system 812 by Paola Sanguinetti

1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 01001100 01101111 01100111 01100001 01101110 //Logan Brammeier 01101111 00100 0100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 011 1101100 01000011 01101000 01100001 01110010 01101100 01100101 01111001 //Charley DeVries 01101100 011011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01010010 01101111 01100010 01100010 01101001 01100101 //Robbie Edberg-Oostdik 01101100 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1101111 00100001 01101111 01010011 01101000 01100001 01110111 01101110 //Shawn Khokher 00100000 001000 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1001000 01100101 01000001 01101110 01100100 01110010 01100101 01110111 //Andrew Klenke 01101100 0110110 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01010110 01101001 01100011 01110100 01101111 01110010 //Victor Renteria 01101100 0110110 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01010010 01100101 01100010 01100101 01100011 01100011 01100001 //Rebecca Twombly 01100101 01101 1101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 001 0100000 01001000 01100101 01010100 01111001 01110011 01101111 01101110 //Tyson Washington01101100 01101 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01010000 01100001 01101111 01101100 01100001 //Prof. Paola Sanguinetti 01101100 0 0100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 010 1100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 011 0100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 010 1100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 011 0100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 010 1100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 011 0100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 010 1100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 011 0100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 010 1100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011011001011 0100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 010

//system812 //DfMA + Digital Twin

Thanks to the following reviewers for providing us with valuable feedback in the development of these projects. Gil Akos Kadim Al Asady Thom Allen Lauren Brown Dave Broz Shannon Criss Melanie Da Souza Bane Gaiser Nicholas Gilliland Samantha Grey Jon Gripka Nils Gore Emilie Hagen Jason Hascall Brittany Hodges

Jeff Kloch Chad Kraus Lincoln Lewis Chloe Lockman Mario Medina Andrew Moddrell Alex Ogata Ashley Sadowski Andrew Senderak Kapila Silva Kevin Sloan Keith Van de Riet Callum Vierthaller Jonathan Wirth June You

Acknowledgments Special thanks to the following mentors who supported and guided us throughout this project and offered their insights into the profession in this pandemic age.

Gil Akos,

Dana Karwas,

Co-Founder, CEO at Astra

Director, CCAM at Yale

Jake Banton,

Nate Kaylor,

Mackey Mitchell Architects

DigiFab Specialist at Factory OS

Jordan Brandt,

Lauren Kimball,

Co-Founder, CEO at Inpher

Design Director, Momentum Worldwide

Lindsey Briceno, AIA,

Steve King,

Rose Architectural Fellow at Epicenter

Architect, RDG Planning & Design

Eddie Can,

Lincoln Lewis,

Senior Architect, Project Manager at BIG

Urban Global Practice, World Bank

Bane Gaiser,

Andrew Moddrell,

Managing Principal, Sr. VP at AECOM

Partner at PORT Urbanism

Cole Giesler, AIA, EDAC,

Alex Ogata,

Boulder Associates Architects

Studio Director, Principal POPULOUS

Nicholas Gilliland,

Andrew Senderak, AIA

Partner at Tolila + Gilliland

Project Engineer, BL Harbert International

Samantha Gray,

Kevin Sloan,

Project Architect at Trivers

Data Strategist, Corgan

Adamo Gumowski,

Silvia Vargas, FAICP, LEED AP

Global Design + Development at Google

Principal Planner at CGA

Christina Hoxie,

June You,

Founder at Hoxie Collective

Architect, Senior Associate, DLR Group

Darren James, FAIA President at KAI Enterprises

iii

Contents i Reviewers iii Acknowledgments v Contents 1 system812: DfMA + Digital Twin 3 Tectonic Aggregations: DfMA Housing Solutions Logan Brammeier

29 Affordable Sustainability Charles DeVries

55 Adaptive Systems Robert Edberg-Oostdik

83 Design Automation Shawn Khokher

117 DfMA Residential Construction Andrew Klenke

151 Vernacular Architecture’s Carbon Emissions Victor Renteria

173 Learning from Sustainability: A Modular Solution Rebecca Twombly

197 Harnessing the Wind Tyson Washington

//system812 //DfMA+Digital Twin //Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

“What if we designed and built buildings differently… like a smart phone?” Creative thinkers in and outside our field are disrupting the Architecture, Engineering and Construction Industry, by asking these kinds of questions. This transformation is accelerating, pushing our Industry to meet new health requirements and reduce our carbon footprint. Within this context, our studio explores the intersection of two concepts: •DfMA: design for manufacturing and assembly for industrialized construction •Digital Twin: virtual representation of the physical building and its life cycle

//Tectonic Aggregations //DFMA Housing Solutions //LoganBrammeier

A tectonic system of construction designed and optimized for manufacturing and assembly ••• Logan Brammeier University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

Research In a world of rising costs of labor, a system that saves construction time is of great value.

Initial Research The purpose of Tectonic Aggregation is to propose a system of construction that utilizes new technologies and philosophies of design. The project and the issues it attempts to tackle are a response to recent trends in the construction industry and in society at large. The three main focuses of the early stages of research were design for manufacturing and assembly, crosslaminated timber, and recent trends in affordable housing. Each of these topics had obvious relevance to one another. The focus of this project was to create a system that prioritizes off-site construction over on-site construction in order to save on labor costs. My research began with the Japanese Metabolist movement of the 1960s because I felt that the movement had relevant implications for our contemporary investigation. The movement focused on utilizing replaceable prefabricated modules to create buildings that could grow and shrink to meet demands of growing and shrinking populations seen at the time in Japan.

What? •

A Tectonic System of DFMA Construction - Tectonic architecture to increase user understanding of construction and space - Design for Manufacturing and Assembly as a way to save labor costs and simplify construction

DFMA Design for Manufacturing and Assembly is an approach to construction that emphasizes offsite-construction whenever possible. According to Autodesk’s Az Jasat, the approach has gained popularity in recent years in response to the global skills shortage. DFMA is accomplished through: Optimizing how parts will be put together in the field Maximizing the repetition of parts used and optimizing connection methods Prioritizing the usage of ‘ready-made’ parts

Why?

How?

•

Increased Labor Costs, Volatile and Ever Increasing Demand for Affordable Housing - Labor costs have been increasing in the construction industry for over a decade - In light of the recent Covid-19 pandemic, it is clear that long-term usage of urban spaces and residencies can change in an instant

A Prefabricated System that is Easy to Assemble + Disassemble - By creating a system of construction that allows for assembly and dissambly, our buildings can be responsive to rapid changes in demand

Housing Shortage

CLT Construction

According to the World Economic Forum, about 90% of cities around the world do not provide affordable housing of adequate quality to their citizens. Do emerging fabrication technologies offer a solution to this global crisis?

CLT construction remains the most logical material for projects utilizing a DFMA approach for several reasons:

Research for “Tectonic Aggregations” began by looking into housing solutions proposed by some of the 20th centuries most visionary architects. Architects whose proposals were described by many as “utopian,” perhaps a polite word for unrealistic. Perhaps today’s emerging fabrication techniques, discreet design methods, and efficient modes of production may facilitate novel housing solutions that were once regarded as impossible.

Because panels are prefabricated, erection time is greatly reduced, which improves efficiency and results in lower capital costs and faster occupancy. CLT panels are manufactured for specific end-use applications, which results in little to no job site waste. It is relatively easy to increase the thickness of a CLT panel to allow for longer spans requiring fewer interior support elements.

RESEARCH

Research Stages The focus of this project was to create a system that prioritizes off-site construction over on-site construction in order to save on labor costs. My research began with the Japanese Metabolist movement of the 1960s because I felt that the movement had relevant implications for our contemporary investigation. The movement focused on utilizing replaceable prefabricated modules to create buildings that could grow and shrink to meet demands of growing and shrinking populations seen at the time in Japan.

My research also took me to natural systems of growth as I pondered what rules would dictate the growth of the DFMA system. Cellular automata and L-systems are mathematical concepts that can be observed in nature and modeled according to specific rule-sets. This idea of using rules to guide growth was compelling and thus I adapted it. No natural rule-set was applied to the system directly, but the idea of an aesthetic emerging naturally from the underlying system of connections was retained in the final system. The idea of allowing a set of rules to dictate layouts and aggregation was retained.

GROWTH SYSTEMS

In our society today, there continue to be relatively large fluctuations in populations in urban environments. The pandemic has created a world where urban spaces may be left vacant at a moments notice. Given these realities, I felt the Metabolist principles could be adapted into a DFMA system to mitigate the problems we see today. I considered using the plug + core system of the Metabolists, but ultimately opted for a more decentralized system of construction that I felt would be less permanent.

METABOLIST MOVE

VITTORIO GIORGINI HYDROPOLIS

KISHO KURAKAWA TAKARA PAVILION

YONA FRIEDMAN MOBILE ARCHITECTURE

KIYONORI KIKUTAKE MARINE CITY

KEN TOKYO B

ARAT CITY

NATUR

EXCITABLE MED

BEE HIVE GROW

EMENT

THEORY CONSIDERATIONS

NZO TANGE BAY MASTERPLAN

TA ISOZAKI IN THE AIR

KENNETH FRAMPTON CRITICAL-REGIONALISM

KENGO KUMA VARIOUS DETAILS

TECTONIC CONNECTIONS WOODEN JOINERY

RAL MORPHOLOGIES

AGGREGATIONS

DIA

CELLULAR AUTOMATA

L-SYSTEMS

SHAPE GRAMMARS

GILLES RETSIN DISCREET DESIGN

CRYSTAL GROWTH

PLANT GROWTH

SPACE-FILLING POLYHEDRA

GENERATIVE DESIGN

WTH

PRECEDENT

Nagakin Capsule Tower The Capsule Tower is a prototype for architecture of sustainability and recycleability, as each module can be plugged in to the central core and replaced or exchanged when necessary. The technology developed by Kurokawa allowed each unit to be installed to the concrete core with only 4 high-tension bolts, which keeps the units replaceable. The tower itself is an investigation of structure; whether a structure can expand, shrink, or reduce depending on necessity, in other words, a search for architecture of Metabolism is suggested. The principles of the design of Kurokawa’s tower are applicable to our own context based on our earlier research: prefabricated modules save on labor costs, a structural core allows modules to be replaced and updated in accordance with contextural factors.

Residential units fabricated off-site and transported

Prefabricated units lifted into structural core via specialized crane

PREFABRICATED UNIT

STRUCTURAL CORE

PRECEDENT

Takara Pavilion The Takara Pavilion was designed by Kisho Kurokawa for the 1970 World’s Fair in Osaka, Japan. At this time, Kurokawa focused the majority of his work on Japan’s “invisible” traditions, including the impermanence of structures in the country due to destruction by weather and war. The structure itself could in fact be disassembled and reassembled when required. The four-floor framework of the upper structure is composed of prefabricated steel-pipe modules. It forms a tree structure stretching out in all directions. The structure has the metabolist potential to extend, or replicate horizontally and vertically depending on necessity. In a time of great volatility and uncertainty in our urban spaces, a structure such as this one could be of great use. I modeled the original two components of the pavilion in Rhino to experiment with an aggregation script in Grasshopper. With this script, the two modules were attached to one another based on connection points. This process was repeated a few times to achieve the result on the right. In reality, there were an infinite amount of results I could have achieved due to the random nature of my script.

PROGRAMMATIC MODULE

STRUCTURAL MODULE

PHASE 1

PART CREATION

Connection Points

Connection Orientations

Part Geometry

AGGREGATION SPECIFICATIONS

Specify Total Part Limit

Specify Starting Part

Specify if part selfconnection is True/False

AGGREGATION PROCESS

Starting part Check if part can connect at specified point without intersection

If Yes: Check if part-specified part limit has been reached

If No: End aggregation

If Yes: Place part and continue aggregation

Phase 1 PIECES

I attempted to take several different systems of construction and extract one tectonic set of connections from each. From this unique connection I would create a set of connection rules. These rules would dictate the aggregation of the pieces. In the same way that the natural systems I studied had aesthetics that were a natural result of unique rule-sets occurring at the micro-level, my aggregations assumed unique aesthetics on the macro-level as a direct result of the rules and parts they are constrained to on the micro-level.

SYSTEM 1

Tectonic Experimentation

The second system was inspired by Wikihouse systems of construction. The predominant system used by Wikihouse is the friction connection. The pieces form a highly irregular formal language of repeating panels and “spokes.”

SYSTEM 2

The first system was inspired by traditional Japanese joinery. The pieces form a fairly simple grid lattice in aggregation.

After the aggregations were completed, I experimented with plugging in capsule-style prefabricated units into various parts of the aggregations to give them some scale. The early explorations would guide my later ventures.

SYSTEM 3

The third system was inspired by the work of Japanese architect Kengo Kuma. The aggregation is based on single repeating piece that varies its orientation and point of connection. The resulting aggregation is a simple network of rectangular prisms of alternating orientation.

CONNECTION

AGGREGATION

WITH UNITS

Phase 2 Phase 2 of the project moved into further detailing a potential DFMA system that would solve the problems investigated in the first phase. This system attempts to realize a network of commercial and residential spaces.

