Craft of candle Making, Nanital by sonal maruka

CANDLE MAKING NAINITAL, UTTARAKHAND

Craft Research And Documentation By- Sukriti Sah and Sonal Maruka Ceramic & Glass Design, 2014 Mentor: Ms. Neelima Hasija Graphic Guide: Mr. Rana Swarajsinh

CONTENTS Acknowledgement

P reface

Introduction

10-23

Craft Research and Documentation Craft: Candle Making â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A National & Global Perspective Nainital, Uttarakhand: An Overview How to reach Nainital Biodiversity: Flora & Fauna Kumaoni Community Local Festivals Song and Dance Other Crafts in Uttarakhand

Craft A nd Craft Community: C andle M aking Of Nainital

24-31

History And Evolution Candle Making in Nainital Community Socio-Cultural-Economical Aspects

R aw M aterials, Infrastructure A nd P rocess R aw M aterial Wax Wick Hardener Color Pigments Fragrance Oil Zinc Oxide Decorative Objects/embedmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s

32-111

Lamination Containers Fuel Sourcing of Raw Materials

S wot A nalysis

138-141

E xperience

142-143

Way Forward

144-145

Bibliography, Webliography

147

Glossary

149

Storage of Raw Materials Observations

Infrastructure Tools and Equipments Energy source Utensils Cutting Tools Machines Moulds & Dieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Sourcing of Tools & Moulds Orthographic Drawings Analysis Workspace & Ergonomics Workspace: Bird eye view drawing Analysis

P rocess Production Post-production Process of decoration/embelishment Analysis

M arket

112-121

Ways of Marketing Product Analysis

D esign Influences

122-125

Chinese Influence Internet

G overnment A id

126-129

C ase Studies

130-137

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We take this opportunity to thank several people without whom this craft documentation would not have taken this form.

Industry Centre Haldwani, Nainital for sharing insights about the role of government in supporting the cottage industries in Uttarakhand.

We exteno all candle makid our utmost gratitude to all the candle making craftspeople, shopkeepers and manufacturers in NainitalMr. Sayeed Aleem: Shan Candles, Mrs. Pushpa Mehra and son Mr. Gaurav Mehra: Mehra Candles, Mr. K.P Kala, Mr. Rajeev Mehrotra: Mehrotra Candles & Manufacturers, Mr. Sunil Virmani: Anil Candles & Manufacturers, Miss Sonal Chaurasiya: Madhur Milan Candles, Mr. P.R Tiwari, Mr. Kundan Singh Negi, Mr. Tilakram Budlakoti: Budlakoti Candles, Four Seasons gift shop, who spent their valuable time & shared their craft with us in maximum detail despite being very secretive about the process.

Our sincere thanks goes to Mr. Amarnath Jagati, resident of Nainital and the Sah family for giving us valuable contacts of old artisans and manufacturers; some who had left this profession and those continuing it for letting us look through the entire production process of the craft, they are quite secretive about.

We are thankful to Mr. S.C Nautiyal, Additional Director of Industries, Uttarakhand (Dept. of MSME) and Mr. C.M. Lohani, field officer, District

We convey our special regards to our mentor, Ms. Neelima Hasija, for guiding us throughout the documentation with her valuable feedback and encouragement. We would further like to thank Mr. Rana Swarajsinh for helping us with the graphics and for technical drawings and dimention understanding Mr. J.A. Panchal who individually helped each group with the orthographic drawings. Last but not the least we would like to express emmense love for our family and friends for supporting us at all times.

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

PREFACE This document talks about the craft of candle making in Nainital, Uttarakhand, which took us a total of 12 days of field visits scheduled from 10th- 22nd April 2015. The field visit included meeting manufacturers and the craft person community to gather relevant data and understanding towards this craft. This document includes a detailed study of the entire process of candle making, its community strengths, weaknesses and opportunities. It also comprises information about other crafts, Kumaoni community, social background, culture and geography of the region.

