印度的生態旅遊 Ecotourism in India
K11 與香港大學生物科學學院在本年 度舉辦了「生態領袖訓練計劃 2016」， 讓熱愛大自然的大專生有機會到訪印度這 個生物多樣性大國作為期 11 日的生態旅 遊。在完成整個旅程後，我很希望能把我
在印度所學到的一點一滴與眾同享，所以 製作了這本小冊子。由於篇幅有限，這本 小冊子只會重點圍繞著「印度的生態旅 遊」作簡單介紹，並分享一些特別的經歷 及事件，希望各位讀者會喜歡。 作者：唐志斌
1
“Eco-leader Training Programme 2016“ was organized by K11 and School of Biological Sciences, the Hong Kong University, funding undergraduate students to have a 11-days ecotourism in India. After the whole trips, I would like to share my experience and knowledge with public via this booklet. Due to limited pages, this booklet will only focus on the ecotourism of India and some special experience sharing. Hoping you will love it. Author: Tong Chi Pan
印度簡介 Introduction to India………………………..…………………………………………………………...……….... P.3-4 印度的生物多樣性 Biodiversity of India………………………..………………………………………………………………………… P.5-6 甚麼是生態旅遊？ What is Ecotourism?………………………..………………………………………………………………….….... P.7-8 印度的生態旅遊資源 Resource of India Ecotourism………………………..………………………………………...……….………. P.9 Top 6 國家公園 & Top 8 重點活動 Top 6 National Park & Top 8 Key Activities………………………..…………………………………….... P.10-11 生態旅遊的經濟價值 Economic Value of Ecotourism………………………..………………………………………...……..……… P.12 印度生態旅遊的重要性 Importance of India Ecotourism………………………..………………………………….…...……..…….… P.13-14 印度生態旅遊帶來的威脅 Threat from India Ecotourism………………………..………………………………….…...……..………….. P.15-18 經歷分享—叢林的法則 Experience Sharing - Law of protected sites………………………..………………………..…..……… P.19-20 經歷分享—追虎尋蹤 Experience Sharing - Tracking Tigers………….………………………..………………………..…..……… P.21-22 經歷分享—保育不教育 Conservation without Education……………….………………………..………………………..…..……… P.23-24
參考資料 Reference ……………………….……………….…………….…………………..………………………..…..……… P.25
2
印 度
基本資料 印度是一個位於南亞洲，擁有超過十億人口的發 展中國家，同時亦是世界上領土面積排行第七的國
INDIA
家，國土超過 320 萬平方公里。由於印度仍一個處於 發展階段，所以她仍保留著很多自然寶庫。例如眾多 自然的山脈、海灘和高山河谷，孕育著無數的野生動 植物。在印度的北部，有喜馬拉雅山脈、喀什米爾山 谷和恒河；在東部，亦有著名的吉爾森林。除此之 外，印度還有許多考古和建築遺跡。例如，泰姬陵、 加德古塔、瓦拉納西和伯德里納特等宗教中心等。印 度就是一個擁有這麼多珍貴資源的國家，正因如此， 她漸漸成為了一個世界級旅遊熱點。
3
Background Information India is a country located in South Asia and with a population of over one billion people. It is the world's seventh largest country with more than 3.2 million km2. In this developing country. there are a large treasure of natural beauty such as many hill resorts, beach resorts, mountains and rivers. In the northern region of India, the Himalaysa, Kasmir Valley and the Ganges are famous landmarks for tourists. In eastern region of India, there is the Gir Forest. Apart from nature beauty, India has many archaeological and architectural monuments. For example, the Taj Mahal, the Qutab Minar, religious centers like Varanasi and Badrinath etc. With abundance of such resources, India becomes a superstar in tourism industry of the world.
