U R B A N E N E RGY
THEODORE SPYROPOULOS STUDIO YUIYING XIAO
PANAGIOTA TSAPARIKOU
SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
YUNPENG CHEN
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SPYROPOULOS STUDIO Studio Master
Theodore Spyropoulos
Course Tutors
Mustafa El Sayed Apostolos Despotidis
Software Tutors
Aleksander Bursac Octavian Gheorghiu
Team
Huiying Xiao Panagiota Tsaparikou Yunpeng Chen
2020-2022
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CONTENTS
STUDIO BRIEF |7 CHAPTER I |9 DESIGN THESIS THESIS STATEMENT FIRE BACKGROUND
CHAPTER II |48 URBAN HEAT ISLAND INFLUENCE FACTORS DYNAMIC ENVIRONMENT
CHAPTER III |66 SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR HEAT HARVEST HEAT TRANSFER
CHAPTER IV |126 NETWORK BEHAVIOUR NIGHT NETWORK AGGREGATION STRATEGY COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR
CHAPTER V |154 UNIT DESIGN MATERIAL STUDY PATTERN STUDY EXPERIMENTS UNIT BEHAVIOUR PROTOTYPE DESIGN
BIBLIOGRAPHY |253 SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
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STUDIO BRIEF 6
SPYROPOULOS STUDIO TOWARDS AN ELEMENTAL ARCHITECTURE WATER / EARTH / FIRE / AIR The studio challenges the fixed and finite orthodoxies of building design for a latent and unknown world. Within the contemporary condition new conceptual terrains emerge that raise questions of agency and intelligence within a deep ecology of our environment. The studio examines the elemental phenomena as technology. It researches responses to some of the issues present in architecture as a thesis and takes interest in subjects of how architecture should expand its definition in terms of the role it plays and conditions it creates to sustain life by taking elemental concepts of matter such as earth, air, water and fire into research strands. The studio researches the phenomenon around these ideas of energy and tries to embody their material effects in parallel with computational frameworks and environments to achieve architecture of elemental processes. SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
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DESIGN RESEARCH SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
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THESIS STATEMENT
Fire is an element, essential to sustain human life, that exists around us in different forms, such as heat and light energy. Due to increased human activity, densely populated urban areas are significantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. In urban regions where many people cohabit in a small space, the environment is substantially built with high-rise constructions in order to accommodate the growing need for living space. In metropolitan areas, the phenomenon of urban heat islands becomes increasingly severe as natural land cover is replaced by large amounts of structures which absorb and retain heat. This heat is unable to disperse in the environment, thus, accumulating in the urban centres. Our project is based on the design of an energy management system, that is a multi-state, multi-material and multigeometry system created to harvest, store and dissipate energy in the form of heat and light. It visualises the space as an energy map with different layers and detects areas with increased heat concentration, which it ultimately captures and saves before repurposing and releasing it. The units are composed of stimuliresponsive materials that enable thermal conductivity and are able to absorb the excess energy from building facades. Throughout the day and night, the heat map of human activity serves as an index which our dynamic system analyses and translates into different forms of energy. In the daytime, the system is addressing the issue of radiant heating and energy diffusion, whereas during the night, the units reassemble to create an illumination infrastructure in the urban space which will bring people together and construct different atmospheres in the city. The system enables the circulation of energy, while organising and redefining public space as well as the way humans interact within the urban context, by using the element of fire, as heat and illumination.
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I FIRE PHENOMENON
Fire is widely recognized as essential to human life, with many expressions and applications in the contemporary world. Fire is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. Darwin considered it to be humanity’s biggest invention after language. While open fire is typically associated with Western technology, it occurs in many ways as hidden fire, as in the internal combustion engine. Fire has been the driving force behind the advancement of modern technology, from manufacture to the nuclear industry. Fire is a universal trait of the living world on Earth. Life provided the oxygen needed for combustion and the hydrocarbon fuels to power it. Life now provides the majority of ignitions, surpassing the formerly prevalent cause, lightning, by the agency of humans. Fire disassembles what photosynthesis has built; its chemistry is a bio-chemistry. Fire is not something extraneous to life to which organisms must adapt, it is something that has emerged out of the nature of life on Earth. As a result, the adaptations to fire are strong, rich, and collective. Species not only adjust to fire, but they also shape its character. Unlike mechanical disruptions such as storms or winds, which may arise without the presence of life, fire requires a biotic matrix to support it, and living populations alter the way fire acts in order to accommodate fire. This fundamental interdependence has proven difficult to model, and conventional summaries of fire ecology focus on the impact of fire on plants, livestock, vegetation, climate, and water, among other things. These effects occur on a range of scales, from the human organism to the whole world. During the course of the studio we have been working on exploring the element of fire, its past and future use, its different forms and its role within the cycle of life.
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I FIRE PHENOMENON
Fire is the visible effect of the process of combustion, a special type of chemical reaction which occurs between oxygen in the air and some type of fuel. The products from the chemical reaction are completely different from the starting material. The fuel must be heated to its ignition temperature for combustion to occur. The reaction will keep going as long as there is enough heat, fuel and oxygen. This is known as the fire triangle. Combustion is when fuel reacts with oxygen to release heat energy. Combustion can be slow or fast depending on the amount of oxygen available. Combustion that results in a flame is very fast and is called burning. Combustion can only occur between gases. Fires can be caused by natural forces such as lightning or by human actions. Anthropogenic fires include wildfires started by debris burning, sparks thrown from equipment and railroads, power lines, smoking, fireworks, campfires, accidental ignitions, and arson. Humans can create fire by using different methods. The most popular method of starting a fire is by quickly grinding pieces of solid combustible material (such as wood) against each other (or a hard surface), which heat up and produce an ember. To successfully create fire by friction, you must have abilities, strength, experience, and acceptable environmental conditions. A common method for creating sparks that will cause a fire is also to use materials such as rocks, flint, and a battery with wool. Another way to start a fire is to point a glass lens at the sunlight. The purpose of a convex lens is to concentrate light. The sunlight will focus at the focal point after being refracted by the convex lens. The energy of the light at the focal point is effective, and if flammable items are put at the focal point, it is simple to start a fire.
