D e s tr u c tio n of T h e Bo d y
The Faithful Body Facade of Body
The Rotting Body
The Resurrected Body The Gendered Body The Dressed Body
Body of Care
The Imprisoned Body
The Vandalized Body
The Dying Body
Destruction of the Body Destruction of the body can be defined in different terms. The interpretation of destruction of the body allows for a wide research area. In this chapter, Destruction of the Body, we will be exploring the connection between aesthetics, interactivity, enclosure, temporarily, tactics, disruption, labor, material, lifestyle, human relation, and politics. The term “body” can be defined as not only the body itself as a skin or appearance but also the core and structure of the body that can be explored further into architecture. As it could not be clarified from the eyes of the beholder, the term destruction may not just put an end to the process, but also lead to something at the end of the path. In our clusters, our interpretation of body is defined through various perspectives of design and architecture. Since body of faithful : faithful as impermanence, body of facade: facade as infrastructure, the dressed body: outfit of architecture, the dying body: shopping mall, the gendered bodies: in the cultural construct and urban restructin, the vandalized body: in the city, the imprisoned body: rehabilitation or destruction?, home, care, and body: condition preservation architecture, the rotting body: the balance of nature and resurrected bodies: style as strategy. To represent our atlas in Destruction of the Body term, each of our chapters is connected through the core of each one of us; aesthetics, interactivity, enclosure, temporarily, tactics, disruption, labor, material, lifestyle, human relation, political and all of these topics are related together in terms of body. The interpretation of destruction of the body allows for a wide research area. In this chapter, Destruction of the Body, we will be exploring the connection between aesthetics, interactivity, enclosure, temporarily, tactics, disruption, labor, material, lifestyle, human relation, and politics. The term “body” can be defined as not only the body itself as a skin or appearance but also the core and structure of the body that can be explored further into architecture. As it could not be clarified from the eyes of the beholder, the term destruction may not just put an end to the process, but also lead to something at the end of the path.
BODY OF FAITHFUL Faithful as Impermanence
Napakoch Soithongsuk
ABSTRACT Nowadays, in our world there are various kinds of religion. Somebody believes in spirit, somebody admires their god or their religion or even people who stop believing and change their mind to believe in secularism. About my chapter are separated in two parts, first of all is traditional. Traditional shows how the rise of faith in many resources by start up with learning overall of spirit by spirit map. Moreover, I add relationships between temple and community to see how people adapt their behavior with faith. Kudi Chin is one of the locations that combine in many religions and also Sri Maha Mariamman temple where is Hindu temple. As you can see how the impact of faith has an effect on people, and also the spirit can incline a popularity of faith. On the other hand, everything can go up and down also the faith which is called diversion of faith is another part of this chapter. Diversion of faith includes fall in religion and rise of secularism and modernism in many periods, thus I conclude all of them into one timeline. Moreover, fall in religion which separated into three religions is christian, isalamic and buddhism. Buddhism has been popular for a long time ,but today there is some terrible news appearing on social media. Therefore, Buddhism is affected in many ways such as the decrease of belief or monkhood. Whether, people adapt their behavior by changing their period such as offering food for monks. Lastly, people still spread and keep their religion by many methods such as Church Plant or blend their religion so they can stay together. As you can see, from all of this chapter it occurs and disappears by humans.Thus, the relationship between faith and human is one of the overall topics in this chapter.
CONTENT
PART 1 : Traditional
PART 2 : Diversion of faith
Spirit map
Timeline of rise of seculism, rise of modernism, fall of buddhism, fall of christian and fall of isalamic
Spirit Thai house
Fall of Christian
Yokai
Fall of Isalamic
Relationship between human and religion Incline of popularity
Fall of buddhism - History of “When temples are important for
human?� - Bad news - Graph of amount of temple, monk andabandoned temple - Changing routine of buddhism ; Offering food to the monks -Act of offering food to the monk in many scales -sequence of time / the way of offering food to the monks ; interview result
- Haunted house - Worship places
Church plant Multifaith - Requirement
- Architecture ritual
OUR LIFESTYLE LIVE WITH SPIRIT
Roman
Greece
Greece
Small shrine
SPIRIT MAP
Spirit house
South African
Crying stone
Animism
Spirit tree
Indian
Small shrine
Chinese
Korean
Spirit house
Spirit of land
Spirit house
Japanese
Sotdae Dosojin
Thai
Tao Maha Prom
Small shrine
Spirit house
PA R T 1 TRADITIONAL
THAI SPIRIT HOUSE The most ubiquitous guardian deity in Thailand is this spirit of the land who resides in elevated altars. Dubbed “spirit houses” by Westeners, the tens of thousands of small shrines next to houses, apartment buildings, hotels, gas station, massage parlors, night-clubs, banks and office complexes are thought to house a male spirit. The land spirit shrine in ancient times was probably located at the edge of a community where it served as a place of worship for a village spirit, they constructed private shrines at homes and offices, and today’s edifice was born. In the rural villages of the north and northest, the village spirit is still revered and there are fewer of these individuallyowned spirit houses.
While the spirit of the land can provide riches and protection, they must also be compensated. For instance, a woman serves a feast for the land spirit (on the right below).
YO K A I
In 8th centuries in religion Shintoism. Shinto is hard to separate the period which is start or ending Modern-day japanese people realize shinto is our culture not religion but more like the way of living. Believe system “kami” is all around us and impact daily life such as tree, wind or even your phone and many fot Kami are personification. Moreover, Yokai emerged from belief system of polytheism and animism.
Ukiyo-e print of a Yokai, by Atosimatu.
Edo period around 1603-1863 economic growth, political stablish and publishing industry started take off, book became a entertainment source such as “encyclopedia” which is popular type of book. So artist filled with different Yokai. So this was important moment for Yokai became a folkloric tradition when Sekien created this book it’s shown how Japan’s national imagination and Yokai became a pop culture. In edo period, Yokai both as entertainment and the way to explain the many unknow of the world Yokai can explain the cause of unexplainable phenomenon. Mascots from the local Japanese cities and towns surrounding Yokota Air Base, Japan (U.S. Air Force photo by Tech. Sgt. Christopher Marasky)
Spirited away which related with spirit or Yokai story. So Yokai impacted to others area like architecture and even mascots. The building has stood out the most was the Bath House in which the main character worked. This building was supposedly inspired by environment where artist saw.
R EL ATI O NS H I P betwe e n TEMPLES a n d COMMUNITIES
At the center of Bangkok, Hindu Temple is situated on the Silom road which is one of the hectic business areas in Thailand. This temple is also known as Wat Khaek or Uma Devi temple following the principle Buddha image of the temple. The name of the temple reflects the founder’s belief of Shakti which mainly dedicates to Goddess Mariamman.The Hindu Goddess Mariamman or Mother Mari is God Siva’s queen. She is the goddess of mercy and elegance when she is Mother Mari’s form. Many devotees worship her and pray for good wishes Therefore a communites around is related to Hindu religion such as fresh flower garland, dessert, and god and goddess statue. The Kudi Chin or also known as “Kadi Chin” is one of a historic neighbourhood found near the bank of the Chao Phraya River during the reign of King Taksin the Great who established the city of Thonburi as the new capital city. It’s a unique community that harmonizes Buddhists and Christians way of life together with diverse Thai and Chinese cultures.
SANTA CRUZ SCHOOL
BUDDHIST
SANTA CRUZ CHURCH
KUDI CHIN COMMUNITY
KIAN UN KANG SHRINE WAT KALAYANAMIT
Name : Wat Kalayanimit andKuan Yin shrine Type : Thai-Chinese temple Area : Kudi Chin
KUDI CHIN
Name : Kudi Chin town Type : Thai-Chinese temple Area : Kudi Chin
CHRISTIAN
Name : Santa Cruz Chruch Type : Christian Area : Kudi Chin
HINDU
SILOM
Name : Sri Maha Mariamman temple Type : Hindu Area : Silom
Name : fresh flower garland Type : Hindu Area : Silom
SILOM ROAD
SURASAK BTS
CHONG NONSI BTS PAN ROAD
SURASUK ROAD
PRAYUAN ROAD
SRI MAHAMARIAMMAN TEMPLE
SATHRON ROAD
Ripley’s believe it or not
Sathorn Unique Tower 10 people
THAILAND
400
20
350
300 15
250
200 10
150
100
5
50 Excellent
Very Good
Average
Poor
Excellent
Terrible
Very Good
Average
Poor
Terrible
Isomnia Haunted House 300
250
200
UKRAIN 150
100
50
0
Hashima Island
Excellent
Very Good
Average
Poor
Terrible
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
J A PA N
100
0 Excellent
Very Good
Average
Poor
Terrible
HAUNTED HOUSE
HASHIMA
INCLINE of POPULARITY AMOUNT OF TEMPLE IN MANY COUNTRIES This graph show a number of temple in many countries to illustrate how popularity of temple.
35000
33,902
30000 29,000
25000
20,000
20000
17,000
15000
10,000
10000
5000
2,200 1,000
1,300
0 Pakistan
Myanmar United states China
Minimum
Japan
Thailand
In the past, Buddist is very popular. Many people believe in buddism and a place where is the center of people it’s called Temple. Therefore many people who believe in it are donate money to build a temple. For this reason, in Thailand there are many temple have built at the same time.
WORSHIP PLACE
Maximum
Malaysia Indonesia
INCLINE of POPULARITY
Most of region in Thailand which has the maximum number of Thai temple is Bangkok. As you can see from the map which is Thai temple area it shows the Thai temple are spread around Bangkok but the obvious result is in the middle of map.
THAI TEMPLE
AREA
This result is from study of temple distribution in Bangkok. In Bangkok, there are people who are buddhism around 5,425,746 person. There are religion place around 1,195 places. However, there are buddism around 38% which is the maximum amount of religion places.
MUSLIM, 2 0.17%
MUSLIM, 192 0.33%
MUSLIM, 192 16%
BUDDHISM, 454 38%
CHINESE SHRINE, 261 22%
WORSHIP PLACE
CHRISTIAN, 282 24%
PA R T 2 DIVERSION OF FA I T H
1230 s
Buddhism was already declining in India by the 12th century, but with the pillage by Muslim invaders it nearly became extinct in India in the 1200s.
13th century
FALL OF BUDDHISM FALL OF ISALAMIC RISE OF MODERNISM RISE OF SECULARISM FALL OF CHRISTIAN
14th century
In the 13th century, states Craig Lockard, Buddhist monks in India escaped to Tibet to escape Islamic persecution; while the monks in western India, states Peter Harvey, escaped persecution by moving to south Indian Hindu kingdoms that were able to resist the Muslim power.
FALL OF ISALAMIC
12th century
FALL OF BUDDHISM
RISE OF MODERNISM
RISE OF SECULARISM
FALL OF BUDDHISM
Brief Muslim accounts and the one eye-witness account of Dharmasmavim in wake of the conquest during the 1230s talk about abandoned viharas being used as camps by the Turukshahs.
Inscriptions at Bodh Gaya show that the Mahabodhi temple was in some use till 14th century. Maharaja Ranjeet Singh of the Sikh empire of the first half of the 19th century successfully established a secular rule in the Punjab.
15th century
19th century
The temple was restored by a Bengail queen in the 15th century, later passing on to a landowner and becoming a Shaivite center
In 1453, when the Christian capital of Constantinople fell to the Ottomans, its most stupefying building, the great cathedral of Hagia Sophia, had been converted into a mosque, and duly served for almost half a millennium as a monument to the triumph of Islam over a defeated and superceded order.
Modernism, in Roman Catholic church history, a movement in the last decade of the 19th century
FALL OF CHRISTIAN
RISE OF SECULARISM
FALL OF CHRISTIAN
FALL OF BUDDHISM
RISE OF SECULARISM
TIMELINE
CANADA
the decline in church attendance, Christianity remains the dominant religion in Quebec, where 82.2% of people are Christians, according to 2011 National Household Survey.
UNITED KINGDOM
the decline, according to the 2011 Census, Christianity is still a majority religion, and around 60% of all respondents identified as Christians. CHILE
In 1941, the American Humanist Association was founded and pushed for people to lead moral lives without the reliance on religious dogma.
1925-1963
1941
Association for the Advancement of Atheism (1925) and American Atheists (1963) tended to be more interested in keeping religion out of government and the education system.
1949-1950
In recent years, mainland China has failed to produce any buddhist spiritual.
20th century
21st century
According to the public broadcaster TVN, the number of Chileans who declare themselves Catholics fell from 73% in 2008 to 45% in 2018.
2008-2019
That break occurred in 1949, when Buddhism and other faiths were demonised as counter-revolutionary ideologies under communist rule on the mainland.
The UK experienced a further decline in infant baptisms after World War II around after 1945s
By the 21st century, “New Atheists,� like Richard Dawkins and Sam Harris, emerged to reinforce how religion is anti-science and anti-rational thought.
FA L L I N C H R I S T I A N
FA L L I N I S A L A M I C
HISTORY
Buddhism is believed to have come to what is now Thailand as early as 250 BCE[citation needed], in the time of Indian Emperor Ashoka. Since then, Buddhism has played a significant role in Thai culture and society. Buddhism and the Thai monarchy has often been intertwined, with Thai kings historically seen as the main patrons of Buddhism in Thailand. Although politics and religion were generally separated for most of Thai history, Buddhism’s connection to the Thai state would increase in the middle of the 19th century following the reforms of King Mongkut, that would lead to the development of a royally backed sect of Buddhism and increased centralization of the Thai Sangha under the state, with state control over Buddhism increasing further after the 2014 coup d’état.
FA L L I N B U D D H I S M
DECREASING OF MONK
In 2562, in social talk about “why there is an increase of abandoned temples”. After the rule out which selected people who are suitable for ordain. Thus, the amount of monks is decreasing.
400000 341,687
340,535
313,267
328,288
321,604
333,876
349,627
352,709
355,295
350000
300000
AMOUT OF MONK IN THAILAND
AMOUNT OF MONK
250000
200000
100000
50000 33,902 0
2547
34,331 2548
34,654 2549
35,271 2550
35,616 2551
36,412 2552
37,075 2553
37,331 2554
37,713
TEMBLE HAS MONK
150000
2555 YEAR
Between 2547-2555 year, there are amount of monk more than a number of temple which have monk. As you can see the way of number monk and temple are opposite direction.
CENTER OF BUDDHISM
Buddhist ordination
Walk around the temple with a candle
Vipassana
Offering a food to a monk
Temple fair
children activities
Songkran day
education
Loi KraThong day
Temple where is the cen-ter of buddhism. Because there are many activities such as special event, hospital, and school
At Luangprabang, there is a tradition of offering food which is sticky rice to the monks. Every morning, people will come in front of their living place to offer food to the monk. Monk will walk along the road around the town to receive a food At 5:30 am each morning, hundreds of monks leave their respective temples. Bare feet padding softly on the sidewalks, they are in a walking meditation. Traversing the streets of Luang Prabang in long, straight lines, carrying their heavy alms bowls over one shoulder, it is time for the daily almsgiving.
This daily religious ceremony has gone on for centuries. This is how local people pay respect to the monks and make merit for their families. It is an important and meaningful part of Luang Prabang’s Buddhist cultural. For decades travelers coming to Luang Prabang have woken up before the sunrise and admired this daily tradition.
Capitalizing on this tourism boom, enterprising locals now set up low stools along the main road in town. Each morning local women stand at tables in the middle of the road selling baskets of sticky rice and packages of snack foods to tourists who want to partake in the ceremony. The rice they sell is often old and crunchy. And of course, the cakes and instant noodles are a far cry from the purpose of offering nourishing, thoughtfully prepared food that will power the monks through their day, as they stop eating at noon.
CHANGING ROUTINE
NEW YEAR CEREMONY Nowadays, many people usually offer the food to monks in special events such as new year or birthday. As you can see, they adapt the way to offer such as add the table and no chair. People just stand on the ground. Moreover, people change their costume from traditional clothes to just a polite clothes . On the other hand, there are various of the packaging such as paper bag or plastic bag which adapt along with a period NEW NORMAL
INTERVIEW 3.2 % 16.1 %
25.8 %
9.7 %
last month one year 45.2 %
few days ago last week more than 2 years
1 person
make merit / offer the food to a monk
travel make a wish working
In covid 19 spreading buddhism people change their routine of offering the food . From using a hand to pick up the food to using tools instead.
scale
1 2 3 4
SCALE OF OFFERING FOOD TO A MONK
5
single house
organization
In house scale people usually cook by themselves to offering the food to a monk.
village
In organization scale, people as a group usually create a same set of offering the food by themselves.
In village scale some people have homemade cooking and delivery food to offering the food to a monk
district
community
When in community scale, there are many store which sale a set of offering a food to a monk. In set is included rice, food, water, flower and dessert.
The biggest scale which is district usually create a pattern of set of offering the food by their own tradictional.
SEQUENCE OF TIME
Temple
Temple
a monk and people meet up
6.00
7.00
monk a monk start from temple to receive a food from people
a monk start in front of people
receive a food
blessing
take off your shoes
offering the food to a monk
be blessed
people make a wish and bring a food above the head
home
home
When people offering food to a monk, monk also has their routine. Thus, I brought two of them to show the sequence of time.
CHURCH PLANTING
In the past, church planting in North America was still largely boardtype organizations starting churches by selecting qualified candidates, sometimes under the guise of partnering with local sending churches. So, whether national or regional, denominations and networks became gatekeepers of church planting. Perhaps this model encourages addition more than it does multiplication. When church planting is released to the local churches, there must also be a releasing of the church planting systems to local churches. Multiplication means that church planting in North America, today and tomorrow, has to become local churches starting movements by training up their own church planters and implementing their own church planting systems.
M U L T I FA I T H
In AD631 (or AH 10) a delegation of Christians from Najran, in present-day Yemen, arrived in Medium to negotiate a treaty with Mahammad. He received the Najrans in the mosque and, although they were unable to agree on certain doctrinal matters, invited them to pray there nonetheless, which they did -facing east.
Catholics aside, Christian worship is now more likely to take place in a light industrial unit or megachurch than in a cruciform building, basilica, rotunda, or any of the other forms that have been developed and disputed across the centuries. As for architectural objections to shacking up on a more permanent basis, despite there being great regional traditions in mosque design, there is no essential mosque-form. As the above list demonstrates, the same can be said for Christian churches.
The episode demonstrates some of the possibilities - and the problems - inherent in the idea of adherents of different faiths sharing spaces of worship. First, there is often no intrinsic impediment to taking the occasional dip. Muslims can pray anywhere, as a Christians, although Mass should only be celebrated on consecrated ground (according to Canon 933, churches of other denominations may only be used in extraordinary circumstances).
REQUIREMENT
what’s make it sacred?
There are so many things that make things in sacred such as symbol, traditional or people belief. In the past, there are various people who believe in differnt kinds in the world. However, people often belief things that most people believe as a group.
what’s non-symbol there?
Still, Secular Symbols are characterized as a representational question or visual picture for a concept, question, occasion, thought, quality, or quantity–despite being restricted to “Appearance Stand-In” parts which suggest as it were certain angles are done by what they speak to.
Symbols
Hindunism
Judaism
Christianity
Islam
Buddhism
Jainism
Bahai
Paganism
Sikhism
Shinto
There are many religion symbols appear in this world. Thus, those of them can make people feel it sacred. If those symbols appear on something such as building or objects.
ARCHITECTURE RITUAL one way communication buddhism
temple church
When people who are buddism make marit or pray for the monk, they always sit in front of monk and pray.
Isalam
Masjid
mihrab Muslim always sit in front of mihrab side which is a niche in the wall of a mosque or religious school (madrasa) that indicates the direction of Mecca (qibla), which Muslims face when praying.
Christian
Church
altar
group communication
Church plant
Christian will always sit in their seats and in the front of altar which is a structure upon which offering such as sacrifices are made for religious purposes.
People who engage church plant project have to meeting as a group and consult together.
REFERRENCE
-Retern of the Yokai.(2020). https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/return-ofthe-yokai/
-A study case of temple spread in Bangkok.(2017).http://cpd.bangkok. go.th:90/web2/AnnualReport/BH60.pdf
-5 haunted places.(2017). https://www.thairath.co.th/lifestyle/life/1011199
-Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent.https://www.wikiwand. com/en/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent
-Animism in modern Africa.(2017). https://culture-exchange.blog/animism-modern-africa/
-Offering a sticky rice to a monk.(2019). https://www.hugluangprabang.com
-Do you know there are spirit house not only in thailand but also in other country?.(2015). https://www.dek-d.com/studyabroad/42186/?fbclid=IwAR33U65_ j6Ohznubl6W4mmXj2v1KGtzz9D6syuupxDtvIxHhk-TFRRvTsCk
-Temple where is the center of Thai buddhism.(2020). http://templeiscenterofmind.blogspot.com
-Why abandoned temple rise up but a mookhood decrese?.(2019). https://www.dailynews.co.th/article/704319 -The head of monk stop monkhood to marriage with his wife.(2018). https://www.posttoday.com/social/local/342217 -Southeast Asia, a Journey into Animism.(2020.) https://www.fyinpaper.com/en/southeast-asia-a-journey-into-animism/ -8 Stunning Shrines in Bangkok You Should Visit.(2017). https://theculturetrip.com/asia/thailand/articles/8-stunning-shrines-in-bangkok-you-should-visit/ -Secular Movement.(2010).https://www.thearda.com/timeline/movements/ movement_59.asp -Secularism.(2009).https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/atheism/types/ secularism.shtml -Aggressive secularism - a timeline.http://cryosphere.net/~morwen/secularism-timeline.html -Modernism.https://www.britannica.com/event/Modernism-Roman-Catholicism -MODERNISM: CHRISTIAN MODERNISM.(2020).https://www.encyclopedia. com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/modernism-christian-modernism -The Rise of Secular Religion.(2014). https://www.the-american-interest.com/2014/03/17/the-rise-of-secular-religion/ -Turkey’s declining Christian population.(2014).https://www.bbc.com/news/ av/world-europe-30241181 -Statistics indicate the number of temple increases by 300 temples per year. Is it true that the heyday of religion?.(2013).The https://thaipublica. org/2013/12/monastery-institution-2/ -Secularism.(2020).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secularism#History -Statistics of people who visited temple.(https://sites.google.com/site/wadsakhayniprathes/sthiti-khn-khea-wad
-Offering a food to the monk in New year festival at Chulalongkorn university.(2020).https://www.chula.ac.th/news/26386/ -People adapt their habitat of offering the food to a monk in Covid-19 period.(2020).https://news.thaipbs.or.th/content/291020 -Insomania.(2019).https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g294474-d17387876-Reviews-Insomnia_Haunted_House_Kyiv-Kyiv_Kiev.html -Sathorn unique tower.(2018). https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g293916-d8803772-Reviews-Sathorn_Unique_Tower-Bangkok.html -Ripley’s world.(2018). https://th.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g293919-d1459860-ReviewsRipley_s_World_Pattaya-Pattaya_Chonburi_Province.html#photos;aggregationId=101&albumid=101&filter=7&ff=342051962 -Hashima.(2020). https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g298568-d1384788-Reviews-Hashima_Island-Nagasaki_Nagasaki_Prefecture_Kyushu.html -Phra Phrom.(2020).https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra Phrom -Tee Ju Eia.(2019).https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee Ju Eia -Dosojin.(2020).https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosojin -Phra Dhammajayo search: Thai monks clash with police.(2017). https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-39024904 -The monk leave a monkhood remain just abandoned temple.(2013). https://www.posttoday.com/social/local/228347 -Who made the bad religion between monk and buddism?.(https://today. line.me/th/v2/article/Who made the bad religion between monk and buddism?-vzKqp5 Masjid.https://irwanarnoljourney.wordpress.com/karya-arsitektur-sipil/#jp-carousel-328 Secular-symbols.(2013).https://www.blackvoicenews.com/2013/12/18/ secular-symbols/ IKHAI photo.(2020). https://mgronline.com/live/detail/9630000091958
BODY OF FACADE Facade as Infrastructure
Sudhinee Tridhip
ABSTRACT
Facades, mounted as non-structural elements on the exterior of buildings, contribute to their aesthetics and technical performance, including protection of the building interior from any exterior aggressive environment. Facade is a key factor to determining the energy performance. For example, the extensive use of glass directly affects the energy needs of the building and its level of internal thermal comfort. Supplying natural light is another key factor in choosing a specific type of facade. Since the beginning of human history, construction materials and methods is the key factor of developing human dwellings, until the present days. Performance of facade can be various depending on indoor and outdoor environment for example many cities around the world use facade as media screens with advertisements, propaganda, and information. Carvings on the facade of buddhist temple were cultural narratives and had little to do with the performative characteristics of the walls or the structure it was on. Mechanical elements such as heating (chimneys) and other functional elements began to define the aesthetics of the facade. Unfortunately, design and detailing of facades have received much less attention than the building structure itself. Serious incidents of facade failures, including several fatal ones, have occurred all over the world for example thermal expansion and contraction of windows, reflection on glass buildings, birds-collision and spalling which leads to facade renovations, not only improves aesthetics but also approaches strategically. Another type of facade preservation is retention involves supporting existing facades for renovation by retaining facade, the overall look is preserved while the internal building and structure are renovated.“Free facade� of Le Corbusier’s five points of architecture provides open floor-plan without supporting walls meaning that the floor space was free to dress up the same structure and renovation.
FACADE PERFORMANCES Facades, mounted as non-structural elements on the exterior of buildings, contribute to their aesthetics and technical performance, including protection of the building interior from any exterior aggressive environment. Unfortunately, design and detailing of facades have received much less attention than the building structure itself. Serious incidents of faรงade failures, including several fatal ones, have occurred all over the world.
The Pompidou Center by Renzo Piano and Richard Rogers was built in 1977. All of the structural and mechanical systems were exposed on the outside of the building and became part of the facade aesthetics. (Image courtesy of DOSU Studio Architecture.)
Many cities around the world have centers that are predominantly media screens with advertisements, propaganda, and information. These types of facades require a considerable amount of energy and emit unnecessary heat during the time of day that should be reserved for cooling the city. (Available from: http:// lssmedia.com/news/a-preview-of-cherry-blossoms-in-times-square/.)
Carvings on the facade of Angkor Wat were cultural narratives and had little to do with the performative characteristics of the walls or the structure it was on. (Source: Wikimedia Commons.)
facade before facade In Europe around 18th Century, “facade” was the outer surface of a solid mass; it was a thin layer of modular panels or screen; and it was the intricate application od adhensive materials.
facade after facade
In 20th Century- bigger glass, the curtain wall, silicone, air conditioning - transform facade into seamless and perfectly sealed wrapper.
“facade” facades
As the concept of facade become crystalized in Europe, it is dominated by hierarchy , composition, facility, orientation, profile, embellishment, significant, and rigidity. The codes of the facade embed themsleves in our neurological wiring, trigger Pavlovian reaction to certain types of architecture.
Mechanical elements such as heating (chimneys) and other functional elements began to define the aesthetics of the facade in the Vicar’s Close residential neighborhood in Wells, England in the mid-1300s. (Available from: http://gotterdammerung.org/photo/ travel/england/wells/071121-155330%20Wells%20 Cathedral%20Towers%20over%20Vicar’s%20Close.html.)
facade futures The facade of Musée de L’Institut du Monde Arabe in Paris was an attempt to make a facade respond to the moving sun. (Image courtesy of DOSU Studio Architecture.)
As the curtain walls of the 20th expire and threaten to collapse, the facade is still fetishized- to the extent that it is the only thing left standing after demolition.
WOODEN HUT
GREEK TEMPLES
TIMBER
9000
BCE
8500 BCE
GOTHIC CATHERALS
MARBLE
3100 BCE
BRICK
LIMESTONE
WORLD’S MOST COMMON CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS BUILD THEIR MONUMENTAL STRUCTURES
650 BCE
GLASS
20
CONCRETE
DOME OF THE PANTHEON
100
OTTO HETZER
ENGINEERED TIMBER
1775 1890 700 1866
IRON
CAST IRON PAGODAS/ THE IRON BRIDGE
ASBESTOS
EIFFLE TOWER
STEE
1926
PVC
R
EL
6
WEST GERMAN PAVILLION Marks & Spencer launched ‘Shwopping’, a project that combines shopping and swapping to recycle clothing and decrease waste fashion
NOTRE DAME DU HAUT
PLASTIC TENSILE
REINFORCED CONCRETE
1950
1967 1959
FLOAT GLASS
SIGNIFICANTLY TO MODERN ARCHITECTURE
CLOTHES
Graffiti bringing art directly to the public and maybe pedestrains will be more interested in art and the individuals get the freedom to express themselve
GRAFFITI
THE BEIJING NATIONAL AQUATICS CENTER
MEDIA SCREEN
PRESENT
1982
ETFE
Media facades can evoke the most diverse emotions, from a big city feeling to annoyance at light pollution. They are also seen as tourist attractions, Pop Art or as eye sores.