The craft document project for 2nd year, Ceramics & Glass Design, M.Des at National Institute of Design lets us explore crafts, develop respect for them and sensitize us towards the craft personâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s community. This may serve as a reference material for future developments aimed for the particular craft and as an evidence of a legacy and depository of our traditional heritage. The craft has come a long way beautifying the Kumaon candles in the most romantic way, which makes these candles unique. Hope this humble attempt would prove useful.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

INTRODUCTION Lake view from Boat House Club, Nainital

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

INTRODUCTION Craft Research and Documentation Craft is an activity involving hand skill. It connotes the profound engagement between materials and processes, which are the center of creativity. At NID we are given opportunities to study crafts in order to have a deeper understanding of the process involved along with the challenges faced during the making of a product or a piece of art and craft. The module commences with secondary research. This includes referring books and previous available documentations for future reference. The craft documentation majorly includes field visits of minimum 10 days to experience and observe the craftspeople, their skill set, work environment, social setting and development of the craft itself along with making notes through visuals and text as reference for documentation. As designers, this helps us to empathize with the craft community and also sensitize us towards the craft. This is the primary research which when combined with the secondary research gives us a clearer picture of the craft with a better and logical hypothesis. The objective of this documentation is to share our first hand experiences of the craft and cottage industry sector/ community (which is quite unique and vast in India). It aims at sharing our personal understanding of this craft as a culture, to locate it holistically in the larger social-historical context as a profession and occupation. It deals with understanding its origin,

cultural influences, religious beliefs, technological advancements, trade links and markets. Also includes, a better know how of the tools, equipment’s and techniques being used by the craftspeople, their background, livelihood, socioeconomic position and their everyday woes. Many of the Indian crafts are languishing, as is this one. This documentation could come to aid as a reference material for its revival and further development. A proposal could be made to evaluate the future possibility of extending the traditional craft techniques towards more contemporary applications and/or, the development of fresh and new products. It provides an overview of the variety of crafts being practiced in the location along with the selected crafts product range. It covers the change inducing factors that lead to the evolution of new motifs, colours and materials and how the craftsperson respond to this change. Lastly, various discussions on several of the issues that affect development of the craft sector and examination of social, environmental and governmental legislations that lead to the growth and sustainable development of the craft.

Craft: Candle making – A National & Global perspective The craft of candle making does not belong to any one country. They have been used for more than 5,000 years, yet little is known about their origin. It is

often written that the Ancient Egyptians used Rushlight clay candleholders (type of candle or miniature torch formed by soaking the dried pith of the rush plant in fat or grease.) These have been found dating back to 400 BC, and could have been the initial inspiration for the present day candle. Historians have found evidence that many other early civilizations developed wick candles using wax made from plants and also insects. Early Chinese candles were molded in paper tubes, using rolled rice paper for the wick, and wax from an indigenous insect combined with seeds. They even created candles from whale fat during the Qin Dynasty (221–206 BC). In Japan, candles were made of wax extracted from tree nuts, while in India; candle wax was made by boiling the fruit from a cinnamon tree. Accounts of candles being used date back to ancient times, with Biblical references as early as the tenth century BC. The earliest known example of a candle was found in Avignon, France dating back to the first century A.D. A major improvement came in the middle Ages, when beeswax candles were introduced in Europe. Beeswax candles were widely used for church ceremonies, but because they were expensive, few individuals other than the wealthy could afford to burn them in their homes. By the 13th century, candle making had become a niche craft in England and France. Beginning with the sixteenth century, however, living standards improved and candles could be found in ordinary households. Invention of a new substance called “stearine,”(also called “stearin”) led to the development of better candles. Romans moved from using paper wicks to fine braided cotton wicks.