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I G NI T I O N
GROWTH
FLASHOVER
FULLY DEVELOPED
DECAY
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I FIRE DEVELOPMENT
Fuels can be solids, liquids or gases. During the chemical reaction that produces fire, fuel is heated to such an extent that it releases gases from its surface. The heat generated by the reaction is what sustains the fire. The heat of the flame will keep remaining fuel at ignition temperature. The flame ignites gases being emitted, and the fire spreads. As long as there is enough fuel and oxygen, the fire keeps burning. The development of fire consists of five stages, from ignition to decay. Fire characteristics include speed, temperature, spread and flame length.
Temperature/ heat release rate
IGNITION
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THE PREHUMAN ERA
THE HUMAN ERA
THE MODERN WORLD
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EARLY EVIDENCE OF FIRE
FIRE IN THE PREINDUSTRIAL WORLD
AN ERA OF RAPID ALTERATIONS IN FIRE REGIMES
I HISTORY OF FIRE
The oldest fire ever known on Earth was discovered in charcoal in rocks produced during the late Silurian Period, about 420 million years ago. Though plants had grown on land by that time, fluctuating amounts of atmospheric oxygen meant that the first large-scale wildfires were observed much later, around 345 million years ago. The ability to cook - that is, to use fire - is thought to have fuelled the emergence of Homo erectus from its more advanced ancestors. Cooking involved the learning of social skills for the sharing of tasks within the community, as well as the socializing impact of gathering around a nighttime campfire. These factors are believed to have influenced the evolution of big brains, bodies, and other human characteristics, including certain social facets of human-associated behaviour. Although humans have been changing fire regimes since their inception, recent decades have seen rapid changes as a result of major shifts in human population, especially in terms of expansion, socioeconomic factors, and land management. On a global scale, the course and root causes of these shifts are extremely diverse, necessitating a localized solution to the fire crisis.
Scientific papers about fire
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1 Year 1970
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
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I REACTION PRODUCTS
FLAMES State of matter: Gas
At a certain point in the combustion reaction, called the ignition point, flames are produced. The flame is the visible, gaseous part of a fire. Flames consist primarily of carbon dioxide, water vapor, oxygen and nitrogen. They are caused by a highly exothermic chemical reaction taking place in a thin zone. Very hot flames are hot enough to have ionized gaseous components of sufficient density to be considered plasma. Depending on the substances alight, and any impurities outside, the color of the flame and the fire’s intensity will be different. In complete combustion, the burning fuel will produce only water and carbon dioxide. The flame is typically blue. For this to happen, there needs to be enough oxygen to combine completely with the fuel gas.
SMOKE State of matter: Gas
Incomplete combustion happens when there is insufficient oxygen available during a chemical reaction, and chemicals such as carbon and carbon monoxide, as well as water and carbon dioxide, are formed. Incomplete combustion produces less heat energy than complete combustion. The burning flame in incomplete combustion is usually yellow or orange, and smoke is emitted. Smoke is typically an unwelcome byproduct of fires (including stoves, candles, internal combustion engines, oil lamps, and fireplaces), but it may also be used for pest control, communication through smoke signals, cooking, or smoking. It is also used in different kinds of religious and spiritual rituals.
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I REACTION PRODUCTS
ASHES State of matter: Solid
The solid reaction product generated as a result of incomplete combustion is ash. Ash, in particular, applies to any non-aqueous, non-gaseous traces left behind when something burns. Ashes are mostly mineral byproducts of incomplete combustion, although they can also include combustible organic or other oxidizable residues. The most well-known form of ash is wood ash, which is a byproduct of wood burning in campfires, fireplaces, and so on. The greater the content of residual charcoal from incomplete combustion, the darker the wood ashes. There are many kinds of ashes. Any ashes contain naturally occurring compounds that improve soil fertility. Others contain poisonous chemical compounds that can degrade in soil due to chemical changes and microorganism behaviour.
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I DIFFERENT FORMS OF FIRE
Fire is an element that sustains life and exists around us in many different forms and uses. Fire can be translated into heat, light, energy, means of communication, symbol for rituals and socialization. Through its different forms it is used for manufacture, sterilization, radiation as well as cooking, design and technology. Fire in the form of light exists in many aspects of life. Whether it comes from the sun or from an artificial source, it is our most important source of energy. Apart from the ways light can help develop life, today, some artists use light itself as art. Light art, as it has come to be called, can take many different media types, such as installation, sculpture and performance. Through art and different installations, light is often used to create space and construct a certain atmosphere. In many cases light can affect the way people perceive space and interact with each other. Another elemental aspect of fire is heat energy. When we think of fire we think about temperature and warmth. Fire in the form of energy and heat is employed in thermal sensors and is also used in the design of spaces that adapt to the needs of its users. Architecture should not only build spaces, but rather create temperatures and atmospheres. Temperature and light intensity are elements that translate into an atmospheric or climatic condition. By studying them we can make architecture which is able to indicate the use of space according to these elements. Additionally, for centuries, fire has been a part of many rituals. It is used as a symbol in spiritual and religious events and most important as a means of socialisation. Through cooking, sitting next to a fireplace or celebrating with fireworks, people are brought together to share moments and interact with each other.
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FIRE AS 26
James Turrell, Breathing Light, 2013
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LIGHT 27
Tokujin Yoshioka, Rainbow Church, Tokyo, 2013
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I FIRE AS LIGHT
Daan Roosegaarde Studio, Waterlicht, 2016-2020
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FIRE AS 30
Richard Mosse, Incoming, The Curve, Barbican Centre, 2017
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HEAT 31
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I FIRE AS HEAT
Philippe Rahm Architectes, Convective apartments, Hamburg, 2010
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FIRE AS 34
Cai Guo-Qiang, Sleepwalking in the Forbidden City, 2020
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RITUAL 35
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I FIRE AS RITUAL
Yi Peng Lantern Festival, Thailand
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Navigation | Behaviour
While exploring the behaviour of fire as illumination, we can see that light is a valuable source of life for different organisms. In many cases microorganisms will tend to the light source, directing cells to move towards or away from the source to obtain optimal light energy. Some plants like sunflowers showcase behaviors like phototaxis where they change their orientation in response to a light stimulus by rotating and stretching towards the source of light. Some insects also use a combination of the sun’s position and the polarization of the sky to navigate, rather than being attracted to the sun’s rays, so they don’t fly towards the sun. An insect’s flight path is straight as long as the angle between its direction and the light is fixed. However, after the appearance of human beings, there were more and more point light sources at night, and the light emitted by point light sources was not parallel. They continued to navigate in the way of “the angle between the direction of flight and the light is fixed”, and the flight path was no longer straight, but turned into an equiangular spiral, spiraling toward the light source.