Inc

Single-Family Land Intervention Due to huge shortage in housing, real estate prices have skyrocketed. In this market, it is common for retail investors to buy what cheap housing remains (often in the form of foreclosed-on homes) in hopes of reselling as prices continue to increase. This phenomenon is known as real estate speculation, a practice that is hugely damaging to low-income communities. These investors often buy homes sight unseen with no intention of ever renovating or moving in. This both denies potential affordable housing to locals and prevents desperately needed land redevelopment. The Land Intervention Program proposes that when the Land Reutilization Authority seizes property from uninterested developers after failure to pay property taxes that they offer a willing community member the opportunity to rehab the land with a Land Intervention Loan. This loan would allow the community members to loan materials to construct a tectonic aggregation system adjacent to the house they are renovating. Ideally, the structure would function as temporary housing until the house renovation is completed. After completion, the community member would have the opportunity to purchase the materials and leave the adjacent structure standing to further increase the property value of the home.

in value

Start

Purchase

of foreclosed property

Dec

in value

End

Rehabilitation

of dilapidated property begins

Land Speculation

crease

Sale

e of property

of property at higher price

Property

remains dilapidated in both scenarios

crease

Low Incentive

e of property

to pay property taxes or keep up with codes

Seizure

of property by LHA in response to neglect

Seized property is likely resold to another developer

Land Intervention Acquisition

of intervention loan by communitiy member

Application

of intervention loan by community member

STAGE 1: Home aquis by LRA

Single-Family Land Intervention Due to huge shortage in housing, real estate prices have skyrocked. In this market, it is common for retail investors to buy what cheap housing remains (often in the form of foreclosed-on homes) in hopes of reselling as prices continue to increse. This phenomenon is known as real estate speculation, a practice that is hugely damaging to low-income communities. These investors often buy homes sight unseen with no intention of ever rennovating or moving in. This both denies potential affordable housing to locals and prevents desperately needed land redevelopment. The Land Intervention Program proposes that when the Land Reutilization Authority seizes property from uninterested developers after failure to pay property taxes that they offer a willing community member the opportunity to rehab the land with a Land Intervention Loan. This loan would allow the community members to loan mamterials to construct a tectonic aggregation system adjacent to the house they are renovating. Ideally, the structure would function as temporary housing until the house rennovation is completed. After completion, the community member would have the opportunity to purchase the materials and leave the adjacent structure standing to further increase the property value of the home.

STAGE 3: Rennova

commences after qu construction of CLT sy

sition

ation uick ystem

STAGE 2: Loan approval for community member

STAGE 4: CLT structure retained or demolished

PHASE 2

Commercial Land Intervention The Covid-19 pandemic caused huge volatility in the usage of our urban spaces. The impacts of this event have yet to be fully understood. Until stability returns to our way of life, an adaptable system may be the best solution to this volatility. Before and during the pandemic, huge areas of our cities sat unused. Now, even more parking garages and lots sit empty. Old industrial regions of the country remain vacant. Permanent redevelopment of these areas may be too risky to justify the cost, However, temporary redevelopment may prove more easilly justifiable to developers and city councils. The first stage of the commercial land intervention process involves performing a cost-benefit analysis of attempting to revitalize an underutilized urban area. Once a location is deemed promising for intervention, materials for construction are sent to the site. The first stage of construction is to establish a connection to existing utilities on the site. From this stage, construction can continue as much as is desirable and sustainable for the area. The final stage is for the deconstruction of any unused areas. In reality, the fourth and fifth systems would repeat as much as makes sense for the area.

STAGE 1: In

Location S

STAGE 3: Initial

construction begins: water and electricity connected

ntervention Selection

STAGE 2: CLT materials shipped to site

STAGE 4: System expands according to the demands of the locality

STAGE 5: System retracts according to the demands of the locality

PHASE 2

Tectonic-CLT System Overview The final tectonic-CLT system devised demonstrates the benefits of a DFMA system: the system of wood joinery at the level of the individual joint is easy to assemble and requires very little on-site labor. The CLT panels are prefabricated and thus the same is true for the construction of walls, floors, and ceilings. The modular nature of the system allows for standardized storage, signage, planters, and other modular elements.

LOCK AND KEY PIECES

CLT PANEL MODULE

2x6 wooden members inspired by the Chidori system of traditional Japanese wood joinery form the basis of the system

5-layer CLT panels with air pockets in-between layers for insulation puposes. Panels “lock” in place between 2x6 members

5 g e m

PARTITION WALL

MECHANICAL PANEL

Members stack to create a partition wall that provides some degree of privacy and seperation between spaces but not total enclosure

5-layer CLT panels with voids for gas, hot water, and cold water piping. Panels also effectively “lock” in between 2x6 members

S m b

WINDOW MODULE

STORAGE MODULE I

5-layer CLT panels with doubleglazed glass pane. Panels also effectively “lock” in between 2x6 members

Storage module with dimensions that match 2x6 members. Module easily inserts into lock-and-key system

STAIR MODULE

STORAGE MODULE II

Stair module with dimensions that match 2x6 members. Module can be doubled-up when necessary

Alternate storage module with dimensions that match 2x6 members. Module easily inserts into lock-and-key system

PHASE 2

How the System Works Living Spaces Living spaces are generally placed above commercial and work spaces. This is to ensure maximum privacy and to reduce noise levels

Commercial Spaces Commercial spaces are placed at the most accessible locations: near street access and existing parking

Mechanical Systems Mechanical systems are placed in gaps between floors if the systems required are too robust to fit within the mechanical wall type

Public Work Spaces Work spaces are placed internally but near the ground floor to ensure a combination of privacy and accessibility

Other Public Spaces Other public spaces are to be added as needed. These spaces could be filled with foliage if natural light is acceptable. Exhibition spaces and play areas for children are possible alternatives

Placemaking The nature of the system allows for standardized modules to be produced for the system: signage, planters, solar panels, seating, storage, etc. This facilitates creating an all encompassing atmosphere that goes beyond the architecture itself. Buidings in different cities will take on their own unique identities that are in and of themselves reflections of the local peoples.

11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 11 00100001 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01 01001000 100 0 1000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 01101100 10 01 1100 100 01 10 01101111 110 101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00 0 00 00100000 0100 01 000 00 00 00 01 0 0100 01001000 100 001 01000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01 01101100 110 1011 1100 00 0 01101100 11 1 101 0110 100 0 01 0 01101111 11 10 01 11 111 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100 00100001 00 00 01 00 0 00100000 010 100 1000 00 00 00 00 00100000 01 0 100 0000 000 00 0 01 01001000 100 01 10 000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 00 1100 11 001 10 01 01 0110 11 10 01 11 10 00 00 11 1 10 01 110 100 0 01 110 110 101 11 111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 011011 01101111 111 11 0 00100001 0100 01 0000 0000 001 0 00 00100000 01 10 00 00 00 00 00 00100000 010 01 00 00 00 00 0 01 01001000 10 00 010 1000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 0100 01001000 0010 0010 00 1000 00 0 01100101 11 1 10010 0010 00 101 0110 0 01 01101100 110 1011 100 00 0 01101100 11 1 10 01 110 100 01 0 01101111 1101 11 11 11 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 0 01 01101111 11 10 01 011 11 11 11 10 00100001 01 0 100 100 000 00 01 00 0 00100000 01 10 00 00 00 00 00 00 00100000 010 01 00 000 000 0 01 01001000 100 001 10 000 000 00 0 01100101 1100101 01101100 01101100 11 1100 11 00100001 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 0001 00100000 0010000 00 0 01 100 001 10 00 00 00 11 1 10 00 01 10 01 0 01 01 11 10 01 11 100 00 0 110 110 11 01 110 110 00 0 110 1011 111 11 10 0100 0100 01 000 001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 0110110 01101100 00 0 01 01101111 1101 101111 11 0 00100001 01 0 10 100 00 00 00 01 00 01 0 00100000 01 10 00 00 00 00 00 00100000 01 0 010 100 000 00 00 0 01 01001000 10 00 01 10 00 00 00 01100101 11 1 100 10 0010 101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01 0 01001000 10 00 010 1000 00 0 01100101 11 1 100 001 10 01 0 01 01101100 11 10 011 10 00 00 01101100 11 1 101 011 10 00 01 0 01101111 110 101 11 11 11 10 00100001 0100 01 0000 001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 0 01 01101111 110 101 11 111 10 00100001 010 01 00 00 00 00 01 0 00100000 010 000 000 00 00 00100000 01 0 10 00 000 000 01 0 01001000 100 0010 1000 00 0 01100101 110010 11 101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 0 01 01001000 100 0010 100 00 00 01100101 1100 11 0010 101 0 01 01101100 110 101 11 10 00 00 01101100 110 11 01 110 100 00 0 01 01101111 11 10 011 111 11 10 00100001 010 01 00 00 00 01 0 00 00100000 01 10 00000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 0 01 01101111 11 10 011 1111 11 0 00100001 010 01 00 000 001 00 0 00100000 01 10 000 000 00 00 00100000 01 0 100 000 00 00 0 01001000 10 00 010 100 00 00 01100101 11 1 10 00 01 10 01 0 01 01101100 110 1 11 1100 00 01101100 0001 00100000 00100000 01 0 100 100 0010 100 00 00 11 100 0010 101 0 01 110 1011 1100 00 0 110 10 01 1100 0 110 101 11 111 11 0 0100 01 00 00 00 01 00 0 010 000 000 00 0 00100000 11 00100001 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101 01101100 11 10 00 0 01 01101111 1101 011 1111 11 0 00100001 010 01 00 00 00 01 00 0 00100000 010 100 00 00 00 00 00100000 0100 000 00 00 01 0 01001000 10 00 01 10 000 00 0 01100101 11 1 10 00 010 01 0 01 01101100 1101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00 00100000 01 0 100 0000 00 0 01 01001000 10 00 010 00 00 00 01100101 1100 11 001 010 10 01 1 01 0 01101100 110 1011 110 00 00 01101100 11 1 10 01 110 100 0 01 01101111 11 10 01 11 11 11 10 00100001 010 01 00 0001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 011011 01101100 11 1 100 00 0 01101100 110 11 0110 01 0110 100 0 01101111 110 1011 1111 11 0 00100001 01 0 100 000 00 01 00 0 0010 00100000 010 100 00 00 000 00 00 00100000 01 0 1000 000 00 00 00 0 00 01 01001000 100 001 10 00 000 00 00 01100101 1100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 0001 001000 00 0 000 00 0100 01 0000 00 0 00 100 001 10 000 00 0 11 1 100 001 001 10 01 0 01 11 10 01 11 100 00 0 11 1 10 01 110 100 01 0 11 10 01111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 00 01101100 1101 11 110 100 0 100 01 01101111 11 10 011 1111 11 0 00100001 01 0 10 00 000 001 00 0 00100000 010 100 00 000 00 0 00100000 010 01 0100 00 00 00 00 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100 00100000 000 000 01 0 01001000 00 0 010 1000 00 0 01100101 1100 11 10 00 010 01 101 0 01 01101100 11 11 10 011 110 00 00 01101100 11 1 101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01 01101111 110 1011 1 11 10 00100001 010 01 00 00 00 01 00 0 00100000 01 10 000 0000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 00 0 00 01100101 1 0 11 00 01 10 01 0 01101100 1101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 0010 00100001 00 0 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 11 00100001 00 01100101 010 101 1 01 0110 01101100 1011 1100 00 0 01101100 1101 11 0110 100 0 01 0110 01101111 1011 1111 11 0 00100001 0100 01 0000 001 1 00 0010 00100000 1000 0000 00 0 00100000 0100 01 0000 000 0 01 0100 01001000 0010 1000 00 0 01100101 1100 11 0010 101 1 01 0110 01101100 1011 1100 00 0 01101100 1101 11 0110 100 0 11 00100001 0001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 00 01100101 0101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100

//Affordable // Sustainability //Charles DeVries

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

A thorough investigation into affordable housing and the implications of modern technology on constructing sustainable developments ••• Charles A. DeVries University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

Cross-Ventilaiton

Research My Initial Findings What does it mean to be a LEED platinum project? If we can design a skyscraper, shouldnt we focus on making this technology for everyone? During my intial investigation, I came across three studies that spoke to my concept. From Denmark to the US, massive developments have gone underway. I began to why so many of these deisgners were ghting for Net-Zero, they had created a scientic process to deterimine the best way to create a self sustaining development.

Solar Radiation

These studies lead me to investigate the current situation in the US and why some states were struggling and others have been thriving. - base case studys of energy use and costs - begin to nd my target owners

Passive vs Net-Zero The concept of Net-Zero seemingly was engrained in my head, there was so much more I never knew. The precedent research I completed helped me understand what that term means and how to use it. However, it was hard to see if there was a conncection betwwen combinig the two strategies, therein lied my concept, is there a affordable way to do this? Will the marriage between the two ideas have a viable future? These were the important questions I had to ask to truly understand the project ahead of me. hers have been thriving.

Green Space

Prefabrication

Passive Strategies

Self-Sustainability

Proposal Through creating a hybrid deisgn of passive design strategies and renewable energy, there will be signicantly less energy waste and give those who need it.

1. Creating Affordability & Sustainability Renewable energy is becoming more prevalent throughout the nation, studies from the University of Michigan show a progessive decline in energy consumption in the residential sector. However, Implimentation of this technology and lack of interest in creating a longer life span for a building has diminished.

2. Design for the needs of the many While human population continues to rise, the lack of affordable housing has been an epidemic for years. Due to the rising rates of rent, utilities, and basic human needs, the problem has been dramatically increased. My intention for this study is to nd a solution without regard to intial investments, the notion that sustainability requires a massive budget is a broken mentality that needs to be changed.