The nineteenth century brought major developments impacting contemporary candle making with advanced tools and equipment, raw materials and patented machines for mass-produced candles, widely available at a much lower cost. Today, paraffin wax, extracted from crude oil is widely used in commercial candle making, which equals beeswax candles for brightness, hardness and is cheaper. Despite advances in candle making, the candle industry was devastated soon after the distillation of kerosene (an excellent fuel for lamps). From this point, candles became more of a decorative item. The history of candle and candlestick contains no reference to the use of candles in India. There is no reference to the use of bees-wax in India among the materials used for feeding lamps during ancient and medieval times. However, there are many references in Sanskrit literature about bees-wax being referred as Amarakosh between 500 AD to 800 AD. In Peshwar Daftar Section edited by Rao Bhadur and G.S. Sardesai, there is a document proving the use of wax candle and rose water by King Shahu of Satara, the grandson of Shivaji the Great. The evidences show the use of candles in Maratha country later than AD 1700, though this use was confined only to royals. In the 17th century words like ‘Momdani’= ‘Menkosh’ meaning candlesticks and ‘mombatti’=’’menvartika’ meaning candle or bees-wax candle were used as recorded by Raghunatha Pandit in Rajavyavaharakosa. The Portuguese who settled in the southern part of India used to gather Cinnamon (procured from Cochin), which they placed in cauldrons with water and ends of branches that they boiled till the water evaporated. When cooled the upper portion of what

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Today cottage industries in India have stepped into rich varieties, beautiful colors and fragrances available to us due to the latest developments in tools, equipment and raw materials and patented candle making machines, moulds and dyes.

Nainital, Uttarakhand: An overview Uttarakhand is a state in the northern part of India that borders Tibet on the north; Nepal on the east; and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh to the south and Himachal Pradesh to the northwest. The state is divided into two divisions, Garhwal and Kumaon, with a total of 13 districts. The interim capital of Uttarakhand is Dehradun. The High Court of the state is in Nainital.

Nainital is best known for its beautiful emerald lake cradled by seven hills. The seven hill combination is called “Sapta-Shring” i.e. Ayarpata, Deopata, Handibandi, Naina, Alma, Lariya-Kanta and Sher-ka-Danda. Nainital derives its name from the lake- Nayana Tal. A beautiful legend is associated with the naming of Nainital. It is believed that when Lord Shiva was carrying the body of his consort Sati, after she had jumped into the sacrificial fire organized by her father Daksha Prajapati, her eyes fell here, hence it came to be called Nayana Tal (nayan, meaning eyes) or Nainital.

Over the last few decades, Nainital has grown tremendously due to tourism. The town has deep rooted ties to its culture and heritage. The two ends of the lake are called Tallital and Mallital, with a temple dedicated to the local Goddess Naina Devi by the lakeside. There are a lot of fun activities at the lake and besides it. Be it, sailing, rowing, or just a strole by the lake on the Mall road. For adventure enthusiasts there are a lot of trails leading to various scenic spots such as China peak, Snow view, Tiffin top and Lands end to name a few. These provide fantastic views of the surrounding hills and the Snow View 2270 m

To Pangot, Kilbury, Naina Peak 2610m

Uttarakhand

UTTARAKHAND Established 9 Nov, 2000 27th State of the Indian Union Total Area 53,485 km2

Tibetan Monastry Rickshaw Stand Boat House Club

Chamoli Pithoragarh Bageshwar

NAINITAL CITY MAP

Almora

KUMAON Nainital

Kathgodam Haldwani

NAINITAL

Pauri

Hardwar

Tehri

Nainital D istrict

GARHWAL

Champawat

Udham Singh Nagar

Geographic Location 29.38°N 79.45°E Altitude: 2,084 m (6,837 ft) Area: 11.73 SqKm Temperature: Summers 27°C (max) and 7°C (min), Winters 15°C (max) and 3°C (min) Navigation River/canal - 0

Golf Course

District Court Raj Bhawan

Demographics (As of 2001 Indian census) Population - 38,559 Males- 54% and Females 46% Avg. literacy rate - 91% Languages spoken: Kumaoni (regional), Hindi, English, Punjabi, Urdu, Nepali Locals: Kumaoni’s

Ramsay Hospital

To Almora

Kumaon University Sherwood College

AD RO

NAINI LAKE Pashan Devi Temple

Rudraprayag

Dehradun

Zoo

Tiffin Top 2292 m

Uttarkashi

ay eW

To Corbet National Park

1998-Present

Tibetian Market Ayarpatta Hill Naina Devi Temple

R op

D istrict D istribution

High Court SUKHATAL St. John’s Church Cave Gardens MALLITAL Bara Bazar

F l at s

remained was like a paste of white wax and at the bottom was camphor. As wax was cheap throughout India, every religious house always had a large supply of wax tapers on all festivals.