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I THE EFFECT OF LIGHT ON ORGANISMS
Orientation | Phototaxis
Move towards the light
Escape from the light
Rotate towards the light
Rotate towards the other unit
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Perception of light by different organisms
Philippe Rahm Architectes, Spectral Light, Milan, 2015
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I LIGHT COLOUR
Light Stimulus to Human Behaviour
bathroom
bedroom
350 mm
450 mm
living room
800 mm
Philippe Rahm Architectes, Ghost Flat, Japan, 2004
COLD - DARK
WARM - BRIGHT
In the study of light, we examine the behaviour of light energy and how it is perceived by humans. People can see objects because they block the passage of light waves. At the same time, the color of light can create different spaces. Different frequencies of light have different effects. By analysing the color of light, we can create spaces with different functions. Light can be used as an attraction point to bring people together to socialise, or act as a light source at night. The reflection and refraction of light in the pores can also concentrate light, depending on the size and shape of the pores. SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
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Single light-Refraction
Parallel light-Refraction
Point light-Refraction
Refractive index: 2.5
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I LIGHT TRANSFER
Porosity
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Thermal Metamaterials
Cellular Metamaterials
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I FIRE AS MATERIAL
Thermal Conductivity of Materials
In this part of the research, we examine different types of materials such as thermal, porous and self-healing metamaterials. Numerous natural organisms are capable of self-repair. Manufactured robots will be able to replicate this property in the future. Self-healing materials are rapidly being used in production and industry, just as plants can repair themselves after a burn. The liquid metal droplets embedded in a porous elastomer make up this soft-matter composite substance. When the droplets are affected, they split, forming new connections with neighboring droplets and rerouting electrical signals without disruption. When conductive traces made of this material are cut, punctured, or have material removed, the circuits remain entirely and continuously active. Thermal metamaterials, on the other hand, are artificial constructs that can dynamically regulate heat flux on a continuum scale and are constructed using transformation thermodynamics. It has been shown that tilting thermal conductivity in a particular direction will effectively bend heat flux between low and high temperature reservoirs. The degree of temperature gradient bending will be determined by the tilted angle of thermal conductivity inside the thermal shifters. Different minimal surfaces are used to explore the heat transfer on the surface and the relationship between holes and surfaces and heat transfer.
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Material Comparison
Air
Directional Heat Flux
Radiation Temperature
Total Heat Flux
Directional Heat Flux
Radiation Temperature
Total Heat Flux
Radiation Temperature
Total Heat Flux
Steel
Water
Directional Heat Flux
Heat source temperature: 22°C Heat emissivity: 1 Heat flux: 1w/m²
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I FIRE AS MATERIAL
Porosity Study
Temperature Comparison
Directional Heat Flux
Radiation Temperature
Total Heat Flux
Directional Heat Flux
Radiation Temperature
Total Heat Flux
Directional Heat Flux
Radiation Temperature
Total Heat Flux
Heat source temperature: 100°C
Through the comparison of different materials and
Heat emissivity: 1
temperatures, the hole can retain heat, while the
Heat flux: 1w/m²
material with porous structure loses heat slowly.
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URBAN HEAT ISLAND SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
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II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
After conducting our research on the element of fire, we focus on a specific issue of urban space in the contemporary world. Due to increased human activity, densely populated urban areas are significantly warmer than their surrounding rural areas. In urban regions where many people cohabit in a small space, the environment is substantially built with high-rise constructions in order to accommodate the growing need for living space. An urban heat island is a metropolitan area which is significantly warmer than its surrounding areas. Heat is created by energy from all the people, cars, buses, and trains in big cities where there is increased human activity. In metropolitan areas, the phenomenon of urban heat islands becomes increasingly severe as natural land cover is replaced by large amounts of structures, pavements and other surfaces which absorb and retain heat. This heat is unable to disperse and dissipate in the environment, thus, accumulating in the urban centres. We can observe the differences in temperature through various heatmaps, which show the points where there is excess heat in buildings, indoor spaces or the physical environment. Cities are distinguished from natural landscapes by their form: that is, the extent of the urban land cover, the construction materials used, and the geometry of buildings and streets. All these factors, including the increase of artificial heat sources in cities and the loss of green spaces, affect the exchanges of natural energy at ground level. Urban areas are densely populated, meaning there are a lot of people in a small space. Urban areas are also densely constructed, meaning buildings are constructed very close together. When there is no more room for an urban area to expand, engineers build upward, creating skyscrapers, which are more likely to hold onto excess heat.
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II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Population Density 2020 <1.0 persons/km
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>1000 persons/km
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Urban Planning
Building Types
Artificial Heat Source
Loss of Green
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II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Influence Factors
The layout of city streets and buildings plays a crucial role in the local urban heat island effect, which causes cities to be hotter than their surrounding rural areas.
The shape and positioning of buildings in the city and the construction materials used slow the movement of air near the ground and limit natural energy exchanges.
The city has many boilers, heaters and other energy consuming devices. Which consume a lot of energy, most of which is transmitted to the urban atmosphere as heat.
Much of the urban landscape is paved and devoid of vegetation. There is little water available for evaporation, so most available natural energy is used to warm surfaces.
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Miami
Houston
Maximum Temperature 100°F
Maximum Temperature 95°F
Minimum Temperature 85°F
Minimum Temperature 66°F
Average Temperature 92°F
Average Temperature 88°F
Los Angeles
New York
Maximum Temperature 108°F
Maximum Temperature 99°F
Minimum Temperature 71°F
Minimum Temperature 76F
Average Temperature 90°F
Average Temperature 87°F
Source: www.geotab.com/heat-in-the-city/
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II URBAN PLANNINGHEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Urban Heat Island in Metropolitan Cities
Atlanta
San Francisco
Maximum Temperature 90°F
Maximum Temperature 79°F
Minimum Temperature 75°F
Minimum Temperature 60°F
Average Temperature 82°F
Average Temperature 69°F
San Diego
Chicago
Maximum Temperature 95°F
Maximum Temperature 89°F
Minimum Temperature 70°F
Minimum Temperature 70F
Average Temperature 81°F
Average Temperature 79°F
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Roof, Street & Façade Heatmap
Roof
Street
Façade
In cities, the heat island effect is mainly caused by the large use of construction materials. Roofs and streets absorb more heat as the energy gathering place in the daytime. It can be clearly seen from the urban heat map that the energy concentration on roof streets and facades is much higher than that of other places. Nighttime temperatures in Urban Heat Islands remain high. This is because buildings, sidewalks, and parking lots block heat coming from the ground from rising into the cold night sky. Since the heat is trapped on lower levels, the temperature is warmer. 58
II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Urban Heat Island Effect during Day and Night
°C
°C 50
28
40
24
30
20
Day
Night
Surface Temperature (Day) Air Temperature (Day) Surface Temperature (Night) Air Temperature (Night)
Temperature
Day
Night
Rural
Suburban
Pond
Industrial
Urban Residential
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Downtown
Urban Residential
Park
Suburban
Rural
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Façade Heatmap
Top view
Height 5m
Height 10m
Height 15m
Height 20m
Height 25m
Height 30m
Height 35m
Height 40m
Height 45m
Height 50m
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II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Dynamic Environment
25m
20m
Rooftop Heatmap 15m
10m
5m
In cities, the heat island effect is mainly caused by the large use of construction materials, such as roof streets and building facades. It can be clearly seen from the urban heat map that the energy concentration on roof streets and facades is much higher than that of other places.