INDIA
4
印度的生物多樣性 Biodiversity of India 生物多樣性大國 - 印度 保護國際基金會為了進一步推動環境 保育全球化，在 1998 年從全球 190 多個
國家中選出 17 個生物多樣性非常豐富的 國家，並稱這些國家為生物多樣性大國。 這些國家大多都位於熱帶或亞熱帶，總共 佔了全球 70%的生物多樣性。 印度物種豐富，擁有 91,000 種動物 及 45,000 種植物，大概佔全球物種總數 的 7-8%。除了被保護國際基金會評為 17 個生物多樣性大國之一（排名 16），更 同時擁有 3 個生物多樣性熱點。
Megadiverse Countries - India The megadiverse countries, which are a group of 17 countries that contains more than 70% of the earth’s biodiversity, are identified in 1998 by Conservation International, in order to promote the awareness for biodiversity conservation among the world. India is one of these megadiverse countries (rank 16), accounting for 7-8% of the species of the world, including 91,000 animals species and 45,000 plants species. Also, it contains three biodiversity hotspots.
喜馬拉雅山脈地區 (Himalaya) 西高止山脈和斯里蘭卡地區 (Western Ghats and Sri Lanka) 印度 - 緬甸地區 (Indo-Burma)
5
印度的特有物種
Endemism in India’s Biodiversity
印度除了物種的數量豐富之外，她的 特有種比例也非常高。特有種是指「分佈 僅侷限於某一特定的地區，而未在其他地 方中出現」的物種。印度的哺乳類動物特 有種數量佔其 12.6%、鳥類為 4.5%、兩 棲類為 55.8%、爬蟲類為 45.8%、植物
Of these >130,000 species, 12.6% of mammals, 4.5% of birds, 45.8% of reptiles, 55.8% of amphibians and 33% of Indian plants are endemic speices, being found nowhere else in the world. It make the biodiversity of India become specific and vulnerable.
為 33%。
植物 (Plants) 33%
爬蟲類 (Reptiles) 45.8%
鳥類 (Birds) 4.5%
兩棲類 (Amphibians) 55.8%
哺乳類 (Mammals) 12.6%
6
生態旅遊是甚麼？ What is Ecotourism? 自 2015 年 1 月 1 日起，國際生態旅遊協會提 「生態旅遊」的定義更新為：「一種對環境負責的旅 遊系統，當中包含著環境保育、當地社區的可持續發 展、講解及教育。」當中講解及教育更是不可或缺的 一環，包括對當地導遊、職員及旅遊人士的教育工
作，以達至當地生態及社區的可持續發展。正確的生 態旅遊系統應附合以下原則： - 減少因其而導致的物理、社會、行為及心理影響； - 建立對環境及文化的保育意識及專重； - 為旅客及營運者帶來正面的經驗； - 為保育工作帶來直接的經驗收益； - 剌激本地市民和私營行業的經驗收益； - 提升旅客對當地政治、環境及社會情況的認知；
- 促進對環境友善的建設的設計、建築及營運。
Since 1st January, 2015, the international ecotourism society (TIES) has defined ecotourism as "responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment, sustains the well-being of the local people, and involves interpretation and education" (TIES, 2015). Education is meant to be inclusive of both staff and guests. An appropriate ecotourism system should follow the following principles: - Minimize physical, social, psychological impacts - Build environmental and cultural awareness and respect. - Provide positive experiences for both visitors and hosts. - Provide direct financial benefits for conservation. - Generate income for both local people and private industry. - Deliver memorable interpretative experiences to visitors, raising sensitivity to host countries' political, environmental, and social climates. - Design, construct and operate low-impact facilities. 7
環境及生態保育
社區發展
教育及講解
Conservation
Community
Interpretation
生態旅遊為當地經濟提
生態旅遊為當地社區帶
在生態旅遊中藉著恰當
供了一個長期的收入來源，
來各種就業機會，為基層人 的教育及講解，讓當地社區
因而促使當地政府及社區主
們的生活帶來了新的動力。 及旅客欣賞大自然的奧妙，
動保育有關的自然環境及文
藉 著 生 生 不 息 的 大 自 然 資 從而提升他們對環境及生態
化，間接保護了印度這片擁
源，人們可以維持一個和諧 保育的了解及重視。
有極高生態價值的土地。
及可持續發展的社區系統。
Ecotourism acts as a market-linked long-term solution, providing effective economic incentives to conserve and enhance biocultural diversity and help protect the natural and cultural heritage of our beautiful planet.
By enhancing local capacity building and increasing employment opportunities, ecotourism is an effective tool for empowering local communities to fight against poverty and to achieve sustainable development.