3. Infusing Energy+ and Revit Design This project started in the schematic design geared towards creating a fully customizable panel system that would allow me to create multiple different modular building types. I continued to create specic details directly from the precedent cases studies I investigated. From there on I set about understanding and developing a detailed energy simulation that would give me direct feedback on the energy consumption of my project and the viability of my idea

Phase One: Schem Mod 1

Mod

Mod 2 Multi-generational

Senior H

2,000 sq ft

600 s In response to the gr housing during the C the possibilities for m with minimal materia inuential.

This was where my design came into being. By messing around with different materials and dimensions, I found a way to use a 20’ x 30’ grid to start the different modications to take shape. This model has four bedrooms, four bath, and open concept built for a family that requires a ground level room for those who are disabled and require more space without creating a large footprint.

These houses can be who want to move ad children without the cost or time.

Single Family 1500 sq ft The single family concept focuses on the prefabrication aspects of this project. the roof area on the second oor provides room to grow if thre is a growing need for space. This was the design I moved forward with, seeing the potential dynamic aspect, it had the most compelling form to move forward with

matic Modularity Mod 6

Mod 5

Housing

Multistory Complex

sq ft rowing concern for COVID pandemic, modular design al could be the most

5000+ sq ft In an attempt to recreate a larger complex, this design was geared for students, and minimum wage workers. These complexes model the european

e made for seniors djacent to their e worries of stars,

block mentality, where eyes on the street keeps everyone safer.

Recently Homeless 1200 Sq ft Much like the senior homes, these homes were made for those who can

Addtionally, this development would require techinical skills to maintain the PV panels and could give those who need a job a means to do so.

only afford rent or require immediate housing. The goal of this design is to create a safer environment for those living on the streets who need a warm place to sleep.

Market Research:

How much does it cost to build today? Construction & Utilities

California: 151$ / ft^2 -Energy Cost: 260$ / Mo Colorado: 145$ / ft^2 - Energy Cost: 393$ / Mo Baltimore: 175$ / ft^2 - Energy Cost: 390$ / Mo

Life Cycle Costs California: 10-20 years Replacements: 17k Disposal: 3k Maintainence: 1.2k Framing: 61k HVAC 19K

Colorado: 10-20 years Replacements: 18 Disposal: 3.2k Maintainence: 1.2k Framing: 61k HVAC 19K

Baltimore Replacements: 12k Disposal: 3-5k Maintainence: 2.3k Framing: 60-90k HVAC 20-32K

Wood Finish SIP & Window

Metal Finish SIP & Doors

Stucco Siding & PV Mount

3 A

Heated oors

MAIN BATH 166 ft²

MAIN BEDROOM 141 ft²

Mechanical room PV Storange and management,

Open Concept Living Area More air ow

3 A

Modular Deck area for additions B

Energy+ Appliances - Dynamic operating schedule that changes based on use

SIP Panel Acoustic barriers to diminish sound transmission D

Low- E Windows Recycled carpet nish E

Phase 2: Creatin

1. Deconstruct materials & Construct Climate Zones This is a process that requires me to construct custom materials on for the simulation to process and analyize how well the building as a whole works together. Coupled with a climate map that differentiates different sectors of the house

2. Creating Operational Schedules To make sure my concept was in tact, I chose constants in my simulation in order to get a best guess for my total energy loads. The mechanical systems and ventilation systems I put in place where up to ASHRAE 90.1 Standards. This way my variables were the material, concept, and deisgn of my project.

3. Analyzing and Decrypting Data After all three simulations were processed, I used excel to break up the data by month to get a concrete data set. These numbers were calculated in KWh so that I could compare the results to my case study. Afterwards, I created a bar graph that shows a trend towards netzero with the information I provided to the simulation.

ng the Simulation

PHASE 2

How the System Works Based on location, the system focuses material use, thermal requirements and energy costs to properly gain a thourogh design built to the specs required and allow for developer and client imput.

Geographically based material use. Allows developers to generate different facades based on client needs and thermal requirements. Each panel is made to a certain specication in order to meet the thermal requirements of any location.

Customizable windows per location and budget Still prefabricated and assembled on site, efcent build process

Location-Based Photovoltaic system Calculates the most acceptable number of panels to generate maximum efcency.

R-30 rated Roof system Built to withstand massive changes in temperature, inegrated roof vents that diffuse hot air and circulate the second oor HVAC systems at a smaller energy rate

Low-waste OSB/Sheathing layering Mimics the Regen Denamark built to decrease the likelyhood of thermal loss

6”-8” Structural Insulated Panel Thermal requirements are given to the manufacturer before fabrication

Open Concept and High Ceilings Adjusts to the demands required of the space for proper ventilation and HVAC Efcency

Creating the Simulation Creating a simulation requires a complete breakdown of the specic thermal units for a specic surface in the model, requiring me to understand the true sicence behind energy use. Understanding the connecitons between ventilation, operating schedules, and equipment were a huge fact in the sucess of this study. In oreder to set the correct parameters for each climate zone, I needed to create a simplied mass to get the best results. Unfortunately more inforemation is required to get a true understanding of this data.

Window Materials

• • • • • • • •

Roughness Thickness Conductivity Density Specic Heat Thermal Absp Solar Absp Visual Apsp

Roof Materials

• • • • • • • •

Roughness Thickness Conductivity Density Specic Heat Thermal Absp Solar Absp Visual Apsp

Material C •

• • • • • • • •

• • • • • • • • 44

Wall Materials Roughness Thickness Conductivity Density Specic Heat Thermal Absp Solar Absp Visual Apsp

Floor Materials Roughness Thickness Conductivity Density Specic Heat Thermal Absp Solar Absp Visual Apsp

•

Custom Custom Win • Custom R • Custom F

HVAC Schedule • • • • •

Load Per Area Inl Rate Ligting Density Number of People Air Flow type

Mechanical Equipment • • • • •

HVAC Type Operating Schedule Building Program Ventilation Efcencies Energy Efcent Apliances

Const. Sets

ZONES • • • •

m Wall EPConstruciton ndow EP Construction Roof EP Construction FloorEP Construction

•

Zone Mass Conditioned Maximum Roof Angle Decompose Zone Based on Window Exterior Shading Factor

Operation Schedule

• • • • • • •

• • • •

Building type Zone type Time step # of Systems HVAC System Min Activity Max Activity

Ventilation Classifications Natural Air Ventilation Type Minimum Outdoor Air Tem Maximum Outdoor Air Fraction of Operable Glazing 45

• • • •

Energy+ Parameters

• • • • • •

Terrain Ground Temps Cooling Factor Heating Factor

Analysis Period Start Day Month Hour End Day Month Hour

EPW Location

• • • • •

Geographic Location Hourly Temperatures Total Radiance Total Irradiance

Energy+ Simulation • • • • • • • • • •

HP Custome Zones Context Massing Zone Energy Usage Gains & Losses PV Energy HVAC Systems Location Time Stamp Terrain Ground Temps

Simulation results • • • •

• • • • • •

Total Thermal Load Total Heating Loads Total Cooling Loads Designated Excel File with Cooling and Heating Load Data

PhotoVoltaics Efcency ratio Area per ft2 Orientation Climate data Operation Schedule Storage Capabilities

Controlled Variables Risidual heated oors ASHRAE HVAC systems Low-E Windows PV Water heater Efcent PV storage

Total Thermal Loads for Level 1 Climate Zones

Total Thermal Loads for Level 2 Climate Zones

Total Energy Consumption for Ceiling Zone

Sacramento Monthly T

Phase 3: Analysis Based on the three locations I chose, per month, each house makes more energy than it takes away. Even in the hottest months of the year, by using a PV system for electricity and water, less energy is expended. We can see the drastic change as fall turns to winter, which does make sense.

2000

1500

1000

Energy Load [KWh]

What the data shows

2500

500

Ͳ500

Ͳ1000

Ͳ1500

Ͳ2000

Series1

Comparison What the data shows Based on the three locations I chose, per month, each house makes more energy than it takes away. Even in the hottest months of the year, by using a PV system for electricity and water, less energy is expended. We can see the drastic change as fall turns to winter, which does make sense.

January Ͳ246

February 1405

March Ͳ945

April Ͳ1302

May Ͳ1567

June Ͳ1580

Total Energy Loads [KWh]

Month July Ͳ1455

August Ͳ1487

September Ͳ1626

October 483

November 1344

December 1957

Sacramento Site

U.S. Average 49

US Average

Baltimore Site Baltimore, MD, Monthly Total Energy Loads [KWh] 2500

2000

Total Heating and Cooling Loads [KWh]

1500

1000

500

Ͳ500

Ͳ1000

Ͳ1500

Ͳ2000

Ͳ2500 Series1

Month January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

2134

1893

Ͳ348

Ͳ1337

Ͳ1705

Ͳ1807

Ͳ1603

Ͳ1709

Ͳ1910

Ͳ1149

185

1466

Colorado 4000

Colorado Monthly Total Energy Loads [KWh]

Total Heating & Cooling Energy Loads [KWh]

3000

2000

1000

Ͳ1000

Ͳ2000

Ͳ3000 Monthly total loads KWh

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

1859

1427

Ͳ110

Ͳ895

Ͳ1534

Ͳ1877

Ͳ1935

Ͳ1942

Ͳ1633

Ͳ913

2376

2921

Month

//Adaptive //Systems //RobertEdberg-Oostdik

Creating a modular system to help house the homeless using software designed to simulate and test different factors of modular systems. ••• Robert Edberg-Oostdik University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

Research Research for this project was largely about finding sustainable materials and new construction methods. These are vital for building a modular system for the homeless that is capable and affordable.

Materials & Assembly A building material that is both light and easy to build with would make itself the ideal candidate for this project. When thinking about designing for the homeless a few issues are immediately important to address. First, the material has to be affordable enough that it will not drive the cost up. Second, it has to be light so that it can be easily assembled. One such material that has these properties is bamboo. Bamboo is both light and affordable, and has other beneficial properties such as being a sustainable material. It makes perfect sense for a light weight modular type of construction. After deciding on one of the major materials being bamboo, the research focused on how it could be utilized effectively. There are various ways that bamboo can be cut and put together. Additionally, the bamboo can be combined with special connections at corners to create complex structures that are commonly associated with steel. The other material for the project that became important was ETFE. This light weight plastic material makes a great substitution for glass and still provides good lighting. It also provides good thermal insulation that can compete with glass. Combining it with a bamboo structure gives a nice contrast while keeping wall panels from getting too heavy.

RESEARCH

Construction Techniques The next piece of research involved finding ways to build with bamboo. Since it is going to be a modular system the use of pre-constructed parts is essential. There are few new ways of building with bamboo and new ways of creating building components that can be used. The first part was thinking about how the bamboo would be put together. The tubular nature of it lends its self well to clamp style connections and other friction style holding mechanisms. Pictured right is a construction for a end piece that hold the bamboo through friction. It allows the pieces to slide together by hand. In this way each piece of the building can be assembled on side without tools or fasteners. Then clam style holders allow for bamboo to be put together creating entire structures. Additionally, connectors can be 3D printed allowing for an even greater arrangement of design opportunities. Robots can be used in a factory to assemble large components. For example a company called Randek is making assembly lines that can create entire wall sections. There are also machines which work with bamboo already that can cut and size each piece before it would be put onto an assembly line. This combined with those other connections would make for a building assembly that is quick and easy. This is very important when thinking about low income housing because it is very much in demand and needs to be affordable.

Phase 1 The goal of this phase was to think about how to create software to test certian condtions of a modular system.

Devloping a Logic When thinking about a modular system there are many different aspects which could benefit from testing. If the system is such that there is a constant flow of people in and out, than it would beneficial to simulate that flow. Simulating different variables could be used to understand how to control the system for a more successful end result. After researching cellular automata it became apparent that it could be used to simulate the way people enter and leave the modular system. However, cellular automata only relies on the density of the system. Other influencing factors need to be added so that many different things are controlling the change occurring in each cell. Additionally, the introduction and disappearance of cells needs to be controlled in stages in accordance with some length of time. Two classes for the script are created, one is the cell system and other is the cell. The cell system controls all of the units in the system and the cell class holds all of information about each unit so that it can be updated accordingly.

Key Variables: Neighborhood • •

What is the size, or amount of units in system? How to quarry information about the surrounding area?

Types • •

What kind of people will be using the system? What is the relationship of those types and other variables?

Time • •

What is the time frame for the test? What happens at key moments in time?

Different Types of People

Time Staying in

People Moving In

Number of People

Size

Community Needs

Modular System

Living Necessities

People Moving Out

PHASE 1

Script Logic The script uses object oriented programming to work. This allows for different classes to work together. This system uses two classes, one that handles the 3D space and another that is the pieces going inside. This way all of the information about each unit is stored and can be used to compare against other units in the system. The first thing that it does is create a 3D space based on user input. Then after other variables about system they are testing are put in, the script starts figuring out what is going to happen after a certain amount of time. In this case it is populating the 3D space and is looking at the relationships between each unit to better understand what should happen in the next iteration.

Create Environment

Populate

Environment Type

Unit

Neighbors

Relationships

Update System

Record Data

Position

Date

New Unit

Application of Software This software could be used to look at new construction or existing buildings. It is about looking at the flow of people and the impact that has on the building. This could mean the physical movement of spaces but also the way that spaces are being used. When research is applied as variables it can be a way of understanding the efficacy of that space. The goal is that some kind insight is gained though the testing of the different variables.

New Structures

Existing Structures

•

• •

Can be used to simulate programmatic elements before they are built. Allows the designers to ask questions like how much of a certain kind of space is needed. Can test different traits of the building like density and growth rate.

