Book Review: Voices from the Camps: A people’s history of Palestinian Refugess in Jordan, by Nabil Maarshood Asmaa Ashraf

Book Review:

Voices from the Camps: A People’s History of Palestinian Refugees in Jordan, by Nabil Maarshood

Asmaa Ashraf

Nabil Marshood takes readers on a journey to the Palestinian refugee camps in Jordan; as a traveler, one must be prepared for seeking new knowledge and challenging existing preconceived notions. Voices from The Camps: A people's history of Palestinian Refugees in Jordan is written from a sociological and psychological perspective, thus tackling two areas of study that are lacking in the Palestinian literature. The book brings the Palestinian refugee camp life and its people closer to us so we can not only recognize their traumatic experiences and struggles, but most importantly, their humanity. The author beautifully states , “You may begin by looking at your personal baggage: your biases, prejudices, political agendas, and attitudes. This is a heavy baggage to carry on such a journey. Try to leave it behind and start afresh to learn, inquire, and examine with an open mind.” As we begin this journey one piece of advice would be to accept reality and seek truth, even when it may seem inconvenient.

The journey has begun. A recurring theme in this book is identity. Something unique about the Palestinian identity is that it has been under siege for a long time. Attempts to destroy the Palestinian identity began before the Nakba in 1948. The Nakba marks a very traumatic point in Palestinian history, which resulted in the destruction of homes, villages, families, dreams, hope, and the involuntarily imposed status of refugeehood. However, the most remarkable aspect of the Palestinian identity is that it lives on and is getting stronger and stronger regardless of how tough their adversaries become.

The author originally planned to meet the refugees in their homes to sit down and record their experiences, only later to realize how impossible this task might be. A refugee in a camp doesn’t have a home, instead for the majority of their time, they stay outside their “housing unit” which doesn’t even give them enough space to sit together as a family. Children often sleep in the same room as their parents. Neighbors, reporters, and researchers often visit, disturbing the privacy of the refugees. Basic infrastructure such as proper sewage systems, garbage collection, and quality education doesn’t exist. The first stop Marshood takes us on is Zarqa Camp. The author takes readers on a journey to Irbid, Jerash, Al Hussein, Hitteen and Baqa'a camp. In each camp, one can hear voices of identity, oppression, hopelessness, shame, loyalty, discipline, frustration, politics, anger, dual identity, hospitality, misery, despair, exile, protest, but most importantly a voice for justice, a voice to gain the right to return to their homes.

A voice from Zarqa camp says, “It seems that all that is left of Palestine is the symbol, the idea. We cannot name our children after Palestinian landmarks and towns (because) those symbols will be taken away.” The author states the elders continue to pass down their oral history so their children can remember the stories of dispossession for the upcoming generations so that they always remember Palestine. Most of the people in the camp were forced out of their homes in 1948. The refugees mentioned how when they left their properties under fear of persecution, they were told that it was a matter of days until they would return home. But it was all a lie, they felt hopeless and mentioned nobody cares for their cause. Religion is on its rise; people have lost hope, their only hope now is God. The school curriculums used to teach children the history of Palestine but after the peace agreement between Jordan and Israel, those courses were removed. The biggest complaint in the camps is that their children won't know their history, thus leaving individual families to teach their children about their roots and the Nakba through oral tradition.

Unemployment and poverty is on its rise. Hunger is everywhere. Refugees don't have medical insurance so they're unable to pay medical expenses even if they are sick or injured. Samia is one of the

women in the Hitteen camps, she mentions how poverty is on the rise and how miserable the living conditions are. She states that poverty brings additional problems, “When a man finds himself powerless, he runs away from home leaving his family, his wife, and children behind. It also brings family tension and domestic violence; drug use is also on the high.” Through these stories, it becomes clear that the living conditions in these camps are inhumane. The quality of education is poor and the dropout rate is high, leading to high rates of child labor. The author mentions he can't even describe the scene he witnessed, he has no words to adequately describe the condition the Palestinians in Jordanian camps were living in. These are not areas where humans can live, the area is dry, not a living tree is standing. The camps are so overcrowded that there's no room to plant anything. Everything is just dirty and dusty. Children, men, and women hang out on street corners since their houses are too small to stay inside. and embarrassed due to the lack of space and privacy. Jamal's family left their home in fear of persecution. They left three acres of grape orchards behind, like many Palestinian families. He states the Israeli soldiers were raping their women and killing their men. Jamel mentions feeling guilt and anger with his parents, he said family honor is the only excuse for his parents leaving their homeland. His family fled on a donkey to Gaza and eventually Zarqa camp. Another refugee named Hussain from Zarqa camp mentioned how they label him a terrorist for wanting to go back home. He mentioned the propaganda that was being used against the Palestinians and how they were labeled extremist for advocating for their basic human rights, the right to return home.