By emphasizing on enriching personal experiences and their environmental awareness through interpretation, ecotourism can promote greater understanding and appreciation for the nature and local culture. 8
印度的
生態旅遊資源
RESOURCE of India Ecotourism
131
103
536
海洋保護區 Marine Protected Areas
國家公園 National Parks
野生動物保護區 Wildlife Sanctuaries
67
26
自然保育區 Conservation Reserves
社區保育區 Community Reserves
在全球急速發展及全球暖化的影響 下，印度政府的環境局漸漸意識到環境保 育的重要性，在 80 年代起開始為境內的 不同地區設立起各種保護區以保育當地的 自然環境及野生動物。至今，印度已經設
立了 131 個海洋保護區、103 個國家公 園、536 個野生動物保護區、67 個自然 保育區及 26 個社區保育區。因此，印度 豐富的生物多樣性得以保留，成為了當地 生態旅遊的一塊基石，為當地經濟及民生 帶來不可或缺的裨益。
9
With the continuous global warming effect and rapid development all around the world, the India government realized the importance of environmental protection. Since 1980s, different types of protected area and reserves have been established. Up to now, there are 131 marine protected areas, 103 national parks, 536 wildlife sanctuaries, 67 conservation reserves and 26 community reserves. Therefore, the richness of biodiversity can be preserved and becomes a footstone of ecotourism, enhancing the economics and quality of life.
TOP 6
國家公園 NATIONAL PARKS Top 2 - Ranthambore
Top 1 - Corbett
Top 3 - Kanha
Top 4 - Pench
Top 6 - Kaziranga
Top 5 - Bandhavgarh
10
TOP 8
重點活動 KEY ACTIVITIES
遠足 HIKING
觀鳥 BIRD WATCHING
滑雪 SKIING
游泳 SWIMMING
印度豐富的生態旅遊資源為當地增加 了生態旅遊的可塑性及多元性，特別是在 活動選擇方面。其豐富的生物多樣性吸引
了全球不少的生態學家、自然愛好者到訪 研究、自然考察、觀鳥及生態攝影等等； 而其多元化的生境地，如雪山、急流、沙 灘等，亦吸引了不同的運動健兒；最後她 絕美的自然境觀當然也吸引了不少人聞名 而來遠足、露營及觀賞風景等等。
11
露營 CAMPING
生態攝影 WILDLIFE PHOTOGRAPHY
觀景 SIGHT SEEING
漂流 RAFTING
The rich resource of India increases the potential of eco-tourism, increasing number of types of travelling activities. Its high biodiversity attracts ecologists, nature lovers and photographers to come for researches, bird watching and wildlife photography; different habitat such as jokul, riffle and beaches allow skiing, rafting and swimming; last but not least, the beauty of natural scene attracts foreign to come for hiking, camping and sight seeing.
生態旅遊的
經濟價值
ECONOMIC VALUE of India Ecotourism 旅遊業在印度是一個很大型的服務 行業，總共佔了國內生產總值的 6.23%
及就業率的 8.78%。每年到訪印度的旅 客平均超過 500 萬人次，而國內的旅客 亦超過 562 萬人次。以每年 9.4%增長率 來計算，預計在 2018 年，旅遊業應該可 以為印度帶來 275.5 百萬美元的經濟收 益。
Tourism is the largest service industry in India, with a contribution of 6.23% to the national GDP (Gross Domestic Product) and 8.78% of the total employment in India. India witnessed more than 5 million annual foreign tourist 84 arrivals and 562 million domestic tourist visits. The tourism industry in India generated about US $275.5 billion by 2018 at a 9.4% annual growth rate.
12
印度生態旅遊的
重要性
IMPORTANCE of India Ecotourism
創造就業機會 生態旅遊行業創造了大量就業機會，特別在偏遠 及未發展的地區。因為在生態旅遊的興起，這些 偏遠地區所保留的自然資源（山林、河溪、高生 物多樣性地區等）的附加價值以幾何級數上升， 適當地運用可以為當地居民帶來可持續的收益。
Generate Employment Opportunities The most significant feature of the ecotourism industry in India is its capacity to generate large-scale employment opportunities, particularly in remote and underdeveloped area. It offers enormous potential for utilizing natural resources like landscapes, mountains, bio-diversity areas, rivers etc for the benefit of people.