GREENERY
Green facades attract and lose less heat also cause evaporation, which helps keep the town or city’s climate cooler
SIGNS
POSITIVE PERFORMANCES
Wildlife through the window during lockdown
A thump on the window was a sparrow hawk attacking a pigeon’
A sparrow hawk attempting to kill a pigeon. The pigeon survived. Photograph: Anonymous/Guardian Community
‘The squirrel’s visits brighten my day’ A bold squirrel enjoying nuts left out to tempt it, Munich. Photograph: Anna Baccanti/Guardian Community
‘An Anna’s hummingbird hovered outside my window’
An Anna’s hummingbird in a tiny nest on a window hinge. Photograph: Leslie Buck/Guardian Community
‘We were thrilled to spot this bobcat’
A bobcat visits a back garden rockery in Calgary, Canada. Photograph: David and Stephanie Ferguson/Guardian Community
‘Baboons come here every day’
A female chacma baboon pays a house visit in Cape Town, South Africa. Photograph: Karien van der Westhuizen/Guardian Community
‘This lizard reminded me of Jurassic Park’ A chameleon lurking on a windon in Jakarta, Indonesia. Photograph: Pramod Kanakath/Guardian Community
Most building facades are located above sidewalks and properties and consequently there is a greater risk related to their failures. However, it is quite complex to analyze a building façade due to a variety of materials involved, and their varying performances, involving different probabilities of failure. Risk factors that affect the level of safety and maintainability of the facades are categorized as
NEGATIVE PERFORMANCES people
JOHN HANCOCK The building expanded and contracted wildly due to differences in temperature inside and outside of the building. The reflective material caused the glass to be stiffer than expected and glass fell from windows. 10,344 window panes were replaced by single-paned, heat-treated plywood panels, helping inflate the cost of the project.
RAY AND MARIA STATA CENTER The Stata is always going to look unfinished. It also looks as if it’s about to collapse. Columns tilt at scary angles. Walls teeter, swerve, and collide in random curves and angles. providing deficient design services and drawings” which caused leaks to spring, masonry to crack, mold to grow, drainage to back up, and falling ice and debris to block emergency exits.
WALKIE TALKIE TOWER The concave shape of building meant that when sunlight shone directly on it, it acted as a mirror and focused the light onto the street below. Temperatures reached over 160 degrees Fahrenheit, famously melting a Jaguar and increased strong wind activity on the street. Eventually, the building had to install screens at certain points to prevent the reflection of direct sunlight.
GRENFELL TOWER Flammable cladding can create cavities which in some cases can cause a chimney effect, drawing flames up the cavity if there are no fire barriers.The gap between the facade and the structural skeleton of the building meant that the fire sought oxygen and quickly travelled vertically, while burning more of the flammable skin.
VDARA HOTEL The concave design can act as a collecting mirror. Rays of the sun create dangerous conditions of extremely high temperature at the pool deck. Guests complained of being singed while sitting at the pool and plastic bags melting before their eyes and pieces of hair burning. In the meantime, management has installed large blue umbrellas to protect bathers,while the hotel’s glass exterior has been covered with non-reflective film.
SPRING
11.00
FALL
SUMMER
WINTER
12.00
13.00
14.00
15.00
16.00
17.00
WHY DO BIRDS HIT WINDOW?
ANIMALS
Birds cannot perceive most glass as a barrier, and often strike glass windows that reflect the sky or nearby greenery. Most birds migrate at night using the stars to navigate, and are drawn to city lights in urban areas along their migratory flyways. Birds are especially confused by light pollution on foggy or stormy nights, when the outline of the city and the source of the lights are less visible.
How HIGH do Birds Fly?
BIRD-COLLISION
HOW BIRDS SEE
At close range, a visible pattern of frit dots breaks up reflections, making the glass safe for birds. Photos by Glenn Phillips
Ornilux Mikado’s pattern reflects UV wavelengths. The spiderweb effect is visible only from very limited viewing angles. Photo courtesy of Arnold Glass
Reflections on home windows are a significant source of bird mortality. The partially opened vertical blinds here may break up the reflection enough to reduce the hazard to birds. Photo by Christine Sheppard, ABC
FACADE AS URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND SPATIAL INSTRUMENTS
FREE FACADE Le Corbusier´s five points of a new architecture
III. The free groundplan The absence of load-bearing walls allows flexible use of the living space, which can be divided by screen elements.
I. The Pilotis A grid of concrete or steel columns replaces the load-bearing walls and becomes the basis of the new aesthetics. The decisive factor is the idea of supporting structures on pillars in order to make the soil freely usable.
IV. The horizontal windows The horizontal windows cut through the non-load-bearing walls along the facade and provide the apartment with even light. It gives the interior a lightness and offers views of the surroundings.
II. The roof garden Both as a kitchen garden and as a sun terrace. On a flat roof a humus layer is covered with vegetation, this ensures constant moisture and serves as a perfect heat and cold insulator.
V. The free façade Open and closed sections on the façade enable the separation and connection of the exterior design from the building structure. This provides open floor-plan without supporting walls meaning that the floor space was free to dress up the same structure and renovation.
Origins
The Eiffel Tower being constructed (August 1887–89)
Early modernism in Europe (1900–1914)
The Centennial Hall in Wrocław by Max Berg (1911-1913)
Early American modernism (1890s–1914)
The Arthur Heurtley House in Oak Park, Illinois (1902)
Rise of modernism in Europe and Russia (1918–1931)
The Villa Savoye in Poissy by Le Corbusier (1928–31
Bauhaus and the German Werkbund (1919–1932)
The Barcelona Pavilion (modern reconstruction) by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1929)
Constructivist architecture (1919–1931)
Van Nelle Factory in Rotterdam by Leendert van der Vlugt and Mart Stam (1927–1931)
LACATON & VASSAL Transformation of 530 dwellings The capacity of transforming into beautiful dwellings with redefined qualities and comfort, starts from the interior of the dwellings by investing with precision and care the existing qualities, that should be preserved, and what is missing that must be supplemented
The extended wintergardens and balconies give the opportunity, for each apartment, to enjoy more natural light, more fluidity of use and more views.The existing small windows are replaced by large glazed sliding doors opening onto the winter garden.
Bathrooms electrical installation, the two former elevators in every staircase are replaced by a bigger one and supplemented by a new elevator. New access halls are done and the gardens in front of the building are improved. All the families stayed in their dwelling during the construction works. No increase of rent after the transformation.
These extensions widen the space of use and the evolution of the dwelling and give the opportunity, as in a house, to live outside, while being home, economic and sustainable way.
The work on economy allows to concentrate the budget on the extensions, the key point to improve in a significant and sustainable way the dwellings quality. The overall cost of transformation respects the budget, based on the usual cost for a basic renovation of facades, insulations, and facilities.
>
FACADE PRESERVATION
FACADE RENOVATION When facade is removed and replaced and building still retained.
Urban Renovation Lormont Génicart, by LAN Architecture © Photography: Julien Lanoo, 2015
FACADE RETENTION When building is removed and facade still retained.
THE GOOD
Faรงade retention is often used on listed buildings, where the overall look and feel of the building wants to be preserved, but the layout of the structure behind the perimeter needs to be updated, or changed entirely to suit the demands of the changing occupiers.
The faรงade retention process is applied when the existing supporting external face of the building or party walls are left in situ and not demolished. However, often there is a requirement to update the windows or doors with a similar replacement.
THE BAD
When done correctly, retained facades can seamlessly merge an historic treasure with a modern facility that fits the modern demands of society. However, the success of faรงade retention relies heavily on the harmony between developer and planner in addition to the quality of the restoration. Many developers have made a mockery of the system and we have seen examples of some astonishing hybrid developments that have been constructed over the last few years.
The remaining body of the building should be incorporated into the faรงade and not be an alien body to its face, or even worse, a huge monstrosity of mismatching materials built behind a faรงade, masquerading as one building, when it is clearly not in conjunction with its counterpart.
Facades are often retained when the building is valued for its character and the effort is undertaken to preserve its specific charisma. But when the personality of the remaining building is gutted and replaced by an ugly mismatching modern build, all the charm is now lost.
FACADE AS BUILDING
HOMED-FRAMLAB Parasitic hexagonal pods to sleep New York's homeless ,aimed to give a solution to the problems of thousands of homeless people living in the city
Vertical lots formed by building walls to create temporary shelters are constructonto windowless facades across the city, and slotting the hexagon-shaped modules inside.
The single unit is designed to provide yearround housing that can withstand harsh, cold weather and provide a cool space during summer. While the exterior is composed of oxidized aluminum cladding, the interior offers a soft and friendly environment. The 3D printed modules allow furniture, storage, lighting and appliances to be integrated into the structure – resulting in a minimal space, tailored to the specific needs and desires of its resident – overlooking the urban landscape outside.
FACADE AS INSTANT GRAMIFICATION YARDHOUSE
The Yardhouse was designed by the London-based architecture collective Assemble. It’s famous for one design decision that had very little to do with Assemble’s larger vision. The architects knew they were going to have to look at this building all day long, so they allowed themselves what seemed at the time like one small concession to beauty—a bespoke facade made of handpoured, multicolored cement shingles.
The building’s unexpected popularity as the cement tiles appearing as a stock photo like a generic wallpaper then that stock photo was being printed onto other things like laptop cases, rugs, and picture frames or blanket
BIBLIOGRAPHY #. (n.d.). MIT Sues Gehry Firm Over Stata Problems. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://thetech.com/2007/11/09/ lawsuit-v127-n53 (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://forensic-architecture.org/programme/news/new-project-launched-gren fell-tower-fire (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://miesarch.com/work/3889 (PDF) A New Look at Building Facades as Infrastructure. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.research gate.net/publication/301827854_A_New_Look_at_Building_Facades_as_Infrastructure - Work - The Brooklyn Pigeon Project. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://arandalasch.com/works/the-brook lyn-pigeon-project/ 1914 in architecture. (2020, April 04). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914_in_architec ture Aitken, P. (2019, December 05). 11 of the biggest structural failures in history. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https:// www.businessinsider.com/biggest-structural-failures-disasters-history-2019-11 Author Rethinking The Future Rethinking The Future (RTF) is a Global Platform for Architecture and Design. RTF through more than 100 countries around the world provides an interactive platform of highest standard acknowledging the projects amon, Future, A., & Rethinking The Future (RTF) is a Global Platform for Architecture and Design. RTF through more than 100 countries around the world provides an interactive platform of highest standard ac knowledging the projects among creative and influential industry prof. (2019, August 06). 10 Breathtakingly Bad Architecture Ideas - RTF: Rethinking The Future. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.re-thinkingthefu ture.com/architects-lounge/10-breathtakingly-bad-architecture-ideas/ Cecilia, F. M., & Levene, R. C. (2015). Lacaton and Vassal, 1993/2015. Madrid: El Croquis. Chicago Tribune. (2019, August 23). 'Vegas death ray' singes guests at Vdara hotel. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.chicagotribune.com/nation-world/sns-viral-video-vegas-death-ray-htmlstory.html Craven, J. (n.d.). Skins of Metal - A Hazard in Architecture. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.thoughtco.com/ gehry-responds-to-concert-hall-heat-178089 Dentzer / RJ, B., Johnson / RJ, S., Newberg / RJ, K., Erickson / RJ, B., Ferrara / RJ, D., Puit / RJ, G., & Apgar / RJ, B. (2017, February 28). Vdara visitor: 'Death ray' scorched hair. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.reviewjour nal.com/news/vdara-visitor-death-ray-scorched-hair/ Etiology and of Building Faรงade Failures: Types of Faรงade Failures. (2020, August 19). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://wfmmedia.com/building-facade-failures/ Facade Retention in Building Construction and its Advantages? (2017, March 07). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://theconstructor.org/construction/facade-retention-building-construction-advanages/16216/ Facade. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/facade FitzGerald, E. (1970, January 01). Instant Gramification. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://99percentinvisible.org/ episode/instant-gramification/ Harrabin, R. (2020, August 05). Don't demolish old buildings, urge architects. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https:// www.bbc.com/news/business-53642581 Homed. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.framlab.com/homed How the tragedy unfolded at Grenfell Tower. (2018, May 18). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/ news/uk-england-london-40272168
Humans Dimensions & Drawings. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.dimensions.com/classifications/ humans Jardin, X. (2005, March 02). Gehry fries pedestrians, eggs with solar death ray. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https:// boingboing.net/2005/03/02/gehry-fries-pedestri.html Koolhaas, R., & Boom, I. (2014). Elements of architecture. Venice: Marsilio. Le Corbusier's Five Points of Architecture. (2020, August 30). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/Le_Corbusier's_Five_Points_of_Architecture Mars, R. (2020, June 16). 99% Invisible: 402- Instant Gramification on Apple Podcasts. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://podcasts.apple.com/th/podcast/99-invisible/id394775318?i=1000478274456 McKay, G., McKay, G., & 15, D. (2019, August 25). The Free Facade. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://misfitsarc hitecture.com/2016/04/15/the-free-facade/ Monocle. (2020, July 16). Monocle 24: The Urbanist: Urban wildlife on Apple Podcasts. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://podcasts.apple.com/th/podcast/monocle-24-the-urbanist/id474763572?i=1000485209360 Peter. (2020, August 07). An existing building is a lot more environmentally-friendly than destroying a building and the subsequent addition of GHGS by having to create more steel and building materials. The architects of Lacaton & Vassal, have a slogan all cities should adopt: "Never demolish,. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://twit ter.com/peter87214766/status/1291873650103246854?s=21 Pintos, P. (2019, April 18). Transformation of 530 dwellings / Lacaton & Vassal + FrĂŠdĂŠric Druot + Christophe Hutin archi tecture. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/915431/transformation-of-530-dwell ings-lacaton-and-vassal-plus-frederic-druot-plus-christophe-hutin-architecture Planning, I. (2020, August 31). Bird-friendly Design Guidelines. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://ottawa.ca/en/ city-hall/public-engagement/projects/bird-friendly-design-guidelines Quirk, V. (2014, March 12). INFOGRAPHIC: Materials in Architecture (A History). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/476252/infographic-materials-in-architecture-a-history Slessor, C. (2020, August 06). Building study: Lacaton & Vassal's renovation of a Bordeaux housing estate. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/buildings/building-study-lacaton-vassals-ren ovation-of-a-bordeaux-housing-estate Stop Birds Hitting Windows. (2020, May 21). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://abcbirds.org/get-involved/bird- smart-glass/ Sung, D. (2016, May 03). A New Look at Building Facades as Infrastructure. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https:// www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095809916301497 Vdara Hotel Solar Analysis. (2013, January 07). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://gnarlyarchitecture.wordpress. com/2012/12/18/vdara-hotel-solar-analysis/ A Visit to the Vdara Death Ray. (2011, November 30). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://gnarlyarchitecture.word press.com/2011/11/30/a-visit-to-the-vdara-death-ray-2/ Walkie scorchie. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://surendar18391.wixsite.com/portfolio/copy-of-skyscrap er?lightbox=dataItem-jebilh4j1 Weston, P., & Readers, G. (2020, April 30). Wildlife through the window: What readers have spotted during lockdown. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/apr/30/wildlife-through-the- window-what-readers-have-spotted-during-lockdown-aoe
In our daily life, dressing is an integral part of the 4 basic needs, clothing and the act of dressing are commonplace occurrences we see in our day-to-day lives. Looking back some 50,000 years in the past to the beginning of dressing, we used animal skins and vegetation which were adapted as protection from weather conditions,.but if we ask now why we are dressed now, protection may not be the answer. From these basic beginnings, today, dressing has developed into an art of its own right, allowing humans a new form of self-expression and aesthetic. In the field of architecture, architectural dressing may not be a familiar word, however, this comes in many forms, which can categorize in 3 different topics - informal, semi formal, formal dress. informal dressing is a form of architectural dressing the elements are used to maintain the integrity of a shelter in a non-systematic and organic manner. Move to the semi formal dress, which are considered as architectural dressing in which systematically incorporated elements are used to protect the building and surrounding environment across a number of applications, e.g. scaffolding for construction, supporting workers & their tools, etc. Lastly, formal dress, which is viewas stone dressing where it is systematically incorporated elements are integrated into a shelter as a permanent display. The way they dress is sometimes a necessity but sometimes it emphasizes the power. Due to the cause and type of dressing, dress also reflected society, time, materialism, pattern, systematic and problem.
There is no information about when we started using clothes but there are ideas why. Anthropologists think that in 50,000 years ago animal skins and vegetation were adapted as protection from weather conditions.
2
1
In the architecture field, dressed architecture might not be the familiar word but
3
1. if we talk about the situation where we find some part of our house broke in and we find something to patch for protecting our house or 2.scaffolding that is made to protect both the building and surrounding environment. In architecture we involve people in order to dress which come in various purposes and systems. 3. stone dressed is the methor that exits for long time ago which come in many form, such as stone carving or assembly architecture stone blocks. .
H O W
body dressed material protected from
W E
D R E S S
trolley
trapualin rain, steal
unfinishing floor maintenance
net
people step, dust
Abandoned building
bike
bird, win
rain,dust
net
shop
trapualin rain
protection - wind, rain
broken window
zinc, wood, trapualin seeing, rain, wind
car
trapualin
bamboo sheet, cardboard
shop
house
net, advertisting wind, rain
heat
zinc, trapualin, plastic bag seeing, rain, wind
protection - sun, heat, rain, seeing
builing under construction
building
seeing, rain
decoration
trapualin
building under construction scaffolding protected the outside environment ,support worker and their tools
tree root
factory
advertisting poster, sign advertisting,warning
architecture
vinyl
decoration, educate
supporting - construction
decoration - advertist,
educate
Along the streets of Bangkok, we can observe a menagerie of dressings serving purposes comprising protection, decoration, and even to ensure privacy. These dressings are made from tarps, wood, nets, zinc, plastic bags or even tree roots, all of which are purposefully collected to mirror the sense of belonging we feel in dressing ourselves.
I N F O R M A L D R E S S
Informal dress is employed out of necessity and grows around their users in an organic fashion making use of materials found in the vicinity of the user’s career, home, and their function.
Baseco compound, from Bialobrzeski’s Case Study Homes
This house dress up by various type of materials to protect from wind, rain and seeing. The house it self may not be able to live without dressed.
One man’s trash is anotherma’s treasure.
I N F O R M A L E L E M E N T S
In certain locations, the entirety of the shelter consists of found materials, which have been selected and designed by the residents and can include elements such as: - floor - roof, ceiling - partitions
F L O O R
Flooring represents an element which people most frequently come into contact with and which multiple tasks can occur . Accordingly, materials are selected which stand to better serve functions such as walking, sleeping, eating and working.
ROOF AND CELLING R O O F A N D C E L L I N G
Roofing is the most important part of protection from the elements, especially in tropical countries like Thailand.
WALL
P A T I T I O N
Partitions not only serve as a vital source of privacy and protection but also as a source of ventilation.
D E T A I L S
O F
M A T E R I A L
plywood characteristic : - high strength - no shrinking while swelling - flexible - high resistance
fabric characteristic : - breathability - light weight - softness
tarpaulin characteristic : - strength - abrasion resistance - protected from rain moisture - different tarps provides variety levels of protection.
tile characteristic : - dirt resistance - stain resistance - hygiene - color permanence
advertising vinyl frame characteristic : - protected from rain moisture - beable to stand up - light weight
Galvanized sheet characteristic : - corrosion resistance - more formability - protected from rain moisture
advertising viny - free - excellent fire performance - strong -abrasion and moister resistant
ิbamboo mat - provide good ventilation - cozy and comfort - soft - cheap
cardboard - insulation qualities heat, sound, vibration - air permeability
I N F O R M A L D R E S S T E C H N I Q U E S
There are a nuber of techniques where people fixing, attach or patching the material like fabric, trap, net and plastic which normally use different kind of rope or wire to do.
M A T E R I A L S
Each materials have their own characteristic which each position of the house use different material to solve different problems.
27.8 tons of trash produce in 2018
weight equal to 5.56 tons
Statistics indicate that Thailand produces 28 million tons of waste each year of which only a quarter is recycled and some 17 millions tons are left in dumps--a significant cause of environmental and other issues. Although, in 2020, notorious mass producers of plastic have scaled back their plastic usage, due to the rapid expansion of food delivery platforms, plastic still constitutes one of the greatest contributors to environmental pollution.
In our perspective, trash can be seperate in 4 catagories - general waste, hazaedous, food waste and recycle.
On another hand, trash collector view the trash differently. they look trash that can be sell, and the trash that they can use it them self, which some time got modifile due what they want and missing, before used and some are use as it was, lastly, the one that not be able to use in both mentioning. The health of trash collector areconcerning due to the trash that have been increse and the virus and baterie within.
S E M I
F O R M A L
D R E S S semi formal dress considered as architectural dressing in which systematically incorporated elements are used to protect the building and surrounding environment across a number of applications, e.g. scaffolding for construction, supporting workers & their tools, etc.
In almost every building under construct and demolit, the building need to wrap by the trap to protect things outside as well as environment.
T Y P E S O F S C A F F O l D I N G
Wooden & Bamboo Scaffolding
Tube & Clamp Scaffolding
Systems Scaffolding
Scaffolding is an integral part of almost construction and demolite project, which help to protected the outside environment and sometime scaffolding is used to support worker and their tools, also supporting significant load from building material. The various type of scaffolding are use to serve different form of the architecture also in some countries the material are expensive which somwtime they can not afford, so wooden and bamboo is fairly common.
Frame & Brace Scaffolding
Suspended or Swing Set Scaffolding
Shoring
B A M B O O S C A F F O L D I N G
For the safety the scaffold builder need to wear helmet and sefety belt which would not attacted to the scaffolding direcly.
The diagonal bamboo prevent scaffold to be tilled or colapsed. The angel shouldn’t be more than 60 degree ,and preferably at 45 degree and possition of ties is every 4m or less rise and 7m horizontally. The transpoted of the bamboo are from the rope that use the reel system to reduce the weight.
The building is cover by pieces of rectangle in the the grid of the scaffloding and the
The advantage of bamboo, is in tropical country, the cost is much cheaper than other type of scaffold and it is much faster to essemble by bamboo. The characteristic of bamboo is flexble and light which harder to be colape . The bamboo
The bamboo are tighted by a nylon strips which should not be less than 50 kgf per strip and the noemal width is 5.5 to 6.0mm and thickness ranges from 0.85 to 1.0 mm. The builder need practice tighted for at less a year and if they have enough exprerience they could tight 9 block of scaffold with in 30 min.
S C A F F O L D I N G
A S
A R C H I T E C T U R E
Recovery of Merola’s Tower Barcelona, Spain In 1500’s the earth tremors that shook Catalonia which caused the only one of the faces of the defense tower and in 2016 the tower on alert of collapse. The dressed tower in a form of scaffolding which not only hold the sturcture but allow people to engage up to the top.
THE HILL HOUSE BOX Helensburgh, Scotland The hil house built in 1902 for the publisher Walter Blackie and his young family The dressed house allow people to is the house in perspective
F O R M A L D R E S S E D Formal dressing, that project as in terms of stone dressing where it is systematically incorporated elements are integrated into a shelter as a permanent display. which begin from the dressing of stone mountain
stone dressed is a kind of formability of dress where start to do since about 10,000 BC to 2,000BC. where it create high impact on environment, worker health.
7
during stone mountain extraction process in invlove several mechines.
OVERBURDEN REMOVAL
BENCH DRILLING
SLIDE OPEN
WASRE ROCK DUMPS
BLOCK TRABSPORTATION EXPLOSIVE SPLTTING
LOCK SHAPING REJECT
BENCH SLICING
SLIDE OPEN
along the process of extracting stone only 25% are come as stone block and other 75% are waste that sometime use in cosmastic industry
75
Due to the breathing of dust which long term cause of -irritation of the eyes. -coughing. -sneezing. - hay fever. asthma attacks.
The person who work in the stone mountian are risk of health problem that and can lead to death.
After got the extracting from stone mountain,they got drive will drive to process of rough craving in to a block and that design to support suring the transportating and than carving into more details .
In Architecture it requare different type form of stone in order to support structure and aesthetic.
P R E P A R E S T O N E
S U R F A C E
The point is a metal chisel consisting of a shaft, 20-30 cm long and 1-2.5 cm in diameter, with a pyramidal point at one end. On granite and other hard stones it tends to be held perpendicular to the surface of the stone; a stroke at this angle effectively shatters the surface of the stone.
The tooth chisel –typically called a claw chisel in the United Kingdom– is a metal chisel consisting of a shaft, 16-22 cm long and 1-2 cm in diameter, with a toothed cutting edge at one end typically 0.5-10 cm wide.
The flat chisel, like the point and tooth chisel, is a metal chisel which is struck with a metal hammer, or wooden mallet in some cases. The flat chisel can be used for a wide range of processes, including fine shaping, applying detail and smoothing surfaces of finished forms.
The roundel is similar in basic form to the flat chisel except that its cutting edge is curved rather than flat. It is especially suited for carving hollows since its shape fits the curves.
A range of chisels can be described as channelling tools, that is tools designed for the carving of narrow channels. The hammers with a rounded head are found which are used for fine carving.
The rasp is a sort of file. Modern rasps tend to be double-ended tools, ranging in length between 1240 cm, comprising a shaft in the middle and too flattened ends which are covered with sharp points.
A N O T H E R K I N D O F D R E S S E D
The stone carving is one of the process where it creating a lot of dust, which people start to do since about 10,000 BC to 2,000BC.
Rock-cut architecture or stone carved is the creation of structures, buildings, and sculptures by excavating solid rock where it naturally occurs. Rock-cut architecture is designed and made by human from the start to finish.
W H A T T H E Y
T O O L S U S E D ?
In order to carve the stone we need tools that serve chararistic of stone, cutural, geometry and skill, which modifile over the time. The tools also effect the resuld of carve.
Paleolithic ancestors
Thebes, Egypt 1450 BCE
stone and bone
copper
Looking at the begining of stone carving, they used hard stone and animal bone which mostly occur inside the cave.
During the middle of egyptian period copper is the main tools in of dressing stone, which come in many shape in order to create different form of monuments.
Petra 100 CE
Nabataeans 100 CE
flint
iron, copper and bronze
Al thought, in other monument like Nabataeans was carved by iron, copper and bronze as the tools, Petra still used flint due to the society and geometry at the time. Due to ability of flint, Patra will not look like this if the tool is change.
Nabataeans is not existing any more but the evidents shows that, they use iron, copper and bronze as the main tools of dressing stone.
delivery box
drop pathway along the street.
Garbage truck
sell as the weight
garbage mountain
dress thier home
cutting bamboo sticks
plan and design
dress over by tarp
the scaffolding worker spend their time on the scaffold
tight bamboo stick with nylon strips
process from extracting mountain to dressing in to big block and craving into details.
what stone architecture use back then
what stone architecture use now
INFORMAL DRESS SEMI FORMAL DRESS FORMAL DRESS
B I B L I O G R A P H Y
Mediastorehouse. (2016, February 09). Print of Serbian Beggar. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https:// www.mediastorehouse.com/mary-evans-prints-online/serbian-beggar-11582673.html?nochkip=1 Webb, B. (2020, September 12). Major Types of Scaffolding in Construction. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.avontus.com/blog/major-types-of-scaffolding-in-construction/ Mallonee, L. (2018, June 15). A Rare Bird’s-Eye View of Hong Kong’s Vanishing Rooftop Culture. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.wired.com/story/hong-kong-rooftop-photography/ Tapia, D. (2020, January 16). Recovery of Merola’s Tower / Carles Enrich Studio. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/931955/recovery-of-merolas-tower-carles-enrich-studio Shanty Shacks – Picture Post. (2009, April 07). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://blapblapblap.wordpress.com/2009/04/07/shanty-shacks/ Case Study Homes - Peter Bialobrzeski Peter Bialobrzeski is one of the most renowned artist working with photography in documentary style. He is known for his explorations of Urban Spaces worldwide. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.bialobrzeski.net/case-study-homes Griffiths, A. (2018, June 04). Charles Rennie Mackintosh’s Hill House was designed from the inside out. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.dezeen.com/2018/06/04/charles-rennie-mackintosh-hill-house-helensburgh-architecture/ Ha Noi : Paolo Patrizi Photographer. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://www.paolopatrizi.com/ index.php?/projects/ha-noi/ Alberto Burri. (2020, September 10). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberto_Burri Ellyn Kail on January 11, 2. (2020, January 03). In the Face of Rapid Urbanization, Shanghai’s ‘Nail Houses’ Persist. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.featureshoot.com/2016/01/in-the-face-of-rapid-urbanization-shanghais-nail-houses-persist/ Nabataean Kingdom. (2020, September 06). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nabataean_Kingdom Nabataean Kingdom. (2020, September 06). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Nabataean_Kingdom MA, D. (1970, January 01). Archaeology in Europe News. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://archaeology-in-europe.blogspot.com/2019/12/ Pétra. (2020, August 17). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9tra Gallery of Metamorphosis in Hong Kong Documented in ‘Cocoon’ Photo Series - 9. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.archdaily.com/509663/metamorphosis-in-hong-kong-documented-in-cocoon-photo-series/537e7b8ac07a80946d0001ab-metamorphosis-in-hong-kong-documented-in-cocoon-photo-series-photo
The incredible marble extraction process. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://stoneandstyle.com/blog/marble-extraction-process/ Flamed finish of marble and natural stone: TINO Natural Stone. (2019, August 08). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.tinostone.com/flamed-finish-of-marble-and-natural-stone/
Cattalini, G. (2017, June 21). How the granite and marble extraction is done?: Blog PR Grupo Paraná. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://prgrupoparana.com/en/how-the-granite-and-marble-extraction-is-done/ Granite, M. (n.d.). Extraction of natural stone: MeGran Marble, Limestone & Granite: Natural stone for your ideas! Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.megran.me/en/extraction-of-natural-stone/ Cava di marmo: L’estrazione del Perlato e del Perlatino Sicilia. (2018, June 11). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://www.marmicusmar.it/cava-marmo/?lang=en David. (2019, October 23). Marble porcessing: How is manufacturing process of marble? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.pulycort.com/en/marbles/marble-processing.html Dilthey, M. (2019, March 02). How Does Marble Get Mined From a Quarry? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://sciencing.com/marble-mined-quarry-4567716.html (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://sites.duke.edu/nashervirtue/stone-carving-history/ Stone carving. (2020, August 28). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Stone_carving https://www.masonrymagazine.com/blog/2018/03/29/all-about-the-art-and-science-of-stone-carving/ Wei, C. (2020, April 16). Why does Hong Kong still use bamboo scaffolding in construction? Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.goldthread2.com/culture/bamboo-scaffolding-why-does-hongkong-still-use-it-construction/article/3080274 What’s the Deal with Bamboo Scaffolding? (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www. theloophk.com/hong-kong-history-culture-guide-whats-the-deal-with-bamboo-scaffolding/ วิเศษศักดิ์ดิ, ว. (n.d.). คนคุ้ยขยะ. Clothing. (2020, September 23). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Clothing History of clothing and textiles. (2020, September 23). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia. org/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles History of Clothing - History of the Wearing of Clothing. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from http://www. historyofclothing.com/ Gatti, N. (2005, August 19). Carrara Marble Cave Mountain Stock Photo - Image of carrara, cave: 200346. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.dreamstime.com/royalty-free-stock-image-carrara-marble-cave-mountain-image200346 Travertini – La Cantera di Pg 64. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.lacantera.it/prodotto/ travertini/ Photographs: Quarries. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.edwardburtynsky.com/projects/ photographs/quarries David Burdeny: Cava Bianco III, Carrara, IT (2018): Available for Sale. (n.d.). Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.artsy.net/artwork/david-burdeny-cava-bianco-iii-carrara-it
Bangkok, B. (n.d.). ไทยติดกลุ่มผู้นำ�เข้าขยะพลาสติกสูงสุดในโลก เผยแต่ละปีคนไทยทิ้งขยะกว่า 27 ล้านตัน: BLT BANGKOK. Retrieved September 25, 2020,
THE DYING BODY OF SHOPPING MALL
Pisit Puwatputtawisai 1
ABSTRACT The dying body of architecture are the architectures that couldn’t sustain themselves economically, which resulted in transformation into something else. Nonetheless, these buildings can be revived, resurrected, and transformed into something else. Abandoned shopping malls are renovated into museums, and some are renovated into community spaces. The Shopping Mall archetype is a perfect example of the dying body of architecture that has been resurrected through different means in order to reflect society’s needs - both those of consumerism, as well as the social aspect of gathering. Mall started as a place to gather varieties of goods and services, while greatly endorse people that have a vehicle to visit. The birth of the mall cause urban street retailers to decline, because by visiting a mall cost less and more convenient. Escalator and Air-conditioner became crucial aspects to the mall as they enable investors to maximize their profit. Escalator enable them to expand the mall vertically and increase customers traffic within the mall, while Air-conditioners enable them to keep the customer inside as long as possible. These techniques are used along with other techniques to control the whole experience of the customers whether visually or emotionally to encourage them to spend more. Later on, online commercial became a way retailers can utilize to communicate and selling their product without a physical store. Malls began to provide many more functions to maximize our experience and encourage social gathering. To demonstrate, There are libraries, cafes, and amusement spaces built inside that people went together to enjoy and gain excitement. As more malls became vacant or ruined, less malls are being built, people slowly lose interest in these places as their life style constantly changing. COVID-19 also affect this decline greatly.