Jamel was born in 1946 in Ramleh, Palestine and he lives in a 50 square meter unit with no windows inside, with a single mattress on the floor and a small closet. That's the reality of the Palestinian people in Jordanian camps. Many refugees stand for hours in line to use the public bathroom. The bathroom is a public facility, one bathroom for each section of the camp. Both males and females used the same facility. Women and young girls used to wait until late in the afternoon to use that bathroom. The bathroom had a hole in the ground, that is all. The author recalls the women being extremely ashamed

Amongst the many questions the author was asked, the most common was “Are Americans aware of our misery? Do they speak the truth or mask the truth about us?” They continued to express how they had lost control over what their children are taught in school. It was no longer in their hands anymore; they don't feel that they have control over their narrative. This is another reason why it is important to educate yourself on the Palestinian cause. It is very detrimental to the Palestinian existence if we ignore these voices and turn a blind eye. Hearing these voices helps give Palestinians control over their narrative again as Marshood shares their stories in their own words. I recommend reading Voices From the Camps: A People’s History of Palestinian Refugees in Jordan by Nabil Marshood because the book will give you a more in-depth picture of the living conditions in the Jordanian camps. Educating oneself on the Palestinian ethnic cleansing and bringing awareness to and hearing these voices is a way for an oppressed group to control their narrative that has been attacked a n d s i l e n c e d f o r d e c ades. Reading Palestinian authors and supporting Palestinian artists and influencers grants these voices the attention they deserve and sharing such stories helps amplify the Palestinian narrative. One must make sure they hear and support these voices regardless of how noisy it gets.

،ﺏﺎ ﺗ ﻛ 500 ﻭ ﺣ ﻧ ﺑ ﺕﺭﺩ ﻘ ﻓ ﺔ ﻳﺳﻧﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺎﻣﺃ .1820