提升知識水平 生態旅遊其中一種元素是「講解」，要正確地為 旅客講解當地的自然生態，當地的導賞員必先要 學會不同範疇的知識。例如：老虎的保育計劃、 鳥類的品種鑑定、各物種的生境及習性和英語等 等。當知識水平提高後，他們自然會學懂珍惜及 保護大自然，並透過講解把保育意識傳遞出去。
Knowledge Enrichment In order to have proper interpretation, local tour guides need to learn different aspects of knowledge such as “Project Tiger”, identification skills, habitat and behaviors of animals and English etc. With better understanding of nature and importance of conservation, they will protect the nature actively and share this massage to audience via ecotourism.
13
生態旅遊 印度的生態旅遊地點通常都位於較偏 遠 的 未 發 展 地 區 ， 例 如 Kanha、 Pench 等，因此生態旅遊正正成為了 這些地區文化及經濟發展的催化劑。 不但為低層市民創造了無限的就業機 會，市民的知識水平及環保意識也漸 漸 提 高 。在 足 夠 資源及 知 識 的情 況 下，周遭的自然環境及野生動物亦得 到了保護，人與自然和諧共存。
Ecotourism The locations of India ecotourism are always located in undeveloped areas in which ecotourism can act as a catalyzing agent to enhance its economic, cultural and educational levels. With sufficient resource and related knowledge, environmental conservation and sustainable development of societies can be achieved.
剌激當地經濟 除了與生態旅遊相關的行業外，當地不少零售、 飲食及交通行業都可以從中得益不少，例如：酒 店或度期村附近的地攤、人力車、小食攤等等。 由於生態旅遊需要帶來了大量的人流及物資，當 地的交通網絡隨即得到了改善，方便了物質的輸 送往來及豐富了當地行業的多樣性。
Local Economic Enhancement In addition to ecotourism related industries, other non-related industries such as retail, catering and transportation industries can share the advantages from ecotourism indirectly. Since ecotourism requires to transfer a lot of people and material, it is necessary to enhance local transportation network. With better network, all industry can step forward and thus the local development.
推動保育工作 生態旅遊為當地的環境保育工作提供了可靠及持 續的經濟支援，讓保育工作得以持續甚至擴展。 政府亦因生態旅遊所帶來的可觀收益及正面的國 家形象，大力推動一系列的保育政策及措施，例 如設立多個老虎保育區、國家公園等等。藉此， 印度的生物多樣性可以得以保留。
Support Nature Conservation Ecotourism can supports the local nature conservation work by providing reliable and sustainable financial support. Moreover, with the advantage from ecotourism, the India government started to support nature conservation by introducing related law and strategies. For example, tiger reserves and national parks. Therefore, the high biodiversity of India can be preserved.
14
印度生態旅遊帶來的
威脅
THREAT from India Ecotourism 雖 然生 態 旅遊 為當 地 帶來 了不 少裨 益，甚至成為了不少國家（如印度）不可 或缺的行業，但是如果處理不當的話，它
將會變成一把雙刃劍，會為當地帶來持續 的威脅；水源污染、土地污染、過道開採 自然資源、能源分配等等的各種問題將會 接腫而來。最後受殃及的，不但是自然環 境及野生動物，更是人類自身。
自然資源損耗 Depletion of Natural Resources
15
Although ecotourism can bring a lot of advantage to the host countries and cities, it do have negative environmental impact if it is not handled properly. Mis-controlled or non-well organized ecotourism can lead to depletion of natural resources and various pollution, damaging the environment and harming human and wildlife.