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Temperature surface analysis
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II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Affecting factors
Measuring the surface temperature distribution over the entire surface of a building is key to understanding the thermal environment. There
are
dynamic
many change
reasons of
the
for
the
surface
temperature distribution of buildings, including
temporal
changes
in
weather conditions, such as changes in solar radiation and wind speed, the relationship between thermal gain and outdoor airflow surface cooling, and the thermal properties of materials. According to the analysis of different weather conditions, the heat radiation will change when the temperature environment is different. At the same time, the heat accumulation in the city will also be different according to the material and location.
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Façade Heatmap
Roof & Shading
Bedroom & Bathroom
Primary living space
Daylighting: hours above 200 lux
Indoors, the temperature of the building skin and the temperature in its natural ambient state still have an impact on human life, and the indoor temperature also determines human activity. The significance of the heat map is not only to regulate the urban environment, but also to regulate people’s daily lives.
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II URBAN HEAT ISLAND EFFECT
Access to Information from Buildings Time-of-Day Visualisations & Communication
Existing
June 1 10:00 AM
June 1 5:00 PM
Proposed
Effective Daylighting With High-Performance Façades
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SYSTEM
NIGHT
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DAY
III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Our project is based on the design of an energy management system, that is a multi-state, multi-material and multi-geometry system created to harvest, store and release energy in the form of heat and light. It visualises the space as an energy map with different layers and detects areas with increased heat concentration, which it ultimately captures and saves before repurposing and releasing it. Starting with its first function, the system’s purpose is to harvest energy from the environment. After being harvested, the excess heat is transferred by our system. In order to do that, the system uses a voxel based strategy and different algorithms to analyse the concentration of heat, to calculate it, to control its direction and to find the optimum path to transfer it. The heat transfer strategy also uses metamaterials which absorb or conduct heat to alter the heat transfer path. Through the study of metamaterials and porosity, the pores of the material will affect the speed and time of heat transfer, so by controlling the shape and size of the pores, the direction and speed of heat transfer can be controlled. While studying the flow of energy, we attempt to find a dynamic aggregation in a dynamic environment, one that can detect energy and react to its aggregation characteristics, and at the same time determine what organizational behavior is more conducive to the flow and control of energy. Through the study of light and heat, the system can reduce the temperature of the building and street surface, block the direct sunlight and absorb heat, avoid the heat accumulation resulting in excessive temperature result. Moving on to the heat dissipation, we explore how the system behaves during the day and night. In our system, heat is organized and harvested according to the heat map during the day. At night, when the temperature drops and there is no direct sunlight, the system starts to convert heat into illumination and uses the light to organize space and attract people.
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Urban Layer Field Selection
The field for landing
Moving objects recognition
Moving targets include traffic, people and flashing city lights
Heatmap Classification
Moving targets include traffic, people and flashing city lights
Objects recognition
Obstacles like windows and space that cannot be blocked
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Perception of the City by Heatmap Energy Distribution & Environmental Analysis
A
B
C
No landing
Attraction
Landing
By viewing its surrounding environment as a heatmap through thermal sensors, the system searches for areas with the most concentrated energy. After locating the areas with excess heat, the units transfer to that point where they harness the energy.
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In some heat-sensing cameras and
radar
scanning,
the
machine analyses the city, the same measured distance and temperature information to establish different color squares. It also scans the dynamic to
the
city system
transmission and
then
produces feedback on the distribution and aggregation of energy.
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Perception of the City by Heatmap Energy Distribution & Environmental Analysis
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In the city, it is possible to analyse and obtain the diurnal temperature difference, the urban environment is in dynamic change, and these temperature peaks also change with time, forming microclimates in the height of the building and in certain areas.
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Access to Information from Cities Dynamic Environment: Temperature
Microclimate Analysis, Houston
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Solar Radiation Summer
Winter
Summer
Winter
Wind Speed
The building can be analysed for sunlight, wind and ambient temperature factors, and real-time data can be obtained, as the intensity of sunlight varies from floor to floor, and each building is in dynamic change within the environment.
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Access to Information from Buildings Ray Tracing
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Access to Information from Building Façades Solar Radiation on Building Façades
The analysis of the heat data of the integrated building, which affects people’s lives, is also the result of the joint action of people and the environment.
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Spatially-resolved total sensitivity index for the wind velocity and the radiant temperature
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Access to Information from Streets
Heat analysis of different neighborhood scales, street and building surfaces, and roofs allows us to observe how fast the temperature spreads, which locations are shaded for a longer amount of time and which are slower to dissipate heat, as well as the extent to which the temperature spreads.
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City Heatmap 9 am
1 pm
According to the rules of attraction and repulsion of the heat source and the temperature diagram, the growth rules are generated. Since the temperature is related to time, the system gradually dissipates with time consumption. But at the same time, it can also be artificially heated to redefine the temperature diagram, or the heat diffusion of the whole system can be heated by moving to play a catalytic role. The heat map will change over time. As the principle of the system organizing space, the heat radiation of sunlight on the street buildings will change the position of the system accordingly when the heat map changes. At the same time, the amount of heat absorbed by different places is also different. Roof and street absorb more heat as the heat gathering place in the daytime.