TALLITAL

Rickshaw Stand To Bhimtal Bus Stand Taxi Stand To Kathgodam

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

snow capped Himalayas.

Nainital.

One could take a ride on the Ropeway for a picnic at the summit, or hitch a ride to visit the erstwhile era British schools founded in the latter half of the 19th century. An architectural delight is the Government House built like a Scottish castle inspired by Gothic Architecture. A short drive would take you to lakes like Khurpatal, Sat-tal and Bhimtal. The weather is very good all year round with the months of April-July (Summer) being exceptionally pleasant. Monsoons last between July-September and Autumn from September-October. Winter normally lasts from November-March with the climate being extremely cold with frequent bouts of snowfall.

3. Bus

How to reach Nainital 1. A ir Dehradun Airport (392Km) with a daily flight to New Delhi. Pantnagar (Dist. Udam Singh Nagar) airport is the nearest airport to Nainital (65Km).

2. R ailway The nearest railway station is located at a distance of 34 kilometres in Kathgodham, at the foothills of the Kumaon hills. Kathgodam railway station enjoys good connectivity to important places such as Delhi, Lucknow and Howrah, with daily trains running to New Delhi. The narrow gauge train comes from Lalkuan, which is 55km from

1 Summer in Nainital

Nainital is well-linked to all nearby places by a network of well-constructed roads, including National Highway 87, which links it to Rudrapur and Rampur. A 6 to 7 hour drive from New Delhi, Nainital can easily be accessed by road, with a few halts en route. The main bus station of Nainital is located in Tallital.

Biodiversity: Flora & Fauna Nainital has groves of Kaphal, Sal, Oak, Pine, and ‘Buruns’ (Rhododendron) trees that are as tall as 6000 ft. At a much higher altitude, Deodar and Surai trees are a common sight.

For flora lovers, some of the important trees and bushes growing in the woods are ‘Panger’, ‘Akhrot’, ‘Hill Pipal’, ‘Chinar’, ‘Angu’, ‘Kilmora’, ‘Kunj’, ‘Hisalu’, Weeping Willow, and Pine. Especially in the Bhabhar region, one can see ‘Babul’ and ‘Kikar’ trees in abundance apart from ‘Sal’, ‘Shisham’, and ‘Khair’. Local Fruits grown in the region are Malta (kinu like fruit), Kafhal (wild berries), Khumani (Apricot), Pulam (plum), Apple, Strawberry and Mulberry. The dense forests are habitat to a large number of animals like the Himalayan languor, Indian porcupine, wild pig,

2 Snowfall in Nainital 2

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

monkey, barking deer, black-capped marten, ‘gural’, ‘bagh’&‘kukuribagh’ (leopard) and the brown flying squirrel. Some of the birds are jungle crow, streaked laughing thrush, grey winged black bird, house sparrow, the Himalayan tree creeper, house crow, green backed tit. Nainital lakes are inhabited with a variety of fishes commonly known as carps.

Kumaoni Community Kumaoni are people from kumaon region 1 Young Kumaoni girls in the traditional attire

of Uttarakhand. In colloquial language, people of Kumaon are also referred to as ‘Pahari’. They include all those who also speak the Kumaoni language or any of its numerous dialects, living in the Almora, Bageshwar, Champawat, Pithoragarh, Nainital, Dehradun, and Udham Singh Nagar districts of Uttarakhand. Traditional Kumaoni society consisted of three casts -Rajputs, Brahmins and Shilpkars. Pahari Rajputs or Kumaoni Rajputs were mostly the administrative

2 Choliya dancers

3 Nanda Sunanda idols 3

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

and military heard while also holding most of the lands. Brahmins were the clergy and Shilpkars the artists, businessmen and artisans. Som Chand, from Kannuaj, Allahabad (at present located in Uttar Pradesh) took over the Kumaon region from the Katyuri Kings in the 10th century. He then established the Chand dynasty. The region was annexed by the British in 1815 and was governed for seventy years on the non-regulation system by three administrators: Mr. Traill, Mr J. H. Batten and Sir Henry Ramsay. Attire The traditional attire for women is ‘Ghaghara-pichora’ which is normally worn on family weddings and occasions. Normally, women are seen in saris.. ‘Pithya’ or ‘tilak’ is made of turmeric and is applied on all occasions by women on their forehead till the upper nose. Men of Nainital wear ‘pajamas’, a long coat, waistcoat and a woolen cap.