• • • •

Can be used to improve systems that are already in the built environment. Apartments Hospitals Hotels Communities

Phase 2 In this phase the modular system for the homeless is created and tests are done looking at specific variables from research.

Creating a Modular System Creating a modular system for the homeless is a challenging task because the design has to remain affordable while providing all of the necessary living conditions. Using materials like bamboo and new construction techniques can cut many costs but there is also the issue of providing basic living necessities. Things like having public space and considering the quality of the spaces are very important for the homeless. Research suggests that overcoming homelessness is contingent on community living. This system is designed to give opportunities for community engagement by offering open spaces within the complex. Additionally, plantings and garden spaces are added to help the space feel less enclosed in the city. The system is also designed to be easy enough to build that it can be placed in areas that would not lend themselves to conventual construction. This also means than many locations can be built across the city and parts from each area can be swapped.

Testing the System The second part of this phase is testing different variables that were found in the research of homelessness in Minnesota. For example, it is possible to see what kinds of buildings could be make when a specific number of invdivuals and families are trying to move in. This is also while trying to maintain a certain amount of public space too.

PHASE 2

Construction Assembly Each component of the system is layered upon a bamboo structure to create a unit. Then units can be put to together using pieces that go in-between. This means that the structure can continue indefinitely as long as there are more units to put in place. Also, units that eventually become living spaces can be built up over time changing function as needed. The bamboo is held together using corner pieces that hold the bamboo in place by friction. Then it can be layered into a structure using clamp pieces that go over the bamboo. these pieces also have plates for things like the flooring to attach too. These kinds of connections are used all over to create each component, the roof, walls, ceiling, and floor. There is then space in-between each unit to put in mechanical and plumbing. In the corners different kinds of openings can be used to allow for things like intake air or exhaust.

PHASE 2

Public Spaces Public spaces or community spaces are a huge part of building sucessfull housing for the homeless. When people feel that they are apart of a community it can have a positive imparct on things like mental health which is a big issue for homeless. Having friends that are aviable when someone needs help is important for gettnig the feeling that one can escape homelessness. In this design the public spaces offer plantings as well as seating. Since it is also modualr, new types of public spce untis can be created too. Perhaps a certian context needs a different kind of space the ability to be flexible is there. The idea is that with these open spaces people in the community will have the space they need to gather or at least see one another from time to time. This should encourage meeting other people living there. Another aspect to public spaces is that they are built of many of the same compoents that other peices are. This means that later on it would be easy to simply add on making new kinds of spaces.

PHASE 2

Interior Spaces It is important that the interior space has the right feeling so that when homeless invdivuals move in they actually feel at home. Studies done on interior spaces for homeless show that warm colors and natural materials are best so that the space do not feel cold or alienating. Another aspect to consider is the ability for the living occupant to have control over the interior environment. The design provides operable windows, lights, and a thermostat. Even things like having plants or picture frames can make the space feel more like a home. The reason that it is important for the space to feel like home is that then it feels less like a temporary situation. These units are meant to house the homeless for as long as it takes for them to get back on their feet. With being homeless comes the feeling that everything is outside of your control that is why the more the architecture can do to make the space feel like home, the better. Another aspect of the design is that different materials can be swapped out in the factory during construction. That means that something like wall materials or colors can be ready made for the person living there, giving them more control.

PHASE 2

Setting Variables Now that the modular system has been created it is possible to run tests on how it is being used. Based on the homeless research for Minneapolis the variables can be put in. The site is based on a real world place in Minneapolis. The different kinds of spaces are single, family, and public. These are the main kinds of spaces needed to house the homeless. Vacant is also added to help control the system from getting too crowded. Other influencing factors are variables that help the script make a more informed decision about the placement of units.

Site

Types of Spaces

Since the variables are based on research for the homeless the results of running the test should indicate something about the nature of how this group of people move into a new space.

Influencing Factors

Size (x,y,z)

Single Individual

Family

Public

Vacant

Growth Rate

1.0

75%

Density Move out Time

9 mths

PHASE 2

Test: Minnesota Homeless Research

January:

July:

February:

August:

March:

September:

April:

May:

June:

October:

November:

December:

PHASE 2

Test: Increasing Familys & Public Space

January:

February:

March:

July:

August:

September:

April:

May:

June:

October:

November:

December:

PHASE 2

Test: Changing Growth Variables

January:

February:

March:

July:

August:

September:

April:

May:

June:

October:

November:

December:

PHASE 2

Overview The main goal of this project is to see how a flexible building systems can be simulated to better understand how people will use them. This gives designers the ability to try and test different variables to get closer to something that operates the way it needs to. In this case the modular system was about housing the homeless and the test was about seeing what that would like. The transition from a simulation to the real world often reveals flaws in the simulation. However, the goal is to simply learn more and see if there are any aspects the design which could immediately be made better. In the case of the modular homeless units it became more apparent after using the simulation that more public spaces and vacant spaces would be needed to make the space feel less cramped. The key to realizing this in the real world would be making sure that as each new unit is added a certain percentage of public and vacant is also added. The other advantage to running a simulation is that many different combinations can be tested very quickly. In this way it is possible to see what those spaces look like.

Simulation • •

Can be used to test certain variables of a building system. Can show what kinds of kinds of output can be expected with different kinds of input.

Modular System • •

A new way to build architecture in a more sustainable way with less waste. Can be used to tackle difficult problems like homelessness because of its flexibility and affordability.

//Design //Automation //ShawnKhokher

A project in which a Grasshopper script takes a number of numerical inputs and outputs an apartment in whole with structure, plumbing, HVAC and facade. The apartment units are designed for off site fabrication and the script generates a robotic fabrication process for these units. ••• Shawn Khokher University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

Research Three Subjects of Study

There were three major areas of research for this project. The first was concerning the size of apartments. The premise behind this project was to develop a system that could meet the ever increasing demands for housing in a rapidly densifying urban fabric. With that in mind, a microapartment seemed like the most logical concept to explore. A microapartment could allow for the housing of more people within a smaller building footprint. But what defines a microapartment? New York, like many other municipalities, establishes that 400 square feet is a minimum requirement for apartment spaces. Through special petition, however, a case can be made for smaller spaces. New York’s first microapartment complex had units of 250 square feet. Considering the breadth of minimum size requirements nationally, a generous range of 100 - 500 square feet can be considered a microapartment. In this project, two sizes are explored: 300 square feet and 400 square feet. The second area of research for this project concerned furniture. Due to the limited space available in a microapartment, floor real estate is at a premium. To combat this, a list has been compiled of various transformative furniture. Examples include Murphy Beds, a couch that converts into a bunk bed, a table for 1 which can extend into a table for 10, a desk space which can be folded away, and many more. The goal is to maximize the possibilities and versatility of space so as to minimize the need for more space.

expandfurniture.com

narchitects.com/work/carmel-place

RESEARCH The third and final area of research concerned robotic fabrication. There exists an industry that utilizes robots to construct wall panels. Randek is one company in that industry. They have a linear assembly line process that uses robots of different types with varying end effectors or tools to help fabricate the desired panel. Robots at the beginning line up structural members and nail them together. As that panel proceeds down the line, other robots add panels of sheathing insulation and drywall and trim everything to size resulting in a completed wall panel that is ready to be shipped and installed on site. Weinmann is a company that produces a robot known as a multi-function bridge. It is in essence a large CNC and can switch between varying tool heads to nail and trim material as required. This multi-function bridge and Randek’s assembly process would be used later in this project to generate a new refined fabrication process.

randek.com/en

homag.com/en/weinmann

Phase 1 The Problem

The world is moving towards a more automated future. Architecture and the construction thereof is a very time consuming process. Housing is becoming an ever increasing need. The combination of these two factors is what has inspired this project.

The Solution Design for manufacturing and assembly or DfMA is a process whereby one quite literally designs a product to be easily and rapidly produced while maintaining the quality of the product. The goal is to accommodate for housing and DfMA by writing a script that will generate a building in its entirety. It will generate three micro apartment units of the same squarefootage but varying in width and therefore depth. These are to be fabricated off site with robotic fabrication while construction of the structure also generated by the script is built. It will be designed to meet the needs of any appropriate site by being parametric. It will also supply a variety of façade designs to allow for flexibility and variability in the script’s output. This allows for a simplified and expedited manufacturing and assembly process. This can then be used to rapidly produce housing as demand increases while adapting the construction industry to a more automated process.

1’ 2’

4’

8’

16’

PHASE 1

Prefabricated Unit

These apartment units all occupy a 350 squarefoot area but vary in width and depth resulting in an undulating façade. They contain a flexible living sleeping space with transformative furniture as well as a bathroom and kitchenette. The exterior wall is designed to house off-the-shelf doors and windows for rapid construction.

PHASE 1

Unit Installation The Phase 1 structure was designed to have the units rest on cantilever beams to support the balcony and rely on as series of columns and transfer beams to transfer the load to the ground.

PHASE 1

Variability

Being extremely parametric, the building generated could have varying lengths and heights depending on the requirements of the site. This, coupled with the varying façades, would allow for multiple uses of this tool without generating too many buildings that felt too similar. The difference could be as stark as a long, short brick building or a narrow, tall glass building even if they both use the same undulating façade that is inherent to this tool.

PHASE 1

Construction

PHASE 1

Façade

Phase one generated two possible façade options. The first is more generic but allows for the display of the protruding units in there original box form. The second offers sun and rain covering and is more triangular resulting in a sharper feeling façade. The materials are something that could be decided after the fact and implemented based on the scripts output for the basic façade.

Phase 2 Phase 2 began the refinement and improvement on the progress made in Phase 1.

Structure The most glaring issue with the structure in Phase 1 was the system of columns and transfer beams. That would have caused more issues than desired. To combat this while still maintaining the randomness of the façade, units were grouped in threes, one of each type, but varying in order. This allows for a constant depth beam between columns and constantly vertical columns every three units. The space between units is simply room for insulation between units. The second major change was the inclusion of actual vertical circulation. These fire escapes act as shear walls and coupled with more diagonal bracing and floor diaphragms, provide the building with the necessary lateral bracing to prevent collapse.

100

101

PHASE 2

Variability 2.0 Despite Phase 1 having a very parametric design, it wasn’t enough. In order to further combat the overuse of this tool and building design, more parameters were introduced. On top of the addition of the fire escapes which automatically locate themselves as needed depending on code, there is now the option to add a second wing. One can change the heights of each wing and modify the angle between them as well. The center core that connects both wings always takes the same height as the tallest wing and can be designed after the fact to accommodate differing uses as required. It could serve as a shared space for the units or could be designed to house commercial spaces. The ground floor is also designed to house commercial spaces in each bay and the height of the ground floor can be changed independent of the height of the floor levels.

102

103

PHASE 2

Unit 2.0 The unit from Phase 1 was simply structure. In Phase 2, the unit is treated more as system or a unit as a whole. First, the plan was reconfigured to allow for a more flexible space and include a vertical chase. While the units have a tendency to shift left and right as they stack vertically due to the randomization, there will always be a portion of the vertical chase which stacks allowing for plumbing stacks and water supplies to climb through all the units. The units were also drywalled to get an understanding of the material necessary.

104

Exterior Wall Depends on Façade

Flexible Living/Sleeping Space

Kitchenette

105

PHASE 2

Ceiling System This ceiling system was developed to hang on rods from the top of the unit providing support for a drywall ceiling below and room for HVAC within. This building is designed on a four pipe system. Cold water supply and return and hot water supply and return. These pipes meet the verticals supply and returns that run through the vertical chase. The four pipe system supplies the water to the units as well as the Fan Control Unit or FCU in the ceiling. This FCU takes in air from the buildings central air supply provided by the roof top units and allows the resident to modify the temperature with the cold and hot water supplies. Three ducts then traverse the ceiling system to different spaces supplying conditioned air to the living space. An extra effect of the ceiling system is the varying ceiling heights throughout the unit providing the user with a more dynamic living space.

106

107

PHASE 2

Voronoi Façade This design was more experimental in nature as compared to the two options in Phase 1. The system itself is sheathing mounted the unit, then on that is insulation, Zip System weather-proofing, the background facade material and the textured facade material. The design is parametric to allow for varying window dimensions and densities of the voronoi texture. Below, you can see a standard window size with a medium density texture. To the right, you can see longer window openings and less and more dense textures. This shows how any treatment can be given to the façade of this building design.

108

109

PHASE 2

Robotic Fabrication The actual robotic fabrication process is designed to take the entire Randek linear process and condense it down to a small foot print. First, a robot on a slider would grab metal studs from a supply and place them where needed based on the panel its making using a tool similar to the gripper shown immediately to the right. Once fastened, a second robot on a gantry uses a giant suction cup tool like the one on the next page to pick up and set down sheet material weather it be drywall, sheathing or subflooring.

110

111

PHASE 2 The second stage uses a multi-function bridge which up to this point was sitting off to the side. The bridge makes four passes over the panel. First and second with a nailer like the one to the right, to fasten the boards in place to the studs. On the third and fourth passes, the bridge changes tools to a cutter like the one on the next page and removes excess material from the panel. A rough proof of concept simulation can be viewed by scanning the QR code. Further development would entail creating a few more stations fabricating other panels and then a final station that uses robots to take all the panels and bring them together into the final unit. This would then be ready to ship to site with final details like painting, the filling in of cracks or gaps, and installation of furniture done on site by humans.