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Access to Information from Temperature
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Sunlight Oriented 10 am
4 pm
Heat Transfer
Absorb heat sphere
When the direct light changes, the position of the heat-absorbing material will change as the direct light changes. At the same time, the heat transfer in the system will also increase with the time of direct light radiation, and carry out the heat transfer in the system. 84
III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Access to Information from Sunlight
Towards the light source with a separation force
Light source
Towards the light source without a separation force
Avoid the obstacle and rush to the light rouce
Depending on the sunlight, when there is direct light irradiation, the system absorbs more heat, so it more heat absorption material is needed compared to when the direct light
Obstacle
irradiation does not produce a lot of heat. The entire system moves with the light source, providing maximum absorption of the light source while avoiding the obstruction of non-thermally conductive materials and actual objects.
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After getting the heat analysis of some building surfaces, we use cellular machine rules to represent energy information in a growing way. These squares clearly represent energy information through color changes and iterations, and this information is the key for us to understand the city and the energy.
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III SYSTEM BEHAVIOUR
Converting the Heatmap into Energy Cubes Energy increases according to the dynamic environment
Phase changes according to the dynamic environment
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Heat Harvest Strategy
Sensing The system perceives the surrounding environment as a heat map through thermal sensors.
Analysing It analyses the heat map according to a database and searches for the areas with the most concentrated energy.
Harvesting After locating the areas with excess heat, the unit transfers to that point where it captures the energy.
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Cohesion
Repulsion
Random
In the study of behavior, through the study of phototaxis, the system will change its aggregation state according to the size of the light source. When the heat of the light source gradually decreases, the system will gradually disperse from the aggregation state and randomly distribute everywhere.
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III HEAT HARVEST
Reduction
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Attraction Separation value 0.75
Separation value 0.27
Attraction force 100
Attraction force 300
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III HEAT HARVEST
Repulsion Max Force 0 Repulsion force 100
Max Force 0 Repulsion force 600
Max Force 1 Repulsion force 300 Cohesion value 0.24
Max Force 0 Repulsion force 300 Cohesion value 1
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Search radius 33.6
Search radius 65.6
Separation value 0.27
Separation value 0.72
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III HEAT HARVEST
Light Intensity Search radius 65.6 Separation value 0.27
Search radius 65.6 Separation value 0.35
Search radius 65.6 Separation value 0.72
Search radius 65.6 Separation value 0.88
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Heat Transfer Strategy
Direction After capturing the excess energy from the heat source, the system controls the direction of its transfer.
Shortest Path The system analyses different routes until it finds the shortest accessible path to transfer heat between two points.
Metamaterials By altering the ability of materials to conduct or absorb heat, the heat transfer path changes.
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In terms of direction, high energy always flows to low energy, and if there is use of
EXPERIMENT 01 Position
thermally conductive and non-conductive materials, by controlling the position of the insulation, we can control the transfer of heat and use the shortest path algorithm commonly used in computers, to calculate the fastest direction of heat flow.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Position Control
2D | Different direction
2D | Different paths
3D | Different paths
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3 Faces - 3 Faces
No surface overlap
1 surface overlap
3 Faces - 4 Faces
No surface overlap 100
1 surface overlap
III HEAT TRANSFER
Position Control
3 Faces - 5 Faces
No surface overlap
1 surface overlap
3 Faces - 6 Faces
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Through the classification of the above, we look for heat transfer in the shortest path through simulation experiment, and the relationship between the different types of cubes. With the use of obstacles
EXPERIMENT 02 Obstacles
we compare the path of heat transfer in each cube.
If an obstacle is set that
cannot transfer heat, the direction of heat transfer will change, but the number of voxels through which heat is transferred to reach the target point will remain the same, despite the position and number of obstacles. As long as there is an accessible path, there must be a shortest path.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
2D | Shortest Path
15 squares No obstacles
15 squares 1 obstacle
15 squares 2 obstacles
15 squares 3 obstacles
15 squares 4 obstacles
15 squares 5 obstacles
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Obstacle position
Shortest path
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7 cubes
7 cubes
7 cubes
1 obstacle
2 obstacle
3 obstacle
III HEAT TRANSFER
3D | Shortest Path
7 cubes
7 cubes
7 cubes
4 obstacle
5 obstacle
6 obstacle
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Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 24 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8]
Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 14 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8]
Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 13 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 23 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
III HEAT TRANSFER
Shortest Path | Heat Source Range Control
Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 23 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 12 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8]
Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 14 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8]
Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 34 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
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We attempt to simulate the process of pathfinding in the configuration space using potential functions based on heat transfer theory. In this heat transfer process, the starting point is the input heat source, the end point is the endothermic heat sink, while the barrier is an extremely hot heat source.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Shortest Path | Heat Source Range Control
Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 12 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8] Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 34 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 12 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8] Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 34 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
Heat source 1 Participate in computing: Layer 12 Heat source 1 positon: [3,2,8] Heat source 2 Participate in computing: Layer 34 Heat source 1 positon: [6,4,3]
Pathfinding is carried out by simulating the extent of the barrier, meaning the size of the heat source, as the heat source is not always fixed, so the area of influence is not fixed either. Setting multiple heat sources and setting multiple levels of influence will produce multiple pathfinding results.