Demolition 1
AT LEAST 139 ANCHOR STORE ACCIDENTS store or anchor tenent or key tenent, Accidents happens all the time to malls, result SHOPPING MALLS ARE Anchor is a considerably larger tenent in a shopping in many negative outcomes for malls. UsualBy losing these stores, many shopping ly, those accidents fall into the responsibility DEMOLISHED IN U.S. mall. malls suffered from weakened popularity and of the company who own the place, thus led to decommision. There are many anchor they need to take the responsibility. A mall in RIGHT NOW. stores that we can be found in every popular Thailand, Merry king rangsit got fire outbreak 2
malls. For example, H&M fashion store or Super sports are the place where people knows and lure out customers. These customers will see the smaller retails and boost the overall economy of the malls.
There are times where people life-style change and the malls have to change along with the current. When there is a newer and more intimidating mall open up near the old one, the one who can satisfy the people most will have more customer in their stale time. If the custumers live with air-conditioners, then the malls need to have it, and if there is a
NEW CONSTRUCTIONS NEW CONSTRUCTIONS IN U.S. in number IN U.K. in square meter 1988
Malls are usually only going to be demolished when they couldn’t sustain themselves economically anymore. With the invention of e-commerce and internet, newer generations started to get the goods and services delivered to them directly without going to malls. Global factors also involved in this decline, for example, the great recession where global economy went down in 2007 - 2009 cause numerous malls to gone vacant.
1991
1990
1993
1642
563
<9 m²
<5 m²
1994
1996
1996
2000
493 DECLINE
2
2
583
<3 m²
<4 m²
PREDICTIONS OF RETAILS EXTINCTION
2
100%
Prediction 1 Prediction 2
Percentage
SOCIETY
because the there was electricity leaking, caused the mall to decommissioned by the government. The CEO of the mall have to be careful and run the place carefully as they have full responsibity for it. To demonstrate, New World mall in Thailand need to demolish 5th-11th floors because the government never permitted the construction.
80% 60% 40% 20%
1994
2004 Year
COVID AND SHOPPING MALL OVERALL Mall owners are closing their shopping centers and seeking help from the government because of the outbreak. People have to wear masks to the malls and have restrictions. In addition, Retail stores are suffering from the loss in revenue from this outbreak.
MONEY LOST?
9
COVID19 cause Thai economy to be in in the “Sudden Stop” state. More than 400,000 SMEs and farmers are suffering and 3-5 millions people are unemployed In the second quarter of year, estimate neg7 ative to be 20-50% which shopping centers, People are still visiting shopping malls, but shopping malls, and tourists attractions will online shopping became something that 3 suffer the most. people might consider doing instead more 1.CPALL (7-11, macro) negative 2.15% frequently. “44% of the shoppers said they At the same time, this year net profit is shopping online more often, and 57% of the 5,645m and last year net profit is 5,769m shoppers said that they feels safer shopping 2.BJC (BigC) Positive 0.2% online.”-Salfino. 42,428m in the first quarter of the year 3.CRC (Central) Positive 1% 4 while the net profit was 890 million baht , dropping more than 63% How long closed? 4.MBK Negative 7% Malls closed Net profit negative 15% Bangkok’s Governor Asawin Kwanmuang and the Coronavirus Outbreak Action Committee ordered the closure of all Bangkok malls and 8 markets from March 22 – April 12, after They Retail stores need to adapt to the situation learned about the number of the patients. and find new platforms to communicate and trade. Only supermarkets, pharmacies, and takeOnline platform became something safe and away restaurants will be allowed to stay open preferable for people. at the malls and shopping centers. New normal -people might return to the shopping malls Places, where groups of people congregate, -most consumers might find shopping online will also be asked to close including internet convenient and won’t return cafes, spas, golf courses, driving ranges, mas-Shopping malls might became something of sage parlours and more. an experience -Cleaning became very important There are still investigation on about other -Traceability will be important. Tracking where businesses that may be allowed to open are the products came from will be a big during this period of time. concern. -customers will be engaged with new ways of Thailand’s cabinet approved the shutdown selling. I.e. video sale of entertainment venues across Bangkok until the end of March, including clubs, bars, 10 sporting events, were shuttered to help fight against the outbreak. COVID-19 is not spreading through air, thus air conditioning can be used as usual. However, The temperature has to be kept in between 24 and 30 degree centigrade and humidity 5 between 40-70%.
IN THAILAND
HOW PEOPLE SHOP?
Air-con is SAFE
TRANSFORMATION 1956
11
The spread of automobiles cause the creation of shopping centers for customers to visit. The shopping centers were first design for the customers to have wide variations of stores in the same place and enjoy shopping.
11
2020 The shopping malls are now designed to specialized in giving the customers ultimate experience with maximum pressure from enjoying and shopping. The design of the mall largely affects the enjoyment of the customers and there are now not just stores but places for groups of people to enjoy their time together.
Strip-malls
12
in 2000s, Open-air shopping center rise again in the current time due to that the shopping center offer merchandise and services that keep people coming back for services serveral times a week, while tradition shopping malls vancancy rate keep going up. The reasons could be many things. For example, The shopping centers are smaller, thus easier to find the targets, fits for the modern life-style.
11
Escalator Accidents
13
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics there are about 30 fatal accidents a year in the United States caused by elevators and escalator. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Approximately 10,000 injuries related to escalator accidents each year in the United Statesâ&#x20AC;?.-Firm C.L. 3/4 of accidents cause by escalator are falls and the rest are caused by either footwear or clothing got stuct at the top or the bottom of the escalator.
ADDITIONAL PROGRAMS EVENTS Certain spaces inside of malls are provided to contruct events and for commercials to create spacial moments for their customers, such as Products releasing events, EXPOs, Concerts, Community events, Shows, Culture exhibition, food exhibition, or Art exhibition.
AMUSEMENT PARK
PATA PINKLAO
Amusement parks are built in some malls even water parks or a toy park for childrens. These places lure people into the malls and usually placed higher up.
ICE SKATE As more variety of entertainments are built within malls, ice skate also one of the interesting entertainment installed in malls. Much like artificial snow areas and skies that being built in thailand, they utilize and manipulate temperature inside of the malls to achieve this type of creation.
GAME ARCADE Although game arcades became less popular among people, they are still exciting to visit with a group of friend. We can enjoy the feeling of traditional game entertainment older generations used to experience. It is a remenent of the past entertainment we can look into.
THEMALL
15
14
ZOO Animals are being put into one place to entertain and educate customers that visit the mall. Some are being shown in a form of temporary event, and some are being shown in a built in zoo inside of some malls.
CENTRAL PINKLAO
FRESH MARKET Although this type of place usually can be found only in thailand, it is a place where Thai culture influenced greatly. OTOPs are a icon product of each sub-district in Thailand that people can sell and spread the culture within this place. Many traditional snacks, clothing,and items along with modern products are also being sold in this type of place.
CENTRAL WORLD
19
16
CENTRAL WORLD
17
CENTRAL WORLD
CENTRAL SALAYA
20
18
Pipeline
1889 1899
-
progessive Architecture that no modern store can function properly without AC.
1938
Abraham and Strauss, NY First Air-Conditioned Department store Article from Department Store Economist No window = more sale
1948 Morris Kecthum confirms in
First to experience air-conditioner
1904
1919
1899-1902 First cooling and dehumidification system Alfred Wolff Dissecting room, Cornell Medical Using pipelines to give Gorrie Ice Machine 1854 Building, Newyork Urbanization and cities are refrigeration on the urban blooming. Concerns about scale, much like electricity, a clean and healthful en- gas, water vironment are happening. John Gorrie gave much importance to temperature and health.
Gorrie Machine 1851
1842
1945
AIR-CONDITIONER
2
1966
marketing : maximum circulation = maximum sale value Consumerism have changed through out WW2, caused people to have in ventiveness fueled by consumerism. 1952 - on going Advertisers think of technology as guarantee for economic success Escalator is something to - think as a technology of the post war An equation that was established is maximum customer equal to maximum cashflow, which the staircase can contain only less than 120 people and can First mall in Thailand only carry a person per hour to every Nightingale-Olympic Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand twenty square feet of merchandise
First open-air shopping center Lakewood Shopping Center Lakewood, California
1952
The escalators continue to give the USSR advantages over the West. The escalators in the USSR are among the longest, some at 200 feet, and double the speed of the avg escalators. This makes workers trans port a lot faster.
1900â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s first Escalator Otis wooden escaltor won first prize at the 1900 Paris Escalators are first installed in the new Exposition, a worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s fair held in Paris, France. Moscow subway station to refashion the city
1931
1900
ESCALATOR 2
and SHOPPING
• “A year before global decline in economy(The great Recession), 2007, No mall were built in U.S.” -Moore, R. • City Creek Center Mall in Salt Lake City were the first one to open after the great recession in march 2012. • Online shopping and COVID-19 also having significant impact as well. • “200 out of 1,300 malls across the U.S. are running out of busi ness.”.
malls/grey fields
1966-on going -
-
1956
-
southdale mall First Climate controlled mall
City Creek Center Salt Lake City, Utah, United States 2012-on going Decline of shopping malls In 2001, malls were noticed underper formed and resulting in a lot of dead
2001
First enclosed shopping center Shopping- Luleå, Northern Sweden. October 1955 - on going
1955
1997 84% of malls in US are air-conditioned
Peak of shopping malls Initiatives of •Large anchor stores • food courts • record stores • Famous individuals invitations Accumulating aspects • Family activity • Good/modern design • Interior design, indoor trees • Technology
1986
1981- untill 2020 Escalator, Along with ACs, has become the important part that enables us to connect all activities and spaces. Es calator and ACs enable us to- expand and connect shopping spaces, while schools, airports, downtowns become shopping centers and malls slowly be come museums.
1981
area. However, The escalator can carry 5 to 8 thousands an hour. Yet, even if there are about 16,000 escalators in the U.S. in the late 1940s, It was hardly satisfying for the shoppers in the post war period.
CIRCULATION : Built in 1956 Southdale Center. 6901 France Avenue South.
Escalators Walk-paths
Shopping malls in the past were initially built to lure costumers in and just provide them with completed variaty of stores so they can go straight to the products they want in one place. Many tactics are also included, like eyes-level placement. This circulation showed the foot path of the costumers straight to the parts of the malls and the escalator avaible around the center of the mall.
CIRCULATION : Built in 2014
Central Plaza Salaya. Bang Toei, Sam Phran District, Nakhon Pathom 73210
Escalators Walk-paths
Shopping malls now are enhancing the experiences of the costumers by using even more tactics and planning. The design of modern malls will try manipulate how people act inside the malls. The strat start from when the costumers not even entered the building by making them see things and trying to lure them in and make them roaming inside as long as possible. The longer the costumers stay, the more money they will get. The design of modern malls have to take that into consideration, which resulted in escalator placements which encourage people to see even more stores while they are trying to move around. Each floor have different zones for different things. Cinema and big restaurant are placed higher in order to make people walk past the stores in the lower floors.
21
CIRCULATION
La Villa Phahonyothin. 356 Phahonyothin Rd, Samsen Nai, Phaya Thai, Bangkok 10400
Escalators/stairs Walk-paths
24
La villa Phahonyothin is one of the so called strip mall, retail park, leisure centre, community shopping centre. In recent years this kind of strip malls became more popular. The bigger the mall is not necessary means it is better, as it can offer a variety of goods and services endorse modern life-style. There are many variety of shop to be found, such as fast food joint, gourmet food market, pet salon, etc.
22
8 TYPES OF SHOPPERS 1. Well informed 2. Showroomers 3. Wanderer 4. Planned
5. Indecisive 6. Low price 7. Chatter 8. Regulars
1. Well informed
22
Those costumers are already did their researches. They came knowing what we have to offer, what we can provide them. To deal with this type of costumer, try to provide them informations that they may unaware and try to appear before them while they are still researching. These costumers will try to walk straight to the stores they have researched in their list first.
6. Low price
2. Showroomers
22
They are the people that try to check the products in person. They will try to check out the price of the prodects in front of them and compare it online. We need to communicate with them and try to convince them and make them shift their focus on value of the products instead of the price. This type of costumers might not as determined like well-informed and planned costumers, but their may already have which store to walk into already.
22
These costumers will try to compare every possible retailers to get the best price in either offline or online. We can try to make them feels like they are getting a good deal and try to provide them with actual value in place of the higher price like better guarantee. This type of costumer is committed to literally walk the entire mall to get the best price.
3. Wanderer
22
The wanderer will just wander around with no particular goal. We can only keep up the good attitude to welcome them when they realize what they want to buy. This type of costumer will literally walk around the mall and enjoy the experience of shopping and may rest in some coffee shops when they got tired.
8. Regulars
22
They are buyers that regularly come to the same store. There is no problem selling the products to these shoppers. They probably go to the same store they went regularly, which decrease the possibility that they will roam for as long as the wanderers.
4. Planned
22
This type of costumer will go right straight to the store they aimed for without seeing anything around and get what they have planned. We canâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t do much with this type of shopper. So just donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get in their way. Even more extreme than well-informed shopper, this type of costumer will go in and go out really quick.
5. Indecisive
22
This type of costumer are going to roam around the same places for quite some time. What we can provide is to educate them and try to learn about their objectives, then inform them about possible good deals that they might be interested in. this type of costumer may walk around inside the mall at some of the same areas that they have their eyes on.
7. Chatter
22
Chatter are costumers that love chatting. They might be a problem when they are stalling you or the queue for too long. We can act like we are interested in their words and they will gladly buy ous products. However, if they stall for too long, just politely remind them that we need to continue our work. This type of costumer have no particular reason to focus on one place. Much like wanderers, they might not roam around too much then they will settle in a store.
New World Mall
27
GALLERY
New World Mall Phra Nakhon, Bangkok 1983-2004 New World Mall was built in 1984. It became â&#x20AC;˘ Cause of demolition: a place many people went on their free time Illegally add additional 7 floors. Later, an accito enjoy the experience walking the mall. New dent of demolition happened, led the mall to world mall have the first glass elevator as a big became ruined. attraction.
1983
Shopping Area
Demolition In 2004, the eighth floor of the New world mall has collapsed. The floor couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t hold the weight of the wasted materials came from the demolition of the upper floors. the wastes trashed the lower floors and caused the mall to closed. The owner of the mall illegally built up the mall as high as eleventh floor, but he was ordered to demolish anything above the forth floor.
g
Fish pond
Now New World Mall was converted to a kind of gallery where the Silpakorn university architecture students and professors help to revive this ruined mall into community center once again. They tried to create an event called new world old town, which focus on the local culture and only invited the locals into the event to avoid dangers and COVID-19. They placed 20 items to represent the local cultures. They let the limited amount of people that got in to tell the story instead of letting randoms to visit the event. lighting has been installed to tell the story of the community and lighten up the area.
Nightingale-Olympic
1930-Now
28
Nightingale-Olympic, named from nightingale musical pieces and the Olympic event, was considered the first mall in thailand
Nightingale-Olympic living museum
Transformation
Cosmetic Clothing
29
In the past, nightingale-olympic was a place where people of the older generation went for cosmetics and many more goods and services. Currently, the newer malls has the lead as nightingale-Olympic never change to fit the period, no air-conditioner and the goods are not trending anymore, as the older costumers slowly past away. this cause the place to became a remenent of the past.
Sport Shoe/underwear
Music
Future Resurrection It is possible to renovate the place to recover from it financial struggle as it is actually still working properly as a mall. However, there are more approches to this. We can turn the place into a museam to visualize older generation trends in goods and services.
1990
1990
World trade center
26
Pathum one Palace was built on the land before Wang Phetchabun Company rent the place to build World trade center mall in 1983. The contruction progessed slowly, cause the the mall to open in 1990. Later on, the company gone bankrupt in 2002, resulted in the cancellation of the rental agreement. The land went into an auction, and won by Central Group.
2002-Now
Now
Central World
After the central group got their hand on the land along with the world trade center, they continued to build office building that left undone by previous company and followed by renovating the commercial area along with skywalk construction connected to a BTS train station. Later, in 2006, more event spaces were constructed additional from the top floor onward along with renovation of the landscape.
Dayton arcade
1950s
Dayton arcade
25
The Arcade is a historic, architecturally elegant complex in the heart of Daytonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s central business district. Built between 1902 and 1904. consists of nine interconnecting buildings topped by a glass-domed rotunda, 70 feet (21 m) high and 90 feet (27 m) in diameter
Great Depression
Restaurant Optometry Jewelry Shoe repair
Shoe store Tailor Candy Stationery Furniture Market
The Arcade remained a fixture of the downtown commercial district, they still suffered as the city was hit hard economically. By 1940, there were only 25 merchants left, down 35 from the year prior. The Arcade did see a decline with the construction I-75 and other interstate highways. I-75 and US 35 essentially severed West Dayton, a major hub of customers for the Arcade, from the rest of the city. This, along with the white population of Dayton moving to the suburbs in droves, saw the Arcade lose their major customer bases and soon fell into decline by the 1970s.
Renovation 1980s
2016
Dayton arcade
4th Street Gibbons Annex Lindsey Mccrory Retail Kuhns Ludlow Rotunda
In the late 1970s, investors began planning and implementing a major restoration of the Arcade. In May 1980, the newly refurbished Arcade was reopened as a retail shopping and food center. In its new guise as Arcade Square, the center offered a lively collection of boutique stores, restaurants, stores offering staples, kitchen apparel, books, and luggage, and a museum devoted to Coca-Cola. The Dayton Philharmonic, among other offerings, performed to holiday crowds from the vast floor below the Arcade rotunda.
RESURRECTION Community College
30
30
30
Antioch, Tennessee’s Hickory Hollow Mall became vacant in 2011, due to it’s two anchor stores went bankrupt. Now, it becomes a satellite campus of Nashville State Community college includes 617,000-square-feet of retail space, a recreation center, classrooms, a library, and an ice rink.
Google Glass headquarters 30
Mayfield Mall in Mountain View, California, shutdown in 2013. HP moved in and turned the building into offices. Later Google bought the place and turned it into Google glass headquaters.
30
APARTMENT
30
30
The Westminster Arcade in Providence, Rhode Island, America’s oldest shopping mall, 1828. Closed in 2008 for a $10 million renovation. In 2013, re-opened as micro-apartment complex. Currently 48 units total with restaurants, a coffee shop. and a hair salon.
MEDICAL CENTER
30
The One Hundred Oaks Mall, opened in 1967, was Nashville, Tennessee’s first largescale enclosed shopping mall. Slowly getting worse economically. Today, the Vanderbilt University Medical Center leased over half of 100 Oaks Mall, the rest is still for retails.
30
Culinary Institute
30
30
CHURCH
30
Tri-County Mall in Tennessee, Oliver Springs, once housed 30 bowling lanes, shops, and Heck’s department store. Now, it was converted into the Beech Park Baptist Church, which now seats 800 people. The former department store turned into classroom space for the church as well.
In 1982, downtown Niagara Falls, New York, The Rainbow Centre was an enclosed mall for factory outlets, making profit until 1990. It closed in 1999 due to that Burlington Coat Factory and other outlets replaced its anchor tenant (Beir’s Department Store) and several smaller shops. A third of the building was renovated and re-opened as the Niagara Falls Culinary Institute with a Barnes and Noble in 2012. The city still owns the other two-thirds of the mall for future redevelopment.
REFERENCES 1. TheActive. (2020, June 14). Arch SU Fest New World Old Town. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.facebook.com/ArchSUFest/posts/195750161881373 2. Rem Koolhaas. The Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping : Project on the City. East Rutherford, Nj, Monacelli Press, 2001. 3. Bangkokbiznews. (2020, May 25). สำ�รวจรายได้ Q1 ‘ค้าปลีก-ห้างไทย’ ในวิกฤติโควิด-19. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www. bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/881808 4. Satrusayang C. (2020, March 24). Thailand announces 89 new coronavirus cases; malls ordered closed until April 12. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.thaienquirer.com/9849/thailand-announces-89-new-coronavirus-cases-the-largest-single-day-rise-since-theoutbreak-began/ 5. Limited, B. (n.d.). Two new local Covid-19 cases. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/1865359/two-new-local-covid-19-cases6. 7. Salfino, C. (2020, July 30). COVID Could Give Shopping Malls and Clothing Stores a Much-Needed Facelift. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://sourcingjournal.com/topics/lifestyle-monitor/shopping-mall-traffic-coronavirus-coresight-placer-ai-mckinsey-223874/ 8. Marketing Oops! (2020, June 10). โลกค้าปลีกได้เปลี่ยนแปลงในชั่วข้ามคืน ธุรกิจรีเทลต่อจากนี้ กับภารกิจปรับตัวครั้งใหญ่ รับผลกระทบโควิด-19. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.marketingoops.com/exclusive/retail-covid-19-business-crisis/ 9. Bangkokbiznews. (2020, May 18). โควิดทุบ’ค้าปลีกอ่วม’ ไตรมาส2 ติดลบ 20-50%. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/881093 10. Desk, N. (2020, June 15). It’s safe to use air conditioning in malls and restaurants, say experts. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/its-safe-to-use-air-conditioning-in-malls-and-restaurants-say-experts 11. Sansone, A. (2020, May 06). What Malls Looked Like From the ‘50s Through Today. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www. goodhousekeeping.com/life/g28727196/vintage-photos-of-malls-through-the-years/?slide=1 12. Pymnts. (2020, January 14). Strip Malls Gaining Edge Over Traditional Malls. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.pymnts. com/news/retail/2020/strip-malls-gaining-edge-over-shopping-malls/ 13. How Common Are Escalator And Elevator Accidents. (2018, June 28). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://elevatingstudio.com/ how-common-are-escalator-and-elevator-accidents/ 14. 8 สวนสนุกในห้างสรรพสินค้า เดินทางง่ายสนุกได้ไม่รู้จบ. (2019, January 10). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.parentsone. com/8-fun-park-in-department-store/ 15. Samsonicena. (2019, June 18). รีวิว ‘สวนสัตว์พาต้า ปิ่นเกล้า’ สวนสัตว์กลางเมืองแห่งสุดท้ายของกรุงเทพฯ. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.mangozero.com/review-pata-pinklao-zoo/ 16. 20, D. (2019, February 14). ร้านเกมใหม่ FUN CITY (ค่าย HAHAMA)ที่เซ็นทรัลปิ่นเกล้า ชั้น 5 - 6 เปิดให้บริการแล้ววันนี้!!! วิวและตำ�แหน่งแต่ละตู้ในร้าน New arcade “FUN CITY” of HAHAMA company at Central Plaza Pinklao, 5 th - 6 th Fl, Bangkok is now opening!!! First look view and game cabinets pic.twitter.com/95UULHEBLy. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://twitter.com/azvw_2/status/1095994259369426945 17.DPlus Guide Team. (2018, February 13). ใครติ่ง!!!! PIKOTARO PPAP อย่าลืมไปพบกันที่งาน JAPAN EXPO THAILAND 2017 @ Central World. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.dplusguide.com/2017/japan-expo-thailand-2017/ 18. tumlakaikong.com (n.d.). Brandself Central Salaya ตลาดนัดในห้างเซ็นทรัลศาลายา. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www. xn--22cap5dwcq3d9ac1l0f.com/archives/21430 19. Hollis, C. (2016, October 10). Another Exciting Event for Dot Property at Central World. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https:// www.thailand-property.com/events/central-world/ 20. EDTguide.com. (n.d.). รวมเมืองหิมะและลานไอซ์สเก็ต ทั่วไทยน่าไปเล่นมากๆ. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.edtguide.com/ edtwithkids/437940/รวมเมืองหิมะ-ไอซ์สเก็ต 21. เซ็นทรัลพลาซา ศาลายา (Centralplaza Salaya). (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www.painaidii.com/business/146706/centralplaza-salaya-73000-/lang/thTh/ 22. Retail, T. (2010, July 28). La Villa Phaholyothin. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://theretail.wordpress.com/2010/07/28/la-villa-phaholyothin/ 23. Nicasio, F., 2Pedalz, &amp; McCorrister, L. (2020, August 03). 8 Common Types of Customers in Retail (and How to Sell to Them). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.vendhq.com/blog/common-types-of-customers-retail-sell/ 24. Loft. (1970, January 01). COMMUNITY MALL: BACK TO THE FUTURE. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://thairetail.blogspot. com/2011/05/community-mall-back-to-future.html 25. Part 3: 1945-1980. (2020, May 24). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://arcade.daytonhistoryproject.org/part-3-1945-1980/ 26. ปิดตำ�นาน 30 ปี “ห้างสรรพสินค้าเซน” วันนี้กลายเป็น “เซ็นทรัล แอท เซ็นทรัลเวิลด์”. (2019, November 28). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9620000114414 27. เบื้องหลังการแปลงห้างร้างและวังมัจฉาสู่นิทรรศการเรื่องบางลำ�พูแบบ ‘NEW เวิลด์ โอล TOWN’. (2020, July 03). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://adaymagazine.com/new-world-old-town/ 28. .ee, A. (2019, July 06). ห้างไนติงเกล ขาดทุนเท่าไร ? วิเคราะห์สถานการณ์ห้างไนติงเกล ห้างแรกของไทยที่ใกล้จะหมดลมหายใจอย่างช้าๆ. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://marketeeronline.co/archives/110541 29. เจ้าของห้างไนติงเกล-โอลิมปิค เผยปีหน้าห้างครบ 98 ปี ส่วนเจ้าของอายุครบ 100 ปี. (2020, May 29). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://mgronline.com/onlinesection/detail/9630000056074 30. https://www.businessinsider.com/dead-shopping-malls-transformations-2017-3
THE GENDERED BODIES
In the Cultural Construct and Urban Restructuring
Namida Niamnamtham
ABSTRACT In the modern world, the term gender may vary according to how each society, norm, and culture define their definition range and constructed characteristics. Often the word is used to denote a range of identities that do not correspond to established ideas of male and female. Gender has long reflected on politics, economic, and undeniably architecture, including urban planning. Gender and architecture have overlapped in many aspects. Categorization of masculinity and femininity is quite abstract yet they are intuitively rooted in our minds. This form of gender classification can be found in several gendered languages such as French and also in other artistic media. Design in general is rarely intentionally gender-biased. However, a lot of references architects and designers use are primarily based on a specific type of human— men. For many years, women weren’t in the workforce, especially in the design and engineering field. Some spaces, in practices, are not designed to ease some tasks that ‘belonged’ to women such as a proper dimension of hallway for baby trolley, kitchen layout, or even lady washroom. Gendered spaces are not simply assigned to men or women. Typically, they are assigned to particular forms of masculinity or femininity. For instance, public restrooms, the signs on the door technically say “men” and “women” but some types of men and women are excluded. In the sense of being ‘out of place’ can turn against the less powerful or minority status. Some even go further and refer to women as “second-class citizens.” Trying to avoid using the term ‘gender’ to only call attention to women is necessary. However, to raise an issue to the surface, the destruction of unsafe men oriented places to create a safer place for women (but not only reserved for women) are essential for city development. By including the needs of one gender, it doesn’t always result in discrimination. Conversely, it provokes a shift to the end of single-gendered space to build a universally safer space for all. These require a comprehensive overview of cultural and urban analysis through different viewpoints.
Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus. Males
The human genome consists of two copies of each of 23 chromosomes (a total of 46). One set of 23 comes from the mother and one set comes from the father. Of these 23 pairs of chromosomes, 22 are autosomes, and one is a sex chromosome. There are two kinds of sex chromosomes–”X” and “Y”. In humans and in almost all other mammals, females carry two X chromosomes, designated XX, and males carry one X and one Y, designated XY.
Females
A human egg contains only one set of chromosomes (23). Sperm also have only one set of 23 chromosomes called haploid. When an egg and sperm fertilize, the two sets of chromosomes come together to form a unique “diploid” individual with 46 chromosomes.
Birth
Puberty
Elderly
Male Sex Hormones
Female Sex Hormones
The sex chromosome in a human egg is always an X chromosome since a female-only has X sex chromosomes. In sperm, about half the sperm have an X chromosome and half have a Y chromosome. If an egg fuses with sperm with a Y chromosome, the resulting individual is male.
Both genes and hormones affect the formation of human brains before birth, as well as the behavior of adult individuals. Several genes that code for differences between male and female brains have been identified. How people generally perceive femininity and masculinity are based on how sex hormones in our body work. For example, breats and hips development in female bodies create curvature which is commonly viewed as a “feminine line”.
What makes Masculinity and Femininity?
1918 trade catalog for children’s clothing recommended blue for girls. The reasoning at the time was that it’s a “much more delicate and dainty tone,”
In the 1957 film Funny Face, Kay Thompson’s editrix character Maggie Prescott, sings that if women today “have gotta think, think pink!”
HUMAN Standards And Reference Models “We are so used to thinking of the average male as the average human. As soon as you say it like that—well, obviously, the average male is not the average human” — writer and feminist activist Caroline Criado-Perez
Tthe anthropometric diagrams of “Graphic Standards” reveal at once the selection of certain demographic segments as representative of the population as a whole, as well as the restrictive conception of a preferred or model inhabitant of buildings
The Vitruvian Man, also known also as “The proportions of the human body according to Vitruvius,” was drawn by Leonardo Da VInci in 1492. The piece depicts an idealized nude male standing within a square and a circle. Ingeniously, Leonardo chose to depict the man with four legs and four arms, allowing him to strike 16 poses simultaneously.
The Modulor is an anthropometric scale of proportions devised by Le Corbusier. It was developed as a visual bridge between two incompatible scales, the imperial and the metric system. It is based on the height of a man with his arm raised.
A Normative Body The following documents are extracted from the Architectural Graphic Standards. Hoboken: Wiley, 2000.
Car Crash Dummies Physical crash test dummy was first introduced in the 1950s to represent how human bosy responds in an accident. However, Keith Barry in an article of ‘The Crash Test Bias: How Male-Focused Testing Puts Female Drivers at Risk’ has mentioned that, “currently, there is no physical crash test dummy that represents an average adult female anywhere in the world. That doesn’t appear to be changing anytime soon”.
Gender and Moments of Vulnerability Using washrooms is everyday human routine What makes women so vulnerable in public washroom? Why is men public urination more acceptable? These differences are often overlooked as these tasks have embedded as normal in our minds.
Presented here is a collection of ‘women vulnerability’ juxtaposed to men. A skirt blown up by wind is considered ‘a wardrobe malfunction’ and an embarassing moment. Menstruation though natural, is to not be seen.
YEAR AFTER YEAR, the cultural elite of San Francisco is treated to the sight of its pre-eminent ladies, resplendently gowned, lined up in public waiting to pee. The occasion is intermission at the annual gala opening of the opera. The ground-floor ladies’ room at the Opera House is too small (the men’s isn’t). This has been the case since the place was built in 1932. As the women are lined up right next to the lobby bar, their plight has become a traditional topic of discussion. The complaints and jokes never change. Neither does the ladies’ room. An Excerpt from How Buildings Learn by Stewart Brand
News title : Bottoms Up! Celebs With Wind Blown Wardrobe Malfunctions
waiting line for ladies’ washroom at Don Mueng Airport
Mothering/ Fathering/ Dimension Why does it matter?
There are special seats, parking spots for pregnant women in several public spaces. Still, most places have not designed to be suitable for maternity care.
Restuarants and other businesses have provided a children friendly areas becuase of their growing awareness of parenthood which is also good for marketing.
In mids-1980s, some halls were too narrow for a normal size stroller due to â&#x20AC;&#x153;a lack of respect for the importance of motheringâ&#x20AC;? (Jarvis, 2011).
Gendered Buildings and Spaces Men and women are rarely restricted to specific spaces or buildings, however, the legacy of single-sex places still remain strongly in the city such as single-sex schools. There are also buildings for clubs and association established for a specific gender role around the city of Bangkok.
School ♂
Association? ♂
Association ♀
โรงเรียนกรุงเทพคริสเตียนวิทยาลัย โรงเรียนเซนต์คาเบรียล โรงเรียนเซนต์ดอมินิก โรงเรียนเตรียมทหาร โรงเรียนไตรมิตรวิทยาลัย โรงเรียนทวีธาภิเศก โรงเรียนเทพศิรินทร์ โรงเรียนวัดสระเกศ โรงเรียนปทุมคงคา วชิราวุธวิทยาลัย โรงเรียนวัดบวรนิเวศ โรงเรียนวัดราชบพิธ โรงเรียนวัดสุทธิวราราม โรงเรียนสวนกุหลาบวิทยาลัย โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญ
??? ???
Business and Professional Woman’s Associations of Thailand Bangkok Thai Medical Women’s Association Under the Royal Patronage of Her Majesty the Oueen The National Outstanding Thai Women Association The National Council of Women of Thailand Under The Royal Patronage of Her Majesty The Queen The Women Lawyers’ Association of Thailand Women Cultural Club Association สมาคมแม่บ้านทหารบก สมาคมแม่บ้านกองบัญชาการกองทัพไทย
Shop/Club ♂ Men Barber Shop Gentleman’s Club
School ♀ สมาคมแม่บ้านมหาดไทย สมาคมแม่บ้านตำ�รวจ สมาคมแม่บ้านสาธารณสุข สมาคมแม่ดีเด่นแห่งชาติ สมาคมส่งเสริมสถานภาพสตรี ในพระอุปถัมภ์ สมาคมสตรีอาสาสมัครแห่งประเทศไทย สมาคมสตรีชาวนาไทย สมาคมสตรีไทยคาทอลิก สมาคมสตรีเพื่อสตรี สมาคมสตรีสัมพันธ์ สมาคมเลขานุการสตรีและนักบริหารจัด การแห่งประเทศไทย สมาคมสตรีอุดมศึกษาแห่งประเทศไทย สมาคมผู้ประกอบการสตรี and more
โรงเรียนเซนต์โยเซฟคอนเวนต์ โรงเรียนซางตาครู้สคอนแวนท์ โรงเรียนเซนต์ฟรังซีสซาเวียร์คอนแวนต์ โรงเรียนเบญจมราชาลัย ในพระบรมราชูปถัมภ์ โรงเรียนพระหฤทัยคอนแวนต์ โรงเรียนมาแตร์เดอีวิทยาลัย โรงเรียนราชินี โรงเรียนเขมะสิริอนุสสรณ์ โรงเรียนราชินีบน โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญศึกษา โรงเรียนวัฒนาวิทยาลัย โรงเรียนศึกษานารี โรงเรียนสตรีนนทบุรี์ โรงเรียนอัสสัมชัญคอนแวนต์
Why is there no Associations for men? While there many associations for women are founded, associations specifically for men are not as evident. The aspects of these associations cover housewives, cultures, careers, and education for women. The question arises as there seems to be no men association. Is it because men have already felt ‘inclusive’ in a society?
Lady Parking Debate Sensible or Sexist? Many countries have developed a method to increase safetiness for women. One of which that has been applied by many countries is a ‘Lady Parking’ spot. Germany is the first country that had Lady Parking in 1990. It has been hotly debated whether its the act of sensible practice or just male discrimination.
“Women expressed their anxiety about using unlightened parking lots due to the possibility of sexual assault”. —The Washington Post
“The women’s parking spaces are closer to the exits and monitoring systems, which is more convenient for female drivers to take a break or go shopping in the main building, and much safer, especially at night” —Fang Hongying
“It’s ironical to consider a public facility with greater convenience as discriminatory. For instance, many train stations have special rest rooms for senior citizens, pregnant women and little children, but nobody has criticized this arrangement, or said they are a waste of public resources and discriminatory toward the elderly and kids.” —Zhu Ping, China Daily
Nakhonchai Air’s Lady zone slogan: ‘Giving Women Choices”
“Gender planning loses its critical stance towards patriarchy when it does not question gender as key principle of social ordering and hegemony”
L A Z O
A D Y O N E
“We believe that in car parks, every parking space should be a “women’s” parking space,” “This means making sure every space and stairwell is well-lit, avoiding blind spots and corners and installing sufficient electronic security systems - most importantly, video surveillance and emergency call systems.” —The German Automobile Association (ADAC)
“All this does is reinforce the stereotype that women are bad at parking.” —Geraldine Herbert
“Lady parking: the work of the devil” —Andrew Biggs, Bangkok Post
“Today, nobody needs women’s parking lots anymore, especially not in the modern, lucid and well-lit shopping malls” — Werner Mathes, German Weekly Stern
“In some Swiss cities, such as Zurich or Luzern, one has gotten rid of those spaces years ago, because parking lots are much brighter and better lit than in the past.”
Women and Fear of Crime Although fear of crime is a concern for people of all genders, studies consistently find that women around the world tend to have much higher levels of fear of crime than men, despite the fact that in many places, and for most offenses, menâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s actual victimization rates are higher.
A collection of news headings on crime in public space attacking female victims
Examples of Media and Problem Addressment
College Humor: ‘How Being In Public Feels: Men VS Women’
The Hunting Ground (2015): A documentary film about sexual assualt
Workin’ Moms (TV series): ‘Self-defense Tips’
#MeToo Movement: a movement against sexual abuse
Brooklyn 99 (TV series): ‘He Said, She Said Debate’
“I'm almost there — I'm almost at her — and then it dawns on me. "Oh. She's running from me. In her eyes, I'm an adult. And adults rape each other. Kind of a lot!” John Mulaney, Comedian
Flight or Fight Crime Assessment
Dubow, et al. (1979), Reactions to Crime: A Critical Review of the Literature, categorizes individual behavior reactions to crime into five categories.
(1) Avoidance: “actions taken to decrease exposure to crime by removing oneself from or increasing the distance from situations in which the risk of criminal victimization is believed to be high.” Ex. Women avoid going out at night alone. (2) Protective behavior: behavior which “seeks to increase resistance to victimization.” Ex. Women carry pepper spray,taser or learn martial art classes for women. (3) Insurance behavior: behavior which “seeks to minimize the costs of victimization” Ex. Be aware of valuable belongingings (4) Communicative behavior: “the sharing of information and emotions related to crime with others.” Ex. Sending news about crimes in nearby area to warn others (5) Participation behavior: “actions in concert with others which are motivated by a particular crime or by crime in general.” Ex. Walking home or go to washrooms with friends/ female friends
Crime Assessment
Unknown Person Standing Indoors by Inga Seliverslova
Most women think that men are more independent when it comes to navigating the city as men are less likely to worry about crimes.
Danger of the Blind Spots Photos retrieved from Facebook page “Safe Cities For Women Thailand.”
Dead-ended sois can be founded in many areas of Bangkok.
Broken lighting facilities such as street lamps
Blindspots and abandoned places can be the cause of vulnerability and susceptible to crime scene.
Places that don’t allow people to gravitate towards can be a dangerous isolated zone.
Beside small canals can be a high risk places to walkby alone at night.
Gap between transportation with no proper lighting can also be the cause of vulnerability.
Towards spatial network multiplicity Research by Apiradee Kasemsook and Pheereya Boonchaiyapruek on Bangkok road netwoek.
The NACH pattern at radius N of integrated network of Bangkok
Mass transit network Map
Red - High Accessibility Blue - Low Accessibility
Bangkok Dead End Analysis and Acessibility Bangkok, compared to other cities, have more dead ends through road network. According to research ‘towards spatial network mulplicity’, transportation in Bangkok historically relies on canal network. Excerpt follows: The canals seem to work best to pull back the discontinuous local grids to connect together even though the canals’ role in helping to ease their accessibility is still somewhat limited. Nevertheless, it is clear that the canals help continue the background network and generate the through-movement among and within the background network. Syntactically, their signification is confirmed, and they should be reused.
Victory Monument Observation Victory monument is a densely crowded area with several traporation routes, mainly bus stops and a skytrain station. With an hour of observation, though there are a lot of solo women travellers, women are likely to travel in groups more than men. From an observation point, there are many lighting facilities and police officers, making the area a relatively safe space. People also gravitate towards the area as a public transportation gap (from BTS skytrain to bus stop).
Pale Pink shows areas that are visible, walkable, and â&#x20AC;&#x153;feel safeâ&#x20AC;?. Darker colors represent places where there are many blind spots and not as accessible.
Overall view
Bus Stops
Lighting facility and atm machine
Security guards and officers
Deconstructing space and gender The gender mainstreaming principle (GM), adopted by the European Union and its member states in the late 1990s, aims to make gender issues an integral part of policy processes in any institutional setting (Hunning, 2014).
Source : Senatsverwaltung fĂźr Stadtentwicklung Berlin (2011) : Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development. A Handbook, Berlin, p. 10
Target Group Oriented Planning
Sex/Gender
Targeting Specific Social Groups
Age Equal Representation Race
Education
Performative Planning
Options for New Forms of Community
Socio Spatial /Cultural Intervention
Social Differentiation
Define Process of Exclusion
Change in Social Relations
Prevention of Discriminatory spatial planning
Guildines to Overcome Structural Inequality
BIBLIOGRAPHY # ARCHITECTURAL THEORIES /// The Modernist Ideology of a Normative Body. THE FUNAMBULIST MAGAZINE. (2015, July 8). https://thefunambulist.net/architectural-projects/architectural-theories-the-modernist-ideology-of-a-normative-body. 99pi. (1970, January 1). Invisible Women. 99% Invisible. https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/invisible-women/. Another View. (2017, December 7). วางผังเมืองกันยังไง? “กรุงเทพฯ” ถึงกลายเป็น “เมืองซอยตัน”: Another View. LINE TODAY. Arellano, M. (2018, September 27). On the Dislocation of the Body in Architecture: Le Corbusier’s Modulor. https://www.archdaily.com/902597/on-the-dislocation-of-the-body-in-architecture-le-corbusiers-modulor?ad_medium=gallery. Barry, K. (2019, October 23). The Crash Test Bias: How Male-Focused Testing Puts Female Drivers at Risk. Consumer Reports. https://www.consumerreports.org/car-safety/crash-test-bias-how-male-focused-testingputs-female-drivers-at-risk/. BECi Corporation Ltd. Thailand. (2016, June 24). โลกโซเชียลเตือนภัย! หญิงสาวโดนทำ�ร้ายที่ลานจอดรถห้างย่านพระ ราม 4. news.ch3thailand.com. http://news.ch3thailand.com/local/19125. Boonchaiyapruek, P., & Kasemsook, A. Towards Spatial Network Multiplicity: A Reference to Bangkok. Brand, S. (1997). How buildings learn: what happens after they’re built. Phoenix. Butler, H. (2015, July 30). ‘Women-only’ parking: sensible or sexist? The Local De. https://www.thelocal. de/20150730/women-only-parking-spaces-sensible-or-sexist?fbclid=IwAR255GjOGxfBLsv66XdHRZZgCLOo3QRmQcnBDthNOSlnM_DQWdwtlQkXSBg. Crash Course in Data Management Speeds Up Huge Simulation Task. Parker Group. https://www.parkergroup.com/crash-course-in-data-management-speeds-up-huge-simulation-task/. CTN News. (2017, November 30). Thai Man Arrested for Groping Women’s Breasts on Bangkok Bus. CTN News l Chiang Rai Times. https://www.chiangraitimes.com/thailand-national-news/news-asia-thailand/thaiman-arrested-for-groping-womens-breasts-on-bangkok-bus/. Gender and Sexuality. Overview of Human Geography: Gender and Sexuality. http://debitage.net/humangeography/gender.html. Ghosh, A. (2016, November 4). Women in Public Spaces: Do Public Spaces Only Belong To Men? Feminism In India. https://feminisminindia.com/2016/11/04/womens-experience-of-public-spaces/. Herbert, G. (2015, August 17). The ‘she-spot’ debate: Are female-only parking spaces practical or sexist? independent.ie. https://www.independent.ie/life/motoring/car-talk/the-she-spot-debate-are-female-onlyparking-spaces-practical-or-sexist-31454155.html. Hosey, L. (2001). Hidden Lines: Gender, Race, and the Body in “Graphic Standards”. Journal of Architectural Education (1984-), 55(2), 101-112. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/1425611 Huning, S. (2014). Deconstructing space and gender&nbsp;? Options for «&nbsp;gender planning&nbsp;». Les Cahiers Du CEDREF, (21). https://doi.org/10.4000/cedref.973 Inside/Out: The Geography of Gendered Space. Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University. (2016, June 14). https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/schlesinger-library/exhibition/insideout-geography-gendered-space. Jarvis, H., Kantor, P., & Cloke, J. (2011). Cities and gender. Distributed by Amazon Digital Services. Limited, B. P. P. C. (2014, October 21). Man arrested for mall car-park assault. https://www.bangkokpost. com. https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/438798/man-arrested-for-mall-car-park-assault.
Matichon. (2019, December 26). หนุ่มโหด! ซ้อมผู้หญิงในซอยเปลี่ยว สลบแล้วยังปลุกมาซ้ำ�ต่อ เตือนใจก่อนเลือกใครดูให้ดี. มติชนออนไลน์. https://www.matichon.co.th/social/news_1843749. Mcot, T. (2017, May 18). จับหนุ่มโรคจิต ลวนลามสาวบนรถตู้. สำ�นักข่าวไทย อสมท. https://tna.mcot.net/tna111156. Mumcu, Sema & Duzenli, Tugba & Özbilen, Ali. (2009). SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF GENDER IN AN OPEN PUBLIC SPACE. The Momemtum. (2019, December 3). ‘Lady parking’ พื้นที่ปลอดภัยหรือเป็นการผลิตซ้�ำ ความไม่เท่าเทียมทางเพศ?: The Momentum. LINE TODAY. Noack, R. (2015, August 10). The debate over Germany’s ‘sexist’ women-only parking spaces. The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2015/08/10/the-debate-over-germanys-sexist-women-only-parking-spaces/?fbclid=IwAR3RHWJBH7y-tyq0pK-p14O53OtqjchGPC4XXmKVgqTDzYu1jNOn_xxFE_Y. Online, P. P. T. V. (2020, July 31). สาวใจกล้า! ถูกลวนลามไล่ชายโรคจิตลงรถตู้โดยสาร. Pptvhd36.com. Ortlieb, T. C. (2019, September 13). Strollers Can Be Dangerous on Public Transit. Here’s What Parents Should Know. Parents. https://www.parents.com/toddlers-preschoolers/safety/strollers-and-public-transitwhat-parents-should-know/. Rendell, J. (2019, February 19). Only resist: a feminist approach to critical spatial practice. Architectural Review. https://www.architectural-review.com/essays/only-resist-a-feminist-approach-to-critical-spatial-practice. Rethinking Standards and Reference Models. https://genderedinnovations.stanford.edu/methods/standards. html. Shanghvi, D. (2019, April 17). Has The World Relied On Male Standards For Too Long? Feminism In India. https://feminisminindia.com/2019/04/17/male-standards-women-bodies/. Stamberg, S. (2014, April 1). Girls Are Taught To ‘Think Pink,’ But That Wasn’t Always So. NPR. https://www. npr.org/2014/04/01/297159948/girls-are-taught-to-think-pink-but-that-wasnt-always-so. Taxi driver fined Bt1,000 for allegedly molesting female passenger. https://www.nationthailand.com. (2018, May 3). https://www.nationthailand.com/news/30344524?utm_source=category. Thai Post. (2020, February 12). ขอความเป็นธรรม! สาวร้องถูกข่มขืนระหว่างขับมอเตอร์ไซค์กลับบ้าน แจ้งตร. ยังไม่ด�ำ เนินคดี. Thai Post | อิสรภาพแห่งความคิด. https://www.thaipost.net/main/detail/56981. Thanalerdsomboon , B. (2018, July 24). Ladies Parking : การเมืองเรื่อง ‘ที่จอดรถของผู้หญิง’. the101.world. https://www.the101.world/ladies-parking/. Think Pink. Glass of Fashion. (2009, August 6). https://glassoffashion.wordpress.com/project-audrey/funny-face-1957/think-pink/. Vox. (2015). How did pink become a girly color? https://youtu.be/KaGSYGhUkvM. VALENTINE, G. (1990). Women’s Fear and the Design of Public Space. Built Environment (1978-), 16(4), 288303. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/23286230 Wright, J. (2015, March 20). How Pink Became a Color for Girls. Racked. https://www.racked. com/2015/3/20/8260341/pink-color-history. นศ.สาวเตือนภัย ถูกชายลวนลามในรถไฟฟ้าช่วงคนแน่น ท้อใจไร้คนช่วยเอาแต่มอง. www.thairath.co.th. (2019, February 7). https://www.thairath.co.th/news/society/1490131. ไทยรัฐออนไลน์. (2016, June 24). สาวใหญ่ แจ้ง ตร. ถูกคนร้ายพยายามชิงทรัพย์ ในลานจอดรถห้างดัง. www.thairath. co.th. https://www.thairath.co.th/content/646711.
THE VANDALIZED BODIES in the city
Sainam Kwanmontreekul
ABSTRACT The word ’vandalism’ can be defined as an intentional act of destruction and damaging others’ property causing physical damage or preventing it from functioning properly. In this atlas, the act of vandalism will be discussed in two dimensions - architectural vandalism, and cultural vandalism. The range of seriousness for vandalism can varies from a low to a high level of damage. The example that can be seen from time to time is a graffiti on the wall or the breaking private and public building. Architectural vandalism has diverged into three surfaces which are vandalism on abandoned places, infrastructure, and memorials and monuments. Vandalism on architecture causes physical damage to the body such as defacement and destruction of the body. On the other hand, cultural vandalism is mostly the destruction of heritages. Periodically, it relates to religion and politics which generates extreme damage and violence. Numerous places around Bangkok got vandalized because they are neglected and ignored by people in the community. This situation relates to the theory of Broken Window by James Q. Wilson and George Kelling where the more vandalism can be seen on the body, the more acts of vandalism will appear. Many abandoned buildings in Bangkok become targets for a group of vandals. People are taking advantage of those abandoned and demolished buildings by breaking into the building and vandalize as some of the abandoned places are turned into attractions and shelter for the homeless. Moreover, the occupation of the space such as the event of protesting can also be responsible for the vandalism. Many public places got spray painted or broken down by the protesters during the protest or the place got vandalized by its function when the protesters use public space for the movement. The destruction is also found on memorials and monuments along with the infrastructure. The act of vandalism on memorials and monuments shows a lack of respect, neglect, and ignorance as the memorial and monument has a unique part of our heritage and is a reminder of the important and individual tributes from bereaved communities and records of their loved ones’ sacrifices.
Color Coding Map The color coding map illustrates place that are vandalized around Chula area. On the outer circle different color represent three categories of vandalism which are infrastructure, abandoned placed, and memorials and monuments. Different color on inner circle represent different level of damges from high to low and organized vandalism
memorials and monuments
high level of damage
abandoned
low level of damage
infrastructure
organized vandalism
Broken Window Theory Environment matters! An experiment conducted from psychologist in United States shows how surrounding environment can effect vandalism. Two exact car were arranged in different states in the U.S. one was on the Bronx, NY and the another was on a street in Palo Alto, California. The car in the Bronx was vandalized within 10 minutes. On another hand, the car in Palo Alto stayed the same as it was left for more than 3 weeks. But after the car was destroyed by smashing the window, the car was turning from perfect condition to utterly destroyed after only few hours after the window was broken. Broken Windows Theory states that â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;when low level crimes like vandalism are ignored, larger and more serious crimes start to happen soonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The experiment illustrates signs of abuse and neglect. Demolished body and vandalized body can refers that no one cares about it which means it is abandoned. The theory were enacted that emphasised addressing crimes that negatively affect quality of life.
Mass psychogenic illness I t is when people started to think or do something as when other people are doing it. According to the broken window theory, the car was not touched or do not have any damage until someone broke the window of the car which leads to a vandalized body.
Numerous of vandalism happens in the Bronx, New York due to the environment of the community. The neighborhood of the Bronx can apply to the theory of Broken Windows.
An example relates to Broken Window Theory. These two pictures shows an abandoned building in the year of 2019 and 2020. In 2019, there were only couple graffiti on it. But later on in 2020 more graffiti are added on the window of the building.
Informal Urbanism or DIY Urbanism In this world, people are facing problems in their daily lives. Some are caused by the environment and surroundings, for example, an unstable concrete block on the footpath. Because of that people try to raise awareness or resolve it themself such as making a sign or spraypainted over the block. This is called informal urbanism or DIY urbanism. It is the way people resolve the problem themself to improve the community which sometimes can refer to vandalism. It is the way that people try to illegally resolve the problem by themself.
In Thailand, people placed chair in front of their shophouses or the street to make people not to park in that area. This action causes vandalism on the street, the space on the street is invaded. Another DIY urbanism commonly found in Bangkok is garland and drinks on the footpath. The garland and drinks are placed on the footpath to make people not throwing away the trash in the public space but these actually consume the space of the footpath.
Thai people placed chairs on the street to prevent car from parking
People painted red curb gray for more parking
A neighborhood in Los Angles put rocks next to the wall to prevent the homeless
Placing cone on a street to raise awareness from the driver on bikeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s lane.
A tiny DIY bridge, Scum river bridge, was build after the hell gate bridge leaked.
Drinks and sometimes garland place on the footpath prevent people from throwing away trash due to Thai believes about spirits
Vandalism on Abandoned Places Many places in Bangkok are abandoned for a variety of reasons such as financial crisis and structure failure which later become targets for a group of vandals. People are taking advantages and break into the building and vandalized causes tighter security system on abandoned buildings.
Demolised and Abandoned Brings Vandalism
Sathorn Unique Tower is an example of abandoned building from financial crisis in 1997 caused the tower was left unfinished in Sathorn area. Some people believe that the reason the tower is left unfinished because the shadow of the building cast on Wat Yan Nawa causes it to be inauspicious. Originally, Sathorn Unique was planned to be a luxury condominium. As the time pass, the tower become an attraction for freerunner, building climber and vandals to illegally enter the tower. Moreover, it also used as a location in one of Thai film called â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Promiseâ&#x20AC;?
Vandalism on Sathorn Unique Tower
Sathorn Unique Tower in Bangkok
I.C.E. Tower is another example of vandalism on an abandoned building in a larger scale. The office tower was left unfinished from the financial crisis in 1997. Some demolished buildings are left alone and abandoned causing people to take advantage on ownership and bringing vandalism to the body. Some abandoned body was vandalized by group of vandals while some abandoned places are turned into attraction and also shelter for homeless.
I.C.E. Tower got tight entry restrictions after it got vandalized numerous times.
Vandalism inside of the I.C.E. Tower such as graffiti and broken glass.
An abandoned building found on Phaya Thai road got vandalized.From the observation, people broke into the building illegally to use it as a shelter as you can see from the parasitic connectivity of the cables from the road into the building.
Vandalism on an abandoned building on Phaya Thai road
Another vandalism on demolished body on Phaya Thai road. Some part of the building already got taken down contrary to number of graffiti on the demolished wall. The vandalism is not only on the wall of the building, it also on the construction facade.
Vandalism on demolished building on Phaya Thai road
Taking Ownership in between Situation In Thailand, migrants are our main source of labour such as construction workers and factory workers. These migrant labour mostly donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have permanent homes. Some are live in containers or self-build home from galvanized sheet. There is a village in Bangphat district in Bangkok that is homes for more than 700 migrant workers from neighbour countries. The village was build from 120 boxes of yellow containers.
Likewise, migrant problems is not only in Thailand. In Italy also facing migrant problem from gypsies or the romani. Romani camps or Nomad camps are commonly found European countries such as Italy and France. Nomad camps is a temporay home for the romani. The gypsies are inhabitants are vagrants because they are not settle in one place.
Children of migrant workers are playing in the village
Romani camps in Paris installed on an abandoned railroad line
According to the LETTER TO SNĂ&#x2DC;HETTA, Undocumented workers are occupying many places in Europe. The workers are exploited and dissimulated. They are occupying space such as the Patheon in Paris which is a symbol for which is a symbol for fight against slavery to get an attention from the government about their status.
Construction workers occupying construction site to get attention from the government.
Migrant workers in France occupying the French Patheon and asked for their workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; rights
Taking Ownership in between Public and Private Places
Homeless people occupied space on the footpath at Suan Luang
Homeless and passengers use Hua Lamphong train station as their shelter at night
The front of abandoned shophouse on Banthat Thong road is occupied by the homeless
Homelessness is one of the unresolve problem Thailand is facing. The homeless are abanded by the government because they do not get any support from the them. Homelessness caused by having financial failure, being alcoholic, post relasing from prison, and migration. Homeless people are similar to abandoned building that is left alone unfinished and no one cares about it. The homeless also take advantages from those abandoned buildings and abandoned space. In Bangkok, public space such as Hua Lamphong, Sanam Luang, Lumphini park, and Giant Swing are occupied by the homeless.