R eligions Hinduism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, Jainism and Buddhism.

Cuisine Kumaoni food is simple and comprises largely of vegetables and pulses. It is highly nutritious so as to enable survival in the hard environment of the hills and the cold climate. People usually eat rice but wheat, ‘Maduwa’ and other grains are also consumed. In pulses, people prefer ‘Urad’, ‘Gahat’, ‘Bhatt’, and ‘Masur’. Meat is also common among the people. Ceremonial food consists of ‘Kheer’, ‘Singhal’, ‘Poori’, ‘Pua’, ‘Bada’, ‘Kaapa’ made of ‘Palak’, ‘Raita’, ‘Khatai’, ‘Alookegutke’ etc.

The other typical ‘kumouni’ delicacies are ‘Chudkani’&’Bhattiya’ made of ‘bhatt’ & Soya bean, ‘Dal’ made of ‘Gauhat’, ‘Jholee’ made from ‘mattha’, ‘Gaba’ vegetable, ‘Badii’ and ‘mangori’and sweets like ‘BalMithai’,‘barfi’,’singori’. Trade and commerce The main source of livelihood for the people of Nainital is Tourism. Petroleum, wheat and pulses are the major import products. Candles, Ringal, woolen products and walking sticks are majorly exported.

Local Festivals Some of the major Kumaoni festivals are:

1. Nanda D evi Fair This fair is celebrated in the month ofSeptember. It was started in the 16th century by King Kalyan Singh to worship hill goddess Nandadevi and Sunandadevi.

2. P hooldeli Phool Dei is celebrated in the month of March ‘Chaitra’, which is the first month of the Hindu calendar. On ‘PhoolDei’ young girls go to every house in their villages with plates full of rice, jaggery, coconut, green leaves and flowers. In return they are given blessings and presents like sweets, fresh jaggery and money. In a few places, they sprinkle flowers and rice on the doorsteps of neighborhood houses and sing traditional songs and hymns.

3. ‘H ariyala’ Hariyala is celebrated in Shravan to worship lord Shiva and goddess Parvati.

4. ‘K hatarua’ A fun festival celebrated on the first day of Hindu month of Ashwin. It welcomes

autumn season. A huge bonfire is lit in the neighborhood and cucumber is offered to the gods to kill evil spirits. ‘Paharis’ (people living on hills) orgnize ‘Jagars’ (religious ceremony) to please local deities like Golu Devta, Bholanath, Aidinath, Gangnath.

Songs and Dance

Musical instruments popularly played by the Kumaoni people in Nainital include Hurka, ‘Dhol’ and ‘Turturi’. Traditional dance called Chholia Nritya is famous in Nainital. ‘Chholia Nritya’ is a traditional war dance performed using a sword and a shield. Folk songs of Nainital are generally devotional and portray heroic and mythological themes. At the same time love songs and moral songs are equally popular.

yellow muslin cloth is imprinted with the designs of swastika in the center with the sun, moon, bells, shells, conch, etc., around it.

3. Boat M aking The city of lakes is not only renowned for the lake’s scenic beauty but also for boating. Following the lake’s discovery in 1839, boating activities commenced, thereby giving shape to boat-making business. At present, three types of boats sail here. However, boating originally began in the late 1800s when the British introduced yacht sailing as a water sport. They would bring ‘karigars’ and carpenters from places such as Rampur and Muradabad to build yachts under their supervision. A boat is assembled using five different parts made from

Other Crafts in Uttarakhand 1. ‘A ipan’(A lpana) The artistic ingenuity of the Kumaoni people is exhibited through their traditional style of painting known as ‘Aipan’. These hold a special place in all Kumaoni homes and are chiefly made during the festive season. The Kumaoni women decorate their houses with beautiful religious motifs of Gods and Goddesses known as ‘Yantra’ or‘Peeth’. It is a geometric representation of deities through the ornamentations/motifs made with rice paste on top of a base coat of ‘geru’ (brick red colour). The Aipan made on a wooden stool or ‘chowki’(stool) bears various patterns such as sun, moon, bells, water, ‘janeu’, etc. The ‘Pichora’ (dupatta) worn by married women is made by locals using an ancient traditional art of dyeing known as ‘Rangwali’. A bright

Boat under repair

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

‘Sheesham’ (Dalbergiasissoo), ‘Toona’ (Toonaciliata) and Pine tree wood.