在旅遊業（包括生態旅遊）的急速發展背後，其實不斷地開採及使用大量自然資 源，當中更包括一些已經很缺乏的資源。 (1) 水資源：「水」在印度是一種非常缺乏的 自然資源，尤其是淡水。但是為了增加當地旅遊業的承載量及吸引力，當地會建造越來 越多的酒店、度假村、泳池及各種娛樂設施。這些建築及營運活動不斷使用珍貴的水 源，加劇了當地的水源缺乏問題。 (2) 本地資源：要維持旅遊業的持續發展，需要著龐 大的資源配給，包含著能源、食物及其他原材料。這亦大大加據了本地資源的開採。 (3) 土地資源：印度擁有著很多不同的生境地，包括：森林、濕地及草原等等。可惜的 是，為了完善生態旅遊的配套設施，移除自然生境作建築用地也是一個重大問題。
Tourism development can put pressure on natural resources when it increases consumption in areas where resources are already scarce. (1) Water resource: it is one of the most critical natural resources in India. However, tourism industry overuses water for hotels, swimming pool and other entertainment, resulting in water shortages and degradation of water supplies. (2) Local resources: with high pressure from tourism, local resource such as energy, food and other raw material will be in short supply, increasing the pressure of their exploitation. (3) Land degradation: there are lots of important land resources include forest and wetland. However, increased construction of tourist facilities and infrastructure increased the pressure on land use.
16
污染問題 Pollution Problems
除了自然資源損耗問題外，生態旅遊與其他的行業一樣，亦會為環境帶來種種的污 染，例如：水質污染、噪音污染、污水及固體垃圾等等。 (1) 空氣污染：現代的生態旅遊，為了旅客的便利、舒適及安全，完善的交通配套是不可 或缺的一部分。可是過多的交通工具，例如吉普車、開篷小巴等等，會釋放大量的溫 室氣體(二氧化碳)。經常遇見的例子：司機為了旅客的舒適，在等待乘客回來中仍開 啟著冷氣機及引擎，不斷釋放廢氣。 (2) 噪音污染：來自飛機、旅遊巴、吉普車等等交通工具的引擎聲及與地面摩擦時發出的 噪音會為野生動作帶來不同程度的騷擾。例如：陸上哺乳類會受驚逃離覓食場所、不 敢橫過馬路覓食、打亂休息時間等等。 (3) 污水：由不同旅遊配套設施排出的污水，如果沒有接駁到污水處理設施便直接排放的 話，很可能會污染附近的水源及泥土，危害野生動植物的健康。 (4) 固體廢物及垃圾：亂拋垃圾是一個非常嚴重的環境問題，尤其在旅客集中的旅遊熱 點。例如在喜馬拉雅山脈的旅遊熱點，旅客經常遺下不同的露營用品及垃圾。
17
In addition to depletion of natural resources, ecotourism can generate different pollution as other industries., including air pollution, noise pollution, sewage , solid waste and littering. (1) Air pollution: increased transportation, including airplanes, trains and buses, generate air pollutants such as carbon dioxide. For example, tour buses often keep their motors operating for a long time while the tourists go out for an excursion because they want to return to an air-conditioned bus after trip. (2) Noise pollution: noise from airplanes, tour buses and other vehicles causes annoyance and distress to wildlife. For example, birds and mammals may avoid using habitat near roads and rail. (3) Sewage: construction of hotels and other facilities generate wastewater, polluting seas and lakes surrounding hotspots of tourism and threatening the health of wildlife. (4) Solid waste and littering: improper waste disposal is a serious problem in areas with high concentrations of tourist. For example, tourist always leave their garbage and camping equipment in remote areas such as Himalayas .