112

113

114

115

//DfMA Residential //Construction //AndrewKlenke

During this studio, I focused on creating a set of design tools for common architectural softwares in order to make prefabricated construction for residential projects easier for designers and manufacturers. ••• Andrew Klenke University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

117

Research Design for Manufacturing and Assembly, also referred to as DfMA, is the design though process of making parts easier to assemble or install, by heavily studying and improving the installation process and simplifying the product. Examples of DfMA exists in many industries from computers and technology to automobiles and airplanes. Currently, while many industries push forward with new technology such as automation, the construction industry has been very far behind and lagging. There are many companies pioneering what DfMA and automation look like in the A/E/C industry, but as whole the industry likes to take the more traditional approach of building everything peice by piece. Currently there are only a handful of things that are delivered to the site prefabricated. This typically includes windows, doors, mechanical equipment, etc. But what if the structure, walls, and the ductwork all came pre-fabricated like a puzzle piece, just ready to go together. This would possibly leave only the foundation system left to do on site, besides part connections and assembly. That said if the industry could dive deeper into theses methodologies as a whole, construction would be more efficient in both time and cost.

118

Initial Research Existing prefabrication construction is currently split between two main styles. The first is Modular construciton, which is where whole segments of the building are manufactured off site, and then lifted into place, greatly reducing the amount of on-site time and expenses. The second is kit-of-parts style, where all the panels are brought to site and assembled there, which still leaves work to do on site.

Modular

Kit-of-Parts

119

RESEARCH

Kit-of-Parts Using the kit-of-parts system of prefabricated constuction allows for greater flexibility in design, transportation, and construction. For travel and delivery, the peices are limited by thier size, and not the size of the overall building. They can also be arranged in many different configurations while using the same catalog of parts. During my research I looked at companies like Katera and Cover. One of the downsides of these systems, as seen in the photos below, is they are very custom peices, so any modification or changes in the future would be limited to that system.

120

121

RESEARCH

Modular This prefabrication method is the best for spending the least amount of time on site. For sites such as those disrupted by weather, or even urban sites where construction is difficult with road blockages. This method would be the quickest on site. One of the limiting factors of this type of system, is that the modules are limited by thier size. Typically not wider than 14’-0” wide, and some are up to 13’-4” tall, and 50’0” long. However, site location and travel routes should be considered when choosing this method, and the size of the modules. This system doesn’t work well for big open spaces, and its stacking construction makes it perfect for repetitive building typologies like hotels and residential buildings.

122

123

RESEARCH

Proposal My proposal would be to factory create modular units that are assembled from an inventory of existing parts that are designed to work together. This would take advantage of the modular construction type and the kit-of-parts construction types. Not only would site installation be quick and easy because of the completed modules, but the building of the modules in the factory would be extreamly quick if there was an inventory of parts readily available as orders come in.

The module to the right is how the structural part of the module would look before leaving the factory. The interior work and panel boards are not shown for clarity. Since there are double rim joist at the cieling, and the floor of the unit stacking above, there may not be required dropped beams over windows, giving clear floor to ceiling views. Under higher loads, either the 2x Rim joists can be changed to an LVL or a dropped beam can be added.

Proposal Outline What? •

Creating a hybrid construction model using the best portions of the Module and Kit-ofParts method.

Why? • •

Reduce time spent on site: - Time and cost savings - Avoid weather delays Reduce time spend on manufacturing: - TIme and cost savings - Optimization and assembly

How? •

•

124

Use Kit-of-Parts for Module construction - Catalog and inventory of parts to be used and ready for any module combination Ship module to site for installation - Module limited to a max size and ready to be delivered and installed on site in a quick manner.

125

Phase 1 Schematic Design Wasp Script Using the WASP tool box plugin for Grasshopper, you could use an imput curve to bound the aggregation to. At 0 modules just the curve is visible. Each aggregation is random, and is unlikley to be the same each time around. Though they are visually very similar. As more modules are added, they begin to grow around the curve. The dark green to yellow color representing the recency of the modules placed in the aggregation from oldest/orgin to the most recent, respectivly. As the modules grow around the bounding curve, they begin to grow/branch out, making the growth wider. As more modules are added the script begins to lose a practicality to it, as the randomness of the module placements are unrealistic for an organized architectural program. At 1000 modules placed, it is clear the randomness of the module placement has no real-world application, as modules closest to the center guide lines have no source of natural lighting or escape route, and thus can’t be used as a habitable space for residential construction. This style could be applicable for commericial, though the column spacing would be too short and frequent.

126

0000 Modules

0119 Modules

0005 Modules

0232 Modules

0034 Modules

1000 Modules

127

PHASE 1

Schematic Design Module Script The first section of this script takes user selected input curves to define the center/hallway layout of building foot print. These can be drawn in any linear based shape, making any arrangement to meet the desired site plan which can be used to trace over. The second part of this script offsets the guide curves based on the hallway width as well as the max module length the user wants to design with. Based on this the script finds the faces of the perimeter that can support modules. The third part of the script divides up the possible module host curves and finds the module’s orgin point along the curve. Taking the origin point and the normal vector from the last modules are placed on every orgin point along the offset host curves. Based on the maximum height of the building and the max height of the modules, the number of floors is determined and the modules are then stacked above. With the main goal of this script to be a visualization and planning tool, there is a need to extract the data and send to a more developed software like Revit. Extracted are two points that make up the origin and the normal vector. These points are broken into thier cartesian values and exported to an Excel/CSV file as a vehicle to import into Revit/Dynamo.

128

Input Curves

Module Alignment

Offset Curves

Visualization

Divide Curves

Extract Origins

129

PHASE 1

Rhino to Revit Converter The first part of this script imports all of the module origin points as well as the end point of the normal vector to the origin. This is necessary to determine the location and orientation of each module to be placed. They can then be placed at any and every angle in the workspace. The second part of the script places a generic mass family the size of the appropriate mass at each origin place and rotates it to the correct normal direction. These masses can now be used as face hosts for the Kitof-Parts to be applied to it in further scripts.

130

Import Origins

Revit Module Placement

131

PHASE 1

Kit-of-Parts Catalog By having a catalog of commonly used parts, we can streamline the construciton process, and by understanding up front how the catalog works, allows for better design.

132

P4.4X.12.L1.R0

P4.4X.12.L1.R2

P4.4X.12.L2.R0

P4.4X.12.L2.R2

P4.4X.16.L1.R0

P4.4X.16.L1.R2

P4.4X.16.L2.R0

P4.4X.16.L2.R2

P6.4X.12.L1.R0

P6.4X.12.L1.R2

P6.4X.12.L2.R0

P6.4X.12.L2.R2

P6.4X.16.L1.R0

P6.4X.16.L1.R2

P6.4X.16.L2.R0

P6.4X.16.L2.R2

P4 . 4X . 12 . L2 . R2 A

A - Panel Stud Size P4 - 2x4 Studs P6 - 2x6 Studs

B - Panel Width 4X - 4’-0” Wide Panel by X’-X” Tall

C - Stud Spacing 12 - 12” OC Spacing 16 - 16” OC Spacing

D - Number of Left Studs L1 - (1) 2x Stud on Left L2 - (2) 2x Studs on Left

E - Number of Right Studs R0 - (0) 2x Studs on Right R1 - (1) 2x Stud on Right R2 - (2) 2x Studs on Right

133

PHASE 1

Wall Assembly Each of the (4) walls of the module being constructed can be built from the kit of parts. And the overlapping osb sheathing of each panel allows for secure connections to the upper and lower double rim joists, creating a solid structural system.

P4.4X.16.L1.R2

134

WINDOW

P4.4X.16.L2.R2

WINDOW

P4.4X.16.L2.R0

135

Phase 2 After my final review in the fall, I decided to change direction for the spring, based on some of the feedback I was given, especially regarding the space and availbility needed for storing a library of building pieces, versus being made to order.

Automated Structural Framing Taking a simple architectural model of built-in revit elements, such as roofs, walls, and floors, and then creating workflows that would automatically provide framing layouts and sizes. This would greatly benifit structural designers, and applies to prefabricated construction systems like SIP walls.

136

137

PHASE 2

Framing Modules and Digital Twin To start, I broke down a simple model into its seperate construction and element typologies, such as the roof, wall, and floors. By breaking them down individually, we can apply the approriate workflow and calculation methods for determining the framing.

138

Roof Module

Wall Module

Floor Module

139

PHASE 2

Revit Built-in Elements The code starts by pulling into Dynamo the built-in revit elements such as a wall. Elements such as doors and windows that are hosted to the walls would be pulled in too.

Extracting Structural Layer

Exporting Openings Each opening in the wall, is also extracted and can be exported to determine the needed structural header above the opening.

The wall elements are then sent through a python section of the script, where Revit API commands are called upon to extract the structural layer, its thickness, and its material. Using the by-parts method, we utilize Revit’s automatic layer joining at corners and joints.

140

Structural Analysis

If the openings are exported they can be taken into a structural analysis software where the size can be determined and imported back into the model. For projects using the IRC codes, prescriptive header sizes can be applied through a data base of the code.

Importing Structural Results The result of the structural analysis would be brought back into the model. Based on the calculations, a header size would be provided, as well as the jack and king studs supporting the header.

Wall Framing Lastly, the rest of the wall panel would be framed in with infill lumber at typical framing spaces, based on the walls level and the number of floors or roofs supported from above.

141

PHASE 2

Construction Render

142

143

PHASE 2

Construction Render

144

145

PHASE 2

Construction Render

146

147

PHASE 2

Construction Render

148

149

1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 1 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 0 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100

//Vernacular Architecture’s //Carbon Emissions //VictorRenteria

This project explores vernacular architectural systems and how this knowledge can aid those having to fulfill their own housing needs. One’s own awareness of their environmental impact can inspire one to seek sustainable alternatives in their decision making. ••• Victor Renteria University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

151

Research Initial Research Throughout my whole life, I have visited Mexico annually to spend time with my grandparents. I have witnessed the city my family is from significantly grow and how locals have architecturally responded to this vast urbanization. I have always admired the self-built, simplified systems and methods locals have used to construct their homes. They are simple brick structures that will stand the test of time. About 40% of Mexico’s population is low income; It is more than common that low-incomers build their own houses. Most, if not all, Mexican residences or constructed of a simple brick structure with no heating or cooling needed due to budget and the country’s climate. These self-built homes are adequate for it’s residences but can improve significantly in performance by simple design features such as using local wall systems and materials to increase insulation, or the location of windows and openings for air-flow and sunlight. I believe that the promotion of these simple design strategies will aid those having to fulfill their housing needs and to encourage the use of local systems materials.

152

Architecture’s Impact on the Environment

Although most Mexican residencies are constructed of local brick. It is very likely that the bricks were produced and fired locally which releases very harmful gases into the air. Most of these newly constructed homes are built of brand new bricks rather than using local soil and systems that don’t require the kiln process. Building operations, materials and constructions are responsible for a total of 33% of global carbon emissions. Due to the fact that most of buildings are constructed in open air, the increase of climate change can also increase these rates by delaying construction times due to higher temperatures and fatigued workers. It is vital that new construction methods reduce their time on site and practice methods that do not require energy and carbon intensive technologies such as the production of cement. Technologies role ought to increase in some areas like fabrication, pre-design and material production and systems.

Urbanization Urbanization over over the the past past 500 500 years years

Urbanization over the past 500 years

100% 100%

100% Japan Japan

Everyone lives in the city 80%

80%

Countries like Mexico used to economically 60% 60% on agricultral export but that had declined thrive significantally in the last 50 years due to the pirvatozation of land and poor labor wadges 40% towards 40% farmers. Due to the fact that Mexico is slowly attempting to become a develped nation, it has shifted it’s economic exports towards industry now accounting for 29%of the total labor 20% 20% force. Mexico is widely known for it’s industial manufactueing in the automotive insudtry. Most of these factories reside in cities which can account 0% 0% for the 76% of Mexicans that live1700 in urbanized1800 1500 1600 1500 1600 1700 1800 areas. Source: OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects 2018 and historical sources (see Sources) Source: OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects 2018 and historical sources (see Sources)

60%

United States United States

China China

World World 40% India India

20%

0% 1500 1900 1900

16002016 2016

1700

1800

Source: OWID based on UN World Urbanization Prospects 2018 and historical sources (see Sources)

on n living living Sharein in ofurbanized urbanized the population areas, areas, 1900 living 1900 to to in2016 2016 urbanized areas, 1900 to 2016 100%

e population living in urbanized areas, 1900 to 2016

60%

40%

20%

0% 1900

When my family and I would travel across Mexico Brazil 81% Canada 78% we always went by United car toStates admire the beautiful 80% Western Europe 75% Some of these landscapes we missed back home. Mexico 76% landscapes can be disrupted by huge unfinished Korea Japan or abandoned subdivisons. The Mexican Mexico 76% Central CentralEurope Europe Central Europe Korea governemtn was fully awar that it needed to Japan tackle their urbanization problem with a billion Central Europe WORLD WORLD54% 54% WORLD dollar campaign funded by54% private investors, Wall Street Firms and the World Bank. Factory WORLD 54% China China38% 38% China 38% workers who were encouraged to move to these China 38% rural neighborhoods came India India34% 34% India 34% across complicated mortgage payments that rose in costs as their India 34% Eastern EasternAfrica Africa Eastern Africa of these subdivisions homes detiroated. The failure Eastern Africa are actually quite simple - cheap, unfinished infastructure: buildings decayed quickly due to cracks and water leaks, sidewalks crumbled and 1960 1980 2016 2016 water treatment facilities broke down quicly. Brazil Brazil81% 81% Canada Canada78% 78% United UnitedStates States80% 80% Western WesternEurope Europe75% 75% Brazil 81% Mexico Mexico76% 76% Canada 78% Korea Korea United States 80% Japan Japan Western Europe 75%

80%

940 1940 1920

Daddy, why are all those neighbourhoods abandoned?