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Step 1
Steo 2
Step 3
Steo 4
Start point A Start point B Optimal path
A* algorithm finds the route that saves the most energy by calculating the action cost, which is very critical for the study of temperature transfer and behavior. The key of A* algorithm’s action is to constantly calculate the action cost of the surrounding nodes and optimize it, which provides foundation for the next study. The simulation of an A* algorithm in the 3D model requires not only the calculation of two-dimensional space coordinates, but also the addition of three-dimensional coordinates. Using the A* algorithm, we start from point A towards end point B and calculate the movement cost between those points and within the grid. Throughout the different steps the algorithm searches for the optimum point to determine the final path. Every time the process is optimized and energy consumption is calculated, until the reach of the optimal path.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Shortest Path Path-finding Using Algorithms
Heat resource Direction
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3 faces
4 faces
3 outputs
4 outputs
1 input 2 outputs
1 input 3 outputs
2 heat sources 3 inputs
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4 inputs
III HEAT TRANSFER
Access to Information from Rules Set
5 faces
6 faces
5 outputs
6 outputs
1 input 4 outputs
1 input 5 outputs
2 heat sources 5 inputs
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[Phase change] Graded mesh matrices are used for energy analysis
[Radiation] Radiation range at different locations in different heat sources
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Access to Information from Rules Set 2 Faces in Cubes Heat Resources: 1
3 Faces in Cubes Heat Resources: 2
3 Faces in Cubes Heat Resources: 4
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Insert heat resistant materials Change the heatmap
Heat resistant materials Thermal shifter
In thermal learning, we add a thermal barrier or a material that can control the thermal conductivity in the direction of the original transfer, due to the non-conductive nature of the combination of the two materials can control the direction of the heat, this thermal barrier material is a transformer of the heat transfer.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal & Heat-Resistant Materials Direction Control
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Intensity: 17% Seed: 33
Intensity: 5% Seed: 33
Intensity: 6% Seed: 20
Intensity: 7% Seed: 20
In the process of heat transfer, the content, size and quantity of thermal barrier materials can be adjusted by adjusting parameters. It is very intuitive in voxel so when the barrier increases, the temperature loss is more. Tests were carried out on the morphology of the two materials as well as the porosity to measure the effect of the content of the two different materials on the structure.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal & Heat-Resistant Materials Content & Size change
Intensity: 6% Seed: 50
Intensity: 26% Seed: 50
Intensity: 36% Seed: 50
Heat-Resistant Material
Intensity: 29% Seed: 20
Intensity: 39% Seed: 20
Intensity: 49% Seed: 20
Thermal Material
Intensity: 29% Seed: 120
Intensity: 59% Seed: 120
Intensity: 79% Seed: 120
Combined Materials
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Intensity
6%
10 %
22 %
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal & Heat-Resistant Materials Direction Control Time
28 s
48 s
16 s
29 s
9s
12 s
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The heat conduction rate is determined by the content of the heat resistant material
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Thermal & Heat-Resistant Materials Temperature Field Control
The system gradually becomes transparent
Transparent unit Insulation material
Heat transfer time 3 min 24 s
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Shortest path
Material
Porosity
After adjusting the content of the thermal barrier material, we can control its size, its path, the transmission of the material, that is, the transparent or opaque aggregation of the elements, in order to control the speed of temperature transfer, which can also control the temperature field. Through the combination of heat transfer and porous materials, we found that by altering the material shape and content of the pores, the direction, time and speed of heat transfer in the system can be controlled.
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III HEAT TRANSFER
Conclusion Energy distribution
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IV NIGHT NETWORK
During the night there is a repurpose of the system’s goal. For this reason, the system relocates, leaving the surface of the building facades and moving towards the street. People become the subject of activity, thus triggering rules between people, cities and systems, where human interaction will determine the behaviour of the system, detaching itself from the façade of the building, accelerating the heat dissipation and aggregating again to provide illuminated spaces or public spaces. The creation of a spatial atmosphere is accomplished with light as the design blends with the original urban architecture. As a result, illumination becomes an architectural language, where light and darkness intertwine to create the form of the building. Light allows us to see, light design serves architecture, architectural design includes the element of light in addition to the building material itself; light embodies material, colour, spatial depth and emotion. The perceived light is integral to the building it inhabits, and we should use it like any other material. In the urban space, especially in different scenes during the day and night, in order to prevent the heat in the sky and the material reflection of construction materials from reaching the public space, a new layer, one composed of unit aggregation, is created by the system. At night, the system radiates light, that is, heat, and re-designs the night view of the city. The light projected also changes the colour of the surrounding buildings. Whether it is a warm day or a cold night, colour is determined by the light source, a process in which the actions and activities of people as agents and participants in the environment have an inevitable impact on the whole system, and the transfer of heat between living and non-living things is taken into account, both individually and in groups. At night the system turns into a reason for people to gather and socialise. It represents a glowing and luminous signal in a restless urban environment creating a new ritual for people and constructing different atmospheres within the city.
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Energy conversion
Heat Detection
DAY Heat Harvest
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Heat Storage
IV NIGHT NETWORK
Energy Dissipation in the City
Energy Release
Illumination
NIGHT Energy Dissipation
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Creating Atmosphere
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IV AGGREGATION STRATEGY
Swarm in the City to Harvest Energy
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Collect building surface radiation data
Network Isotherm Barrier High heat area
Detection and aggregation of obstacles are carried out on the surface, showing both the state of temperature aggregation and the state of temperature diffusion.
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IV AGGREGATION STRATEGY
Field Strategy Number of units: 300
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Initial high temperature point: 30 Transient energy transfer interchange of energy phase 1 to 5
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual loss of energy interchange of energy phase 1 to 5
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual increase of energy Energy growth phase 1 to 5
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IV AGGREGATION STRATEGY
Field
In the system, the radius of the square is the size of the energy, and the degree of aggregation responds to the loss or increase of energy, which provides a model for energy transfer, where the loss of energy means that the system has less quantity and requires energy transfer that is not continuous in the process of change, or may be directly influenced by the external environment.
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A
B
C
D
E
F
When transforming in real time, we need to take into account the dissipation of energy, the gradual disappearance of energy, how the system should react, how to store energy and then prevent it from escaping.
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IV AGGREGATION STRATEGY
Heat Control
Energy Harvest
Energy Storage
Energy Dissipation
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Prototype System
[ Parameters ] Influences
[ Behaviour ] Influences
1. Environment 2. Maneuvering angle 3. Field of vision 4. Path optimisation
1. Alignment, cohesion and avoidance 2. Path Finding
[ Formation ] Network Typologies
After setting different behavior rules, we carry out experiments in 2D and 3D, especially for the study of offspring, the state after the energy acquisition, as well as the group study of energy tracking, wandering feedback and state after the energy loss. Under the circumstances of given energy and speed, different aggregation states can be obtained. As a result of negotiation between units and parameters, various prototypical body plans can be formed by different behavior rule-sets.
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IV SEARCHING BEHAVIOUR
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Behaviour: Multi Energy Tracking | Wandering | Flocking
Behaviour: Multi Energy Tracking | Wandering
Behaviour: Multi Energy Tracking | Wave Wandering
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IV SEARCHING BEHAVIOUR
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Extension | Night time network Process: To respond to releasing more heat in the night time Process: To dissipate the solar energy
When the network makes any change, the energy feedback experience on the behavior of the whole unit between consultation and transfer energy will change in order to obtain or release energy. The units will have to form a group and connect and each one can communicate with the others to determine the overall behavior. In the case of aggregation on building surfaces or object surfaces, the system must make a judgement call to avoid or move away, taking into account the presence of objects and obstacles, and the state of aggregation is completely radiant, revealing the state of energy radiation.
