensive action. In addition, it has been widely used for the production of alginate.

43 Ecklonia Cava Official Name: Ecklonia cavaÂ Kjellman Japanese Name: Noro - Kajime Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Lessonacieae Genus: Ecklonia

Description: large brown algae is an important kelp, forming vast underwater forests with plants growing up to 3 m in length. The large strong holdfast is composed of many branched haptera which give rise to a single plant with a long cylindrical stipe of 1 to 2 m. Many long, smooth, leathery blades emerge from the stipe, forming a clump at the top of the plant, very reminiscent of a palm tree. Length: up to 2-3 m. Seasonality: perennial, with a useful life of 3-4 years. It can be mainly used from the Summer to Autumn. Temperature: the vegetative growth is at high temperature condition, whereas it gets mature at low temperature. Harvest: grows exclusively in subtidal of deep pools where they are anchored directly to the rocky substratum. It can grow until a depth of 20 m forming vast underwater forests.

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Tottori/Hyogo/Fukui/Ishikawa/ Toyama/Nigata/Wakayama/Chiba/ Shizuoka/Tokushima/Kagawa/Ehime/ Kochi/Yamaguchi/Hiroshima/Miyazaki/Oita/ Saga/Nagasaki/Hiroshima/Yamaguchi. Uses: traditional in the fisheries towns in Far East Asia where people believe that it improves the properties of blood. That belief is due to a high content of functional compounds that has been proved to be high but it varies depending on how they are processed.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: thallus blade-like, thick-coriaceous with rugose surface, olive-brown to dark brown in color, flat, wrinkled on the surface, pinnately branched or lobed. The median fascia thickness (0.9–3.3 mm), the primary pinnae width (2.2–24.0 cm), the ratio of width to length of the primary pinnae (0.07–0.56). the morphological variations observed within this species are related to their habitat. A thick and distinct median fascia and an undulate central lamina margin are found on plants from moderate wave-exposed locations. Plants having narrow primary pinnae with indistinct ruga are observed on shores facing the open sea.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Width: 5.1–67.8 cm

Order: Laminariales

Length: 0.3-0.6 m and up to 1 m.

Family: Lessonacieae

Seasonality: it will visibly germinate from February to March with larves of 5-10 cm and from July to September it gets mature. It tends to get remarkably brown in Summer.

Ecklonia Kurome Official Name: Ecklonia kurome Okamura Japanese Name: Miangchai (Chinese)

Genus: Ecklonia

Harvest: growing below low tide mark (1-2 m) to a depth of ~20 m, on rocks, stons of sheltered and moderately exposed shores. LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Ishikawa/Nagasaki/Saga/Fukuka/ Dogojima/Ishikawa/Nigata Aomori/Akita. Uses: this seaweed is eaten raw in the high season, and dried for consumption in other seasons. The raw kajime is glutinous and has a pleasant, distinctive texture. When dried, it is not very glutinous and easy to eat. In Noto, it is used in various dishes such as sake lees soup and a fried tofu dish. It contains many nutrients, including iodine, calcium and iron. .

Okamura

Description: this species usually possesses a massive holdfast that extends into a long, hollow, gas-filled stipe up to 15 m in length. The stipe ends in a gas-filled bladder that extends into a flat, solid primary frond from which secondary fronds emerge. These secondary fronds can quite reach 3 m in length.

Japanese Name: Kizame Arame

Length: up to 15 m.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Seasonality: the harvesting season is from January through May.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Harvest: because of its hollow stipe and bladder this genus generally floats at the sea surface.

Ecklonia Stolonifera Official Name: Ecklonia stolonifera

Order: Laminariales Family: Lessonacieae Genus: Ecklonia

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Konbumori, Hokkaido. Uses: it is made into Chiimi-kombu in Japan and Russia and consumed also in China and Korea.

47 Laminaria Yezoensis Official Name: Laminaria Yezoensis Miyabe Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Laminariaceae Genus: Laminaria

LAMINARIALES

Description: thallus is medium to dark brown with a large disk- or suctioncup - like holdfast, a somewhat rigid stipe, and a thick blade that can be nearly as wide as long. The blade is usually split and has mucilage ducts, which are visible microscopically. Width: at least 20 cm. Length: up to 1 m but it is often shorter. Seasonality: perennial. Harvest: it is found on rock in the extreme low intertidal to subtidal zones from semi-protected to exposed habitats.