Utility and decorative items like walking sticks, animal figures, miniature models of famous temples, idols of Gods etc. made by Uttarkhand craftsmen have acquired a special place. Apart from that products made of driftwood and Pine barks are some of the other beautiful pieces made by these craftsmen

2. Ornaments Goldsmiths make traditional ornaments using motifs and patterns which are thousands of years old. On special occasions, the locals wear traditional jewellery like ‘maangtika’, neckpieces‘galobandh’, ‘champakali’, sunmungi mala, tilladi, sitarami, arms are adorned with beautifully carved ‘paunchi’ and ‘dastobanj’, authentic mirror studded rings are called ‘munadi’ and are worn on the thumb. Huge gold nose rings are called ‘nath’. These ornaments are made of gold and/or silver.

4. Wood C arving Wood carving of this region is breathtaking for its simplistic and beautiful designs. Abundance of timber, suitable temperature for insulation of wood, availability of local and skilled labour and the prevalence of family tradition has contributed to the growth of this craft in the region. Historical evidences also support the presence of intricate wooden carvings in Uttarkahnd. Such carvings are more popular in the Almora region of Nainital district.

E. Ringaal: Found in abundance all over the Himalayas, Ringaal is a species of bamboo used for making various types of baskets, kitchen utility items, mats, furniture etc. Unlike the tropical variety of bamboos, which grow at lower heights and in wet climates, Ringaal is the temperate species found in higher and 5 colder regions. The farmers of Kumaon are experts in making beautiful crafts from Ringaal. However, they practice this craft more as a tradition than as a means of earning livelihood.

6 7

1 Part of a nose ring called ‘Latkan’ 2 Close up of the kudan work done on a nose ring 3 Earrings 4 Bracelet or ‘Paunchi’ 5Coral gold bead garland called ‘Sunmungi mala’ 6 Neckpiece called ‘Sat Ladi’ 7 Aipan

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

CRAFT AND CRAFT COMMUNITY: CANDLE MAKING OF NAINITAL German candle moulding machine at Anil candles.

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

CRAFT AND CRAFT COMMUNITY: CANDLE MAKING OF NAINITAL History and Evolution There is no conclusive evidence for how the craft of candle making originated in Nainital. Although ordinary candles have always existed as a cottage industry, decorative candles from Nainital started showing up in the marker in the early 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. According to the information given by the localities candle making was initiated by three units simultaneously namely- Anli Candles, C.A. Candles and Geeta Candles out of those only Anil candles is presently continuing with the profession. There is no evident proof of where did this idea of candle making appear from. Every owner had a different story to tell. It is said that before 1970's spiral candles were made in Delhi. Also a Christian named Mercy used to make solid cylindrical candles in Haldwani and supplied them to hill stations like Massouri and Nainital. Anil candles is one of the pioneers who are engaged in spreading this business in Nainital since 1970's. It was established by Late Mr. R.S. Virmani at the highest tri-junction of Bara Bazaar, Nainital,

with their third generation following suit. According to them, they were the first ones to import German made candle moulding machines to Nainital. Drawing inspiration and taking inputs from the process of candle making in Germany they started the industry with 15 craftspeople. Owner of Geeta Candles Mr. K.P. Kala said that it was an independent choice for each of the initial candle makers to get into this business. Mud toys and statues on the streets of Agra inspired him to use the same technique for candle making.