ﻡﺎﻋ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺿﻌﺑ 19 ﻥ ﻣ ﺔ ﻣ ﻳﻗ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺗﺣﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ ، ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻝﺋﺍﻭﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺿﻌﺑ ﻊﺟﺭﻳﻭ ﻡﺎ ﺧﺭ ﻟﺍﻭ ﺭ ﺟ ﺣ ﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺎ ﺷﺧﻷﺍ ﻥﻋ ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺭﺎﺛﻵﺍ ﺏﺗﻛ .ﻲﺑﻭﻳﻷﺍ ﺭﺻﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻌﻧﺻ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﺳﺎﺣﻧﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺟﺎﺟﺯﻟﺍ ﻲﻧﺎﻧﻘﻟﺍﻭ ﺢﻳﺑﺎﺻﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺎ ﻬ ﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﻎﻠﺑ ﺔﻳﻛﺭﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﺑﺗﻛ ﺎﺿﻳﺃ ﺕﻣﺿ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙﺣﺎﺑﻟﺍ ﺭﺎﺷﺃﻭ ﻊ ﻳ ﻣ ﺟ ﻥﺃ ﻰ ﻟﺇ ﺎ ﺗ ﻓﻻ ،ﺔ ﻳ ﺑﺭ ﻌ ﻟﺍ ﻑﻭﺭ ﺣ ﻟﺎ ﺑ ﺔ ﻋﻭﺑﻁﻣ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺏﺎﺗﻛ 1000 ﻰﻠﻋ ﺔﺑﻭﺗﻛﻣ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ«ﺩﻏﺎﻛﻟﺍ».ﻰﺗﺷ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣ ﻝﻭﺎﻧﺗﺗﻭ ، ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﺳﻗﺃ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻝﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣ ﺔ ﻣﺎ ﻌ ﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺑ ﺗ ﻛ ﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ :ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ ﻡﺎﺳﻗﺃ ﺙﻼﺛ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﻘﻧﺗ ﺔ ﻳ ﻧﺎ ﺳﻧﻹﺍ ﻡﻭ ﻠ ﻌ ﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﻗ ﻝﻣﺷﻳﻭ ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻑﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻲﻠﺑﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑ ﻊﻘﻳﻭ 110 ﺔ ﺑ ﺗ ﻛ ﻣﻭ ،ﺔ ﻔﻠﺗﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺗﻛ ﻑﻻﺁ ﻭﺣﻧ ﻡﺿﻳﻭ ، ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻳﻁﺳﻠﻔﻟﺍﻭ ﺎ 9 ﺛ ﻳﺩ ﺣ ﻡ ﺳ ﻘ ﻟﺍ ﺍﺫ ﻫ ﺊ ﺷﻧﺃ ﺙﻳﺣ ،ﺏﺎﺗﻛ ﻑﻻﺁ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺃ ﻡﺿﺗ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﻝﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﻡ ﺳ ﻘ ﻟﺍ ﺎ ﻣﺃ .ﺓﺭ ﺷﻋ ﺔ ﺳﻣﺎ ﺧ ﻟﺍ ﻰﺗﺣ ﺔﻧﺳﻟﺍ ﺭﻣﻋ ﻥﻣ ﻝﺎﻔﻁﻷﺍ ﺕﺎﺟﺎﻳﺗﺣﺍ ﻲﺑﻠﻳﻟ ﺔ ﻐ ﻠﻟﺍ ﻡﺳﻗ ﻝﻣﺷﻳﻭ ،ﺔﻳﻧﺗﺧﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﻣﺳﻳﻭ ﻲﻠﺑﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻠﺻﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻔﺳﺃ ﻊﻘﻳﻓ ﺭﻳﺧﻷﺍ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻝﻣﺗﺷﻳ ﻙﻟﺫﻛ .ﺔﻳﻋﺭﺷﻟﺍ ﻡﻭﻠﻌﻟﺍﻭ ﺎﻬﺑﺍﺩﺁﻭ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ .ﺔﻳﻧﺎﻣﺛﻌﻟﺍ ﺓﺭﺗﻔﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺎﻬﺗﻳﺑﻟﺎﻏ ﻲﻓ ﺩﻭﻌﺗ ،ﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ 1143 ﻡﺿﺗ ﻲ ﻓ ﻭ ﻫ ﺎ ﻣ ﺎ ﻬ ﻧ ﻣ ؛ﺔ ﻁﻭ ﻁ ﺧ ﻣ 2200 ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻱﻭﺗﺣﻳ ﻡ ﺳ ﻘ ﻟﺍﻭ ،ﺕﺎ ﻁﻭ ﻁ ﺧ ﻣ ﻟﺍ ﻡ ﻳ ﻣﺭﺗ ﺯﻛﺭﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻭﻫ ﺎﻣ ﺎﻬﻧﻣﻭ ،ﻲﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﻑﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﺝﺎ ﺗ ﺣ ﻳ ﺎ ﻣ ﻡ ﻣﺭﻭ ﻥﺯﺎﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺟﺭﺧﺃ ﺫﺇ ؛ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺭﺑﻛﻷﺍ ﻅﺎﻔﺣﻠﻟ ﺔﺑﺳﺎﻧﻣ ﺓﺭﺍﺭﺣ ﺔﺟﺭﺩ ﺕﺍﺫ ﻑﺭﻏ ﻲﻓ ﻅﻔﺣﺗ ﻲﻫﻭ ،ﺏﻳﺗﺭﺗﻭ ﻡﻳﻣﺭﺗ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺙ ﻳ ﺣ ،ﺔ ﻳ ﺛ ﺣ ﺑﻟﺍ ﻡﻬﻣﺎﻬﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻥﻳﺛﺣﺎﺑﻟﺍ ﺩﻋﺎﺳﺗ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ .ﺎﻬﺗﺩﻭﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﺎ ﻛ ﻣ ﻰ ﻟﺇ ﺙ ﺣﺎ ﺑ ﻟﺍ ﻭﺃ ﺏ ﻟﺎ ﻁ ﻟﺍ ﺩﺎ ﺷﺭﺇ ﻱﺃ ،'ﺔ ﻟﻻﺩ ﻟﺍ' ﺔﻣﺩﺧ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻓﻭﺗ ﻯﺭ ﺧﺃ ﺕﺎﺑﺗﻛﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻡﺃ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻛ ءﺍﻭﺳ ،ﺩﻳﺭﻳ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻪﺟﺭﺎﺧ

ﻙﺭﺎﺑﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣ :ﺱﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﺏﻁﻘﻟﺍ ﻑﺳﻭﻳ ﺔﺳﺩﻋ ﺔ ﻳ ﻧﻭ ﻳ ﻬ ﺻﻟﺍ ﺕﺎ ﺑﺎﺻﻌﻟﺍ ﻡﺛ ﺯﻳﻠﺟﻧﻹﺍ ﺩﻳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻥﻳﻁﺳﻠﻓ ﻝﻼﺗﺣﺍ ﻕﺎﻋﺃ ﺫﺇ ،ﺩﻭﻘﻋ 1977 ﺙ ﻳ ﺣ ،ﺎ ﻫءﺎ ﻳ ﺣﺇ ﺱﺩ ﻘ ﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻑﺎﻗﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭﺋﺍﺩ ﺕﺩﺎﻋﺃ ، ﻡﺎﻋﻭ .ﺎﻫﺭﻭﻁﺗ ﻥ ﻣ ﺔ ﻳ ﺿﺭﻷﺍ ﺔ ﻘ ﺑ ﻁ ﻟﺍ ﻰ ﻟﺇ ﻲ ﻣﻼ ﺳﻹﺍ ﻑﺣﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﺕﻠﻘﻧ ﺩ ﺟﺳﻣﻭ ﺔﻳﻧﺗﺧﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻳﻧﺑﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺍﺭﻳﺧﺃ ﺭﻘﺗﺳﺗﻟ ،ﺔﻳﺭﺛﻷﺍ ﺔﻳﻓﺭﺷﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺩﻣﻟﺍ . ﻡﺎﻋ ﺫﻧﻣ ءﺎﺳﻧﻟﺍ2000 ﻡ ﺳﺍ ﺕ ﺣ ﺗ ،ﻲ ﻣﻼ ﺳﻹﺍ ﻑ ﺣ ﺗ ﻣﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻧﺯﺧﻣ ﺕﻧﺎﻛ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﺕﻌﻣﺟ ﺎ ﻬ ﺗﺩ ﻓﺭ ﺩ ﻗﻭ- -ﺎﻧﻔﻠﺳﺃ ﺎﻣﻛ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛ ﺭﺍﺩ ﻲﻫﻭ :ﺔﻠﻘﺗﺳﻣ ﺔﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﻰ ﻧ ﺑ ﻣ ﻲ ﻓ ﻙ ﻟﺫ ﺩ ﻌ ﺑ ﻊﻣﺟﺗﻟ ،ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺓﺭﻳﺑﻛ ﺩﺍﺩﻋﺄﺑ ﺔﻳﺳﺩﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺳﻷﺍ ﺽﻌﺑ 886 ) ﺔ ﻳﺭ ﺟﻫ ﺔﻧﺳ ﻱﺎﺑﺗﻳﺎﻗ ﻥﺎﻁﻠﺳﻟﺍ ﺩﻬﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺕﻳﻧﺑ ﻲﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻓﺭﺷﻷﺍ ﺔﺳﺭﺩﻣﻟﺍ ﻲ ﻓ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻭ ﻣ ﻟﺍ ﻪﺳﻔﻧ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﻘﻣ ﻰﻟﺇ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﺗﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﻩﺫﻫ ﺕﻠﻘﻧﻭ .(ﺔﻳﺩﻼﻳﻣ 1475 -. ﻝﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺷﻧ ﺦﻳﺭﺄﺗ ﻰﺗﺣ- ﺭﺿﺎﺣﻟﺍ ﺕﻗﻭﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻣ ﻲ ﻓ ﻊ ﻘ ﺗ ﻲ ﻬ ﻓ ﻰ ﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩ ﺟ ﺳ ﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟ ﻲﻓﺍﺭﻐﺟﻟﺍ ﻊﻗﻭﻣﻟﺎﺑ ﻖﻠﻌﺗﻳ ﺎﻣﻳﻓ .ﻲﻠﺑﻘﻟﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻠﻟ ﺍﺩﺍﺩﺗﻣﺍ ﺭﺑﺗﻌﺗﻭ ﻪﻧﻣ ﻲﺑﺭﻐﻟﺍ ءﺯﺟﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻳﻭﺗﺣﻣ 120 ﻉﻭ ﻧ ﺗ ﻣ ﺏﺎﺗﻛ ﻑﻟﺃ ﻥﻣ ﺭﺛﻛﺃ ﻝﺎﻘﻣﻟﺍ ﺭﺷﻧ ﺦﻳﺭﺎﺗ ﻰﺗﺣ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺿﺗ ،ﻑﻭﺻﺗﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛ :ﺭﺻﺣﻟﺍ ﻻ ﻝﺎﺛﻣﻟﺍ ﻝﻳﺑﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻧﻣﻭ ؛ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺿﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﺙﻳﺣ ﻥﻣ .