Habitat: Hokkaido. Uses: it has been recorded to be used as food in Japan.

48 Pseudochorda Nagaii Official Name: Pseudochorda nagaii (Tokida) Inagaki Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Chordales Family: Pseudochordaceae Genus: Pseudochorda

Description: epilithic or epiphytic in intertidal and subtidal zone. Erect thalli attached by a small disk, solitary or caespitose, slightly compressed, solid but later becoming partly hollow, lubricous, up to 1.5 m in height and 2 mm in diameter medium to dark brown in color; simple fronds. Length: up to 1.5 m Seasonality: annual specie ppearing in June, growing during summer up to 30-60 cm and maturing in November–December, and disappearing the following July–August. Temperature: sporophytes develop and mature at temperatures of 10°C or less. Gametophytes mature in 5°C short-day conditions, which corresponds to winter, that is why they tend to appear in cold waters. Harvest: it is found on rock in the extreme low intertidal to subtidal zones from semi-protected to exposed habitats.

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Hokkaido. Uses: it has been recorded to be used as food in Japan and Russia. It has become a source of biologically active substances such as fucoidan.

49 Saccharina Cichorioides Official Name: Saccharina cichorioidesÂ (Miyabe) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders Japanese Name: Chimi-Kombu

Description: light brown to deep chocolate brown sporophyte, differentiated into a basal holdfast, a small but firm, cylindrical stipe (7 mm in diameter, and to 10 cm long) slightly flattened at the top and a single, undivided blade (phylloid). Sporangial sori in patches develop on both surfaces of thallus and do not coincide in outline. Width: 10-30 cm.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Length: up to 1.5-4 m.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Seasonality: it can be collected from March to November and from July to October, blades carried sporangia. In November they start to show signs of destruction and discoloration.

Order: Laminariales Family: Laminariacea Genus: Laminaria

LAMINARIALES

Temperature: it grows in the temperate latitude. Harvest: attachment by rhizoids. Growing on rocky, stony with sand and shells, on muddysandy bottom with stones, below low tide mark to 10-12 m depth, in sheltered and moderately exposed shores.

Habitat: Rausu, Hokkaido. Uses: It is commonly known as Rausu Kombu. It is the highest grade and it is fragrant and soft, producing rich broth. The broth is characteristically kombu-colored. It is divided by color into kurokuchi (black) and akakuchi (dark red), rawness and whether it is wild or farmed. However, it is never differentiated according to drying techniques. It can also be used pickled (su-kombu).

49 Saccharina Japonica Var. Diabolica Official Name: Saccharina japonica var. diabolica (Miyabe) N.Yotsukura, S.Kawashima, T.Kawai, T.Abe & L.D.Druehl Japanese Name: Chimi-Kombu

Description: thallus of this very common kelp is light to medium brown with a finely branched holdfast (haptera), a cylindrical stipe up to 50 cm long without mucilage ducts, and a blade up to 3.5 m long. Length: up to 4 m. Seasonality: the harvesting season starts around July 20 each year and ends on August.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Temperature: it grows in the temperate latitude.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Harvest: rather than being restricted by quotas, the gatherers are limited by gathering times: At the beginning of the season the boats are allowed out to collect konbu for a couple of hours each day and only three days each week. But as the season progresses, the allowable gathering times are extended.

Order: Laminariales Family: Laminariacea Genus: Laminaria

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Hokkaido. Uses: it is usually used to make, that are thin and long flakes made by shaving dried kombu that has been softened in vinegar. It is a popular ingredient for Japanese style soups and is a very comfortable way to add umami.

50 Saccharina Gyrata Official Name: Saccharina gyrataÂ (Kjellman) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders Japanese Name: Tororo Kombu Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Laminariaceae Genus: Saccharina

LAMINARIALES

Description: diplohaplontic lifecycle with alternation of large sporophyte (thallus divided into haptera or rhizoids, stipe and blade) bearing unilocular meiosporangia with paraphyses (sori) and microscopic dioecious and oogamous, heteromorphous gametophytes. Length: up to 4 m. Seasonality: it tends to be collected in the Summer months. Temperature: cold temperate specie. Harvest: it is usually found in the rocky reef in a zone with lower wave energy.