A project of Torre David An abandoned tower, the Tower of David or Torre David, was left unfinished in Venezuela turned into the tallest slum in the world. After the tower was left alone for many years, people started to taking over the ownership of the building by moving in and started a community within the abandoned building illegally. The project of tower of David is an example of informal community. Later on the government is taking care at this project and planed to improve living condition for people in this community by moving the residents to social housing.
One of the room inside of the Torre David
Community of people who live in the tower of David
Guerilla Architecture A group of Spanish architects who took over space legally and illegally by occupying an abandoned places. The purpose of the project from Guerilla Architecture is to find an abandoned building or space and turn into a community space or homes for other people affected by the financial crisis in 2011. Many abandoned buildings in Spain turned into 500,000 new homes for people who were abandoned by the government. One of their projects is located at an abandoned cement factory in Los Santos De Maimona which later on turns into a performance space and bar for people in the community. The project aim to improve life quality if the poor in rural area.
A project called LaFabrika detodalavida is a trancsformation of abandoned cement factory into community space.
One of the location of Guerilla Architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s project which is an abandoned cement factory in Los Santos De Maimona.
A building that is left unfinished due to financial crisis in Spain which later turns into a shelter for affected people from financial crisis in Spain.
Vandalism on Memorials and Monuments Most of the time vandalism on memorials and monuments is related to political ideology. People have a different point of view on many things in life and one of them is politics. Memorial and monument have a unique part of our heritage and a reminder of important and individual tributes from bereaved communities and records of their loved onesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sacrifices. Act of Vandalism on memorials and monuments shows a lack of respect, neglect, and ignorance.
Vandalism in relation of Religious Religous monuments are where people from the same believe gather, pay respect, and organize ceremony. Vandalism on religous monument shows difference in believes and disrespect. Mostly, vandalism on religious monuments are cause by people from different believe which cause high level of damage. In 2006, Erawan Shrine on Ratchaprasong was vandalized by a mental illness man. The man was using a hammer to smashed the hollow statue of Brahma to pieces causing witness to get upset and enraged. Few years later, the Erawan shrine got attacked by a Turkish terrorist.
Erawan Shrine on Ratchaprasong Intersection
Erawan Shrine got smashed by a mental illness man.
The damage of Erawan shrine after an explosion.
Vandalism in relation of Political Monuments and memorials were build as a remainder of what had happened in the past. Some are for victory or some are for democracy. Vandalism on memorials and monuments sometimes are because different opinion on politics which can cause severe damage. Vandalism in relation of politics sometimes are not only physically vandalized the space, it also vandalized by its fucntion. People use space around monument or memorial to protest to express their opipnion and raise awareness to the government. In Bangkok, some memorials and monuments that established democracy was taken down for no reason. Some were replaced with the one that extol monarchy. In 2018, a Constitution Defense Monument was also taken down by the government. Some believe that it was blocking the traffic and the MRT but no one confirm the reason behind it. Recently, Democracy Plaque was taken out the day after it was placed from Sanam Luang.
A picture of Constitution Defense Monument before and after it was taken down.
Democracy plaque is gone the day after it was placed at Sanam Luang
Group of Free Youth protesters rallied in front of Democracy Monument in 2020.
Democracy plaque was placed in Sanam Luang on September 20, 2020
Memorials and monument is a public space therefore people are using these space for political and social movements, for example, Democracy monument in Bangkok. Most of the time protesters uses in front of democracy monument as an assembly point causes the street to physically vandalized and vandalized by its fuction.
Political protest in front of Democracy monument blocking the street in 2010
Vandalism from Rhodes Must Fall movement
Group of anti government protest in front of Democracy monument
Another example is Rhodes Must Fall movement in South Africa. The protest of students and staff against institutional racism in the University of Cape Town, South Africa. The purpose is to taking down the statue of of Cecil John Rhodes which is symbolic for for the inevitable fall of white supremacy and privileg.
Protesters from Rhodes Must Fall movement taken down the statue
Unintentionally act of Vandalism Vandalism is not always an intentional act on the property, sometimes people’s behavior and incorrect restoration can cause damage to the property. human’s activities such as skateboarding, stepping, jumping, and climbing can cause memorials and monuments to be vandalized as well as the environment and the weather.
Incorrect and accident during restoration and renovation can cause serious damage on memorials and monuments. During renovation of Notre Dame Cathedral was caught on fire in 2019. The destruction of Notre Dame show ignorance and neglect of the construction workers.
Memorials and monuments sometimes become a space where people hang out. People’s activities can affect memorials and monuments on aging. For instance, some memorials such as World War II memorial, FDR memorial and Washington’s Pentagon memorial in the United States of America become a space where people hang out with their friends. Skateboarding, stepping, jumping, climbing, and touching are activities and interactions of humans that unintentionally vandalized the memorials and monuments.
Notre Dame Cathedral caught on fire during restoration People interaction at Washington’s Pentagon Memorial in 2019
People interaction at Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial People interaction at World War II memorial in Washington
Vandalism on Infrastructure Vandalism on infrastructure can be categorized into 3 different types. The first type causes a high level of damage and mostly an effect from a political protest. Many public places got spray painted or break down by the protesters during the protest or the place got vandalized by its function when the protesters use public space for the movement. Besides the damage on infrastructure, it also damages memorials and monuments. Second, a low level of damage from vandalism on infrastructure such as spray paint of graffiti, stickers, a cone on a street, etc. which can commonly found around Bangkok Third, many places in Bangkok are spray-painted by famous street artists from around the world which can refer to those graffiti as organized vandalism.
Graffiti on smaller scale Graffiti on infrastructure can be range from large scale such as bridge pillar and street to small scale such as sticker on a bathroom wall. From the site observation, Type of graffiti commonly found on infrastruture are signature, drawing and catch phrases. People are using public space to express and share their thoughts. People are using public space to express and share their thoughts through graffiti. Graffiti often found in heavily populated area and in urban area. Other than public voice, graffiti also generates fear of crime and instability from people in the community. “It reflects culture and art, however it also influences divisions in society” (Jeremy Wegener).
Vandalism on girl’s bathroom wall at the faculty of Architecture
Vandalsim on social distancing sign during covid 19 pandemic.
Graffiti on 2nd floor of the faculty building
Graffiti on the back of a stop sign on Rama IV road
People stick the stickers on the cable poles after got out of the hospital during covid 19 pandemic.
Telephone booth under Hua Chang bridge is filled with graffiti and stickers.
Graffiti on larger scale
Graffiti on a building in Detriot by a street artist, Shepard Fairey.
Graffiti on the construction site on Phaya Thai rd.
Graffiti on the side of INDA lab
Graffiti under the airport link on Phaya Thai rd.
Graffiti in front of the shophouses at Sam Yan.
Graffiti on the overpass at Silom.
Graffiti as a mark of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presecnce Graffiti are use as an expression of people thought, idea and point of view on the world at that time. Many street artists use public places as a canvas to express their point of view and to be known to the public. Graffiti is one of the methods that is used as the destruction of the body. It has been in our community throughout history which is shown in the form of cave paintings. This first picture is a prehistoric cave painting of Tadrart Acacus from 12,000 BC. The painting shows cultural heritage and technology at that time. The cave painting is resembled vandalism as a mark as marking physical structures and rocks to indicate oneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presence or visitation. Another example from 2013 was vandalism at Joshua Tree National Park in Southern California. Rock and concrete face of Barker Dam was carved and spray paint graffiti causing the National Park to close for restoration.
A cave painting of Tadrart Acacus from 12,000 BC
Rock and concrete face of Joshua Tree National Park in Southern California got vandalized.
Vandalism to Draw Attention and Awareness Sometimes act of vandalism caused by the problems people facing in their daily life. Vandalized space draw attention to the public make the problem closer to other people and sometimes it helps resolve the problem faster. Graffiti can be used as a medium to communicate and raise awareness and attention to other people. In England, a british man spray painted a penis over a pothole on the street after his friend got in bike accident because of the pothole. The spray painted potholes help raise attention from the government and awareness for other bikers. Another example of graffiti by youth group in Kenya to raise awareness of danger of the corona virus. The aim is to remind people in the community the threat of corona virus and to stay safe. The graffiti uses vibrant color to get an attention from people in the community.
Graffiti of penises were spray paint over potholes on the street around Manchester
A youth group in Kenya spray painted the wall to raise awareness on the danger of the corona virus
Graffiti: Vandalism or Art Graffiti as a commodity Some graffiti adds more value to the space more than ruin it. For example, Banksy, a famous street artist, spray painted numerous number of wall which add more attention and value to it. In Thailand also has famous street artists whose have painted many wall around Bangkok such as Alex face and Headache Stencil. Graffiti on public places also include graffiti on institution. Some graffiti on institution are count as art and commodity. Those graffiti are powerful and highly impact on students according to a Ted talk called â&#x20AC;&#x153;Graffiti: Art or Vandalism?â&#x20AC;? by Gonzalez. When he was in High school he had spray painted the wall of the school. His graffiti had an impact students who walkby. It helped motivated students and raised the energy of the community.
A work from Alex Face found in the middle of Siam Square
Graffiti in front of Wat Hua Lumphong School
A graffiti work inside of a school by Gonzalez which helps motivated student in the school.
Graffiti and Real Estate Value Graffiti on infrastructure is a sign for urban decay. Some people see graffiti as an art, and vice versa. Some think that building with graffiti is not safe because it reflects livelihood of the community causing lower in value of the building. Nowadays, urban art increase the value because street art turns into an attraction for people. Graffiti often use outside of cafe and restuarant as an attraction. It helps develop and attract people to local business and the community. In Thailand, Talard Noi area has numerous graffiti on the wall. Some are from vandals and some are from famous street artist. People in the community decided to keep the graffiti on the wall instead of cleaning it. It becomes an attraction for photographers and art-loving people. Talard Noi area becomes a landmark where people visit.
Graffiti of Alex Face found in Talard Noi area.
Instagramable graffiti in Talard Noi impact on community development.
Famous Vandals ‘Headache Stencil’ is one of Thailand famous street artist. His uses publice space and infrastructure as his canvas for his political art to share his point of view to the public. Most of his work is a reflection on Thai political situation. Another well-known vandal, srteet artist, political activist, and film director named ‘Banksy’. Numerous of his work not only left behind beautiful artwork but each of his works also full of meaning and life lessons.
Muted black tiger is one of Headache Stencil’s work which once was painted over by the government. However, he manage to spray paint the exact graffiti on to another wall.
Another work from Headache Stencil. It is a graffiti of the Thai Deputy Prime Minister face inside an alarm clock
Graffiti of a famous street artist, Banksy, got vandalized by other vandals
Corona virus inspitred graffiti by Banksy
Organzied Vandalism Some vandalism on the infrastructure is well organized by the street artist. Numerous famous and infamous artists use public space such as walls as a canvas for their artwork. However, the wall that the graffiti are on is private property or sometimes is a public space thus these graffiti are count as vandalism.
Graffiti on the wall at Chalermla Park
Graffiti on the wall at Chalermla Park
Chalermla Park as a graffiti park turns into community area.
Chalermla Park is a graffiti park in the middle of Bangkok. It is where street artists showing off their skills and express their point of view. The park is not only for graffiti, but it also turns into a community area for people in Ratchatewi or from other area come to play sport and hang out with their friends. In addition, It became an attraction for people to come and take pictures.
Other examples of organized vandalism around the Chula area is behind shophouses along the Saen Saep canal and behind shops in Siam. The walls behind the shophouses and shops are neglected because not many people are using the walk path. Spray painting graffiti on the wall causes more people to pay attention to these area. Furthermore, the wall turns into an attraction for people to come and take pictures.
Graffiti on the wall next to Yelo House
An organized vandalism on the wall behind a shop in Siam
Graffiti on the wall next tp Saen Saep canal
Graffiti on the wall at Siam
Graffiti on the wall next tp Saen Saep canal
Graffiti on the wall at Siam
Vandalism as a Political ideology
Group of anti government removed and defaced the sign in front of Royal Thai Police Headquarter and replaced it with graffiti of their groupâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s name
Central World got burned down from the protest in Thailand in 2010.
Graffiti around Central World area by political protesters about the political situation in 2009.
Vandalism such as graffiti and defacement are used as an expression on political views in Many countries and one of those countries is Thailand. Political protest in Thailand in 2009 causing many places in Bangkok to get vandalized from a low level of damage such as graffiti showing their point of view on the political situation to a higher level of damage such as destroy private property. For instance, protesters spray paint walls to express their point of view on politics and raise government awareness on politics.
Sometimes politcal movement or protest are vandalized to raise awareness and pressure to the government. The more severe the condition, the more attention the government will give to the situation. Occupying space also a vandalism in dimension of its function. In Thailand Protesters occupying many political landmarks in Bangkok for movement to get an attention from the government. Likewise, a peaceful protest in Hong Kong, people were placed obstacles on the street and later on the protest got more violence. People started to sprayed paint, broke in the shop and set the shop on fire.
Political protest in front of Central World in Thailand in 2010 vandalized the function of the street.
In 2019, protesters in Hong Kong vandalized the street by places obstacles on the road to pressure the government.
Protest in Hong Kong got more violence in 2019. The shop got set on fire and vandalized by the protesters.
Occupying Ratchaprasong - Pathumwan Intersection
2010
2014
Thai Political Protest
2014 Thai coup dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ĂŠtat
2019
We Want Election Rally
8-13 January 2019 The space in front of Gaysorn Plaza and BTS skywalk were occupied and BTS skywalk by WE WANT ELECTION movement. It was a peaceful protest about the electionon February, 24 2019. Moreover, paper, poster, and funeral wood flower were placed on footpath in front of Gaysorn Plaza.
12 March-19 May 2010 The protest occupied the space around Ratchaprasong Intersection to Chulalongkorn Hospital. During the protest many places were set on fire and vandalized by the protesters The first phrase was on January 2-5, 2014 which cause the streets on Pathumwan Intersection, Lumphini Park, and Ratchaprasong Intersection to shut down. Later on 21-28 February the protest moved to Pratu Nam Intersection. The protest finally ended on March 15, 2014
Occupying Suvarnabhumi Airport
24 Sep - 9 Dec 2008 More than 292 flights were delayed and can not land caused the passengers couldnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get in and out of the Airport. The protesters occupied the space on the motorway and airport entrance caused the traffic to paralyzed. Moreover, the protest caused negative effect on economic.
Political protest in front of Suvarnabhumi airport in 2008 caused the passengers can not get in or out of the airport which leads the airport to temporarily closed. Moreover, the movement also paralyzed traffic around Suvarnabhumi airport.
Occupying Democracy Monument
2010
Thai Political Protest
12-March-28 April 2010 More than 3,000 protesters occupied the space in front of Victory monument
2014
“Shut Down Bangkok”
“Shutdown” Bangkok begun on Monday 13th January 2014. The protester occupied the street from Rajavithi Hospital Foundation to Victory monument left only one lane of street for transportation. The shut down finally over on February 3, 2014.
Occupying Democracy Monument
Democracy Monument was build in1939 after the 1932 Revolution which is to an establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Thailand. The democracy monument is located in the center of Bangkok on Ratchdamnoen road close to Sanam Luang and Grand Palace. It became a political landmark where numerous protest and movement took place. The reason Democracy monument becomes a political landmark is because the location of the monument is close to government offices.
The October 14 Uprising
1973
1976
Thammasat (University) massacre or The October 6
14-15 October 1973 The political movement stated from Thammasat University to Equestrian Statue Plaza through Ratchadamnoen Avenue. More than 500,000 people were participate in this protest. Public places such as Public Relations Department, The Revenue Department, Metropolitan Police Headquarters, Government Lottery office, and hotel nearby were set on fire.
Anti-Thaksin Rally
28 September-6 October 1976 Around 4,000 protesters occupying the space in front of Thammasat University and Sanam Luang. During the movement, political poster were placed around Bangkok.
2005 2006
Thai coup d’état against Thanksin
It first started on 25 September 2004 but later on it expand the duration til the end of 2005. The movement first started at Equestrian Statue Plaza to Ratchadamnoen Nok road in front of Ananta Samakhom Throne Hall to Suan Misakawan Junction. After that it moved to Equestrian Statue Plaza, Sanam Luang and Democracy Monument.
2014 Thai coup d’état
20 May 2014 The political movement organized in front of Democracy Monument.
19 September 2006 Continuous event from 2005 The protest was include people marching and political poster around Democracy momument, Equestrian Statue Plaza and Thammasat University. The poster was quoted “Council of Demented and Ridiculous Military”
2014
Free Youth 2020
First phrase was in February ans second phrase started in July until today. It is a peachful protest of mostly student and others anti-government group.
Occupying Democracy Monument
After the death of King Rama IX on October 13,2017 , many places around Thailand turned into temporaly memorials for the kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death. Places such as in front of democracy monument and Grand palace packed with people to show thier condolences to the king. On October 13 every year after Kingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death, there is a temporary memorial on Ratchadamnoen road to Sanam Luang.
In 2017, Thai citizens gathered in many places in Thailand for King Rama IX memorial after he passed away. The places such as Sanam Luang in front of the Grand Palace and in front of the Democracy monument were pact with people causes the prevention of the space from its functioning.
Vandalism as Memorials After the death of King Rama IX on October 13,2017 , many places around Thailand turned into temporaly memorials for the king’s death. Places such as in front of democracy monument and Grand palace packed with people to show thier condolences to the king. On October 13 every year after King’s death, there is a temporary memorial on Ratchadamnoen road to Sanam Luang. Graffiti of the king as a memorial of the King Rama IX’s death on the wall in Phuket, Thailand
Another graffiti of the King Rama IX as a memorial of the King Rama IX’s death on the wall of an old house.
Graffiti on the wall at Chalermla Park as a memorial for King Rama 9’s death
Bibliography Coffeeandjunk.com. “Theory of Broken Windows: Why The Little Things Matter The Most” https://coffeeandjunk.com/theory-of-broken-windows/#:~:text=In%201969%2C%20Philip%20Zimbardo%2C%20 a,to%20conduct%20a%20small%20experiment.&text=The%20car%20in%20the%20Bronx,it%20was%20ultimately%20wrecked%20totally. Theoharis, Mark. “Vandalism: Crimes and Penalties”. From sciencebuddies.org https://www.criminaldefenselawyer.com/crime-penalties/ federal/Vandalism.htm Shillington, Laura. 2016. “Graffiti, space, and gender”. From thenatureofcities.com https://www.thenatureofcities.com/2016/03/23/graffiti-andstreet-art-can-be-controversial-but-can-also-be-a-mediumfor-voices-of-social-change-protest-or-expressions-of-community-desire-what-how-and-where-are-examples-of-graffitias-a-posi/ Gordon C.C. Douglas and Roman Mars. 2019, September 30. “The Help-Yourself City”. From 99% Invisible episode 372. 99percentinvisible.org https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/the-help-yourselfcity/ Karsten, Matthew. 2019, September 3. “Ghost Tower: Climbing Bangkok’s Abandoned Skyscraper”. From expertvagabond.com https://expertvagabond.com/abandoned-skyscraper-bangkok/ Ward, Dax. 2019. “The abandoned i.c.e. office tower”. From daxward.com https://www.daxward.com/The-abandoned-ICE-tower-series/ YUKAKO ONO, Nikkei. 2019, February 17. “Migrant workers in Thailand live harsh, but improving, reality”. From asia.nikkei.com https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Migrant-workers-in-Thailand-live-harsh-but-improving-reality Lambert, Léopold. 2015, December 20. “PRECARIOUS ROMA VILLAGE OF NORTHERN PARIS: A FEW CAUTIOUS CONSIDERATIONS”. From thefunambulist.net https://thefunambulist.net/architectural-projects/precarious-roma-village-of-northern-paris-a-few-cautious-considerations SPECTRUM. 2019, November 9. “สิทธิที่หายไปของคนไร้บ้าน”. https://youtu.be/7YmwNt8xmb4
Rosenfield, Karissa. 2013, August 24. “Inside the World’s Tallest Slum: Venezuela’s Tower of David”. From archdaily.com https://www.archdaily.com/420345/inside-the-world-s-tallest-slum-venezuela-s-tower-of-david Taylor, Alan. 2014, April 23. “Squatters in Venezuela’s 45-Story ‘Tower of David’”. From theatlantic.com https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2014/04/squatters-in-venezuelas-45-story-tower-of-david/100721/ Ana Naomi de Sousa. 2014, April 18. “How Spain’s ‘guerrilla architect’ is building new hope out “of financial crisis”. From theguardian.com https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/aug/18/santiago-cirugeda-guerrilla-architect-spain-seville-financial-crisis Mantri, Geetika. 2019, February 5. “Why Do We Vandalise Heritage Monuments?”. From thequint.com https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/art-and-culture/ why-do-we-vandalise-heritage-monuments MGR Online. 2006, March 22. “ท้าวมหาพรหมถูกทำ�ลาย มิอาจ ทำ�ลายหัวใจพรหม”. From mgronline.com https://mgronline.com/live/detail/9490000038476 Holmes, Oliver. 2015, August 17. “Bangkok explosion: fatal blast at Erawan shrine”. From theguardian.com https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/aug/17/bangkokrocked-by-explosion-at-busy-road-junction Rojanaphruk, Pravit. 2018, December 28. “MONUMENT MARKING DEFEAT OF ROYALIST REBELS REMOVED IN DEAD OF NIGHT”. From Khaosodenglish.com https://www.khaosodenglish.com/politics/2018/12/28/monument-marking-defeat-of-royalist-rebels-removed-in-deadof-night/ Thai PBS World. 2020, September 21. “Symbolic democracy plaque at Sanam Luang removed”. From thaipbsworld.com ht tps://www.thaipbsworld.com/symbolic-democracy-plaque-at-sanam-luang-removed/ Chaudhuri, Amit. 2016, March 16. “The real meaning of Rhodes Must Fall”. From theguardian.com https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/mar/16/thereal-meaning-of-rhodes-must-fall Bangkok business news online. 2020, July 19. “‘อนุสาวรีย์ ประชาธิปไตย’ แลนด์มาร์ค ‘การเมือง’ ที่ยังมีลมหายใจ”. From bangkokbiznews.com https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/890050
Bibliography รัชนก พุทธสุขา. 2020, August 16. “ทำ�ไมต้องเรียกร้อง “ประชาธิปไตย” ที่อนุสาวรีย์ประชาธิปไตย”. From m.musuemsiam. org https://m.museumsiam.org/da-detail2. php?MID=3&CID=177&CONID=4207 Leasca, Stacy. 2019, June 28. “Officials Say These Two Things May Have Caused Notre Dame Fire”. From travelandleisure. com https://www.travelandleisure.com/travel-news/notre-damefire-cause Quentin Stevens and Karen Franck. 2015, August 11. “Memorials as Spaces of Engagement: Design, Use and Meaning”. From Viewing to Engaging(p. 33), Memorials as Used and Understood(p. 86-88). New York: Routledge PRESS-ENTERPRISE. 2013, April 12. “Joshua Tree National Park: Vandalism plagues public lands”. From pe.com https://www.pe.com/2013/04/12/joshua-tree-national-parkvandalism-plagues-public-lands/ Urbanist. “Wanksy: Phallus Graffiti Draws Attention to Dangerous Potholes”. From weburbanist.com https://weburbanist.com/2015/04/28/wanksy-phallus-graffiti-draws-attention-to-dangerous-potholes/ Opali, Otiato. 2020, May 6. “Kenyan youth groups use graffiti to spread corona message”. From chinadaily.com http://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202005/06/WS5eb2b566a310a8b241153c62.html Gonzalez, Diego. 2015, November 21. “Graffiti: Art or Vandalism? Street Art in School & Communities”. From Youtube Tedx talks https://youtu.be/y4GpSEyJZjE Martinique, Elena. 2016, May 31. “What is the Effect of Street Art on Real Estate Prices?”. From widewall.ch https://www.widewalls.ch/magazine/street-art-real-estate MerchantSide Marketing Group. 2018. “How Does Graffiti Affect Property Value?”. From clearviewsurfaces.com https://www.clearviewsurfaces.com/how-does-graffiti-affect-property-value/ Psycat. 2018, June 28. “ผมเคยกลัวแต่ตอนนี้ผมสู้”คุยกับ HEADACHE STENCIL ศิลปินผู้ท้าชนอำ�นาจเผด็จการด้วยศิลปะ”. From unlockmen.com https://www.unlockmen.com/headache-stencil/ Ellsworth-Jones, Will. 2013, February. “The Story Behind Banksy”. From smithsonianmag.com https://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/the-story-behind-banksy-4310304/
Bangkok Post online reporter. 2014, January 23. “Police target HQ sign vandals”. From bangkokpost.com https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/politics/391105/police-refuse-protesters-offer-to-to-replace-vandalised-sign England, Vaudine. 2010, May 19. “Clashes, fires and fears for future in Bangkok”. From bbc.com https://www.bbc.com/news/10128352 Pao, Jeff. 2019, November 14. “Vandalism is a necessary tactic, say HK vanguard”. From asiatimes.com https://asiatimes.com/2019/11/vandalism-is-a-necessary-tactic-say-protesters/ Sanook reporter. 2014, January 12. “เกาะติดม็อบ! ปิดแยก-ตั้ง 7 เวทีทั่วกรุง ก่อนวันชัตดาวน์ 13 ม.ค.”. From sanook.com https://www.sanook.com/news/1394519/ “บอกเล่าเหตุการณ์สำ�คัญทางการเมืองไทย 2475 - ปัจจุบัน” from sites.google.com https://sites.google.com/site/reiynrukdhmaykiltawrea/hetukarn-2475---paccuban?tmpl=%2Fsystem%2Fapp%2Ftemplates%2Fprint%2F&showPrintDialog=1 Bangkok Post online reporter. 2019, January 13. “‘กลุ่มอยาก เลือกตั้ง’ ชุมนุมแยกราชประสงค์ นัด19ม.ค.พร้อมยกระดับชุมนุม”. From bangkokbiznews.com https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/824029 INN news reporter. 2014, June 1. “ปิด 4 แยกมุ่งหน้าราชประสงค์ สกัดม็อบต้านฯ”. From sanook.com https://www.sanook.com/news/1603205/ 2014, May 25. “ประมวลภาพการชุมนุมที่บริเวณแยกราชประสงค์ 25 พ.ค. 2557”. From prachatai.com https://prachatai.com/journal/2014/05/53515 Bangkok Post online reporter. 2014, February 6. “จี้ม็อบหาที่ ชุมนุมอื่นแทนราชประสงค์”. From bangkokbiznews.com https://www.bangkokbiznews.com/news/detail/561502
HISTORY OF THE IMPRISONMENT The original purpose of confining a person within a prison was not to punish them, but was to keep the perpetrator of a crime detained until the actual punishment could be carried out. This was usually in the form of corporal punishment that was intended to cause the guilty person pain, such as being beaten with a whip, or capital punishment which used a variety of methods to claim the lives of condemned individuals. London is known as the birthplace of modern imprisonment. A Philosopher named Jeremy Bentham was against the death penalty and thus created a concept for a prison that would be used to hold prisoners as a form of punishment. Bentham drew up plans for a facility in which prisoners would remain for extended periods of time. This sounds better than take the life of the criminals but is it really is?
Looking into a bigger picture, when you keep a person alive but has to be living in a restricted area, in the worst environment, the mental health of that person would be broken. You cannot visit anyone but wait and hope for them to visit you, you may have forced to do a daily routine of a prisoner, there are really few or maybe no privacy inside of most prisons, or you may have to be in solitary confinement which will Isolate you from everybody else for 23 hours a day average, and you may not know anything outside the prison. Another point is when you are still alive, it means you can still “be used” in some purpose, such as hard labor, extort money in many ways, or even be a sandbag for the furious wardens or other prisoners. Although there are so many prisons where the prisoners are very well-being but the question is “Is this system really helpful?”
Millbank the first prison that were being built in purpose of detaintion in England.
EPISODE 1: FACILITY For the people that have to be living in the prison for incarceration in a period of time, apart from the correctional system and social inside the prison, the prison itself is one of the principal factors that affect the behavior and mindset of the inmates. Even just a little natural light and a window provided in the cell can cause a different result on the inmates compared to those who have been detained without them. This episode will be looking into some of the weirdest prison designs and facilities around the world. Both good and bad.
1880
SQUIRREL CAGE JAIL 1885
1912
SAN PEDRO PRISON 1895
1977
1945
ALCATRAZ ISLAND 1934
TENT CITY JAIL 1993
ARANJUEZ PRISON 1998
HALDEN PRISON 2010
2010
JUSTIZZENTRUM LEOBEN PRISON 2004 FORTEZZA MEDICEA PRISON 2007
SQUIRREL CAGE JAIL Located at: Pottawattamie County Jail, Iowa. Opened date: 1885. Closed date: 1969. Prominent point: Revolving cells and animal cage-like design. Concept: Maximum security with minimum jailer attention. The jail was constructed to minimize the interaction of jailer and convict by twirling the cells around. The idea behind the design was that the cells were all located on a central carousel that would, at the turning of a hand-crank, spin so that only one inmateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s holding area could be accessed at a time, via the single entryway. By the 1960s, the massive metal turntable was not faring so well and would frequently become stuck. The jail was in active use until 1969 when it finally closed its rotating doors to further criminals.
inmates would shower once a week in cold water only. The shower would also function as a laundry facility. Inmates would wear their clothes while showering. No uniform was provided. Inmates would remain in street clothes during their sentence.
This is what a cell looks like. Every cell looks the same, rotating all the time and has only one exit.