18
KANHA TIGER RESERVE Experience sharing 體驗 ‧ 體會
森林原野原本就是大自然各種野生動
出沒的可能性很高。於是我們等待了 30 分
植物賴以為生的家園，但是人們的過度發
鐘，但由於太多車停留在同一區域，導賞員
展及資源掠奪漸漸讓人們產生一種錯覺，
不情願地表示：「即使這裡有很大機會讓我
認為大自然是屬於自己的。明顯地，這種
們看到老虎，但我們不得不離開了，因為這
思想是錯誤的。生態旅遊在印度的興起，
裡的車子密集太高了，會影響生態的。」後
漸漸讓人們了解到這個道理，他們對大自
來，我得知老虎就在我們離開後的短時間內
然的尊重也透過各種的行動及規文得以實
出沒並橫過了馬路到附近水源喝水。雖然我
踐。導賞員和職員們為了盡量減低生態旅
一開始心裡有怪責導賞員的決定，但再想深
遊對野生動物的影響，定立了一系列保育
一層，若不是他令車子的密度低了的話，本
區守則，並嚴格執行。
來想離開的老虎就不能順利離開去喝水了。
在 Kanha park 的旅程中，我非常敬配 當地生態導賞員的專業操守，嚴格執行著保 育區的守則。有一天，導賞員及司機跟隨著
若果牠不肯走出來的話，人們就無法目睹牠 的英姿了。 因此，生態旅遊若要取得成功，我們必
車隊進入保育區的老虎熱點。由於老虎前一
先要放下自私的心，尊重大自然，她才能
天同一時間都在這裡也出現過，所以今天再
在我們面前展露她最美最珍貴的一面。
19
Nowadays, people always think that all the natural resource such as forest, ocean and even all organisms is belong to them, leading to many large scale development and destroy natural environment. Actually, wild animals are the real master of the natural forest and ocean. Their whole lives are depending to the forest or ocean essentially without pollution and destruction. Now, humans are extensively exploiting their resources and even hunt them for food or declaration. With the rapid development of ecotourism in India, local people start to respect and protect the wildlife and natural environment since they are now relying to the additional value from the nature. In order to protect the nature, especially the national park and reserves, a series of regulation has been designed and implemented strictly. The extent of implementation is unexpectedly high. For example, one day, in a tiger hotspot of Kanha
Tiger reserve, we knew that we will have a high chance to meet tiger here if we insist waiting them for a period of time. However, the tour-guide decided to exit because he though the density of jeeps was so high that may affect the natural activity pattern of tigers. About half an hour after we gone, the tiger walked out from the forest and across a road to drink water. Although I was extremely upset about the decision of leave at that moment, the decision of tour-guide was right. If we don’t leave the area, the tiger might not give up drinking water in order to avoid the potential danger from us. If it happened, other visitors cannot see the tiger too. Therefore if we want a successful ecotourism industry, we need to be friendly with the nature and wildlife. Only in this way, can we see the real and valuable nature. 20
BANDHAVGARH TIGER RESERVE Experience sharing 體驗 ‧ 體會
孟加拉虎必定是印度野外考察的目標
完整度去判斷老虎的出現時間，並順著腳
物種之一，很多攝影師和自然愛好者千里
印估計老虎的行蹤；第三種是靠經驗及對
迢迢來到印度就是想親眼目睹野生老虎的
當地老虎群落的認識，資深的導賞員可以
風采。可是如果沒有當地身經百戰的導賞
估計此時此刻牠們的出沒地點，然後到牠
員帶領，想看到牠的影子都很難啊！
們喝水的水池、休憩場所或剛狩獵完的場
印度的野生老虎並不是我們平日在開
所守候；最後一種亦是最有效的一種，就
放式動物園裡的老虎般有指定活動範圍，
是留意獵物的警戒聲，向發出警戒聲的方
牠們是生活在一個非常非常遼闊的郊野地
向出發，便能到達老虎的所在地。
區，所以尋找牠們是非常艱難的一件事。
雖然有很多種方法可以追蹤老虎，但
尋虎的方法有四種，第一種是靠運氣，由
是實際上成功的機率真的不多。除了老虎
於牠是軟蹄動物，行動無聲無息且迅速，
會不斷移動之外，生長得密密麻麻的野生
可能牠會突然出現在附近；第二種是靠觀
植物亦為老虎再披上一塊神秘的面紗，可
察及追蹤牠留下的痕跡，如腳印和糞便，
能與虎擦身而過也不得知已。
資深的導賞員可以透過觀察腳印的深度及 21
Bengal tiger is definitely the target species in India for most wildlife photographers and nature lovers. However, it is extremely difficult to meet tigers without any assistance of local tour-guides. The activity pattern and range of wild tigers in India national parks or tiger reserves are totally different from that in zoo. They are living in a wide and dense natural area without a limited activity range, largely increasing the difficulties to find them. Actually, there are four types of methods to find or track wild tigers. The fist one is by luck. Since tigers are soft-hoofed animals that can move quietly and quickly, they may appear suddenly in your sight. The second method is tracking them by their footprint and feces. Senior tour-guides can estimate how far tigers
passed there by observing the depth and integrity. By tracking the path of footprints, they may finally find the footprint owners. The third method is highly depending on the experience and knowledge of local tourguides. Senior guides can go to appropriate location such as water source to wait tiger at suitable time. The last method, which is the most effective one to find tigers, is using alarm call from wild animals. In theory, we can find the predation venue of tiger while we following the source of alarm call. Although there are many strategies to find wild tiger, the rate of succession is not very high. Actually, even if we are standing adjacent to tigers, we cannot see them due to dense vegetation.