Habitat: Habitat: Hokkaido/Aomori/Iwat Miyogi/Ibaraki. Uses: it is widely used in Korea, Japan and China. it is rich in vitamins and minerals, including iodine. The quality of it varies depending on the habitat where it has been collected.

51 Saccharina Japonica Official Name: Saccharina japonicaÂ (Areschoug) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.SaundersÂ Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Laminariaceae Genus: Saccharina

Description: thallus blade-like, broadly linear, linear-lanceolate, coriaceous, smooth, olive-brown to dark-brown. Stipe cylindrical or slightly compressed at base, flattened above and gradually develops into cuneate base of the blade which become rounded with age. The blade at the base slightly asymmetrical. Percurrent strip (to 5 mm thick) along the middle line of the blade occupy to almost half of the blade width. The blade ruffled on both sides of the strip. Margins thin, entire or undulate. Mucilage ducts present in blade, stipe and rhizoids. Sporangial sori in patches develop on both surfaces of thallus and do not coincide in outline. Width: 20-25 cm on average and up to 40 cm. Length: 2-6 m on average and up to 10 m. Seasonality: they tend to rapidly grow during Spring, they stop growing in Summer and it gets mature in Autumn. Temperature: cold temperate specie, it can not grow at high temperature. Harvest: Attachment by branched rhizoids to rocks, stones, pebbles and shells in low intertidal and subtidal exposed to strong wave action in a depth of until 20-30 m. LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Hokkaido. Uses: it is known as Naga Kombu and it is best suited for nimono. Naga-Kombu is processed into tsukudani-kombu, oden-kombu (a type of nimono), ni-kombu (boiled kombu kelp), or kombu-maki. It is not suitable for making “dashi” because it has little umami. .

52 Saccharina Longissima Official Name: Saccharina longissima (Miyabe) C.E.Lane, C.Mayes, Druehl & G.W.Saunders Japanese Name: Nimotsu Kombu Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: large stipe, flexible thalli with a rubbery texture. Color ranges from light brown to dark brown. Length: up to more than 10 m. Seasonality: Perennial. After one year of growth it is collected in the months between June and October.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Temperature: its distribution area tends to be in a water temperature that varies seasonally from sub-zero to 20°C.

Order: Laminariales

Harvest: in lower intertidal to upper subtidal habitats.

Family: Laminariaceae Genus: Saccharina

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Hokkaido. Uses: it is used for foodstuff in Japan, Korea and Russia. This specie is also used in treatment of menstrual disordersand the extracts have anticoagulant and antimicrobial activity. In addition, Hosome Kombu because of its slippery texture, is used to make tororo-kombu rather than soup broth. It is also used to make shio-kombu or tsukudani-kombu.

53 Saccharina Japonica Var. Religiosa Official Name: Saccharina japonica var. religiosa (Miyabe) N.Yotsukura, S.Kawashima, T.Kawai, T.Abe & L.D.Druehl Japanese Name: Hosome Kombu Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales

Description: yellow brown, with a claw-like holdfast, a small, smooth, flexible stipe, and an undivided laminate blade. Width: 5-10 cm. Length: up to 3 m. Seasonality: it is normally annual but it has the potential to be bienniall. it is normally harvested in the summer of its first year. Harvest: it is usually distributed along the western shores.

Family: Laminariaceae Genus: Saccharina

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Goto Islands/Niigata /Ibaraki/ Chiba/Kanagawa/Ehime/Dogojima. Uses: in Japan is utilized as various forms of wakame; in Korea is fried in oil, boiled soup, soaked with vinegar, soy sauce and sugar in water.

54 Undaria Peterseniana Official Name: UndariaÂ peterseniana (Kjellmann)Â Okamura Japanese Name: Wakame Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Laminariales Family: Alariaceae Genus: Undaria

LAMINARIALES

Description: in the typical that is linear-lanceolate form, the base of frond is ovate or cuneate and the median portion of the lamina is more or less thickened into broader or narrower fascia. In some specimens the fascia is very marked and n little prominent, but not so clearly marked The form of frond varies from lanceolate to ovate, oblong or roundish and the hase cordate or auriculate. Width: 25-30 cm on average. Length: up to 3,5 m. Temperature: warm-water-tolerant. Seasonality: it is normally annual but it has the potential to be bienniall. it is normally harvested in the summer of its first year. Harvest: it grows in the deepest place (water depth 10 to 20 m) among the three species of the genus Undaria and has no central ribs. For this reason, it grows like algae crawling under the bottom of the sea.