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IV COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR
Process 1
Process 2
Process 3
[ Phase 1 ] Negotiate with each other, gather together to form and activate the behaviour
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Process 4
Process 5
[ Phase 2 ] Divert energy and redirect it
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IV COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR
Process 6
Process 7
[ Phase 3 ] Larger contact area to release the energy in a more dispersed arrangement
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Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion The intensity of radiation: 8.45
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion The intensity of radiation changes over time
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion Energy storage and unit aggregation
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion Partial loss of energy, instantaneous transfer of energy
The amount of energy in the cells is a direct response to how large the area of extension is, so we need to consider the gradual disappearance of energy, the gradual transfer, and the contraction process between particles, how they should move and behave. Within the grid, we observe that the behavioural energy may continue to grow, or gradually diminish or transfer, which will affect the surrounding units. 148
IV COMMUNICATION BEHAVIOUR
Field Strategy | Temperature Radiant Network
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion An increase in the original radiation intensity
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion Energy exchange between low and high radiation
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion Dissipation and accumulation of energy
Initial high temperature point: 30 Gradual expansion The energy grows and spreads throughout the whole
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City Temperature Night Heatmap Creating shelter by controlling the layers of materials to block out heat
Using illumination to redefine space
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IV NIGHT NETWORK
Night System Agent Behaviour
Self-organising according
Avoiding artificial light
Aggregation
to human behaviour
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Detecting the number of people
1 person
Private
|
2 people
Blur
Public
|
Transparent
Light can reorganize the space, provide new services for people at night, can act as a draw point to attract the crowd, and at the same time adjust its behaviour according to crowd activity.
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IV NIGHT NETWORK
Creating Space Environment Temperature
Temperature detection
x
Attraction
Illumination
x
No attraction
Therefore, in the night, there will be more interaction between events and the environment as well as between people, so our night space should be more adapted to the context of night as well as the needs of people.
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UNIT DESIGN
DAY
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V CONCEPT
NIGHT
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Heat Absorption
Bionic robot
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V CONCEPT
Breathable robot
Facade Aggregation
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Sheet
PVC
TPU
Shape memory material
Strong Bending properties Soft skin
Flexible Resistant Biocompatible
Light Long Life Resistant Recyclable
Response to the heat Shape Change
Long process Heavy and opaque
Short life Expensive Poor formability
Not aesthetic
Expensive Hard to control
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V MATERIAL STUDY
Latex
Silicone
Piano wire
PETG
Highly elastic Good Abrasion Transparent
Flexible Resistant Biocompatible
Highly elastic Good Abrasion Resistant Stable Tensile Strength
Flexible Resistant Environmentally Friendly
Shrinking
Expensive
Out of control Does not match No malleability
Expensive
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Rubber sheet with latex
3D Print with rubber sheet
3D Print with woven
Latex with thickener
Latex with wood
Silicone with wood
V MATERIAL STUDY
Various
flexible
materials
provide many possibilities for the surface of the device. The choice of materials was based on the function of the core and outer skin of the unit. 3D Print by using TPU
3D Print by using TPU
Silicone with fiber
Black gauze
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Through the opening and closing of the piano line and toughness to control the contraction of the expansion of the surface.
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V MATERIAL STUDY
Line Strategy
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Sensor
[ Parameters ] Data
[ Sensor ]
1. Environment 2. Temperature 3. Obstacles 4. Light
1. Detection of the environment 2. Detection of the motion
Ultrasonic sensor
Photoresistor
Influences
[ Behaviour ]
1. Move 2. Rotate
Thermistor
Servo Motor
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V ARDUINO STUDY
Obstacle avoidance
Detection of light
Detection of heat
Transformation
The next part is about the exploration of the machine. We mainly choose to use the following sensors: thermal, servo, photoresistor, ultrasonic and PIRsensor. They can be used, respectively, to help avoid obstacles, detect light and heat, and control deformation. SPYROPOULOS STUDIO | AADRL 2020-2022
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The pattern is determined by the robot
The pattern is determined by the machine
The pattern is determined by using weaving
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V PATTERN STUDY
It is an effective way to use the pattern to heat the skin in the radiator, so it is necessary to study the pattern, and also determine the play of its nature.
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Stretch out A
B
C
D
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V PATTERN STUDY
Kirigami
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Rotate E
F
G
According to different characteristics of the test pattern, when the shape, size and direction of the incision change, the direction of force is different, and the direction of surface stretching will also change.
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V PATTERN STUDY
Kirigami
Middle
Short
Long
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V PATTERN STUDY
Kirigami
After experimenting with different patterns to make hard surfaces into retractable surfaces, some experiments were about folding shapes, some about expanding areas and some about interlocking surfaces with surfaces. In order to allow them to expand and contract the curved surface when moving or gathered, the pores and areas are created either to dissipate heat or to absorb it, or to obtain more light, while they fold over each other to obtain the smallest possible folding area.
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V PATTERN STUDY
Kirigami
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V PATTERN STUDY
Kirigami
By changing the material, toughness can be better played. Experimenting with different patterns on different materials is also a kind of research to control the skin.
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Transform
Plastic sheet
3D printing material
Silicone
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V EXPERIMENTS
Iteration1
Transparent
Foldable
Stretching
The deformation of the unit takes advantage of the properties of the material, the foldability of thin plastic sheets, and the use of silicone materials and other materials to make the unit as thin and transparent as possible. Through the previous exploration, the combination of pattern and silica gel soft material is used here, and the folding of the rod is used to deform the unit.
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Transform
Changed by the sun
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Stage 1
V EXPERIMENTS
Iteration 2
Stage 2
Stage 3
The unit’s transformation determines the fold height and closure based on the angle of the sun. The aim is to increase the area facing the sun as much as possible.
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Rotate
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Stage 1
Stage 2
V EXPERIMENTS
Iteration 3
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 5
In the fixed bracket, the rotation axis is used to rotate, so that the unit is deformed. In the process of change, the area of the unit changes obviously, but the fixed bracket has certain restrictions.
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Structure Transform TypeA: Surface extend
TypeC: Structure Unfold Top View
Rolling
Open
Move point
TypeB: Structure Connect/Disconnect Close
Stretch
Disconnect point
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Move point
V EXPERIMENTS
Moveable structure
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Structure Transform TypeC: Structure Unfold Unmoveable structure
Rolling
Top View
Open
Close
Moving range
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V EXPERIMENTS
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Process: The softness is tested by adding several nodes. Different position nodes produce different effects
Option 1
Option 2
Option 3
Option 4
Option 5
Option 6
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V EXPERIMENTS
Iteration 4 Fold deformation: It not only maintains the mobility of the circle, but also increases the surface area through deformation.