SAN PEDRO PRISON Located at: La Paz, Bolivia. Opened date: 1895. Closed date: Prominent point: The inmates classes divided by economic wealth. Concept: The prison that runs by inmates.
The prison is split up into sections and classes and governed by the elected inmates. The “rich” prisoners are able to buy what would pass for luxury: cells with a private bathroom, cable television, a kitchen, and sometimes even a Jacuzzi. It will cost a prisoner between $1,000 and $1,500 to buy one of these cells, which they’ll “own” until their sentence is over. There are children in San Pedro, along with markets and shops, and absolutely no guards. The prisoners devised a system of
rules and laws which they enforce themselves with minimal outside interference. Sections: Posta, Pinos, Alamos, San Martin, Prefectura, Palmar, Guanay, and Cancha. Daily Routine: Prisoners here don’t have the stricted routine as the prison ran by inmates. So, it is all about making money to pay rent, fee, for food, and for drugs.
Posta
Prefectura
Cancha
Guanay
Palmar
San Martin
Alamos
Los Pinos
ALCATRAZ ISLAND Located at: San Francisco, California, United States. Opened date: 1934. Closed date: 1969. Prominent point: Prison island. Concept: Difficult to escape.
Alcatraz was a prison island for military confinement before it has detained normal people, by that, the security was very high. All of the warden were well-trained, not in the rehabilitation but in keeping the military inmates and the most dangerous criminal in thier places. Rules/laws: while in each personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cell or while gaurds are counting, you cannot make any noise.
Prisonerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s cell
Canteen & Dietary
Kitchen
Cell block D
These were the solitary confinement cell for those who broke the laws at Alcatraz, including even makes some noises while in the cell. Inmates were beaten up by the guards before put into the cell alone nakedly.
Visitorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s
In contrast to the other aspects, the dietary was good. Because they thought that with a good food and enough nutrients people can be rehabilised.
Hospital
TENT CITY JAIL Located at: Maricopa County Jail, Arizona, U.S. Opened date: 1993. Closed date: 2017. Prominent point: Humiliating and inhumane. Concept: Sheriff’s personality “tough on crime“. The jail survived for 24 years, Tent City stood within a larger jail compound in an industrial area 10 minutes south of downtown Phoenix. At its peak in the late 1990s, it comprised 82 Korean war-era military tents and housed 1,700 inmates. After 2009, it could hold up to 200 undocumented immigrants.
Inmates were issued with old-fashioned striped prison jumpsuits pink underwear, pink sandals and used pink wet towels around their necks to ease the heat. The reason of the shut down was because The facility is not a crime deterrent, it is not cost efficient, and it is not tough on criminals.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Holeâ&#x20AC;? The punishment for those who broke the prisonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s law is to be isolated here in a small cell for 3 people with only one table, chair, and toilet for 23 hours a day for a month. Currently isolated prisoners are having only an hour a day to see and talk to other isolated prisoners at the public area.
Bath room & Canteen Beginning of the daily routine with taking a bath and who finished it quick will get some sleep in the only one air conditioned room. Daily Routine
4 AM: Wake up, shower, and break fast. 6.30 AM: Starts working time. 14.30 PM: Back to the bed. 16.00 PM: Prisoners count. 20.00 PM: Bed time, light out.
Tent Temperature average: 61 Celcius For months at a time, inmates sentenced for minor crimes slept under the green cloth tents on bunk beds perched on large cement slabs on gravel.
HALDEN PRISON
Located at: Halden, Ă&#x2DC;stfold, Norway. Opened date: 2010 Closed date: Prominent point: The most humane prison. Concept: The imprisonment is enough punishment, the building doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have to be.
This prison is unlike any other. It was carefully designed for prisoners to feel more comfortable in many aspects. Most
prisons designed for the warder to be most efficient with the route and patrol but Halden designed like a campus. Facilities are split between separate buildings, surrounding perimeter walls, and mimicking life in the outside.
Materials Glass
Cork
Wood
Common prisons usually use hard materials such as concrete, steel, and linoleum which block the natural light, visually unappealing and Constantly reflect noise but at Halden, they use Glass to let in natural light, Wood & Cork to muffle noise.
A-BLOCK A2 - New inmate arrivals with capacity for 28 A1 - Non-compliant inmates and inmates with mental health issues capacity for 32 inmates
ADMINISTRATION
Administration in Halden Prison Main guard station Large and small meeting rooms Health section Visiting area Fitness room and wardrope facilities in the basement Cantine in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cantine Bridgeâ&#x20AC;&#x153;
Y-BLOCK A unique arena for interaction between work, education, cognitive programs and service centre For inmates in B- and C- Block
K-BLOCK
Interaction area for use during day and free time Gymnasium for physical activity and other events Fitness room Spiritual room for religious purposes
C-BLOCK Department C1 - with 42 inmates split into four living areas - Focus on release preparation Department C2 - with 42 inmates split in to three sub-departments and rehab-centre All inmates have access to school or work in Y-Block. Inmates in Rehab centre C8 have a seperate activity structure.
B-BLOCK
Department B1 - Sub department with 42 inmates split into four living areas Department B2 - Sub department with 42 inmates split into four living areas All inmates can have access to school or work option in Y-Block
EPISODE 2: PRISONER
What it is like to be a prisoner?
EX-PRISONERS INTERVIEW FOREIGNER PRISONER
KIM ERIKSSON SIRAWAN In 2011, was given the death penalty in Thailand for producing and possessing methamphetamine but then they commuted to life in prison. He claims that from three in the afternoon he, along with his fellow inmates, are locked in prison cells and are not released again until seven o’clock next day. He explained to a Swedish reporter: ‘We will have our last meal for the day two o’clock,’ he said. ‘We do not get anything under 16 hours a day! No food. No fruit. Just water when we need.’ Eriksson’s family are reported to pay the prison for a better diet, which results in more nutritious meals and bigger servings for the young Swedish man. However there are still many inconveniences and it is a harsh regime for the Swede. One of his key complaints is a lack of access to books. In the past, Kim is reported to have been able to spend his time reading books. ‘We cannot have books anymore. Meanwhile we are locked in the cell there is nothing to do,’ he says from inside his Thai prison.
THAI PRISONER
FIRST DAY IN PRISON After finished with the court, if you got sentenced, you will go straight to the prison, get undressed to full-body check for drugs, even in the anus. Then you will receive a prisoner-cloth and transfer to the tyro-zone where you will receive a new prisoner orientation, if you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t have any connection in there, those who have power in the prison will force you to be their jackal, if you are good looking, you will lose your anus virginity, and for the stuff, your family brought for you, you will get only 5% of that and the rest will go to the bosses. Computer class
A cell where 72 inmates sleep together.
LIFE IN THE BANGKOK HILTON
AFTER THREE MONTHS
Daily work - recieving half of the profit
Music class
DIETARY
The food was very awful. Imagine having only 1 garden of eggplant and 1 chicken per 500-600 inmates and the taste was terrible but you will have to eat it anyway. It rarely had a dessert in the prison and it was a dry rice at the bottom of the pot topping with sweetened condensed milk, this one was good.
After living in the tyro-zone for three months, you will be transferred to the zone you had been sentenced to. In the case of the interviewee, he used to be a soldier and was recommended to one of the bosses. So, life wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t that hard for him but even so, it was still much tougher than life outside prison. The main barrier in a day for him was that he had to surpass the loneliness, depression, and nostalgia which ten minutes feel like one hour. The dangers are everywhere. You could be beaten up from just walking into the blank space that belonged to any boss. Cigarette cost 100 THB per piece.
SOLITARY CONFINEMENT Stephen Slevin, 57, said he suffered clinical depression after being jailed on charges of driving while intoxicated, transferring a stolen vehicle and other offenses in Dona Ana County in August, 2005.
He told jail authorities he needed treatment for his mental condition, but his pleas were ignored and he became delirious, said his attorney, civil rights lawyer Matthew Coyte. By May 2007, when Slevin was transferred to a mental hospital, he had lost a third of his body weight, had a beard down to his chest, toenails curling around his toes, fungus on his skin, bed sores and “had been driven mad.” “It’s the worst case of solitary confinement in the country,” said Coyte. The lawyer said Slevin improved at the hospital, but after two weeks he was returned to solitary confinement at the Dona Ana County jail and began to deteriorate again.
STEPHEN SLAVIN
“People were walking by me every day, watching me deteriorate day after day after day, and did nothing, nothing at all to get me any help,” said Slevin, after Tuesday’s verdict at the U.S. District Court in Santa Fe. On June 25, 2007, a county magistrate judge found Slevin incapable of participating in his own defense, dismissed all charges against him and ordered him freed. On Tuesday, a jury returned a verdict calling for US$15.5-million in compensatory damages from all defendants, US$3.5-million in punitive damages from Zemek and US$3-million in punitive damages from Barela.
WHITE TORTURE
Such conditions of extreme sensory deprivation appear to be designed to weaken political prisoners. Even the guards wore padded shoes to muffle any sound. “I was there for eight months and after those months I couldn’t remember my father and my mother’s face,” says Fakhravar. “When they released me from that prison I was not a normal person.” Fakhravar has said he was first arrested aged 17 after criticizing the Iranian regime through speeches and writings, and spent more than five years shuttling between Iranian prisons and being tortured. The “white torture” began in January 2004 and lasted until August of that year.
White Room torture involves the stay of a prisoner in a cell or a box which has completely white walls. The sheets, prison clothes, door, lights, and everything else in the cell are white. Also, the food served is white rice. Furthermore, sensory deprivation is not only inflicted through the colour but also the absolutely mute environment. Therefore, there has to be pin-drop silence around the cell. The prisoner is kept in isolation and cannot talk to anyone. Even to use the toilet, the prisoner has to slip a white piece of paper from underneath the door to the guard. The slippers of the guards are padded so that the prisoner cannot hear any sounds, but the ones made by him.
AMIR FAKHRAVAR
“We didn’t see any color, all of the cell was white, the floor was white, our clothes were white and also the light, 24 hours, was white. Our food, also, was white rice,” explains Fakhravar. “We couldn’t see any color and we couldn’t hear any voices.”
GET ARRESTED ON PURPOSE SNEAK CONTRABAND INTO JAIL Inmates were communicating with accomplices on the outside using illegally obtained cell phones. The accomplices would get arrested on purpose and smuggle drugs into the jail in their body orifices. Then sell the drugs for a higher price than they could get on the streets, and the drugs would get distributed throughout the jail under inmatesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; food trays.
HEALTH CARE
Frank Morrocco of Amherst, New York, was released from prison earlier that year after serving 20 years on felony drug conspiracy charges and unable to afford healthcare for a rare form of leukemia, he walked into a grocery store, stepped up to the counter, and took $23 worth of goods in plain sight of store employees before walking out and was eventually arrested on a shoplifting charge.
QUIT SMOKING
Etta Mae Lopez, Sacramento, California, was arrested for slapping a county deputy outside the county jail. She wanted to go to jail to force her to quit smoking cigarettes.
LONELY Elderly crime is on the rise in Japan, and nine out of 10 women who get convicted are arrested for petty shoplifting. Nearly half of those women reported living by themselves and rarely or never speaking to family, making the community of a jail population seem like a more appealing alternative.
KICK A DRUG HABIT Similarly to Lopezâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s case, a man in Lorain, Ohio, claimed he intentionally violated a temporary protection order so he could go back to jail and kick his heroin habit.
BETTER THAN LIFE ON STREET
Lance Brown, a homeless man from Columbus, Georgia, who in 2012 hurled a brick through the town courthouse building and spent nine months in jail awaiting his trial. He did it for a place to rest and for food which he could not afford.
PROVE A POINT
Cohen was arrested in downtown Burlington, Vermont, for violating noise ordinances after he blasted jet noises from speakers on his truck. His goal was to simulate the type of noise Burlington residents could expect if a plan gets approved to send 18 Air Force F-35 jets to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Air National Guard base.
LOOK AT THE JUSTICE SYSTEM In 2013, Bobby Constantino efforts to intentionally get arrested so he could look at the criminal justice system from within. As Constantino discovered, getting arrested as a clean-cut white man in New York City was harder than he thought. Even though Constantino was caught on camera spraying graffiti on City Hall, officers refused to believe him when he went to turn himself in.
EFFECT OF THE IMPRISONMENT
Gendre change
Getting better to get out
Solitary confinement
In the nature of a living things, reproduction is one of the duty of every species. Human too, sex is one of the needs but when there is no opposite sex in the place you have to stay in for a period of time, most of the people in both male and female prison starts to look at the same gendre the different way more than 80% of the inmates had a sexual relationship with other inmates, and it is not rare. Indeed, it is very common around the world.
Though many prisons treat inmates like an animal an no practical rehabilitation but in some prison there are still hope for the inmates to be getting better, such as Halden which many of them chould graduate in Doctor degrees after being released.
It is one of the terrible and inhumane method of incarceration because it will destroy inmates from the inside. We, human are a social animal which relied on other all the time, being all alone for long can cause depression and other mental illness, and with enough time it can develop until it is impossible to medicate.
Suicide after released Several studies have been undertaken on suicide in custody, but few on suicide after the release from prison. We undertook a population-based cohort study to investigate suicide rates in recently released prisoners in England and Wales. We used the database of the National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and Homicide by People with Mental Illness for England and Wales to identify all individuals who died by suicide or who received an open verdict at the coronerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s inquest between 2000 and 2002. These records were linked to a Home Office register to identify all such deaths in people within 1 year of release from prison in England and Wales. We compared suicide rates per 100,000 person-years in these released prisoners with rates in the general population by using the indirectly age-standardised mortality ratio. We identified 382 suicides occurring in 244 988 individuals within 1 year of release from prison; a suicide rate of 156 per 100 000 person-years. 79 (21%) suicides occurred within the first 28 days after release. In all age groups, suicide rates were higher in recently released prisoners than in the general population. The overall age-standardised mortality ratio for recently released prisoners was 8.3 (95% CI 7.5-9.3) for men and 35.8 (25.4-50.2) for women. Recently released prisoners are at a much greater risk of suicide than the general population, especially in the first few weeks after release. The risk of suicide in recently released prisoners is approaching that seen in discharged psychiatric patients. A shared responsibility lies with the prison, probation, health, and social services to develop more collaborative practices in providing services for this high-risk group.
EPISODE 3: SYSTEM
PRISON POPULATION RATE Is the incarceration rate per 100,000 population which is the most common now a day method of measurement for the incarceration for each country. We can see the numbers of prison population rates of each country in comparison to one another.
COUNTRIESâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; INFORMATION TABLE
Country
United State of America Thailand Rwanda Cuba Brazil India Mali Nigeria Democratic Republic of Congo Republic of Guinea
Ranking Prison Population per 100,000
Prison Population Population Total
1.
655
2,121,600
331,002,651
4. 6. 7. 21. 211. 212. 215. 216.
544 511 510 357 34 33 30 29
377,722 755,274 65,000 57,337 466,084 5,209 61,802 20,550
69,799,978 13,002,664 11,326,616 212,559,417 1,380,004,385 20,339,705 206,914,338 89,974,062
218.
28
3,782
13,186,395
CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM THE ALL POWERFUL SUPREME LEADER The North Korean state was founded on Marxist Leninist ideology with heavy influence from Stalin’s Russia and Mao’s China, seeing western justice system as a repression from the bourgeoisie upon the working proletariat.
Supreme/Centre Court
Solution: use law as a hammer to nail state policy into society. The people’s assessors, laymen oversight in a court of law, is a staple of Communist Justice System.
NORTH KOREA
The judgers are able to subject them to ‘reeducation’ programs highlighting the value of worker’s party and the dictatorship of the proletariat.
Supreme People’s Assembly
North Korea’s first Supreme Leader, Kim il-sung’s personal ideology called ‘Juche’ which means ‘self-reliance’, Mixed Nationalism to Communism ideology in order to focus on 3 things. 1. National independence 2. Economic self-sustenance 3. National defense. This is how regime aimed to justify their cult of personality that is lasted into present era: follow me so we can achieve communism in our own Korean way. The law existed to protect the state not the rights of citizens, the Judiciary is not independent. The entire court system is accountable for Supreme People’s Assembly, the legislature of North Korea. When the Supreme People’s Assembly is in recess(most of the time), the courts are accountable to the much smaller Presidium of the Supreme People’s Assembly, all candidates to the Supreme People’s Assemblies are pre aproved by the Korean Woker’s Party, which is controlled by Kim Jong Un
Kim Jong Un ABNORMAL LAWS/ILLEGAL 1. Wear blue jeans: arrest. 2. For various crimes commitment: the entire bloodline of the criminal for 3 generations will be punished, Sometimes, publicly execute the whole village just to show. 4. If someone escaped from the prison camp: thier whole families will be captured to replace them. 5. Eyes rolling. 6. Mourning without meaning it or don’t cry for the death of the Supreme Leader: execute. 7. Smuggled western media into the country and shared them: arrest/execute. 8. Play or sing the music from other nations: arrest. 9. Practising religion: torture/arrest/publicly execution. 10. Turn off the government controlled radio: arrest 11. Foreigner tour on thier own or take a picture of poor people: guide and tourist arrest.
Worker’s Party Supreme People’s Assembly DPRK’s Supreme court, the highest court of appeals. the court of the first instance in situations with criminal acts against the nation, particularly when foreigners are involved. Their decisions are final, no appeal process.
12 provincial courts, usually paneled by three judges, which have initial jurisdiction for grievious crimes. and otherwise served as the final court of appeal. 100 people’s courts, they are organinzed as the county level and have jurisdiction over everyday civil disputes and criminal justice. They usually are presided over by a single judge with 2 civilian assessors to oversee the desicion making.
THE CORRUPTION AND VIOLENCE
BENNY MOAFI Opened a restuarant and pub in Phuket, had to pay some cash to police like mafia tax, called tea-money, amount to millions in bribes. He didn’t want to pay. So, he was set-up for the crime he didn’t commit. During the incarceration he learned to read and write Thai and then got a Thai law degree for suing the prison he was in “abuse the prisoner’s right”. He even sued everyone who abused the prisoners’ right, filed 207 legal cases and over 1,200 complaints against lawyers but when he was at the police station, they prior to his incarceration and then asked for 400,000 for being freed. He though he was going to win the case but he was not. After that, he decided to give the money but got stolen by lawyers. He said “police and lawyer took everything that he owned from him but did nothing to help, only one lawyer helped him.
THAILAND
He has been tortured in prison for many times, has his teeth kicked out and recieved stitches on many occasions. His duration in prison was 9 years 8 months.
Food in prison is barely edible but it was not for the prisoners in the first place, it was meant for sale for the pig feed and the inmates would buy the other food that the guards bring in and sale for the higher price than the outside. In Thailand, almost every police officer can be bribed for anything, the price depends on how serious the crime is and how much he wanted. especially, if you are a foreigner the price would be higher.
Escaped inmates that had been caught will be hit by a bat in the legs so they could not run away again. Sometimes, the wardens beat the inmates up to death just to show the power and keep the inmates in controll and most of the wardens did not get prosecuted. Another torture method is force the inmates to stand all day in a large sewage tank, so basically up to your neck in hot feces all day. Many foreigners have been forced to cenfess and sign on the paper they had prepared in Thai, no one speaks English. Some even got a gun pointed at thier head and threatened to kill them if they did not sign the statement then they would say that. Noumerous cases of the metal causing cuts from the shackle leading to dangerous infections. The guard brings the confiscated heroin to sell in prison for quadruple its street value. If you did not understands what the guards were saying, which was in Thai and most people did not understand, they could beat you up.
THE MOST DETAINED PRISONERS THE WORLD U.S. CORRECTIONAL SYSTEM
Incarceration
Incarceration is synonymous with jails and prisons, and other correctional facilities that detain individuals who are involved in perpetrating crimes. The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world, not necessarily because it has an entirely dysfunctional criminal justice system. The logical reason for this is because of the transparency in reporting, unlike some countries that do not truthfully reveal incarceration statistics.
UNITED STATES AMERICA Federal and state criminal jus-
tice systems most commonly use the term “corrections” as the replacement for “penology” when referring to the network of agencies that supervise individuals in a state of incarceration, rehabilitation, parole or probation. Accordingly, the term “correctional facility,” has become the substitute to “penal institution.”
Responsible for overseeing a wide array of programs far more than what it is usually given credit for.It also handles offenders who are conditionally released, as well as those who are merely issued penalties that do not require imprisonment but who still require legally prescribed supervision.
Jails: By definition, jails are containment areas for suspected offenders who are awaiting trial or sentencing. These individuals are not necessarily guilty of any crime. Many jailed persons are eventually found not guilty of any crimes and ordered released by the courts.
Prisons: Unlike jails, prisons are established for convicted felons. These institutions are maintained for both punishment and reform. Prisons have several security classifications (High, Medium, Low, Minimum) that typically corresponds to the seriousness of a convicted offenders’ crime, their demonstration of intent and their capacity to harm others (such as inmates and correctional personnel) during incarceration.
Solitary Confinement: In situations where inmates become violent and pose a threat to others, solitary confinement provides a remedy. This involves placing inCorrespondingly, the role of the cor- mates, who exhibit predatory berections officer is very diverse. Oversee- havior, in isolated cells that cut off ing the confinement of inmates who are communication with other people. serving their sentences is their primary role, but their expanded responsibilities typically include the reform and rehabilitation of sentenced offenders, organizing educational opportunities, and offering counseling in preparation for reentry into society.
COMMUNITY SUPERVISION
Community supervision is either a post-incarceration phase or an outright alternative to incarceration, which has become costly to society. It is part of the sentence, and its administration takes place for the entire duration prescribed by the courts. Parole: Inmates granted parole status are conditionally released from prison, and are referred to as parolees. Their limited freedom requires them to satisfy requirements, as mandated by law, which include the maintenance of good behavior and their periodic reporting to supervising corrections officers or other prescribed persons of authority. Failure to do so could result in their return to prison.
Probation: Sentenced offenders are not necessarily incarcerated, and the decision on this depends on the courts. On one hand, there are convicted felons who are ordered to serve part of their sentences in prison, and then outside â&#x20AC;&#x153;on probation.â&#x20AC;? On another, there are those who do not serve time in prison at all, but remain under community supervision. Either case grants convicted felons conditional liberty or provisional freedom subject to periodic evaluation and Recidivism: Recidivism relates to restrictions similar to those of parolees. convicted felonsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; return to their criminal ways. This phenomenon Recent developments have involved the is not uncommon, considering facuse of electronic tracking devices, which tors like predisposition to violence, are attached to individuals on proba- proclivity to break the law, and the tion, to monitor activities and check on external environment. Commonly, the behavior of individuals on probation. recidivists commit crimes against The technology has somewhat eased the property (particularly theft and burden of incarceration, as well as the burglary) because they are chalfrequency of face-to-face meetings with lenged with limited prospects for employment and decent living supervising corrections officers. conditions. Many recidivists are REMEMBER: Like incarceration, community supervision is part of the pun- discriminated against due to their ishment and reform process of sentenced offenders. Violating its provisions, criminal history, and this is among such as failing to report to the supervising corrections officer, is considered outside factors that drive them to engage in illegal activity. a crime.
REFERENCES 1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=od7OyDg8JOc 2. https://www.correctionalofficer.org/us-correctional-system 3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vGVKAz9OifI 4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YEhUUQQekkQ 5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JXo5GWEZVhA 6. https://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/10/29/amir.fakhravar.iran.torture/ 7. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sMywpnYUNp4 8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiIbENQtxoU 9. https://emadion.it/en/tortures/white-torture-the-damage-it-can-cause/ 10. http://www.revistasbolivianas.org.bo/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1997-44852015000500005&lng=pt&nrm=iso 11. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5v13wrVEQ2M 12. https://scandasia.com/9508-mr-kim-eriksson-sirawan-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-in-thailand/ 13. https://nationalpost.com/news/prisoner-who-faced-worst-case-of-solitary-confinement-in-the-u-sawarded-22m
THE ROTTING BODY The balance of nature
Sahasawat Thong-in
ABSTRACT All living organisms, including human, will eventually die. Many plants naturally complete their life cycle and die within a year, but even the longer-lived plants such as trees have a limited natural life span. After that, the decomposition begins now of death. The rotting or decomposition is the process by which dead organic substances are broken down into more straightforward matter by the action of decomposers. The process is a part of the nutrient cycle and is essential for recycling the finite matter that occupies physical space in the environment to balance. For a million years after human start agriculture and livestock that make them need to create a permanent habitation to settle in only place. Firstly, they use only the organic materials found in the area. From the development and exploration, they have changed and improved material to increase the potential for a thousand years until it becomes like the present architecture. However, our solution is conflict to the ecosystem. Our earth needs to change themselves slowly and extraordinarily to our civilization to balance the ecology, and that is the question of how they create the cycle again, which human-made complicates as much as biological thigs by using the same method of the cycle. Nevertheless, this process may be taken for a thousand years to finish this cycle, and not all of them cannot adapt to our civilization. It creates a significant impact on our world from our desires in many ways. One of them is our architecture. This impact is the only considerable obstacle that human need to pass through. As you can see, The way in development has not stopped yet. It just changes the perspective of life from a growing global community of innovators rethinking materials with biology from against nature to collaborate with them in many ways..
CONTENT Materials: history and properties - The complicate structure - Timeline: Materials Usage - decomposition of an organic material (wood) - decomposition of a man-made material (concrete)
Biodegradable materials - vernacular architecture - effect in vernacular architecture - Tropical climate architecture - Aguahoja (neri oxman) - living materials - homemade bio materials - Fabrication
2
3
3
4
1 3
2
2 3
1
3 2
2
The Complicate Structure 1
Buildings now are made of components, made with different materials, However, when a building gets to a point. It suggested to becomes obsolete or â&#x20AC;&#x153;obsolescenceâ&#x20AC;? from 3 possibilities-- functional obsolescence, economic obsolescence, and physical obsolescence, which we are looking at the last one. Everything have their lifespan including buidlings. when the building has so many problems that cannot repair anymore, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s because certain parts of a building, made of a certain material, stop working.
2
3
4
Although, the complication of materials create the cap of life span in each materials. After the demolish, some materials also can reuse again or become a component of a new material such as concrete that can mix in as an aggregate. From this complexity, it creates the construction waste management, which means eliminating waste where possible; minimizing waste where feasible; and reusing materials which might otherwise become waste. Solid waste management practices have identified the reduction, recycling, and reuse of wastes as essential for sustainable management of resources.
ATERIALS Brick 9000 BCE
The first settlements appearing in the Middle East, the first construction materials were likely to have benn sun-baked clay bricks (Adobe).
were s . The n caves, , and
Limstone 3100 BCE
Concrete 2
The Ancient Egytians were among the first civilization to build their structure in stone.
Concrete has be times, with Vitru
Western temple of Philae
Neolithic
10,000 BCE
3000 BCE
Pathenon
Timber 8500 BCE
The remain of a wooden hut in England making the oldest recorded evidence of a timber structure.
Marb
The An temple For the availab
775 AD
nstruction s used to and.
Engineered timber 1852 AD
The first use of engineered timber was in the church of St.luke in Formby, England, which used sonething resembling modern Glulam beams.
Steel 1890 AD
Float Glass 1959
Steel was invented process in 1855, but it wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t until around 1890 by henry bessemer. The first steel constructions were the Rand mcNally Building in Chicago and the Forth bridge in Edinburgh.
1492 AD
Float glass has been use sir Alastair Pilkington dis ful way to industrialize it
Contempor
1789 AD
Modern Age The Smith house
Notre dame du hnut
Asbestos 1866 AD
Asbestos used as an insulating material in a building. Over the next centuaryit began to incorporated in a huge variety of construction materials.
PVC 1926 AD
One of the most important in architecture is PVC, which has come to be used in a huge range of building finishes.
Reinforcedconcret
Reinforced concrete was in Joseph Monier in 1849 and 1867.
THE DECOMPOSITON OF WOOD (ORGANIC)
1.Bark decomposition The wood ol bath living and dead trees is efficiently protected by the thick, highly suberized layers ol the outer bark. Only a lew micro-organisms are able to penetrate the thin periderm layers on sm all branches. The protective action of the bark is caused by its structure and its chemical properties, especially by the high content of bark lignins and extractives, which may inhibit the growth ol micro-erganisms. 2.Wood inhabiting and degrading bacteria Bacteria are among the first colonizers of wood in a moist situation. They accumulate in ray parenchyma1 and are living on readily soluble cel I contents. Under certain conditions, as in wood that has been exposed a long time to constant high moisture content, bacterial attack on cell walls may occur. Some of the bacteria may influence the attvack of decay fungi by inhibitingor stimulating their decay capacity. 3.A wood-decay fungus It is any species of fungus that digests moist wood, causing it to rot. Some species of wood-decay fungi attack dead wood, such as brown rot, and some, such as Armillaria (honey fungus), are parasitic and colonize living trees. Excessive moisture above the fibre saturation point in wood is required for fungal colonization and proliferation. Fungi that not only grow on wood but permeate its fibrous structure and actually cause decay. In nature, this process causes the breakdown of complex molecules and leads to the return of nutrients to the soil. Various lignicolous fungi consume wood in various ways.
1
THE DECOMPOSITON OF CONCRETE (MAN-MADE)
1- SCALING What is it? Scaling is referred to the loss of the surface portion of concrete (or mortar) as a result of the freezing and thawing (OSIM, 2008). It is a physical action that usually leaves the aggregates clearly exposed. (PCA, 2001). How it happens? Scaling happens when the hydraulic pressure from water freezing within concrete exceeds the tensile strength of concrete. Scaling is more common in non-air-entrained concrete but can also occur in air-entrained concrete in the fully saturated condition.