Habitat: distributed almost all around Japan. Uses: it is sold as boiled or dried and is especially appreciated in Korea and Japan. This species is used for nicotine poisoning cure, as anti-hypertensives, and treatment of stomach ailments, hemorrhoids, anal fistulas, eucorrhea, nocturnal enuresis, urinary diseases, and dropsy.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Description: thallus blade-like, flat, oval, broadly lanceolate to triangular in outline, pinnately parted, with midrib, soft, smooth, lubricous, olive to dark-brown. Stipe flattened gradually transform into flat midrib of the blade. In transverse section the blade consist of superficial meristematic cell layer, cortex and medulla. Meristematic cells small, densely arranged; cortical cells large, loosely arranged and medulla composed of entangled filaments. Sporangia develop in slimy undulate-folded sporophylls on both sides of the stipe. Gametophyte microscopic composed of branched filaments. Attachment by dichotomously branched rhizoids

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Length: 1-3 m.

Order: Laminariales

Temperature: temperate waters.

Family: Alariaceae

Seasonality: it grows from Winter until the Summer.

Genus: Undaria

Harvest: growing on rocks, stones, in low intertidal to 15 m deep, in open and sheltered shores.

Undaria Pinnatifida Official Name: Undaria Pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar Japanese Name: Wakame

LAMINARIALES

Habitat: Mie/Fukushima/Chiba/Kanagawa/Wakayama/Tokushima/Kochi/Ehime/ Oita. Uses: it can be used in a similar way to the Undaria Pinnatifida.

Japanese Name: Wakame

Description: root fibrous-fasciculated, distichously arising at the beginning. Stipe shortest (0.5more than 20 cm.), subcylindrical at base or compressed,soon ancipite and complanated above, more or less winged; lamina thin membranaceous, midribed, bullato~rugose, oblong-ovate or cordate, entire or subpinnatifid. Sori on both sides of the midrib at the beginning on both surfaces, afterward becoming confluent towards the base of lamina and often at the same time continuous with those on the wings.

Class: Phaeophyceae

Temperature: temperate waters.

Subclass: Fucophycidae

Seasonality: it grows from Winter until the Summer.

Order: Laminariales

Harvest: on rocks at the depth of 1-5 fathoms below the watermark.

Undaria Undarioides Official Name: UndariaÂ undarioides Yendo)Â Okamura

Family: Alariaceae Genus: Undaria

LAMINARIALES

RALFSIALES IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS

• A single, parietal, plate-like chloroplast, without pyrenoid, per cell

• Discal-type development of the thallus

• Ectocarpus-type of life cycle

Habitat: Habitat: Hokkaido/ Iwate/ Ibaraki/ Miyogi/Aomori/Fukushima/Nigata/Chiba. Uses: it is collected and packed in salt; it is cooked with soy and is a common food of the poorer classes in the North of Japan. It can also be used dry, and it is said to have a great taste.

58 Analipus Japonicus Official Name: Analipus japonicusÂ (Harvey) M.J.Wynne Japanese Name: Matsuma Class: Phaeophyceae Subclass: Fucophycidae Order: Ralfsiales Family: Ralfsiaceae Genus: Analipus

RALFSIALES

Description: thallus is light to dark brown with numerous radially-arranged flattened lateral branches, that are cylindrical to flattened, short and long, 5-10 cm long, slightly swollen above and sometimes curved. Main axes and branches hollow when adult. The hollow surrounded by colorless longitudinally elongated cylindrical cells. Cortex composed of shorter colorless cells (of almost equal diameters) surrounded by dense layer of assimilative branches consisting of 2-7 rows of long cells. Width: up to 5 cm. Lenght: 10-30 cm Seasonality: perennial specie that blooms from Winter to Spring and dies back in Fall. Harvest: occurs in the mid to low intertidal on rocks and prefers semiprotected to exposed habitats in a depth that can be up to 2 m.