With the moulds of some birds, deities he started a small scale production unit from home in 1970. He started working with his wife Late Mrs. Geeta Kala, 3 women and 2 men helpers oblivious of the fact whether his designs would work or not. However the experimentation worked for him and to increase the production rate he bought 4 candle moulding machines(plain and spiral) from Delhi 1 Candle making in progress

for Rs. 20,000/-. He supplied not only to the local market but also to some stores in Delhi and Massouri. They discontinued the business of candle making in 2005 due to personal reasons. C.A. Candles was among the first three candle making units in Nainital. One of the elderly native who was friends with the Mr. Chautwani(owner of C.A.

To Kathgodam

Taxi Stand TALLITAL

Bus Stand

Raj Bhawan Golf Course

Over the years the candle making craft has evolved to a great extent. Initially starting with plain and spiral candles to cutwork, engraved and gel candles the craft has seen many changes in the way of production and style of work. Earlier the use of machines from Germany for making plain candles to be used in churches was the only area of work but now candles are prominent part of interiors of houses spas and health care centers. Surface ornamentation of candles is the USP of these handmade candles. The techniques are exclusive and require great skill. For production, mould casting is the popular technique in the current scenario.

Candle Making in Nainital Cottage Industries Crafts persons Residence Market

CLUSTER MAPING

Candles), said that he was very innovative and experimental. He would come up with new design ideas for candles and shared it with his friends to get feedback on his experiments. C.A. Candle no longer exists as it shutdown long back due to a fire accident in the industry. The whereabouts of the family are not known. Even after four decades of its existence, the lone indigenous industry of the Lake City involving the manufacture of ornamental candles continues to go strong.

ak District Court

Kumaon University

Sherwood College

Tibetian Market Ayarpatta Hill Naina Devi Temple To Corbet National Park

MALLITAL BADA BAZZAR Cave Gardens

Pashan Devi Temple

NAINI LAKE

Rickshaw Stand

Boat House Club

y Wa e op

SUKHATAL

St. Johnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church

High Court

S di

Tiffin Top 2292 m

AD RO

F l at s To Pangot, Kilbury, Naina Peak 2610m

Tallital Rickshaw Stand

Zoo Ramsay Hospital Tibetan Monastry

Snow View 2270 m

To Bhimtal

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

To Almora

Introduction

The candle making craft industry in Nainital encompasses goods that are handmade by artisans or those skilled in a particular technique. All entrepreneurs operate independently and are not franchised. All raw materials are sourced from big commercial cities like New Delhi, Moradabad, Firozabad, and only labour is locally sourced, which are later

trained and accordingly given tasks observing their skill sets. The industry usually relies on community support to maintain a customer base. The main stakeholders of this craft are the artisans and the entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurship varies from wholesalers, shopkeepers to both wholesalers and shopkeepers. Either wholesalers buy all raw materials in bulk from Delhi or they have agents who supply the major raw materials on the basis of order placed by them. The location of the industry setup depends on the economic status of the manufacturer. Artisans are either self employed or employed under manufacturer. Independent makers get orders and raw materials from manufacturers or buy raw material from suppliers in Nainital and work from home whereas, employed artisans work daily in the owners workspace. Large scale manufacturers supply finished products to shopkeepers, other states, abroad and to some small scale manufacturers who produce only specific candles.

Community This community of crafts persons (makers) comprises of both men and women settled in the Kumaon region and are from different castes and age groups. They basically belong to the lower income group due to factors such as their educational background and upbringing. They came from different religions like Hinduism, Islam, Christianity and Buddhism. Nainital being hill station with a lot of climatic challenges has a very few job opportunities. Inspite of being well educated most of the people are unable to find a decent job of their

Introduction

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

choice in Nainital. For women it become even more difficult as after schooling or graduation they only have to wait until they get married and settle after which they can decide on to what career they want to chose for themselves. The educational qualifications of crafts people varies from uneducated to Masters in Arts and Bachelors in Science. Well this does not make any difference in the money they get paid for working in a candle making cottage industry. The only thing that keeps them going is the small amount of money they make. There is no source of inspiration or motivation for the craft they are master in and there is no one to tell them how creative and uniquely special they are. Most of the crafts people live in the same locality and the pattern that is seen is that they follow or do what the neighbour is doing. They come from Sukhatal which is nearly 4 Km from the work place. None of them is proud of they are doing but they are continuing this as they do not really have an option.