22
PENCH TIGER RESERVE Experience sharing 體驗 ‧ 體會
印度有多達 49 個的老虎保育區，總共
有一隻老虎不幸喝到了毒水不治。後來，
約有 2,226 隻野生老虎，佔全世界老虎數
市民們在保育區前舉辦了一場記者招待會
量的 7 成。可是，並不是所有老虎保育區
及抗議村民無理殺害老虎，大概有 30 多
都是全自然的，有很多保育區內都依然有
位的市民出席了這場活動，希望為這隻老
人居住著。因為最初印度政府將部份地區
虎平反。這件事可以反映出當地人對老虎
規劃成老虎保育區時，區內的原居民因種
保育的兩極，一方面是缺乏保育知識的原
種原因拒絕搬遷，所以在保育區內都不時
居民們，一方面是受過適當教育的大眾。
發現有村民活動，人與虎之間的矛盾從此 慢慢醞釀起來。
雖然印度對老虎保育的政策做得很 好，一般當地人都帶有保育老虎這隻珍貴
2016 年 3 月尾，Pench Tiger Re-
動物的意識，但天天與虎為鄰的原居民們
serve 的一隻雌性老虎被村民毒殺了，原
就 正正 缺乏 了這種 意識 。正 如標題 所 示
因是那隻老虎獵食了他養的牲畜。據報，
「保育不教育」，這種情況若沒有針對性
有一村民不忿自己的牲畜無故受到殺害，
的措施改善問題根源，這種不幸的事情將
便在附近的水池下毒藥毒殺老虎。最後，
會不斷重演。 23
There are 49 tiger reserves with around 2,226 wild tigers in India; the number of India wild tigers is about 70% of all tiger around the world. However, not all the tiger reserves are free of human activities. Actually, there are still some original residents refusing to leave and living inside the core zone of tiger reserve. Since the core zone of tiger reserve is the main activity zone of wild tigers, there must be many humantiger conflicts and even bad news. In the late March of 2016, there was a bad news about a accidental death of a female tiger in Pench tiger reserve. According to the information of my tour guide, the tiger was poisoned
by unknown residents living inside the core zone just because their livestock had been killed by the tiger. After that, a protest campaign was organized in front of the reserve to condemn the residents and discuss about this issue. There were about 30 public individuals joining this campaign. This events shows the result of difference education about wildlife conservation. In order to avoid similar event, education to the original residents inside the core zone is urgent and important. Actually, the best way is to persuade them to leave, freeing the tigers from any human activities in core zones. 24
25
1.
About Inc. (2016). 12 Top National Parks in India. Retrieved from http://goindia.about.com/od/ wildlife/tp/indiawildlife.htm
2.
India Biodiversity Portal (2016). Biodiversity in India. Retrieved from http://indiabiodiversity.org/ biodiversity_in_india
3.
Lalnunmawia, H. (2010). Development and impact of tourism industry in India. Retrieved from http://www.trcollege.net/articles/74-development-and-impact-of-tourism-industry-in-india
4.
Mishra, M., & Padhi, P. K. (2012). Emergence of tourism in the sustainable growth of India: an empirical analysis. Commerce and Management, 1(8), 161-167.
5.
The International Ecotourism Society (2016). What is Ecotourism?. Retrieved from https:// www.ecotourism.org/what-is-ecotourism
6.
Thethirdpole.net (2015). Mission to clean up the Himalayas. Retrieved from https:// www.thethirdpole.net/2015/11/18/mission-to-clean-up-the-himalayas
7.
Wallstreetotc.com (2016). Glow-in-the-dark tampons: surprising solution for detecting water pollution. Retrieved from http://www.wallstreetotc.com/glow-in-the-dark-tampons-surprisingsolution-for-detecting-water-pollution/217054/
Website Version
網 頁 版 本
電 子 書 版 本
E-Book Version
Link: http://pantong0505.wixsite.com/indiaecotourism
Link: https://issuu.com/pantong/docs/india_ecotourism_ebook
26
Ecotourism of India Presented by Tong Chi Pan