Figure 1, (Rodriguez, 2019)
2- DISINTEGRATION What is it? Disintegration is the physical deterioration (such as scaling) or breaking down of the concrete into small fragments or particles. How it happens? It usually starts in the form of scaling. It may be also caused by de-icing chemicals, sulphates, chlorides or by frost action. 3- EROSION What is it? Erosion is the deterioration of concrete surface as a result of particles in moving water scrubbing the surface. How it happens? When concrete surface is exposed to the water-borne sand and gravel, the surface gets deteriorated by particles scrubbing against the surfaces. Flowing ice particles can also cause the problem. It is an indicator of poor durability of concrete for that specific exposure. 4- CORROSION OF REINFORCEMENT What is it? Corrosionis the deterioration of steel reinforcement in concrete. Corrosion can be induced by chloride or carbonation. The corrosion can result in cracking in the concrete cover, delamination in concrete decks, etc. How ithappens? When the concentration of chloride ions above the surface of reinforcement reaches the threshold limit (which is the amount required to break down the passive film) corrosion begins. The volume of resulting material (rust) is 6-7 times, which increases the stress around the rebar, and causes fracture and cracking. The cracks extend to the surface of concrete over time; that is when we can visually see the sign of rust over the surface of concrete.
Figure 1, (Rodriguez, 2019)
Figure 4, (N.C. Department of Transportation, 2020)
Figure 5, (Paul, 2017)
5- DELAMINATION What is it? “Delamination is defined as a discontinuity of the surface concrete which is substantially separated but not completely detached from concrete below or above it.” (OSIM, 2008). Delamination is often identified by the hollow sound by tapping or chain dragging of concrete surface. How it happens? The corrosion of reinforcement and subsequent cracking of the cover can cause delamination. When the rebar have small spacing, the cracking extends in the plane of the reinforcement parallel to the exterior surface of the concrete. 6- SPALLING What is it? Spalling can be considered an extended delamination. In fact, when the delamination continues, the concrete fragments detach from a larger concrete mass. How it happens? If delamination is not repaired on time, the progress of damages as a result of external loads, corrosion, and freezing and thawing can break off the delaminated pieces.
Figure 6, (N.C. Department of Transportation, 2020)
Figure 7, (Shinkolobwe, Alkali–silica reaction 2020)
Figure 8, (Chanratchata, P. 2018)
7- ALKALI-AGGREGATE REACTIONS What is it? It is the internal cracking of concrete mass as a result of a chemical reaction between alkalis in the cement and silica in the aggregates. TheAAR/ASRcracking are very famous for their crack patterns. How it happens? The alkalis in the cement can react with the active silica in the aggregates to form a swelling gel. When this gel absorbs water, it expands, and applies pressure to surrounding environment which makes the concrete crack. 8- CRACKING OF CONCRETEv What is it? A crack is a linear fracture in concrete which extends partly or completely throughthe member. How it happens? Some people believe that concrete is born with cracks; that its ingredients, and how it is produced - from the batching plant to pouring, setting, and curing - is influenced by so many factors that cracking of concrete does not come as a big surprise; and to a great extent, that might be true.Cracking of concrete can happen in different stages: It can happen before hardening of concrete, and it can happen in an old concrete structure.
The engineer wood that was eaten by thermite, which is natural scavenger of wood.t
From the extremely condition of dump sitr, it accerarate the decomposition of wood.t
The plam leaves usually use in vernacular house in Thailand as a roof. It can naturally decompose without special condition.
The brick that was found in dump waste. It was decayed and erosion by water and become home for algae and moss.
The concrete block after demolition, it was left in the site and decay form the dump site.
The chain that have been decay by rust from the oxidation phenomenon.
this sports hall for a school in thailand utilizes prefabricated bamboo trusses to span more than 17 meters without steel reinforcements or connections.
ArboSkin pavilion made from bioplastic by ITKE, which are made from a bioplastic containing over 90 percent renewable materials.
Hy-Fi was made from Myceliu composed of natural polymer proteins, etc, so it is a natura fibrous material.
um, which is mainly rs as chitin, cellulose, l polymeric composite
BIODEGRADABLE ARCHITECTURE The Green Construction It is an easy and aďŹ&#x20AC;ordable way to create Eco-friendly Architecture.
Vanacular architecture in Columbia, which construct from timber and stick by mud.
VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE is architecture characterised by the use of local materials and knowledge, usually without the supervision of professional architects. Vernacular architecture represents the majority of buildings and settlements created in pre-industrial societies and includes a very wide range of building, traditions and method of construction.
Totora and Adobe home Peru Since pre his panic times they built it with adobe and quincha
Indigenous and colonial structure venezuela framework of wooden covered in clay
Another vital material is totora reed. This perennial herbaceus plant flourushes in water
Traditional Waorani House Using palm local plant as a roof Tiber and Palm vernacular of Tonga Using local materials coconut palm for thatching and various floor
Upper Xingu and Wajapi vernacular Most of house in Tropical climate(Amazon) are made from plant that found in area.
The Big roof of Cookislands use coral in structure
Fare and Marcae structurees French Polynesia In Tahitian, they use the bread fruit.
Bamboo Stilt house in Laos The tropical house made of hardwood and bamboo often built on slilts with a steep duplicated roof.
Aboriginal structures Different type of palm leaves, bark, grasses and reeds and Overlapping layers and tired to structure
Columbian Boyyaca anfd Guajira Dwellings This dry climate fabricate. the growth of throning bushes and cactus.
Longhouse and Kurowai treehouse of New Guinea Before the colonial tomes the people in New Guinea bush material as wood, leave and cane to produce a forms
Dagger cactus long and sharp thorns
Chilean Structure of Quincha , Adobe and Guayaquil cane The building need to face with an extremely climate. It has massive wall and laid over roof st\ ructure made of timber joined by dried animal skin.
Defensive Qsur of Algeria The primary comstruction material of Algeria and this region in general are limestone, use with local mortar (timchent) and date-palm trunks. Nomadic and Sedentary Structures of the Sabel A tent in Central-northern Sudan and Somalaia utilize form of their dwelling from varied camel velum and fibre. Earthern and Date palm structure in the Arabian Peninsula The material of peninsula are rich fishing and pearling in the surrounding tropical sea with the presence of coral and sea stone. Gypsum and limestone somtime supplyment by shell, was burnt to produce the juss mortar.
Architecture of stone and clay in Israel and the levant In this biome building are made from stone and clay.
turf, timber and Skjetter construction Norway With a large forest, Norway has tradition of building in timber with wood use as cladding Turf as a roof covering. Ger dwelling Mongolia The ger is constructed from light weight material, whch are suitable for transportaion like the wooden components sheep wool and rope.
Vernacular respones to climate across the european Continent The most common structural system base on stone brick earth or timber, bonded variously with earth or lime or gypsum.
Red Ochre is composed of iron oxide, hematite which use as a glaze Cob, stoneclay, Thatob and Timber of British Isles The local materials available are stone predominates, rubble stone with fired clay brick.
Vernacular Diversity of Himalayas THe important role above sea level is the trees such as Adies spevctabilid, Quercus glascia amay from timber-rich areas, stone, earth and wattle are found roof materials.
Indigenous Dwelling of American Tree tend to be shorter and more spindly in the subaractic and covered with slain and other easily availible materials.
Falu red of the finnish vernacular Historical building in Finland being application of horizon log construction and redochre paint.
Wood in Russia Since ancient time, timber wasthr nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s universal building material. It was gummy and prone to rot from the extreme cold climate Type of wood pine,ifir,larch,cedar and aspen and also bark and root.
Insulation and Ingenuity of arctic Dwelling house in Breenland and Labrador were buit of stone woth commural space at the front from the limited in material and extreme climate.
Snidda Klambra and Kviahaus turf of Iceland. The turf walled have a complex construction their intial apperance of soil built structure dug into earth. Turf is the root mass cut from the upper partion of a bog.
There are four types of climate: Mediterranean (Csa, Csb), Subtropical Highland (Cfb, Cwb), Humid Subtropical (Cfa) and Monsoon Subtropical (Cwa) Dfa, Dwa (cold winters, hot summers; “w” indicating very dry winters characteristic especially of China) or Dfb or Dwb (cold winters, warm summers, same distinction for winter dryness). Dry summer continental climates (Dsa and Dsb)
House built of snow have exellent thermal resistance and know loclly Iglu.
There are a turf timber house in Norway, which covered the roof with earth and grass.
The local materials available in British Isles are stone, rubble stone with fired clay brick.
The indigenous dwelling of America made from the timber structure to create tent and cover by animal skin.
Arctic of Circle
Tropic of Caner
Equator
Tropic of capricorn
Ksour in the Maghreb typically consist of attached houses, often having collective ghorfa and other structures ,normally adobe, or cut stone. Antarctic Circle
The hut ,which mostly consisted of simple shelters made from a framework of straight branches, then covered with leafy branches or sheets of bark.
Tortora home made made of “totora” (floating reeds), Uros Islands, Uros are a pre-Incan people.
there are three types of climate: tropical rainforest climate (Af), tropical monsoon climate (Am) and tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Aw or As).
There are four types of climate: Hot desert climates (BWh), Cold desert climates (BWk), Hot semi-arid climates (“BSh”) and Cold semi-arid climates ( “BSk”) There are four types of climate: Tundra climate (ET) and Ice cap climate (EF)
The Falu red in Finland constructs by horizon-log and painted by Red Ochre.
Russian style wood th tthe hee R h Ru uss sssi siaan si n st ssty tty yllee w wo woo ood oo house that made ho hou h ou o ussee tha hat m ha aade ad d from th the h hard wood pine, ha har h aard ard w ood su ood ssuch uch h as pin ine, e fir and cedar.
constructed The ger is cons structed lightweight from lightweigh ht for transportation wooden compor ortat t tion tat ion lilike ke woo ke w ooden o den co com omponents wool an aand d rope.
himalaya building The himal maa aya bu b ilding made from om the cconcrete om oncrete and timber sstructure. tru ucture.
Traditional Construction Con nstruction in Burma Bu Bur urm urma maa thr tthroughout th hrrroug h oug oughou ghou hou o t Burm B Burma urm u urma rm ma utilizes bamboo o and oth o other th her lig lilightweight ghtw httweig weig ght building bu bui uildi ilding ldi ld diing d ng materials, materials lss,
Traditional Tra adit d tion o al Construction Con nstruction in throughout Burma throughou h t Burma utilizes and utiliz uti lizes liz es bamboo es bam ba b aam m mboo boo oo o an nd lightweight other lightweig ght building materials,
WORLD MAP OF THE KÖPPEN-GEIGER CLIMATE CLASSIFICATION
is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by the German-Russian climatologist Wladimir Köppen (1846–1940) in 1884,[2][3] with several later modifications by Köppen, notably in 1918 and 1936.
TROPICAL CLIMATES
Group A: Tropical climates This type of climate has every month of the year with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F) or higher, with significant precipitation. Tropical climates normally have only two seasons, a wet season and a dry season. Depending on the location of the region, the wet and dry seasons are a varying duration. Annual temperature changes in the tropics are small. Due to the high temperature and abundant rainfall, much of the plant life grows throughout the year. High temperature and humidity is the most suitable environment for epiphytes to grow. In many tropical climates, vegetation grow in layers: shrubs under tall trees, and bushes under shrubs. Tropical plants are rich in resources, including coffee, cocoa and oil palm.
there are three types of climate: tropical rainforest climate (Af), tropical monsoon climate (Am) and tropical wet and dry or savanna climate (Aw or As).
On the opposite top: Traditional Construction in Burma As resulting in structures that are not generally durable but are quite earthquake-safe. As traditional structures such as this house give way to more modern masonry buildings, seismic risk will increase. On the opposite below: The hut ,which mostly consisted of simple shelters made from a framework of straight branches, then covered with leafy branches or sheets of bark.
THE AGUAHOJA PAVILION This project is an exploration of Natureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design space. A collection of natural artifacts were digitally designed and robotically fabricated from the molecular components found in tree branches, insect exoskeletons, and our own bones, which is a novel water-based design approach and fabrication platform that enable tight integration between material synthesis, digital fabrication, and physical behavior, at scales that approach and often match those of natural ecologies.
LIVING MATERIALS An featureof the Baubotanik Building shows the potential of living material can become a big innovations of the twenty-first centuary. The Bauboanik Footbridge is the first test building that use tree as a columns of the bridge, which construct sprout in spring and summer, creating a dense wall of leaves, which froms a canopy above the footbridge.
Development of the Baubotanik Footbridge (F. Ludwig and O. Storz, 2005) during the first 6 years. From left to right: spring 2005, spring 2006, summer 2006, winter 2007-08, summer 2008, autumn 2010.
Development of the connection between the living structure and the handrails.
Algae “living” facades The BIQ house is the project to showcase a bioreactor façade at the International Building Exhibition (IBA) in Hamburg. With photo-bioreactors, this energy house generates biomass and heat energy. At the same time, the system also provides dynamic shading, thermal insulation and noise abatement, highlighting the full potential of this technology.
HOMEMADE BIOMATERIALS
CORN STRACH
GELATIN FOAM
GELATIN + CLAY
PLA (polylactic acid) is typically made from the sugars in the plant such as corn starch. It is biodegradable and easy to transform into plastic, corn kernels are immersed in sulfur dioxide and hot water, where its components break down into starch, protein, and fibre. The starch comprised into long chains of carbon molecules, that is the building block for plastic. PLA can look and behave like polyethene, Styrofoam and plastic cutlery or packaging, auto parts, textiles.
Foam is created by trapping air in a solid or liquid, which requires mechanical work and surfactants. By whisking, the surface area of the solution increases and the atmosphere is dispersed within the liquid. Liquid soap is a surfactant. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s molecules naturally form a bubble, which helps to stabilize foams. Nowadays, they can use them in medication such as absorbable hemostatic gelatin sponge.
The red ochre used in the of clay and iron oxide. Th Thi range color of yellow to d and has used since pre hi composite materials, whic toughness in plastic and c look and behave as anoth design.
Plant Based BIoplastic
Animal Based BIoplastic With Soap
Animal Based BIoplastic
c with Red Ochre Cly
e bioplastic mainly consist is natural clay give the deep eep orange and brown istory. story. Adding it to create h benefit increase the crytalis of ceramic. It can her choice for product
AGAR AGAR
AGAR AGAR + BURLAP
Agar, which is derived from a type of seaweed, is a biopolymer from agarose. It is commonly found in the cell wall. Agar-Agar bioplastic is extremely prone to shrinking expect recipes containing glycerine to shrink or crack. These have been exploring its possibility for packaging.
Burlap is a plain weave fabric that make from the plant fiber, which known for high tensile strength and low extensibility. As a plain burlap combining with bioplastic that create a high flexibility bioplastic and high strength to weight ratio.
Plant Based BIoplastic
Plant Based BIoplastic Textile Composite
Lopburi, Saraburi and Chainat is the nearest place for planting cotton.
Silk
Cotton
Growing
Silkworm rearing house control temperature and relative humidity to be maintained and manage light exposure in order to develop healthy embryo and to hatch concurrently on specified period of time.
Growing
6 weeks to grow to their full potential
Harvest the top
Cleaning process
Spinning
Synthetic fabric Special Spinning
Yarn Format Spinneret
Thermoplastic
Biofabrication Furmentation
Yarn
Winding
High nutrient liquid
Wraping
Some species bacteria
Sizing Drawing in, Looming Textile process
Pirning Weaving
Fabric Formation Woven
Knit
Non-Woven
THE FABRICATION
This diagram illustrates the step of garment creation, which generally it took for months to creates garments. Still, some bacteria can build the fabric called â&#x20AC;&#x153;bacterial celluloseâ&#x20AC;?, which is a primary structural material of most plants but more purity, strength, moldability and increased water-holding ability. In other words, we can grow the material and build the garment in one place and also decrease the consuming time in transportation and growing materials.
Check & Rework
Types of Stitch Interlooping
Garments
Sewing
Intralooping Interlacing
Cutting
tion Fabrication Shipping
Desizing Scouring Bleaching Microbial Cellulose
Dyeing
Printing
Fabric
Finish Process
Sanforizing
Calendering
BIBLIOGRAPHY Barfoot. “Textile Manufacturing.” Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, September 22, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile_manufacturing. Brothersingranite, Brothersingranite, About brothersingranite At Brothers in Granite we’re producers and exporters of natural stone from Vitoria Brazil. We’ve been in business since 2007 and have shipped thousands of bundles in hundreds of containers to our more than 150 satisfied, About brothersingranite, At Brothers in Granite we’re producers and exporters of natural stone from Vitoria Brazil. We’ve been in business since 2007 and have shipped thousands of bundles in hundreds of containers to our more than 150 satisfied customers in the United States.Our, Brothersingranite. wordpress.com, and Name (required). “Small Marble Block,” October 23, 2017. https://brothersingranite.blog/2017/10/23/miscellaneous-art-in-stone/small-marble-block/. Chanratchata, Phonthip. “Closeup Road Cracks Stock Image. Image of Concrete, Crack - 47716703,” 2018. https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-closeup-road-cracks-abstract-background-image47716703 Diaz, Jenny. “Case Study Analysis: Farnsworth House & The Glass House.” Issuu, November 8, 2012. https://issuu.com/jenny-diaz/docs/glass_house_presentation_set_2. Faraguna. “Aguahoja.” MEDIATED MATTER, 2020. https://mediatedmattergroup.com/aguahoja jaruwanphoto. “Erosion on the Cement Floor, Background.” Accessed September 25, 2020. https://www.123rf.com/photo_80651112_erosion-on-the-cement-floor-background.html Maestrovirtuale. “Circuito De Produção De Algodão: Etapas Do Processo.” Maestrovirtuale.com, February 24, 2020. https://maestrovirtuale.com/circuito-de-producao-de-algodao-etapas-do-processo N.C. Department of Transportation. “NCDOT,” May 5, 2020. https://www.ncdot.gov/travel-maps/traffic-travel/potholes/Pages/default.aspx Paul, Anand. “Spalling of Concrete - Causes, Prevention & Repair: CivilDigital |,” April 5, 2017. https://civildigital.com/spalling-concrete-causes-prevention-repair/. Paul. “Le Corbusier’s Chapel of Notre Dame Du Haut in Ronchamp.” Etsy, 2015. https://www.etsy.com/no-en/listing/152616873/le-corbusiers-chapel-of-notre-dame-du?ref=br_feed_2. Prang. “Hypaethral Kiosk (Trajan’s Kiosk; Western Temple), Temple of Isis Complex at Philae.” Historic Illustrations of Art and Architecture, 2020. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hiaaic/x-prang2-und-5/PRANG2_5?lastkey=hiaaic_cat%3Blastpage Preaching. “‘Post-Apocalyptic’ Theology.” July 2012, 2012. https://www.post-apocalyptictheology.com/2012/07/. Regents of the University of Michigan. “Hypaethral Kiosk (Trajan’s Kiosk; Western Temple), Temple of Isis Complex at Philae,” 2020. https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hiaaic/x-prang2-und-5/PRANG2_5?lastkey=hiaaic_cat%3Blastpage. Robert. “PVC-Clad Piers.” Fine Homebuilding, February 21, 2019. https://www.finehomebuilding.com/1985/09/01/pvc-clad-piers
AGAR AGAR PLASTICITY PLASTICITY — A POTENTIAL — A POTENTIAL USEFULNESS USEFULNESS OF AGAR OF AGAR FOR ....FOR https://www.designboom.com/project/agar-plasticity-po.... https://www.designboom.com/project/ tential-usefulness-agar-packaging/ agar-plasticity-potential-usefulness-agar-packaging/ Rodriguez, Juan. “How to Solve Curling, Cracking, Scaling and More Concrete Problems,” 2019.
https://www.thebalancesmb.com/common-concrete-problems-844465. Full text Fulloftext “Textbook of “Textbook of zoology”. of zoology”. http://www.archive.org/stream/textbookofzoolog00pott/textbookofzoologhttp://www.archive.org/stream/textbookofzoolog00pott/text00pott_djvu.txt bookofzoolog00pott_djvu.txt Say, Asli, Hamid, Basak Karabulut, and Helin Kahraman. “Cappadocia Hotel by Global Architectural Development (GAD).” ParametricArchitecture, May 1, 1969. https://parametric-architecture.com/arboskin-paI I 1 III’I 1• ‘j’ I .I’https://edepot.wur.nl/268504 • ‘j’. https://edepot.wur.nl/268504 vilion-made-by-itke/?fbclid=IwAR1YkKs6QH4BJLOsc8rZrYAluQGCbbUmN5ayGJRISM-p4AWIITy_LaSVxtQ. Harris, Harris, Samuel Samuel Y. (2001). Y. (2001). Building Building Pathology: Pathology: Deterioration, Deterioration, Diagnostics, Diagnostics, and Intervention. and Intervention. John John Wiley & Sons.Wiley p. 106.&ISBN Sons.978-0-471-33172-8. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-471-33172-8. Sensaos. “Huaorani House at Bameno.” Flickr. Yahoo!, January 12, 2009. Fistulina Fistulina - WikiMili, - WikiMili, The Free The Encyclopedia. Free Encyclopedia. https://wikimili.com/en/Fistulina https://wikimili.com/en/Fistulina https://www.flickr.com/photos/sensaos/3192476588 Piesik, Piesik, S. (2017). S. (2017). Habitat: Habitat: Vernacular Vernacular architecture architecture for a for changing a changing planet. planet. New New York,York, New New York:York: Abrams. Shinkolobwe. “Alkali–Silica Reaction,” September 8, 2020. Abrams. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction. Brothersingranite, Brothersingranite, About brothersingranite At Brothers in Granite we’re producers and exporters Brothersingranite, of natural stone Brothersingranite, from Vitoria Brazil. About We’ve brothersingranite been in business Atsince Brothers 2007inand Granite have shipped we’re producthouTidespon. “Tidespon®.” Assut Europe More than surgery, 2020. sandsers of and bundles exporters in hundreds of natural of containers stone fromtoVitoria our more Brazil. than We’ve 150 satisfi been in ed,business Brothersingranite, since 2007 A., andAthave Brothers https://www.assuteurope.com/en/product/tidespon/. in Granite shipped we’re thousands producers of and bundles exporters in hundreds of natural of containers stone fromtoVitoria our more Brazil. thanWe’ve 150 satisfi been ed, in business Brotherssince 2007 ingranite, and have shipped A., At Brothers thousands in Granite of bundles we’re inproducers hundreds and of containers exportersto ofour natural morestone thanfrom 150 satisfi Vitoria ed cusTwitter. Twitter. Accessed September 27, 2020. https://twitter.com/lorihenry. tomers Brazil. in theWe’ve United been States.Our, in business Brothersingranite.wordpress.com, since 2007 and have shipped thousands & (re-quired), of bundles N. (2017, in hundreds Octoberof23). Smallcontainers Marble Block. to our Retrieved more than September 150 satisfi 25, ed2020, customers from https://brothersingranite.blog/2017/10/23/miscellain the United States.Our, Brothersingranite. Warren, Jessica. “2067 San Jose Avenue.” Alameda Architectural Preservation Society, 2020. neous-art-in-stone/small-marble-block/ wordpress.com, & (re-quired), N. (2017, October 23). Small Marble Block. Retrieved September https://alameda-preservation.org/programs/table/2067-san-jose-avenue/. 25, 2020, from https://brothersingranite.blog/2017/10/23/miscellaneous-art-in-stone/small-marChanratchata, ble-block/P. (2018). Closeup Road cracks stock image. Image of concrete, crack - 47716703. Retrieved ———. “Aguahoja.” MEDIATED MATTER, 2020. September 25, 2020, from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-closeup-road-cracks-abstract-backhttps://mediatedmattergroup.com/aguahoja. ground-image47716703 Chanratchata, P. (2018). Closeup Road cracks stock image. Image of concrete, crack - 47716703. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-closeup-roadAGAR PLASTICITY — A POTENTIAL USEFULNESS OF AGAR FOR .... https://www.designboom.com/projJaruwanphoto. cracks-abstract-background-image47716703 (n.d.). Erosion on the cement floor, Background. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https:// ect/agar-plasticity-potential-usefulness-agar-packaging/ www.123rf.com/photo_80651112_erosion-on-the-cement-floor-background.html Jaruwanphoto. (n.d.). Erosion on the cement floor, Background. Retrieved September 25, 2020, Full text of “Textbook of zoology”. http://www.archive.org/stream/textbookofzoolog00pott/textJaruwanphoto. from https://www.123rf.com/photo_80651112_erosion-on-the-cement-fl (n.d.). Erosion on the cement floor, Background. Retrieved September oor-background.html 25, 2020, from https:// bookofzoolog00pott_djvu.txt www.123rf.com/photo_80651112_erosion-on-the-cement-floor-background.html Jaruwanphoto. (n.d.). Erosion on the cement floor, Background. Retrieved September 25, 2020, I I 1 I I’ • ‘j’. https://edepot.wur.nl/268504 N.C. from Department https://www.123rf.com/photo_80651112_erosion-on-the-cement-fl of Transportation. (2020, May 5). NCDOT. Retrieved September oor-background.html 25, 2020, from https:// Harris, Samuel Y. (2001). Building Pathology: Deterioration, Diagnostics, and Intervention. John Wiley & www.ncdot.gov/travel-maps/traffic-travel/potholes/Pages/default.aspx Sons. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-471-33172-8. N.C. Department of Transportation. (2020, May 5). NCDOT. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from Fistulina - WikiMili, The Free Encyclopedia. https://wikimili.com/en/Fistulina Paul, https://www.ncdot.gov/travel-maps/traffi A. (2017, April 05). Spalling of Concrete c-travel/potholes/Pages/default.aspx - Causes, Prevention & Repair: CivilDigital |. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://civildigital.com/spalling-concrete-causes-prevention-repair/ Piesik, S. (2017). Habitat: Vernacular architecture for a changing planet. New York, New York: Abrams. Paul, A. (2017, April 05). Spalling of Concrete - Causes, Prevention & Repair: CivilDigital |. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://civildigital.com/spalling-concrete-causes-prevention-reRegents pair/ of the University of Michigan. (2020). Hypaethral Kiosk (Trajan’s Kiosk; Western temple), Temple of Isis complex at Philae. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://quod.lib.umich.edu/h/hiaaic/x-prang2und-5/PRANG2_5?lastkey=hiaaic_cat%3Blastpage Regents of the University of Michigan. (2020). Hypaethral Kiosk (Trajan’s Kiosk; Western temRodriguez, ple), Temple J. (2019). of Isis How complex to SolveatCurling, Philae. Retrieved Cracking,September Scaling and25, More 2020, Concrete from https://quod.lib.umich. Problems. Retrieved September edu/h/hiaaic/x-prang2-und-5/PRANG2_5?lastkey=hiaaic_cat%3Blastpage 25, 2020, from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/common-concrete-problems-844465 Shinkolobwe. Rodriguez, (2020, J. (2019). September How to 08). Solve Alkali–silica Curling, Cracking, reaction. Retrieved Scaling and September More Concrete 25, 2020, Problems. from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://www.thebalancesmb.com/common-concrete-problems-844465 Shinkolobwe. (2020, September 08). Alkali–silica reaction. Retrieved September 25, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali%E2%80%93silica_reaction
RESURRECTED BODIES Style as a strategy
Peerada Jantapaluek
ABSTRACT This chapter is about a resurrected body. The project explores styles and architecture in terms of how styles are transiting from time to time and its objective. The chronology of RSXKDR BG@MFHMF NUDQ SHLD @KRN QDűDBSR ADKHDE QDKHFHNM @MC BHUHKHY@SHNM (S QDOQDRDMSR GNV ODNOKD RDD SGD VNQKC @MC SGDLRDKUDR CTQHMF @ O@QSHBTK@Q ODQHNC NE SHLD NQ DUDMS (M SGHR OQNIDBS VD VHKK AD KNNJHMF HMSN SGD OTQONRD NE VGX ODNOKD @QD AQHMFHMF BDQS@HM RSXKDR EQNL SGD O@RS SGQNTFG !@QNPTD @QBGHSDBSTQD RSXKD QDűDBSHMF NM SGD BTQQDMS VNQKC DRODBH@KKX in Thailand and the way styles can be used as a strategy to convey messages and bring people together. Style as a strategy can be said as one of the main parts as this being referred to different areas in the chapter. What most people would see in buildings would be details and orM@LDMSR VGHKD VG@S ODNOKD RDDL MNS SN AD RN BNMRBHNTR @ANTS HR SGD RSNQX ADGHMC VG@S SGDX RDD 'NVDUDQ VHSGNTS JMNVHMF SGD DW@BS LD@MHMFR NE VG@S ODNOKD ADGNKC SGDQD @QD @KV@XR QD@RNMR NQ RSQ@SDFHDR ENQ RGNVHMF RODBHŰB RSXKDR SN SGD OTAKHB RTBG @R BNMUDX @MC bring people together. There are still many other countries that establish or bring the style of architecture of their countries to create the sense of nationalism or patriotism. The colonial style can be one of examples of how this can be used as styles. ÅÅÅ +NTHR 2SXKD GNTRD HR SGD RSXKD SG@S G@R ADDM CDUDKNODC EQNL !@QNPTD RSXKD @QBGHSDBSTQD VGHBG L@HMKX QDűDBSR NM 5DQR@HKKDR O@K@BD %Q@MBD !QHMFHMF RSXKD EQNL SGHR O@K@BD AQNTFGS LD@MHMFR LNQD SG@M ITRS @ GTFD DWSQ@U@F@MS O@K@BD ATS SGD RSNQX ADGHMC HS 3GD stages of time since the reason of it being built through the time when it was practically TRDC @MC SGD SQ@FDCX @ESDQV@QCR 3@KJHMF @ANTS SGD CDBNQ@SHNMR @MC NQM@LDMSR HSRDKE HS RGNVR SG@S HS G@C ADDM VDKK L@CD SGQNTFG CDRHFM B@QUHMFR 3GDRD CDS@HKR CHQDBSKX BNMUDX LDRR@FDR SN ODNOKD VGN FDS SN RDD HS (SðR TMCDMH@AKD SG@S SGHR 5DQR@HKKDR B@M DWSQDLDKX QDOQDRDMS SGD RDMRD NE ONVDQ &NHMF A@BJ SN JHMF +NTHR 7(5 SGHR O@K@BD V@R TRDC @R SGD BDMSQD SN BNMSQNK @KK ONVDQ HM %Q@MBD HMBKTCHMF SGD FNUDQMLDMS #TQHMF SGD SG HS V@R SGD OD@J ODQHNC NE SHLD NE SGHR LNM@QBGX VGDM %Q@MBD V@R QTKDC AX JHMF +NTHR 75( 6GHKD ODNOKD HM SGD O@K@BD VDQD KHUHMF BNLENQS@AKX HM SGD O@K@BD %QDMBG BHSHYDMR VDQD RTEEDQHMF EQNL SGD ŰM@MBH@K BQHRHR VGHBG BNMSQHATSDC O@QSH@KKX EQNL SGD GHFG DWODMRD HM SGD O@K@BD SG@S B@TRDC S@WDR CCHSHNM@KKX 3GD PTDDM NE JHMF +NTHR SGD SG ,@QHD MSNHMDSSD @KRN SNNJ NMD NE SGD AHFFDRS O@QSR HM OQNUNJHMF SGD %QDMBG 1DUNKTSHNM JMNVHMF SN AD @ ODQRNM VGN CDFQ@CDC %Q@MBDðR DBNMNLHB RHST@SHNM The term “organic architecture” can be interpreted differently through perceptions and experience of each person. The core of this term is mainly about escaping from bringing @QBGHSDBSTQD HMSN ITRS @ OHBSTQD ATHKCHMF (S HMUNKUDR L@SDQH@KR ENQLR @MC O@SSDQMR 3GD way buildings and architecture are being designed by designers or architects brought TO PTDRSHNMR òVGX RGNTKC VD AD @ANUD DUDQXSGHMF DKRD VGX RGNTKCMðS VD AD CDRHFMHMF VHSG DUDQXSGHMF DKRD HMBKTCHMF M@STQD ó (M SGD R@LD V@X SGD O@K@BD NE 5DQR@HKKDR RDBQDSKX BQD@SDR @ E@JD VNQKC SGQNTFG @QBGHSDBSTQD AX TRHMF RSXKD @MC @QBGHSDBSTQD @R @ RSQ@SDFX to represent money and power which leads to reliability in status quo.