ﻯﺭ ﺧﻷﺍ ﻊ ﻳ ﺿﺍﻭ ﻣ ﻟﺍ ﻥ ﻣ ﺩ ﻳﺩ ﻌ ﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺩﻷﺍ ،ﺦﻳﺭﺄﺗﻟﺍ ،ﺔﺳﺎﻳﺳﻟﺍ ،ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺔﻐﻠﻟﺍ ﻥ ﻣ ﺭ ﺛ ﻛﺃ ﻰ ﻠ ﻋ ﻱﻭﺗﺣﺗ ﻰﺻﻗﻻﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣ ﻥﺃ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻯﺭﺧﺃ ﻊﺟﺍﺭﻣ ﺭﻳﺷﺗ ﺕﻼ ﺟ ﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻑﻻﺁ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻱﻭﺗﺣﺗﻭ ﺎﻣﻛ ،ﺓﺩﺩﻌﺗﻣ ﺕﺎﻐﻠﺑ ﺔﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ 4000 ﻑ ﻟﺃ 160 ﻲﻟﺍﻭﺣﺑ ﺎﻬﻳﻓ ﺔﺛﻳﺩﺣﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻋﻭﺑﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺩﺩﻋ ﺭﺩﻘﻳ . ﺔﺛﻳﺩﺣﻟﺍﻭ ﺔﻳﺧﻳﺭﺎﺗﻟﺍ .ﻊﻳﺿﺍﻭﻣﻟﺍ ﻰﺗﺷ ﻲﻓ ﺏﺎﺗﻛ ﻱﺩ ﻘ ﻋ ﻲ ﻓ ﺔ ﺑ ﺗ ﻛﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﻧﺎﻣﺃ ﻰﻟﻭﺗ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﺔﻣﻼﺳ ﻡﻳﻫﺍﺭﺑﺇ ﺭﺿﺧ ﺦﻳﺷﻟﺍﺭﻳﺷﻳ ﺔ ﺛﻼ ﺛ ﻥ ﻣ ﺱﺭ ﻬ ﻓ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻭ ﻰ ﻟﺇ ،ﻲﺿﺎﻣﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻳﻌﺳﺗﻟﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻳﻧﻳﻧﺎﻣﺛﻟﺍ » ﺭﺩ ﺻ ، ﻰ ﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩ ﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ ﺱﺭﻬﻓ« ﻥﺍﻭﻧﻋ ﻝﻣﺣﻳ ءﺍﺯﺟﺃ 1980 ، ﻡﺎ ﻋ ﺔ ﻳ ﻣﻼ ﺳﻹﺍ ﻑﺎ ﻗﻭﻷﺍ ﺓﺭ ﺋﺍﺩ ﻥ ﻋ ﺱﺩﻘﻟﺍ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧﻣ ﻝﻭﻷﺍ ءﺯﺟﻟﺍ ﻥ ﻋ ﻲ ﻧﺎ ﺛ ﻟﺍ ءﺯ ﺟ ﻟﺍ ﻪﻳﻓ ﺭﺩﺻ ﻱﺫﻟﺍ ﻡﺎﻌﻟﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ.1983 ﻲﻓ ﻪﺗﻋﺎﺑﻁ ﺕﺩﻳﻋﺃﻭ ﻲ ﻓ ﺕ ﻳ ﺑ ﻟﺍ ﻝﺁ ﺔ ﺳ ﺳﺅ ﻣ ﻟ ﻊﺑﺎﺗﻟﺍ ﺔﻳﻣﻼﺳﻹﺍ ﺓﺭﺎﺿﺣﻟﺍ ﺙﻭﺣﺑﻟ ﻲﻛﻠﻣﻟﺍ ﻊﻣﺟﻣﻟﺍ ﺔ ﺑ ﺗ ﻛﻣ ﻡﺿﺗ ﺙﻳﺣ .ﻥﺩﻧﻟ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺎﻗﺭﻔﻟﺍ ﺔﺳﺳﺅﻣ ﻥﻋ ﺙﻟﺎﺛﻟﺍ ﺭﺩﺻ ﺎﻣﻧﻳﺑ ،ﻥﺩﺭﻷﺍ ﺎ ﻳﺎ ﻘ ﺑ ﺎ ﻬ ﻟﻭﺃ :ﺕﺎ ﻁﻭ ﻁ ﺧ ﻣ ﻟﺍ ﻥ ﻣ ﻥ ﻳ ﺗ ﻳ ﺳﺎ ﺳﺃ ﻥﻳﺗﻋﻭﻣﺟﻣ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﻭ ﺣ ﻧ ﺎ ﻫﺩﺩ ﻋﻭ ،ﺔ ﻳ ﻌ ﻓﺎ ﺷﻟﺍ ﻲ ﺗ ﻔ ﻣ ،ﻲ ﻠﻳﻠﺟﻟﺍ ﺩﻣﺣﻣ ﺦﻳﺷﻟﺍ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ600 ﺎ ﻫﺩﺩ ﻋﻭ ،ﻰ ﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩ ﺟ ﺳ ﻣ ﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛ ﺭﺍﺩ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ ﺎﻳﺎﻘﺑ :ﺎﻬﻳﻧﺎﺛﻭ .ﺔﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ ﺍﻭﻣﻧ 1998 ﺫﻧﻣ ﺕﺩﻬﺷ ﺎﻣﻛ . 658 ﺎﻧﺍﻭﻧﻋ ﺙﻟﺎﺛﻟﺍ ءﺯﺟﻟﺍ ﻪﺑ ﻲﻬﺗﻧﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺏﺳﺣﺑ .ﺎﻬﺑﺗﻛ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺎﺣﺿﺍﻭ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣﻟﺍ ﻡﺩﻗﺃ ﻪ ﻳ ﻧ ﺗ ﻘ ﺗ ﻁﻭ ﻁ ﺧ ﻣ ﻡﺩ ﻗﺃ ﺦ ﻳﺭﺎ ﺗ ﻥﺃ ،ﺔ ﻳ ﺧﻳﺭﺎﺗﻟﺍ ﻊﺟﺍﺭﻣﻟﺍﻭ ﻖﺋﺎﺛﻭﻟﺍ ﻥﻳﺑﺗ ﻰ ﻓﻭﺗﻣﻟﺍ ﻱﺩﺍﺩﻐﺑﻟﺍ ﺏﻳﻁﺧﻠﻟ ﻭﻫﻭ ،ﻱﺭﺟﻬﻟﺍ ﺱﺩﺎﺳﻟﺍ ﻥﺭﻘﻟﺍ ﻰﻟﺇ ﻊﺟﺭﻳ ،ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ .(ﺔﻳﺩﻼﻳﻣ ﻡﺎﻋ463 ) ـﻫ1071 ﺙﻳﺩﺣﻟﺍ ﺭﺻﻌﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺕﺎﻁﻭﻁﺧﻣ

ﺕ ﺣ ﺗ 1998

ﻡﺎ ﻋ ،ﺏﺎ ﻳﺩ ﻲ ﻌ ﻓﺎ ﺷﻟﺍ ﺩﻣﺎﺣ ﺭﻭﺗﻛﺩﻟﺍ ﺎﻫﺭﺷﻧ ﺔﺳﺍﺭﺩ ﻲﻓ ﻥﺍﻭﻧﻋ«ﺎﻫﺭﺿﺎﺣﻭ ﺎﻬﻳﺿﺎﻣ ﻰﺻﻗﻷﺍ ﺩﺟﺳﻣﻟﺍ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣ» ﺕﺎ ﻳﻧﺗﻘﻣ ﺩﺩﻋ ﻥﺃ ﻥﻳﺑﺗ ، ﺭﺩ ﻗﻭ ،ﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺗ ﻛ 20350 (1998 ﻡﺎ ﻋ ﻰ ﺗﺣ) ﻎﻠﺑ ﺔﻳﺑﺭﻌﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻥﻣ ﺔﺑﺗﻛﻣﻟﺍ

ﺔ ﻋﺎ ﺑ ﻁ ﻊ ﺟﺭ ﺗ ،ﺏﺎ ﺗ ﻛ 400 ﻭ ﺣ ﻧ ﺑ ﺔﻳﺯﻳﻠﺟﻧﻹﺎﺑ ﺔﻋﻭﺑﻁﻣﻟﺍ ﺏﺗﻛﻟﺍ ﻉﻭﻣﺟﻣ