1960 1960 1940

Source: HYDE 3.1 (2010)

1920 1960 1980 1980

1940 2016 1980 2016

153

Phase 1 These concepts were a direct inspiration from my resrach and drove the development of my project

Self-Build

Vernacular Architecture

It has been very common for many to satisfy their own shelter needs. Farming families in Mexico tend to build their own homes using vernacular systems for ventilation and flashing. Those living in urvan areas lack access to low-priced materials resulting in shanty towns made up of improvised buildings. Ghana has seen some political efforts to make the self-build route more accessible to its citizens but while doing so, residents encountered difficulty with planning, acquiring land and tenure rights, design and construction. While some have the luxury of being consulted by a profesional, others turn to those who are less-qualified or themselves. Literature in design acquisiton is difficult for lowincomers to access resulting in a huge failure in the Self-Build efforts. Promotions and interventions on appropraite structural, materials and design elemnts will improve general knwoledge, specifications and perfomrance of these buildings.

Some of these promotions could be the encouragemnt of vernauclar architectural systems. The use of local systems can decrease the use of electricty during the performance of the building. Local methods for insulation can reduce the need to heat or cool the building. Local methods on the location of window and openinngs can reduce the electrcity needed to light, cool or heat the building. Most of these local methods are simple and can critically enhance the perfomrance of a building.

Local Materials

The use of local materials can decrease the shipment and cost of materials being brought onto sight. This can also reduce the carbon emitted into the production and shipment of the material itself.

154

Parametric Architecture

With all of these concepts in mind, my main focus is a catalogue or a tool in which one could quickly access general information regarding architectural methods, systems and materials within their own regions.

155

Phase 1

Urban VIllage

Effekt & Space 10 This project envisions a modular wooden building system designed for quick assemply, disassembly, prefabrication and flatpacking. Main focuses include reducing the cost of livinng, simpify living sustainibly. Communal dining, nurding homes, haycares and grocery stores are the building blocks for creating a multi-geneational communuty. CLT is the main material of the entire building due to it surpassing steel in strength and it’s sustainable factors. It’s co-operative housing program reduces monthly fees in rent and utilites. Tenants also have the option to buy shares in their own propert, eliminating high, up-front down payments.

156

Casa Caja by S-AR Monterrey, Mexico

This project consists of a concrete block house constructed entirely by it’s owner with the help of local architetcs, builders and Comunidad Vivex, a non-profict social organziton. The non-profit focuses on families of labor workers in Mexico seeking better housing needs. Their hosuing projects consist of four basic steps in order to complete the project: analysis, proposal, obtaining of materials and construction. The aquirment of materials is strictly through donations.

157

RESEARCH

Proposal What? • •

A script that can generate a wall, roof and foundation system based on a climate zone This script can be used as a tool or guidance to quickly access information regarding vernacular systems and climate regions

Why? • •

Promote the use of local materials Quick public access on local materials and systems

How? •

158

Through the use of Rhinoceras 3D and Grasshopper

Study Climate Climate Study

1: Tropical 2: Dry 3: Subtropical 4: Continental 5: Borreal 6: Polar 7: Highlands

Climate Zone

159

RESEARCH

Arid Climate

Tropical C Common Materials

Summers are dry and consist of no rainfall

Winters are hot, some regions may experience drought

Summers are humid and experience daily rainfall

Average max. & min. te Average max. & min. tempratures in C

Average percipiation in mm.

160

Average percipiation in

Climate

d y

Temperate Climate Common Materials

Winters are hot, some regions may experience drought

Common Materials

Summers are humid and experience daily rainfall

Winters are hot, some regions may experience drought

empratures in C

n mm.

Average max. & min. tempratures in C

Average percipiation in mm.

161

Grasshopper Script This simplified diagram is a summary of my Grasshopper script. The script outputs a digital model based on a climate zone.

Python Script

The Python component chooses the appropraite set of parametrs from the Excel Reader. Based on the number the Climate Zone togle is set to, the Python Script outputs specific paramters through the Stream FIlter component.

python Script

Excel Reader

This component loads in a set of parameters organized by an Excel Sheet. The database consists of wall thicknesses, pitch heights, column spacings and more categorized by climate zone.

Out

Wkst. Name

162

Excel Reader

Climate Zone

Data

Spacing

Roof

Pitch

GEO

Spacing

WALL

Thick

Studs

Offset Spacing

Thick

FOUNDATION

Gate

Stream Filter

Thick

GEO

163

Phase 2 During Phase 2, I wanted to address and incorporate the enviromental aspect to my research.

Embodied Carbon

The use of local materials and systems significantly decreaesesd one’s carbon foorptint on Earth. Having access to one’s own carbon footprint can raise awareness which could ultimately lead to one finding sustainable alternatives to their every-day lives.

User Access

The increase of these conversations and sustainable choices could be resulted in the increase of acess of enviromental information. If one simply isn’t aware of their enviromental impact it is unlikely that one will make a change in their everday lives. Phase 2 will explore how easy access to one’s own enviromental impact can promote sustainable alternatives.

164

165

Phase 2 This diagram is a summary of the continuation of my Part 1 script calculating the total embodied carbon of a configuration from my Phase 1 script.

ICE

With the use of the Inventory of Carbon and Energy by the University of Bath, the Stream Filter and the Python Script are able to select the coinciding data for the materials used in a selected configuartion. Embodided carbon accounts for all the energy required to produce, extract and ship a material.

Method

Multiplying the total volume, density and carbon of a confuguartyion will produce the total embodied carbon early in the design phase. Users can compare how their vernacular methods significanyl produce less carbon than general methods.

166

Embodied Carbon Database

Wkst. Name

(ICE)

Excel Reader

material Desnity

Data

Geo

Volume

Multiply

A TOTAL EMBODIED CARBON

output

167

PHASE 2

User Story

Challenges Currently, the family has a lease that was provided by the father’s employment. The neighborhood they reside is slightly outside the city center, is very condensed and has frequent delinquent activity. Less condensed neighborhoods in the city center, closer to the father’s work is very unfordable.

The Guerrero Family Size 5 Location Aguascalientes, Ags. Source of Income Father works as a woodworker holding a manager position at a furniture shop

168

Goals The fanily has aquired a plot of land in a more subtle neighborhood and plans to construct a home. Due to budget, the family would like to keep construction costs low by acquiring low-cost, upcycled local materials and by having family friends aid during building. The family’s current home can be overbearlingly hot during days and nights due to a lack of windows and circulation. The famiy would like to emphasize the use of local systems so that their home stays cool annually and daily.

169

PHASE 2

How the System Works Shown below is a step by step process on how the system could aid the user.

Customize sug

Choose Region

Choose materials 170

ggested system

Choose appropriate system

Compare emissions 171

//Learning from Sustainability: //A Modular Solution //RebeccaTwombly

Teaching students about sustainability in schools should be a top priority. This architectural solution for a modular school building with integrated sustainable technology will be the perfect tool to help kids understand the importance of the sustainability in all aspects of their life. ••• Rebecca Twombly University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

173

Research This project is focused on the design for manufacturing and assembly (DfMA) and the off-site modular construction aspects of the studio.

Initial Research In the beginning, my strategy was to integrate these new building technologies into a school typology. With that in mind, it was also important to incorporate sustainable design elements throughout the prototype and show the next generation how buildings can affect positive change on the envrionment.

+ In doing this research, there were several problem areas in our world today that I wanted to address with this design. Everything from the climate crisis to sustainability education to modular school buildings has impacted this prototype.

Climate Crisis The combination of Agriculture and Building economic sectors makes up 30% of global greenhouse gas emissions (EPA, 2010). Looking towards the future, this is not sustainable, and these industries need to implement innovations to decrease their effects on the environment. Other Energy 10%

Industry 21%

Transportation 14%

Electricity and Heat Production 25%

Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use 24%

Although there is a long way to go, these changes are beginning to be manifested in new technologies like vertical farming. farming Housed in a warehouse structure, vertical farms are often utilized in urban areas to bring fresh and local food to city residents. Unlike traditional farming, vertical farming is 390 times more efficient and uses 95% less water per square foot. Buildings 6%

Within the building industry, there has been an emphasis in the past few decades on building more sustainably, which is especially evident in the LEED and Living Building Challenge programs. Organizations like these are set up to rate a building’s sustainable practices throughout the entire building process. Among other factors, these include where the materials came from, the building’s design, and the efficiency of the building’s systems after the building is complete.

174

Sustainability Education

Modularity in School Design

Consumers are often unaware of how their products are made and where their food comes from. Bringing awareness to these issues should from be an important topic to teach kids in schools as it will this knowledge more accessible to the average consumer over the next generation. With the power of this knowledge behind them, students will grow up to choose foods and products that were made sustainably and grown nutritionally. nutritionally These choises are what drives the consumer demand for more sustainable options. The following graph from Nielsen shows the sales of sustainable products since 2014.

Many school districts across the country have adopted the use of modular school buildings, otherwise known as classroom trailers or portable classrooms. They are presented as an economical and temporary solution to an expanding student population, but they tend to stick around for several years and they’re accompanied by a handful of practical and comfort shortcomings:

• Although 2018 is the latest year represented by this data, more recent reports have upheld the prediction that by the end of 2021, US consumers will spend $150.1 billion on sustainable products, making up 25% of total store sales. This trend is going in the right direction, but more can be done to reinforce it. While some schools have implemented programs to learn about sustainable agriculture in the past fifteen years, this curriculum should be standard across the US to inform the next generation and to reduce the effets of climate change.

• • • • • • •

small windows yield an insufficient amount of natural light inexpensive materials resulting in an enclosed space for pests and animals noisy, poorly integrated HVAC ceiling tiles prone to mold build-up increased maintenance lack of storage space lack of eletrical outlets lack of aesthetic appeal

With the development of modular buildng solutions in the past few decades, there is reason to believe that the modular classroom can be so much more than a campus eyesore. eyesore The potential for making it beautiful and improving the functionality of it is there. It simply needs to be embraced.

175

RESEARCH

Proposal Taking into account what I learned through my research, I came up with a proposal for the prototype then illustrated my vision for what I set out to create.

What? •

•

A modular school building unit with integrated specialized systems - Used to teach lessons on sustainable agriculture and related sustainable topics like cooking with healthy foods and entrepreneuership

176

•

Build modular - Consistency - Reliability - Decreased waste - Less on-site construction time - Comes with all the tools the school might need to incorporate the new curriculum - Lower overall cost (especially important for expensive up-front cost of sustainable systems)

•

Sustainable buildings are the perfect platform to teach about sustainability in a holistic way. - Observing the effects of rainwater collection, solar panels, etc. - Engaging with giving back to our planet

Active learning through hands-on projects and through experiencing the smart building they call their classroom

How? •

Why?

Kit of parts will be available to schools - Complete with multiple different pod types depending on a school’s needs - Each pod type consists of a typical modular building construction plus a specialized integrated wall, designed to supply everything the pod type might need to serve its purpose.

177

Phase 1 The first step to design the prototype was to gather information about precedents. I set out to answer this question:

How are students learning about sustainability in schools today? I researched four schools and identified a few statistics such as the number of students at the school, the square footage dedicated to the sustainability program, and the physical spaces provided for sustainability learning.

Avanti High School Olympia, WA 160 2,000 sf

178

Bertschi School Science Wing Seattle, WA 240 2,700 sf

Delsea Regional High School Franklinville, NJ

Redwood High School Larkspur, CA

1,080 10,500 sf

1,900 13,000 sf

179

PHASE 1

Four Learning Goals:

1. Gain sustainability knowledge outdoor classroom

sustainable science lab

cooking classroom

2. Learn to grow hydroponic garden

3. Work in a partnership computer lab

4. Relate to their environment recycled materials library

180

indoor classroom

What should be included in this prototype?

POD 0: growing pod

POD 1: classroom pod

POD 2: cooking pod

POD 3: business pod

181

PHASE 1

Integration Strategies After defining the goals for the prototype, understanding what kind of spaces were needed, and developing the four pods, the next step was outlining how these pods would be set up on an existing campus. The main goal with the integration of these pods is to physically highlight the commitment of sustainability on the school campus. To accomplish this goal, there are three different strategies that could be used depending on the existing circumstances on site:

Grasshopper Script: Nucleus The script was made to show constructability of the nucleus integration strategy by visualizing how each pod could be placed on an existing school’s site. The following script can be manipulated to achieve viusalizations for the other two integration strategies as well. The field script could implement a location randomizer for each pod while the cluster script could work with the location randomizer and stacking/sliding rules generated for the nucleus script.

Variables Each of these variables is represented with number sliders that can be changed to reflect the attributes of the school in question: • climate zone, where 1 = polar 2 = temperate 3 = subtropical 4 = tropical • buildable area on site • number of students Here is a “map” showing the logic of the script and how each step affects the Rhino model.

182

Nucleus Grouping the four pods in a centralized approach would provide easy access from one pod to another. It would work well in schools that have an existing courtyard.