Colonism
Marxism
Loui Ho
Colonizer Bourgeoivse
GAP OF CONTROL
Idea of t Ver
Belief Religion Churches
People Nature Surroundings National
Architect Style a
S Proletariat Nature Colonized nations
is-Style ouse
Frank Lloy Wright
Organic architecture
the palace of rsailles
ture elements as strategy
Style
Appearance Living things
Time Materials Climates
Ecological
Place Functional Humane
Nature
COLONIAL ARCHITECTURE A lot of time, colonialism can be seen such great development to some countries. Back then western countries countries were especially known for technology, innovation and industrial. Once there are undeveloped countries are being colonized, there would be two different votes whether itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s good or bad to have their own countries colonized. One side would say that being colonized help them develop their country even faster from learning and passing their civilization from the mother country to theirs. Moreover, people in the country would even be able to speak different languages.
Tran Quoc Pagoda, Hanoi (March 2016) hrist the King Cathedral, Nha Trang (August 2014)
These two traditional architectures in Vietnam and the colonial are achitecture have something in common is that they ANSG @QD QDKHFNTR OK@BD (S QDűDBSRS SGD way that colonizer spread not only the culture and power but also the civilization of people in the country. They pass new beliefs and religions. On the other hand, there’re also opinions that colonialism can bring such the worst things to their countries. Due to the fact that the mother country intended to become stronger, they just tried to absorb resources from the colonized countries. However, there’s MNSGHMF VNQRD SG@M ò ʼ ¾Ï²§ÊijÌó NQ SGD way the mother countries try to eat up the whole colonized coutries with their belief.
Akshardham Temple, Delhi March, 2015 Swaminarayan Akshardham is a Hindu temple. This place referes to long history of Hindu culture intigrating with belief in spirt and architecture. The main structure was made out of sandstone and marble . The purpose of this temple focuses on prayer, compassion, and non-violence. Information about Swaminarayan are provided inside fo the place; the life and work itself. More than this spiritual look of the temple, this place is also a blend of architectural style from all over India. The interesthing thing about the traditional Hindu architecture is that they do not ferrous metal which mean that the structuer was not contributed with concrete or steel at all.
Victoria Memorial, Kolkata July, 2016 The Victoria Memorial is locared in Kolkata, West Bengal, India, which was built between 1906 and 1921. This building was made to remind of Queen Victoria which HR SGD QDűDBSHNM NE $MFKHRG BTKSTQD HM (MCH@ GD CDRHFM NE SGD OK@BD V@R @M HMűTDMBD NE different architecture styles such as BenSH@M $FXOSH@M #DBB@MH @MC (R@K@LHB 3GD main material used to build his Memoril was whtie Makrana marble. The degin was made in a dome shape for the roof as an intention to refer to Taj Mahal. These days, this placealready become a musuem that where tourists dream to come.
Bahay na bato,North Sumatra, Indonesia January 2015
This Minanfkabau traditional house is a hall that served for family meeingsand some other formal activities. For the formal event, this place sould even set up for a weeding. The interesting thing about this tradition house is the house alwayd owned by the women of the family that passed from mother to her children.
Bank Indonesia musuem Jakarta, Indonesia August 2014
Therefore, the musuem was a circulaSHNM A@MJ NE SGD #TSBG $@RS (MCHDR Eter the nation had gotten their liberty, this bank had fully become Bank of Indonesia. However, at last this place is now adjusted to be Bank Indonesia musuem. The style of the building was inĹąTDMBD LTRTDL EQNL #TSBG (MRHCD SGHR place, thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s various historic objects. It also allow the visitor to experince this place with audio and visual medias.
STYLE AND STRATEGY Gothic revival style
The Palace of Westminster, London
Strawberry Hill House, London
Cologne Cathedral, completed in 1880
Style as a strategy can be said as one of the main parts as this being referred to different areas in the chapter. What most people would see in buildings would be details and ornaLDMSR VGHKD VG@S ODNOKD RDDL MNS to be so conscious about is the stoQX ADGHMC VG@S SGDX RDD 'NVDUDQ VHSGNTS JMNVHMF SGD DW@BS LD@MHMFR NE VG@S ODNOKD ADGNKC SGDQD @QD @Kways reasons or strategies for showHMF RODBHŰB RSXKDR SN SGD OTAKHB RTBG as convey and bring people together.
The stone structures allowed archiSDBSR SN BQD@SD RJX GHFGS B@SGDCQ@KR and churches that evoked ethereality @MC QD@BGDC SNV@QC SGD GD@UDMR (S HR important to note that in addition to OQNUHCHMF @ FQD@SDQ űDWHAHKHSX SN @QBGHtectural from that the pointed arch also directed one’s gaze to heaven.
Gothic revival style was a style that V@R AQNTFGS A@BJ EQNL OQDUHNTR RSXKDR This style involved a movement when SGDQD V@R @M HMCTRSQH@KHY@SHNM OQNFQDRR HM %Q@MBD SGD QD@BSHNM @F@HMRS SGD MDV technology. Things that come through @ ODQHNC NE SHLD CNMðS NMKX BNLD HM @ ENQL NE ADKHDE NQ SGD LNUDLDMS HS @KRN QDűDBSR HM ENQLR NE @QBGHSDBSTQD !DKHDE @MC QDKHFHNM SNNJ O@QS @R @ SNNK SN QDduce the new progress and the reaction against the appearance of factories.
Gothic revival style was a style that V@R AQNTFGS A@BJ EQNL OQDUHNTR RSXKDR This style involved a movement when SGDQD V@R @M HMCTRSQH@KHY@SHNM OQNFQDRR HM %Q@MBD SGD QD@BSHNM @F@HMRS SGD MDV technology. Things that come through @ ODQHNC NE SHLD CNMðS NMKX BNLD HM @ ENQL NE ADKHDE NQ SGD LNUDLDMS HS @KRN QDűDBSR HM ENQLR NE @QBGHSDBSTQD !DKHDE @MC QDKHFHNM SNNJ O@QS @R @ SNNK SN QDduce the new progress and the reaction against the appearance of factories.
STYLE AND STRATEGY LOUIS-STYLE HOUSE
What does architecture tell you? This collage represents the way people look at Baan Louis -style as they are decorated with lots of details, making the cost of ornaments expensive. The only people who houses like this are usually well-off. From the picture of the palace, it make some countries like Thailand to have the same stereotype from the Versailles that it shows off power, money and riches. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s very common in Thailand that many people in Thailand are still attaching the meanings to the style.
Baan Louis style, is the style that has been developed from Baroque style architecSTQD VGHBG L@HMKX QDĹąDBSR NM 5DQR@HKKDR palace, France. Bringing style from this palace brought meanings more than just a huge extravagant palace, but the story behind it. The stages of time since the reason of it being built through the time when it was practically used and the tragedy afterwards. Talking about the decorations and ornaments itself, it shows that it had been well-made through design, carvings. These details directly convey messages to people who get to see it..
ORNAMENT OR SLEEK MINIMALISM?
Ornament or sleek minimalism could become one of the most interesting questions these days since time has changed so do peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s perceptions through these two styles. Talking about Louis XVI, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s undeniable that it was the period of time that brought out different meanings through styles and architecture. The way that the palace was being decorated with ornaments in an extravagant way.
The fact that styles keep changing as time goes by, so does the perception of people through architecture. Organic architecture. It has also been discussed whether ornament as in the previous time or sleek minimalism is actually the way high end is represented in architecture.
£ÀÊºÔ´Đ²³ĊʲºÉ² ÛÔ´Đ²Õ£ĉÂĉÀ²Ã²Îܦ The appearance of the house is one of the parts effecting emotions. ÕijĉÀĉÊ Ñ¼ÑĊÂÎ £ÀʺĶ¼Ì¦Õ¾ĊÀºÉ²£ÏÅ £Àʺ¼ÑĊÂÎ ¡Å¦£²ºÊ ÀĉÊ But, it’s likely to be more about people in the house. ijÉÀ³ĊÊ²Ô´Đ²Õ£ĉŦ£č´¼È ų²Î¦ÔÀĊ» Physically, the house is just one of the compositions. ÕijĉºÉ²Øºĉקĉ°ÉݦúIJÅÈ But it’s not the whole thing making this house a home. ºÉ²Ô´Đ²Õ£ĉÕ³³ ÔÅÅØÅÔÃÍÝ» Å»Ñĉ³Ċʲ°ÍÜÕ³³×éĉ ¡ÎݲվĊÀغĉקĉÀĉÊÕ³³§ÍÀÌijÕºĉ¦ĶÈÔ´¾ÍÜ»²Ø´ÅȺΦ It’s not like living into a bigger house. £ÏÅ §ÍÀÌijÕºĉ¦ ۻɦ£¦ÔúÏŲÔIJ̺ÔÀĊ» Life still goes on. ³ĊʲºÉ² ۻɦճ³ÅÈ Ô´Đ²°ÍÜ°ÍÜÅÈ ºÎ¦ijÏܲºÊ It’s still just a place that I wake up. ºÎ¦ÔĶůʲ°ÍÜÔ´¾ÍÜ»²Ø´ Then move on to somewhere else. ÕijĉÕ³³ »É¦Ø¦Õ¾ĊÀ ÂĉÀ²¾Î £ÀʺÂСÅÈؼ Å»ĉʦ¦ÍÝ ³ĊʲºÉ²ØºĉØIJĊÔ´Đ²Å¦£č´¼È ų²ÉݲÅÈ Personally, I think happiness would still rely more on the inside of a person. The house is not quite the biggest factor. -Kochapan Pisankorsakul
ºÎ¦£ÏÅ ÂĻÊüɳ ѺɲغĉºÍµ¾ Personally, it doesn’t really affect me as much. ÕijĉÂĻÊüɳ£²²Å ºÅ¦Ô¡ĊÊºÊ But for those who don’t know me. ÅĉÈ ºÎ¦¼ÑĊ´È £ÏÅ·ĉÅ Ñ Åɲ²ÍÝ ·ĉÅ ÑÔ£»·ÑIJØÀĊ Oh, you know what? Here’s what my dad told me. Õ³³ ¼Ċʦ³Ċʲþɦ²ÍÝ¡ÎݲºÊקĉ´È Åʼº®čÕ³³ ·ĉÅ Ñغĉԧͻ¼č×ÃĊ¼ĊʦÔÀĊ» About our new house, He said that he didn’t want to build it. ÔÃijе¾Ô·¼ÊÈÀĉÊ £ÏżÑĊÂÎ ÀĉÊ ºÉ²£ÏŠʼijĊŦ ÔÅÊԦ̲ºÊקĊ ɳÂÌܦ°ÍܼÑĊÂÎ ÀĉÊ ºÉ²Ø¼ĊÂÊ¼È The reason behind it is that he felt like the money spent into building the house (R -.-2$-2$ Åʼº®čÅ»Ñĉ³ĊʲþɦÔIJ̺ ÛÅ»ÑĉØIJĊ Why would we want to build a new house? غĉĶĻÊÔ´Đ²°ÍÜÔ¼ÊijĊŦ¡»Ê»¡²ÊIJ³Ċʲ It’s unnecessary to change the size of the house. ÕijĉײºÐººÅ¦¡Å¦ÅʺĉÊ Ñ £ÏÅÅʺĉÊ ÑÅȺŦÀĉÊ Õ³³ Å»Ê Â¼Ċʦ³Ċʲ ¼Ċʦ×ÃĊÕ³³ ×ÃĊüÑÃ¼Ê Ø´Ô¾» ¼Ċʦ×ÃĊþʲ But in my grandma’s point of view, She said that, if she was going to build a house, She wanted it to be extremely luxurious. And it could still be a property to her grandchildren ÔúÏŲ ʼºÍ³ĊʲÅȺΦ ÔÀ¾Ê£²²Å ºÅ¦Ô¡ĊÊ ºÊ Having a house life would totally affect the way people see the status of our family. -Kochapan Pisankorsakul
WITHOUT DETAILS?
SIMPLICITY?
Palace of Versailles 3GD QNX@K QDRHCDMBD NE %Q@MBD EQNL
Baroque style, this style of architecture comes with a story behind it. Through these beautiful details and ornaments, there are people being oblivion. The king during that period of time, Louis XVI and the queen were living in oblivion to their people which created French revolution afterwards.Bringing style from this palace brought meanings more than just a huge extravagant palace, but the story behind it. The stages of time since the reason of it being built through the time when it was practically used and the tragedy afterwards.
Talking about the decorations and ornaments itself, it shows that it had been well-made through design, carvings. These details directly convey messages to people who get to see it. Verssailles symbolizes the sovereign authority of the king Louis XIV to king Louis XVI. Due to the social conditions, it caused French revolution which was the abolition of the monarchy. To be said, through this extent ornamental buildings, there are still people suffering from this beautiful architecture.
Portrait of King Louis XVI, Louis-Auguste B@ @SSQ )NRDOG 2HEEQDC
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The most important message Louis XIV sent through the architecture of Versailles was his ultimate power,â&#x20AC;? - Tea Gudek Snajdar
Hall of Mirrors A grand Baroque style gallery in the Palace of Versailles
Hall of Mirrors can be said as a symbolic of SGD O@K@BD (S HR NMD NE SGD LNRS RHFMHĹ°B@MS room in this Palace of Versailles since there were some particular events that set in this room whether in a politcal or a festive way. The purpose of this hall originally was used for festives and cemonies.
AX )NRD (FM@BHN 2NSN )TKX
However, this hall was also used in 1919 as to place to sign Peace Treaty which put an end to World War I. In terms of style and strategy, this hall can be said as a tool to bring peace to poeple as this hall already become a sign gathering people together.
PALACE OF VERSAILLES
PALACE OF VERSAILLES BUILDING’S EVOLUTION
BUILDING’S EVOLUTION
1623 Hunting Lodge
1661 Royal Palace
1678 Palace of Versaille
Louis XIII
Louis XIIV
Louis XIV - Louis XV
es
VI
1793 Revolution Louis XVI
1820 Restoration Louise-Philippe Louis XVIII
19th Museum Assemblee national
3GD PTDDM NE JHMF +NTHR SGD SG ,@QHD MSNHMDSSD SNNJ NMD NE SGD AHFFDRS O@QSR HM OQNUNJHMF SGD %QDMBG 1DUNKTSHNM JMNVHMF SN AD @ ODQRNM VGN CDFQ@CDC %Q@MBDðR DBNMNLHB situation. There are many interesting parts about her lifestyle that are O@QSH@KKX QDűDBSDC HM 5DQR@HKKDR
/NQSQ@HS NE ,@QHD MSNHMDSSD B@ @SSQ +DAQTM $KHR@ADSG +NTHRD
“Let them eat cake.”
FAMINE & FRENCH REVOLUTION
%QNL SGD PTNSD SG@S HS G@C ADDM R@HC AX ,@QHD MSNHMDSSD G@C R@HC ò+DS SGDL D@S B@JD`ó SGNTFG SGDQD HR MN @BST@K DUHCDMBD SG@S RGD G@C R@HC HS %QNL SGHR PTNSD HS B@M @ QDODRDMS@SHNM NE NE GDQ @SSHSTCD SNV@QCR GDQ ODNOKD %QNL SGDQRD O@HMSHMFR HS RGNV TMDPT@K @MC difference between the two classes; famine and the royals.
%QDMBG '@OOHMDRR "QTHJRG@MJ &DNQFD["QTHJRG@MJ (R@@B 2BNSSHRG OQHMSL@JDQ @MC CQ@ESRL@M
$MFKHRG ,HRDQX "QTHJRG@MJ &DNQFD["QTHJRG@MJ (R@@B 2BNSSHRG OQHMSL@JDQ @MC CQ@ESRL@M
The quote can also be referred to how ODNOKD VDQD ADHMF NAKHUHNM (S RGNVR SGD RGNQS@FD NE ENNC @MC SGD K@BJ NE economy during that period of time. 2NLDGNV SGHR PTNSD BNMUDXR LNQD SG@M ITRS @M HQNMHB BNMUDQR@SHNM ATS SGD BTKSTQD NE ODNOKD @MC SGD BHUHKHY@tion during one period of time.
3GD !QD@C %@LHMD HM SG BDMSTQX %Q@MBD "GQHRSNOGDK %HMD QS
Le ci-devant grand couvert de Gargantua LNCDQM DM E@LHKKD
THE REVERSAL OF STATUS QUO
The Queen’s Hamlet January 2014
The Queen’s Hamlet, Marie Antoinette’s hamlet, was the place where she seeked for the taste of village life by dressing herself up as a peasant. The interesting part is that she is usually known for living her excessively and wasteful. Why did she seek to pretend to be a villager? This can be discussed as how the way Marie Antoinette lived can sometime be reversed to her status quo.
Status quote, period, many times it’s about period can refer to the past. Marie Anttonette had spent tons of time and money into this village just to make herself feel like home where she was born. This is a place where she can be herself and escape from the palace where it gets pretty crazy most of the time. However, This hamlett can also represent how people in the palace were oblivious to their people in the country.
“IS THIS ALL JUST A PLAY?”
COSTUME Peasant
Marie Antoinette was outgoing and wild. She was a sociable person who loved gambling, partying and excessive fashions but once it comes to time when she spent in her hamlet, everthing went reversed. The activity that she likes to do in this hamlet is to pretend to be a shepherdess or a milkmaid with her friends in her peasants clothes. These drawings show the peasant fashion trend during the 17th. What aer some possibilities into her costume details, materials and tactility.
+(-$- % !1("
".33.- #8$# 6(3' 3$
+(-$- % !1("
"
Marie Antoinetteâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Daily Schedule
THE REVERSAL OF TIME FĂŞtes Galantes
There has been a trend that people wanted to dress up like in the old days to bring back memories and to feel classic. Some of them even pay money to get into this party. It costs a lot of money and this party only happens once in a year. People who are willing to pay for it will be able to spend a day in Versailles as if they were living in the Louis XVI period of time. This can be said as the reversion of how people just want to go back in time. In this party people get dress real nice. To enter the party, it is necessary that guests are dressing up correctly as if they were Luis XVI, otherwise they will not be attending the party. In the party, there are food and people dancing which sound pretty fun for people to come experience. I n
ORGANIC ARCHITECTURE .QF@MHB @QBGHSDBSTQD B@M AD CDŰMDC depending on a person’s perspective in varieties of forms. Adaptic this philosophy into Baan Louis-style, it can AD CDŰMDC @R GNV M@STQD HR ADHMF extracted into architecture; details @MC NQM@LDMSR 3GD O@SSDQM NE űNVers can easily be seen on wallpaper and decorations. However, the way Baroque architecture brought in this type of style can be interpreted in a negative way. Versailles can be seen as an evidence of perverse how the king Louis XIV-XVI used this place as a strategy to represent their power. The design unknowingly presents the attempt of control. The control of the Versailles gardens could be one of the great examples of organic architecture that is being controlled. The idea of taking care of the garden is a huge scale of responsibility. The way that there are many factors making plants grow out of forms, the responders need to manage to get the right amount of shape of plants.
In relationships, there are always gaps in between style itself. Talking about social relationships, there’s an interconnection between classes. There is usually one above everything and everyone. So what is the purpose of life once everything is separated and not united? These days, we have been seeking to integrate these gaps. It’s about accepting whether you are being ruled or ruling others.
ANTHROPOCENE?
“ONCE THE USER IS A CREATOR, THERE’S NO GAP”
The true meaning of organic architecture should rely on natural light and moisture which allow architecture to transform in its way through materials and geometry.
THE LIGATURE
We consider nature “why should we be above everything else, why shouldn’t we be designing with evDQXSGHMF DKRD HMBKTCHMF M@STQD ó ò,@MðR MNS SGD L@RSDQó 'TL@M HR not the only who builds and designs structures, it’s also the integration of us and nature. In terms of organic architecture, it can refer that we should not control the way architecture moves forward. Many times, a designer is not portrayed as god or the master as nature also drives the design toward the structure.
“DESIGN COMES THROUGH AFTER TIME”
The Ligature project is the project that was mainly made of bamboo. The RSQTBSTQD V@R HMSDMSHNM@KKX ŰMHRGDC HM SGD ŰQRS OK@BD @R HS V@R OK@BDC @R @M exhibition. Later, after this structure was placed at Jimthompson farm, nature continued the design by growing all over the structure which made it become even more complete. This is integration of design from human and nature.
THE GARDENS OF VERSAILLES
Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s undeniable that this Versailles can extremely represent the sense of power. Going back to king Louis XIV, this palace was used as the centre to control all power in France including the government. During the 17th, it was the peak period of time of this monarchy when France was ruled by king Louis XVI.
Verssailles symbolizes the sovereign authority of the king Louis XIV to king Louis XVI. Due to the social conditions, it caused French revolution which was the abolition of the monarchy. To be said, through this extent ornamental buildings, there are still people suffering from this beautiful architecture.
5$12 (++$2 %1 -"$ 4&423
LAYERS OF AXES AND PATTERNS
AXES & PATTERNS THE GARDENS OF VERSAILLES, 1920
BASSIN .!$+(2.4$
$3.(+$
04(-".รฐ-"$ #4 ,(#(
+$ 1.-# 5$513
/ 1"3 #4 GRAND TRIANON ++$$ #$ + 1$(-
/$/(-$1$2
3GD BNMSQNK NE SGD 5DQR@HKKDR F@QCDMR could be one of the great examples of organic architecture that is being controlled. The axes and patterns of these garden represent the RDMRD NE BNMSQNK EQNL SGD JHMF 3GD HCD@ NE S@JHMF B@QD NE SGD F@QCDM HR @ huge scale of responsibility. The way SG@S SGDQD @QD L@MX E@BSNQR L@JHMF plants to have an exact shape and RHYD @S @MXSHLD (SรฐR SGD V@X SGHMFR @QD ADHMF NQF@MHYDC @MC BNMSQNKKDC KSGNTFG XNT L@X MNSHBD SG@S SGDQD HR MN O@SSDQM HM SGD 0TDDMรฐR G@LKDS ATS SGDQDรฐR RSHKK @ BNMSQNK NUDQ SGHR @QD@ NE the palace but in a more organic way.
3GD 0TDDMรฐR '@LKDS
carnations
peonies
poppies
lilacs
roses
hyacinth
lilies
larkspur
marigolds
canna
narcissus
LOUIS-STYLE HOUSE Cormorant - Regular
REFERENCE Museum Bank Indonesia. (2020, August 31). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_Bank_Indonesia Agam, A. (2015, February 06). Traditional house Minangkabau culture. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.pixoto.com/images-photography/buildings-and-architecture/architectural-detail/traditional-house-minangkabau-culture-6361203864502272 Colonial architecture of Indonesia. (2020, July 25). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_architecture_of_Indonesia (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/organHB @QBGHSDBSTQD CDĹ°MHSHNM @QBGHSDBSR GSLK Frank Lloyd Wright Quote. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www. azquotes.com/quote/321216 (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://study.com/academy/lesson/organHB @QBGHSDBSTQD CDĹ°MHSHNM @QBGHSDBSR GSLK TSGNQ -NJMNH 2 2DOSDLADQ Ă&#x2022;ÄłÄ&#x2030;ÂŚÂłÄ&#x160;Ă&#x160;²Ă&#x201A;Ă&#x2DC;ijžÄ?Ă&#x192;žĂ?ÂťĂ&#x201A;Ä?Ă&#x192;ÂźĂ&#x2018;Ă&#x161;Ă&#x2013;IJĂ&#x2014;§Ä&#x160;ÂŚÂłĂ&#x2022;³³ ´ŸĂ&#x2C6;Ă&#x192;ÂťĂ&#x2030;IJ 1DSQHDUDC 2DOSDLADQ EQNL GSSOR VVV BGH@MFL@HCDBNQ BNL Frank Lloyd Wright Quote. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www. azquotes.com/quote/321216 The Anthropocene: Welcome. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www. anthropocene.info/ Anthropocene. (2020, September 24). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropocene Gardens of Versailles. (2020, September 10). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles ,HS )@H (MM /HM@QDD 2@MOHS@J @MC 2@UHMDD !TQ@M@RHK@OHM @S ò QS NM %@QLĂł M C 1DSQHDUDC 2DOSDLADQ EQNL GSSO @QS@RH@O@BHĹ°B BNL ,@F@YHMD 6DA$WBKTRHUDR MitJaiInnPinareeSanpitakAndSavineeBuranasilapinAtArtOnFarm Masterson, M., & Masterson, M. (2018, April 11). A Day in the Life of Marie Antoinette Meghan Masterson. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://meghanmastersonau-
Dzinetrip. (2015, August 31). Architecture answers to the human need to become one with nature -. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://dzinetrip.com/architecture-answers-to-the-human-needto-become-one-with-nature/ Masterson, M., & Masterson, M. (2018, April 11). A Day in the Life of Marie Antoinette - Meghan Masterson. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://meghanmastersonauthor.com/a-day-in-the-lifeof-marie-antoinette/ 3GD $CHSNQR NE $MBXBKNO@DCH@ !QHS@MMHB@ %DAQT@QX !@QNPTD @QBGHSDBSTQD 1DSQHDUDC 2DOtember 26, 2020, from https://www.britannica.com/art/Baroque-architecture FĂŞtes Galantes: Kings and Queens ticket. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://en.chateauversailles-spectacles.fr/programmation/fetes-galantes-kings-and-queens-ticket_e2024 List of Gothic Revival architecture. (2020, August 19). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Revival_architecture Kendra. (n.d.). 18th Century French Court Gowns â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Basics. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://demodecouture.com/18th-century-french-court-gowns-basics/ The Queenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Hamlet. (2018, September 03). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://en.chateauversailles.fr/long-read/queens-hamlet Jeweller, T. (n.d.). Jewel History: Portrait Jewels of Marie Antoinette. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from http://www.thecourtjeweller.com/2016/05/jewel-history-portrait-jewels-of-marie.html Hall of Mirrors facts. Hall of Mirror visits. History. Map. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.parisdigest.com/versailles/hall-of-mirrors.htm List of Gothic Revival architecture. (2020, August 19). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Gothic_Revival_architecture The French Revolution. (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/adams-french-revolution/ +DHRTQD 3 OQHK 3GD /@K@BD NE 5DQR@HKKDR HR GNRSHMF @ Q@UD HM HSR '@KK NE ,HQQNQR ENQ SGD Ĺ°QRS time this summer, and you donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need a royal budget to attend. Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.insider.com/palace-of-versailles-hosting-a-rave-in-its-hall-of-mirrors-2019-4 ,B(KUDMM@ 4 2DOSDLADQ 'NV !QD@C 2GNQS@FDR 'DKODC (FMHSD SGD %QDMBG 1DUNKTSHNM 1Dtrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.history.com/news/bread-french-revolution-marie-antoinette (n.d.). Retrieved September 26, 2020, from https://www.learner.org/wp-content/interactive/middleages/morcloth.html
Desi gn I I I In str u ctor P r at a na P K l i eopati non
S tudents N a p a koch Soi thongs uk S u d hi nee Tri dhi p N ar a Loj anator n P i s i t Puwatputtawi s ai N a m i d a N i amnamtham S a i n a m K wanmontr eekul E n gkr at Sae- H eng S a r a i Par uhats anon S a h as awat T hong- i n Pe e r ada Janta pal uek