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Process: Change the material to reduce the weight. Use structural symmetry to reduce weight and unnecessary parts.
For option 1, we replace the main structure with a piano wire to make the unit lighter, but the piano wire is difficult to control. For option 2, we reduce the shape by half, the result still holds, and we add new nodes to expand or fold them again.
Option 1
Option 2
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V EXPERIMENTS
Fold deformation: In addition to the transformation on the XY interface, the transformation on the Z axis is added.
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Process: The nodes can rotate and carry other thin films. The nodes are small enough and light enough to even offer the possibility of flight.
In addition to increasing surface junctions, the added nodes can continue to roll to maintain their shape after folding. Such extended slender structures are used to reduce weight and provide space for energy gathering or heat dissipation after opening.
Node details Rotational structure
Extension structure
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V EXPERIMENTS
The actual model skeleton, it can bear many different surfaces and forms. The soft skin can be folded on this structure, but there is no space for the folded surface.
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State 1 is a folded state that preserves the properties of the ball. State 2 is the stretch state, which is the most likely to absorb or release energy.
Node details
Rotational structure
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V EXPERIMENTS
Process 1
Process 2
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Process 3
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Increasing connection possibilities
30°
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45°
60°
V EXPERIMENTS
Geometry Connection Study
Keeping them at 45° angle makes them more cohesive
The model can be divided into external and internal parts. The middle retains the possibility of movement, of storing energy or releasing energy.
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Combining the internal parts
Through the aggregation we can determine if the group behaviour meets the requirements
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V EXPERIMENTS
Geometry Connection Study
Combination of clusters
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Adding springs for movement
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Node details
Process 1
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Rotational structure
Process 2
V EXPERIMENTS
Geometry Connection Study
Angle selection can provide clustering possibilities. The greater the angle of the contact surface the more difficult it is to coalesce, requiring other external forces or shapes to compensate. This unit needs to be divided into an internal part and an external part. The middle retains the possibility of movement, of storing energy on the whole or of releasing energy on the outside. Aggregation requires consideration of the relationship between the aggregation of itself, the aggregation of the group, and the relationship between the inside and outside of the aggregation, which is also directly related to the transfer and storage of energy, the possibility of opening after the aggregation, as well as the strategy of their action, the behaviour, in addition to increasing the contact surface, we also consider the spring, and the surface to be stretched as the connection point of the action. In order for the aggregate to behave, we need to connect the faces, but there are many ways to connect them, and this may also make the way they move, the surface of the aggregate and the wall move differently, so their own shape and the way they connect determine their behaviour.
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V EXPERIMENTS
The façade is abstracted as a lattice and can be shown with or without unit, and this display can provide a monolithic self-organizing environment, the model can also show the behavior of the field strategy and can be used to study the organization of the maximum surface area obtained, as well as the curved space formed on the sides.
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TypeA Connection Points
Top View
TypeB Connection Points
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V EXPERIMENTS
Occupy
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Absorb
Store
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Connection Point TypeA
TypeB
Connection Points
Connection Points
10 Units
10 Units
33 Units
33 Units
6 Connection Points
4 Connection Points
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V EXPERIMENTS
Connection Points
TypeC
TypeD
Connection Points
Connection Points
10 Units
10 Units
33 Units
33 Units
4 Connection Points
6 Connection Points
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Connection Rotation
Connection Points Angle: 0°
40 Units 4 Connection Points
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Angle: 30°
V EXPERIMENTS
Angle: 45°
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Angle: 90°
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Point connection
Line connection
Line connection
Surface connection
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V EXPERIMENTS
Move by surface
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Maximizing the Surface | Rotate The skeleton is folded to obtain more surface area
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V UNIT DESIGN
Maximizing the Surface | Expand Unfolding
The maximization of area was explored with reference to satellite and solar panel designs. Preliminary experiments have included various expansion modes of surface, geometry and structure. First, the structure is rotated and the skeleton is folded and then it expands in order to obtain more surface area for heat absorption. Finally, we find a more efficient skeleton to stretch or contract, which gives us the possibility to obtain more energy through expansion and contraction.
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Movable joint
Fixed joint
The foldable structure could change the unit surface, adapting to the external structure on the façade and increasing flexibility. Combined with the previous surface expansion mode, we have made 4 of these structures, forming a larger surface area. In this structure, the unfolding of each direction can be controlled separately
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Maximizing the Surface | Structure
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Prototype
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The center system is constituted by components
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Prototype Movement Shape change of unit according to its surroundings
Folding system / shrinking and expanding
Fixed joint
Tooth belt
Pulley wheel
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Attachment points
The points touching the wall are identical and symmetrical, so they can be connected in any direction.
Attachment system
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Unfolding system
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Attaching to the Façade Umbrella Structure
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Attaching to the Façade Structural Study
Structural Study
Through the use of a variety of machines, the surface can open by sensing and responding to the environment, driving the stepper motor and expanding the telescopic structure. As for how to attach to the wall, we have studied the material, structure and center of gravity. By using high friction and suction cups material, the prototype can be rotated 90 degrees by gravity and attached to the wall. This is the overall structure of our prototype, which is composed of the surface in the upper part, the telescopic structure in the middle and the attach structure below.
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3.2 Attach to the wall Main Problems: Process： climbing the wall to seek the temperature change Process： To absorb the solar energy
Attach to the wall and Barycentric axis of change
MAIN PROBLEMS： MAIN PROBLEMS：
Adapt to different planes or surfaces At the vertical level it is difficult to overcome the self-weight
Attach to the wall and Barycentric axis of change Adapt planes or surfaces Attachto todifferent the wall and Barycentric axis of change At the to vertical levelplanes it becomes one of the main problems to overcome the Adapt different or surfaces self-weight At the vertical level it becomes one of the main problems to overcome the Solutions: self-weight
SOLUTION： that mimic the wall-climbing mechanism of a gecko Nanomaterials Roughness of the surface
1.Nanomaterials that mimic the wall-climbing mechanism of a gecko
Negative adsorption 2.Roughnesspressure of the surface 3.Negative pressure adsorption
Material
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Attaching to the Façade Structural Study
Structure
Self-weight & Forces
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Attaching to the Façade Prototype Structure & Machine
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Heat Harvest The units absorb sunlight and heat, preventing energy loss when they shrink
Closed
Open
Direct Sunlight
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 252
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