Cluster

Field

If there is not a large enough space to employ the nucleus method, a cluster strategy would be a good option. This would work well in a school where the optimal position for the growing pod is in a different location from the best place for the other three pods.

The field approach is best used if there is a limited amount of buildable area around the existing building. This layout does a particularly good job of dispersing the concept of sustainability around the entire physical campus.

183

Phase 2 After developing the prototype for the four-pod system, the question of constructability came next. Prior to Phase 2, the idea was to connect multiple 8’ x 40’ modules to form one large room. The number of modules was related to the amount of students at the school. Instead, during Phase 2 I opted to develop individual building pods that have a consistent size. As a result, there is less variability across each pod and more flexibility and ease in placing multiple smaller modular buildings on an existing campus rather than one large building.

POD 0: growing pod

184

Each pod is represented below with standard modular construction used for select walls while the specialized wall is the component that features the systems needed for the pod’s purpose. In some cases, there could be two specialized walls to accommodate more equipment unique to that pod. It was clear that each pod would have a complex list of needs to make it fully functional. Therefore, during the second semester, I directed my focus primarily on the design of POD 0: The Growing Pod.

POD 1: classroom pod

POD 2: cooking pod

POD 3: business pod

185

PHASE 2

Pod Construction Similar to the construction of the other pods, The growing pod is made up of three walls built with standard modular construction. The fourth wall is the specialized wall, which can be swapped out for other specialized walls, like the cooking pod wall or business pod wall.

Grasshopper Script While the growing pod is 40’ long and 10’ wide, the other pods are different sizes to accommodate more equipment. Utilizing this script, variables such as the dimensions and opening locations can be changed to visualize a different pod type.

Length Width

Location of Door Opening

Installation On-Site The growing pod will arrive on site as one complete module. The size of the pod is based on the ease of transport for a truck. This increases the accessibility of the module and makes for an quick installation once the off-site construction is complete.

186

40 10 3

Example #1 Length Width

40 10

Example #2 Length Width

40 20

187

PHASE 2

Further Research Prior to designing the specialized wall, I conducted research on hydroponic growing systems that are available today as well as different strategies for integrating plants into architecture. They range in size and purpose, but they all had aspects that I would later bring into the design of the specialized wall.

nutrients in the soil, and instead, the energy is spent on growing faster and larger. Furthermore, the soil doesn’t soak up all of the water, so hydroponic growing systems us 98% less water than traditional farming.

Hydroponic Growing Systems Hydroponics are a way of growing plants without soil. Instead, their roots are submerged in nutrientrich water. water The roots exert less energy searching for

HYVE Indoor Farming Systems

Cityblooms

This is a small portable unit that has everything needed to grow plants. It is marketed as being perfect for an educational setting or for personal use in a home.

This unit is for a larger scale operation that is still relatively local. The company has created both indoor and outdoor units that are lightweight and can be installed anywhere. What is special about these units are the integrated monitoring systems that allows the user to adjust settings based on the needs of the plants.

Takeaway: I plan to ensure that everything is included in the prototype, from the LED lights to the packs of seeds. Therefore, the users can get started right away.

188

Takeaway: This setup will be the basis for my prototype as it seems like the design could be easily integrated into a specialized wall. Additionally, I would like to include similar technology that would allow the students to view and adjust the stats of the system on monitors inside the building.

Viridiwall

AeroFarms

This system is designed to create and maintain a living wall easily. While it uses hydroponic technology like the other precedents, it’s best suited for growing greenery for a visual effect rather than produce for eating.

This is an example of an urban farm at the largest scale of operations. The design is much more utilitarian than the others and it disregards aestheitcs in favor of function.

Takeaway: I am most interested in the structure of circular openings that is behind the plants in this example. The image shows a Viridiwall on the right prior to being planted so you can see how the system works.

Takeaway: While it’s not necessarily designed to be beautiful in the traditional sense, there is still beauty in the repetition of modules and the juxtaposition of the vibrant plants and the hard materials throughout the facility.

189

PHASE 2

An Integrated System Here is an overall look at the complete pod. The system has the ability to collect rainwater that is treated and used to hydrate the plants while the solar panels on the roof collect energy to be used in the rest of the pod.

190

Solar energy collection

Monitors Show status of energy collection and controls the hydroponics system

Flexible furniture on casters Can be moved around the interior for multiple functions

Rainwater collection and storage Water from roof is collected in the plexiglass water storage tanks which are integrated into the specialized wall. Transparent materials are used to show students how the system functions. • 2” thick plexiglass holds approximately 380 gallons each

• •

400sf x .56* = 224 gallons/inch of rain - Assuming 90% efficiency Lawrence, KS = 224gal/in x 39in/year = 8736 gallons/year

Hydroponic garden Hands-on learning, learning plants can be used to learn how to cook with healthy foods or learn entrepreneurial skills by selling them at a market

191

PHASE 2

The Specialized Wall Zooming in on just the specialized wall, it is made up of three sections. The top section is where all of the rainwater collected will be stored. The second section contains all of the filtering equipment which will demonstrate the process to the students and insert the nutrients necessary for the hydroponic growing system. Finally, the rainwater is used in hydroponic growing system which is a part of the lower section. Each module has LED lights above the growing trays and space underneath for storage. All o fthe furniture is on casters for flexibility in using the furniture as well as access for maintenance of the system.

COLLECTING FILTERING USING

192

193

PHASE 2

The Specialized Wall Module

USING

FILTERING

COLLECTING

Each module of the specialized wall is 8’ wide. Here is an example of one module which has interactive learning opportunities incorporated into the design.

194

36 30 24 18 12 6

Structure Steel tubing, 3.5” x 3.5”

Rainwater harvesting + storage Plexiglass tank can hold up to 380 gallons of water for each module. The markings on the tank indicate the water level and can help kids learn about measurement and water conservation.

Filtering + Nutrient Delivery System General filtering and nutrient addition for hydroponic system is a multistep process.

Pipeline Delivers nutrient-rich water to be used as irrigation. The changing colors of the pipes indicate the addition of nutrients. The form is inspired by tree root growth patterns seen in brick sidewalks.

Hydroponic Garden On casters, slides out for easier access and a closer look at the plants

Storage On casters, slides out for easier access and a closer look at the plants

195

01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000

//Harnessing the //Wind //TysonWashington

To fight climate change and use the natural world to our advantage is one of the highest goals one can achieve in the modern world. Here I want to utilize wind energy for building use. ••• Tyson Washington University of Kansas Fall 2020 - Spring 2021

197

Research For the research of this project i focused on making it into a 3 phase approach.

Phase 1

The first phase of research was mostly focused on getting a general idea of the subject. I wanted to find out what the native environment that wind catchers resided in, and how they functioned within it. That native environment traditionally is the middle east and north Africa. From everything that I have found, they utilize a many different styles of cooling, with the most common being the one that uses the tower in conjunction with water features to add humidity and cool down the interior at the same time.

Phase 2

After the initial research, I wanted to see what would happen if I used this same concept in a different environment. My focus was on different kinds of dehumidification methods. Through this, I came across the desiccant wheel. This dehumidification tool uses meshes to capture water molecules. Then after then are captured, heat is used to reactivate the mesh, releasing the liquid from the machine. In order to make sure that this piece works efficiently, I chose to try and maximize the amount of airflow going through the tower with parametric design. My research in this phase was focused on gathering climate data and making it into a usable form. The chart to the right, A1 shows a case study of the climate done for Lawrence, KS. After gathering this information, I refocused again on the cooling months where I would want to bring in the most air, and found the averate North, South, East, and West percentage direction the wind was coming from.

198

Phase 3

Here, I took a different approach. I wanted to see the DfMA aspect of the tower, and specifically, how I could design it to be constructed, brought to a site, and then assembled.

The middle east and north AFrica are the origianal locations for the wind tower design.

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Overall Averages

Month

May June July August September

Overall Averages

High Temp (F) 41.00 46.33 57.75 67.75 76.50 85.00 89.25 88.00 81.00 68.25 56.00 43.25 66.67

High Temp (F) 76.50 85.00 89.25 88.00 81.00 83.95

Low Temp (F) Humidity 21.25 25.33 35.00 45.50 55.50 64.75 68.50 66.00 57.67 45.75 35.33 24.50 45.42

Low Temp (F) Humidity 55.50 64.75 68.50 66.00 57.67 62.48

Lawrence Climate Data Averages Levels Wind Speed (mph) North Wind Percentage 11.27 35% 11.57 37% 12.40 30% 12.30 30% 10.83 20% 9.67 15% 8.83 20% 8.70 20% 9.73 22% 10.67 25% 11.10 30% 10.90 35% 10.66

South Wind Direction 25% 20% 30% 40% 45% 54% 55% 45% 45% 45% 35% 35%

27%

40%

Cooling Focus Wind Speed (mph) North Wind Percentage 10.83 20% 9.67 15% 8.83 20% 8.70 20% 9.73 22%

South Wind Direction 45% 54% 55% 45% 45%

9.55

19%

49%

East Wind Direction West Direction 15% 25% 16% 27% 25% 15% 20% 10% 20% 15% 21% 10% 15% 10% 20% 15% 20% 13% 15% 15% 15% 20% 10% 20% 18%

16%

East Wind Direction West Direction 20% 15% 21% 10% 15% 10% 20% 15% 20% 13% 19%

Total

13%

199

RESEARCH

To Push Forward in a New Direction For this project, I want to look into putting the ancient concept of a wind tower into a new environment. Traditionally, it is used in hot and dry climates, but the goal is to see if it is possible to use it in more humid ones.

Proposal: Wind Tower/Catcher What? •

My project focused on creating a framework for studying the use of wind towers in humid climates. With the idea of making and efficient machine, I wanted to see if it was possible to maximize the amount of airflow gained in a wind tower through parametric design and climate data.

Why? •

If it is possible to greatly increase the amount of air brought into the building, then it could be possible to utilized cooling techniques such as a desiccant wheel to dehumidify and cool interior spaces.

How? •

200

To do this experiment, I need to go through a few steps. - Firstly, I need to design a wind tower that is parametric and can then integrate with scripts - Then I will need to collect climate data and use it to modulate the tower design. - The next step is to take this design and put it to the test

“To preserve the environment and build in new directions”

201

Phase 1: Digital Twin

ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ NAISMITH DR W C AM P U S R D STɋ N MICHIGAN ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 85ɋ0 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ MICHIGAN ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋɽ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ S S O UR I M Iɋ ɋ MISSOURI ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ST ɋ ɋ 950 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋS U DɋR ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ Þ ɋ ɽ ɋ A ɋ MAINE ST Þ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ALABAMA ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ALABAMA ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ IL LI N O IS S T ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɽ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ MISSISSIPPI ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɽ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ INDIANA ST ɋ ɋ ɋ 850 ɋ ɽ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ LOUISIANA ST ɋ LOUISIANA ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ OHIO ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ TENNESSEE ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 900 ɋ KENTUCKY ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɽ ɽ ɋ ɋ ɽ ɋ ɋ VERMONT ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ MASSACHUSETTS ST ɋ ɋ N 2ND ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɽ NEW HAMPSHIRE ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ RHODE ISLAND ST 850 E 1450 RD ɋ ɋ N 3RD ST ɋ ɋ ɋ BARKER AVE 85 CONNECTICUT ST ɋ 0 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ NEW YORK ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ N 4TH ST ɽ LEARNARD AVE ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ Þ NEW JERSEY ST ɋ ɽ ɋ Þ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ PENNSYLVANIA ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ P ER IM E TE R RD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɽ DELAWARE ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ BULLENE AVE MOODIE RD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 1500 RD CO RD 9 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ B R O O K S Tɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ N 8TH ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ CADET AVE ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɽ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 1550 RD ɋ HARPER ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 900 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 1600 RD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 1600 RD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 1625 RD ɋ ɋ 850 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 167 5 RD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ R ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ Gɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ RE ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E Nɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ WA ɋ ɋ ɋ Y D ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 850 ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ Rɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 258TH ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ E 1750 RD ɋ ɋ NORIA ɋ ɋ ɋRD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ M ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ a ɋ ɋ ɋ i ɋ n L oɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ op ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 254 ST ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ 1810E RD ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ ɋ

Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ! ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ " ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï -95.2500° ȸ Ï 2 ȸ 3 ȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ E 1Ï ȸ Ï 675 RD ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï LINWOOD RD ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï 3 000m ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï08 Ï ȸ Ï ȸ09 ȸ Ï Ï Ï 11 Ï ȸ 10 Ï E ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï07 Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ 12 .0000° ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï06 Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï 850 Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ 43 000m ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï 19ȸ NÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï 70ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï TPKE Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï KANSAS ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï !" ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ M ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï 8 0 ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ 70 ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ5Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ms -ȸSchool ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï District ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ DE E ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Cem Ï Ï 497 Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸÏ ÏR ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ RÏ Ï ȸ ID Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ ^ ER ȸ GÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï D ȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï 18 ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ n ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ïȸ NORTH ST N 1700 RDÏ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï ALEXANDER RD Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ kÏGrove Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Bismar Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï ȸÏ 40 Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ ȸ ȸ8 Ï Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï 59 ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï 50ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ LAKE ST ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ 8Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï 00 Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï LYON ST ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï LINCOLN ST ȸÏ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï F PERRY ST ȸ Ï ȸ Ï17 ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï N 1650 RD ȸ ȸ MAPLE ST Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ H ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ LOCUST ST ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ÏW 4THȸST Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ELM ST ȸ W 4TH Ï ST ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ n ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ5TH ȸ Ï Ï ST ȸ Ï WALNUT ST ȸ ȸÏ Ï W ȸ ȸÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ n W 6TH ST ȸ Ïȸ ȸ OAK ST ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï80 Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ 0 ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ N 1600 RD ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸSTÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï PO Ï ȸ Ï & W 7TH ST ȸ E 7TH Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ 16 ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï SiteÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ka n ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ s ȸ Ï ȸ W 8TH ST E 8TH Ï ST ȸ ȸ Ï a F ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï s Ri ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ïȸ v er Ïȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï 800 ȸ Ï Ï n ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ma in Ïȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïe r ȸ ȸ ȸ Loop ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï E 9TH ST W 9TH ST ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ iv Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï M ȸ R Ï a in L Ï Ï Ï Lo o p Ï Ï oop Ï ȸ Ïȸ o op ȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ as ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸr Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ L ȸ n ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ sÏ Ï ȸ uga Ï Ï Ïȸ ÏM a i n Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï W 10T H S T Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Sȸ Ï ȸ Ïa n ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ K Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ 800ȸ ȸ Ï11TH ST ȸ NÏ ȸ Ï 1 5 50 RD Ï ȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï W 11TH ST Eȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ^^ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï W 12TH ST E 1 2 TH S T ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ 15 Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ n ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Potter Lake Ï ȸ Ï Calvary ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï 8 Ï Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Mount ȸ ȸÏ ȸÏ E 13TH ST ȸ Ï W 13TH ST Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï MEMOR ȸ ÏCem ȸ Ï 50 ȸ Ï Ï ȸ ÏCatholic OAÏ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ï IA Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ïȸ K ȸ Ïȸ L ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï ȸH I L L AÏ Ï ! ȸ Ïȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Hill Cem ȸ Ï Ï ȸ !" Oak Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ VE " J AY ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï H AW ȸ Ï ȸ Ï E 14TH ST W 14TH ST ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï KB ȸÏ Ï ȸÏ Ï LV D ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ @ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï n ȸ ȸ ȸ T ȸ E 15TH ST ȸ Ï N 1500 RDȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Memorial ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ Park Cem Ï ȸ ȸ ȸÏ 16TH ST Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ! ȸ ȸ ȸ " ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ W 17TH ST Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï 14 ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ W 18TH ST ȸÏ ȸÏ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ n Noria ȸ ȸ ȸ W 1 9 T H ST ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï E 19TH ST Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ ȸ ȸÏ n ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ W 20TH ST ȸ GR Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸAY CIR ȸ ȸ EE NW ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï Ï Ï n ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸÏ W 21ST ST ȸÏ Ï Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸÏ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ Ï Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ Ïȸ ȸ E 2 1S T TE R ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ VENTURE PARK DR ȸ Ï Ï Ïȸ Ï Ï Ï Ï Ï ȸ F ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï Ï n Ï Franklin Ï Ï Ï W 22ND ST ȸÏ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸ ȸ Ï ȸÏ ȸ Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸ Cem ȸ Catholic ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï ȸ Ï ȸÏ Ï Ï Ï Ï 2ND TER 13 W 2 2 N D T ER ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ ! " Ï Ïȸ ȸ W 23RD ST ȸ 900 E 23RD ST C Ï Ï N 1400 RD Ï ȸ ȸ ȸ 900 Ï Ï Ï EXCHANGE PL ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï E 24TH ST ȸÏ ȸÏ ȸÏ Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ ȸ ȸ Ï Ï Ï ȸ Ï ȸW 25TH ST E 25 TH Ï ȸ Ï E 25TH TER ST ȸÏ ȸÏ @ ȸÏ T Ïȸ Ïȸ Ïȸ ȸ ^ N 13 ȸ ȸ

The digital twin is an electronic version of the model that allows for testing and the gathering of data Ï ȸ

Making the Model

¬ «

850

r Mud C

DO U G L A S C O

850

L EA V E N W O R T H C O

§ ¦ ¨

850

Creating the model for this phase of the project was divided into 2 sections. The first was making the model of the tower according to the description from the previous page. Then once this is done, I need to place it in context. For this second part, I chose to place a building in an relatively unused parking lot in downtown ¦ ¨ Lawrence, Kansas. §

800

ɋ ɋ ɋ

FLORIDA ST

ɋ ɋ ɋ

Ka nsa s Riv er

£ [

850

950

00 10

LAWRENCE

900

R IM

FRA

ɋ ɋ ɋ

MA PL E LN

202

01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001

203

PHASE 1

Cooling

Heating

For cooling, the air flows through the south For Heating, the hot air rises out of the northern facing section of the tower and into the spaces section of the tower and pulls in the cooler air on its throught the building. way out.

204

A108

Level 3 Level 2 Level 1

1 A107

A106

205

PHASE 1

Script Overview

A1.1

206

A1 - A1.1

The initial section of the script, A1- A1.1, is for getting the information from the excel file and put it into a usable format for Dynamo. A1 is where the file is located within my computer and A1.1 is where the information is changed and prepared for the next step

At the same time that the excel data is gathered, the tower needs to be located in the Revit file. Once this is done, the parameters that will be changed according to the climate data will be isolated.

`When the tower is ready to be changed, and Here, a check on the information is done to the information is in the proper format, the data will be make sure that it is working properly. The file should used to set parameters to specific lengths. be modulated by the data by this point.

207

PHASE 1

Tower Modulation

Out (kg/s) Net Mass The Flow (kg/s) Heatmodulation Flow In (W) Heat Out (W) Net Heatthe Flow (W) tower is Flow done through 30746014 acquisition -14.27536011 0 0 of climate data. Below is the spreadsheet 0 79380148 that goes through a month-by-month breakdown of the -14.79280108 0 0 0 68107279 -8.836959792 0 0 0

wind in Lawrence, KS. Using the outlined information at the bottom, it is possible to change the model. Directly to the left, in the blue highlighted section, the results of the analysis of the modulated model and 2 others shows that there is an increase in the efficiency when the tower is facing the direction of the wind. Once the interior of the tower is solved through the script, it will be sealed off with walls while openings allow for air to flow within a building.

Month January February March April May June July August September October November December Overall Averages

Month

May June July August September

Overall Averages

High Temp (F) 41.00 46.33 57.75 67.75 76.50 85.00 89.25 88.00 81.00 68.25 56.00 43.25 66.67

High Temp (F) 76.50 85.00 89.25 88.00 81.00 83.95

Low Temp (F) Humidity 21.25 25.33 35.00 45.50 55.50 64.75 68.50 66.00 57.67 45.75 35.33 24.50

Lawrence Climate Data Averages Levels Wind Speed (mph) North Wind Percentage 11.27 35% 11.57 37% 12.40 30% 12.30 30% 10.83 20% 9.67 15% 8.83 20% 8.70 20% 9.73 22% 10.67 25% 11.10 30% 10.90 35%

45.42

10.66

Low Temp (F) Humidity 55.50 64.75 68.50 66.00 57.67

South Wind Direction 25% 20% 30% 40% 45% 54% 55% 45% 45% 45% 35% 35% 40%

18%

16%

Cooling Focus Wind Speed (mph) North Wind Percentage 10.83 20% 9.67 15% 8.83 20% 8.70 20% 9.73 22%

South Wind Direction 45% 54% 55% 45% 45%

East Wind Direction 20% 21% 15% 20% 20%

West Direction 15% 10% 10% 15% 13%

49%

19%

13%

9.55

19%

North Wind Percentage South Wind Direction East Wind Direction West Direction 13%

19%

North

East 19%

South 49%

208

East Wind Direction West Direction 15% 25% 16% 27% 25% 15% 20% 10% 20% 15% 21% 10% 15% 10% 20% 15% 20% 13% 15% 15% 15% 20% 10% 20%

27%

62.48

West

Volume Object (m^3) Name Volume Flow Mass In (m^3/s) Flow (out) Volume to NetFlow Volume Out Ratio (m^3/s) Net Volume 63.54300375 Region:1 6.749799969 0.351060838 18.74590071 56.06735625 Region:2 8.403900146 0.442214564 20.8345999 56.06735625 Region:3 4.91109499 0.261847067 12.33706127

4 " n -0 io 1' ct = Se /2" 1

nt lt a su s s on dre ss C d re s A dd res A dd ne A ho P nt lt a su s s on e s C ddr res s A dd res A dd ne A ho P nt lt a su s s on dre ss C d re s A dd res A dd ne A ho P

. No

n tio ip cr s De

te Da

r be um N t ec oj Pr e By at D By wn ra ed D ck he C

e am t N ed c e oj nam r P n U

ne w

e al Sc

9 0 1

r be e um Dat r tN e ho ec u ut er oj Iss A ck r P he C

= 2" 1/

nt lt a su s s on e s C ddr res s A dd res A dd ne A ho P

n lt a su s s on e s C ddr res s A dd res A dd ne A ho P

-0 1'

12 /9 /2 02 0

10 :0 2:

Unmodified Tower Interior Modified Tower Interior

209

Phase 2: DfMA Phase 2 focuses on the construction and assembly of the tower. The goal is to design it to be capable of

Designing the Tower for DfMA

In order to design in this style I first thought about how to create the tower in a way that will be easily repeatable off-site. The first thing that came to mind is using wood as the main construction material with a tartan style that will allow for flexibility.

210

211

PHASE 2

Module Deconstruction The module will be deconstructed through 1. This is the tower module fully assembled. All parts the list directly to the left. The Idea here is for it to and pieces are in place be relatively easy to assemble off-site and then be 2. Here, the cladding has been removed so that the shipped to the site in modules. How these modules substructure holding it in place is visible. are put together will be covered on the next page. 3. In this section, the cladding has been removed and the vapor barrier is full exposed 4. Once the vapor barrier is no longer in the way, it is possible to see the insulation of the tower 5. Without the insulation, the raw structure of the module is visible. Here the systems for dividing the airflows through the tower. 6. Once the dividers are the only remaining structure are the columns and beams 7. Without the beams, the column system by itself shows the lateral support of the module 8. An individual column system is isolated, showing the use of four individual columns to create one unit. 9. Lastly all that is left is the individual wooden column that is used to form the tower. This is the base from which the rest of the module is created.

212

odesk.com/revit

Unnamed

Owner Project Name

Unnamed

Owner

Project number Project Number Date Issue Date Author Drawn by www.autodesk.com/revit Checked by Checker Scale

A101

Project Name

A101

4/5/2021 12:41:17 AM

A101

Project Name

4/5/2021 12:44:35 AM

Unnamed

Owner

Project number Project Number Date Issue Date Author Drawn by www.autodesk.com/revit Checked by Checker Scale

4/5/2021 1

Unnamed

Project Name

Project number Project Number Date Issue Date Author Drawn by Checked by Checker Scale

4/5/2021 12:42:04 AM

Owner

Unnamed

Owner

Project number Project Number Date Issue Date Author Drawn by www.autodesk.com/revit Checked by Checker Scale

Unnamed

Owner

Project number Project Number Date Issue Date Author Drawn by www.autodesk.com/revit Checked by Checker Scale

A101

Project Name

4/5/2021 12:45:21 AM

Project number Project Number Date Issue Date Author Drawn by Checked by Checker Scale

4/5/2021 1

213

PHASE 2

Module Assembly When constructing the tower as a whole, it is a simple process. Each module will be created off-site so that they can be assembled once at the proper location. This will allow for simultaneous use of site development and building construction. Firstly, the base module is placed down on top of the footings and anchored to the foundation. Secondly, the next interior section will be placed on top of this. Here, the pieces will stack for as many floors that the building has. The idea is to have interior pieces that match the floor to floor height so that they can perfectly match the number of floors available. With this in mind, there can be many different numbers of modules here, but in this scenario there is just one.

Thirdly, the exterior sections of the tower are created. These are the parts that will exceed the height of the roof structure, but will not be open to the outside. They are the pieces that will stack to match the height necessary to reach above the average building line in the immediate vicinity. Depending on the environment, can be further increased to maximize airflow. Lastly, the cap of the tower is placed. This module is open to the outside, allowing for airflow into the tower, and thusly, the building. This is the capstone of the tower, where the top cover prevents excess water from entering into it as helps to focus the air into the openings.

214

215

PHASE 2

Next Steps

With the tower fully modeled, the next step is to place it into contexts that make sense. The spaces that would require cooling from a wind tower/catcher that I have identified are residential and mercantile buildings.

216

Further Research

This is as far as I have gone for this project. With the tower fully designed and parametric, as well as attached to a script, the way to push it further would be to do testing of these building types.

217

//Closing Remarks Limitations and Expectations

This was an interesting project in that it showed both how far and how limited my experience is. At the beginning I was completely new to scripting and dove in as much as I could to try and learn what was necessary to complete the project. At the beginning I expected to be able to look over how to put everything together, but underestimated the depth of the scripting programs involved. One of the greatest bottlenecks I came across is how to utilize the data that I gathered in a way that would properly modulate the tower. The research articles were very dense, and I didn’t have the math background to truly understand the material. If I could, I would find a way to work with engineers to plot out the experiments necessary to get a good understanding of the physics at play. Despite this, I truly have enjoyed this class. The focus was very far out of my comfort zone, and because of this, I was pushed into new avenues that I would never have looked into. More than anything I want to thank Paola Sanguinetti. She has been an incredible professor for this year, and the support has been invaluable.

218

219

1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011 1101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 001 1001000 01100101 01101100 01101100 01101111 00100001 00100000 00100000 01001000 01100101 01101100 011