Socio-CulturalEconomical Aspects The craftspeople contribute their knowledge of local materials with the land and with cultural ideas, which help to define a sense of place. The role of craftspeople in reviving cultural integrity and stimulating development and independence among small groups and communities has been profound. Throughout centuries, crafts have been embedded as a culture and tradition within rural communities. This craft started in the year 1970 and since then has come a long way in terms

of new designs and techniques. The community belongs to the lower income group. Craftsmen belong to different religions, castes and creed and so were their employers. The craft is totally ignored by the natives of Nainital and is restricted only to those who do not have an option but to work in candle making industries for earning daily wages. For women it serves as a source of secondary income which is available to them taking in consideration their educational qualifications and socio-economic background. Craftswomen are preferred over craftsmen because their counterparts

demand annual increments and they quit easily for a better offer elsewhere but still manage to receive a higher salary than females. Neither the natives are proud of this craft nor are the craftspeople. One such master craftsperson revealed that she has been working in this industry for the past 6 years and has not reached any level in terms of salary increment. When asked how they feel about this craft there is a certain level of apprehension in revealing

Casted candles

their profession as candle makers. There are a few women who think they deserve better jobs or salaries since they put in a lot of hard work and reap minimal benefits.

RAW MATERIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROCESS

Fluorescent pink dye in powder form.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

RAW MATERIAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS Candles making in Nainital is a small scale cottage industry that requires various raw materials like wax, stearin, colours, fragrance oils, wick, wick sustainers, decorative’s, containers. No raw material are locally produced but out sourced from various parts of country. This chapter will include introduction to various raw material, their properties and procurement, preparation, storing along with the problems faced in obtaining them.

Wax ‘Moom’ Wax is one of the most important ingredients for making candles. Paraffin wax is a white, odourless, solid most commonly used for candle making. It is a petroleum by-product created when crude oil is refined into gasoline. Wax comes in the form of large slabs in plastic rugs. It is broken down into smaller pieces and melted in a metal vessel. In the molten form hardener is added to the wax so as to increase its strength. Paraffin wax are characterised on the basis of their melting point, oil content, flexibility, plasticity, colour and cost.

1. ZCC Iranian Wax (Grade C) Iran is one of the largest exporter of paraffin wax in the world. Cottage industries of Nainital import this wax for making plain burning candles.

2. Iranian Wax (Grade A) This grade is the fully refined and purest form of wax. Since it is highly flexible and plastic in nature it is used in making cutwork candles.

Colour- white Melting point- 35-400°C Oil content- 3.5-5% Cost- Rs.98/Kg.

Colour- white/translucent, Melting point- 60- 660°C Oil content- 31.5% (lesser the oil content better the wax). Cost- Rs.110/Kg.

3. Indian Oil Corporation Wax (Type 2) Paraffin Wax is produced only at Digboi and CPCL Refineries of IndianOil. It is hard in nature

4. Chinese Wax (Grade A) This type is mostly used for making candles in Nainital due to its high plasticity.

Physical form- slab/hard Colour- white, Melting point- 60-620°C Oil content- 2.5-3.5% Cost- Rs.115/Kg.

Physical form- slab/plastic Colour- white Melting point- 58-600°C Cost- Rs.135/Kg.

5. Gel Wax It is composed of mineral oil and polymer resin capable of burning almost twice as long as paraffin wax candles. Gel wax is only used as a container wax. Physical form- rubbery gel Colour- transparent Melting point- 800°C Cost- Rs.220/Kg.

6. Bees Wax Natural wax extracted from bee hives hence the most expensive wax. It is is highly flammable. Since its natural, beeswax candles are used in European orthodox churches. Physical form- slab/plastic Colour- yellowish Melting point- 30-350°C Cost- Rs.280/Kg.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Wick â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Battiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; A candlewick is a piece of string or cord that holds the flame of a candle. The candlewick influences how the candle burns. Important characteristics of the wick include diameter, stiffness, fire resistance, and tethering. A candlewick works by capillary action. If the capillarity is too great, the molten wax streams down the side of the candle. Wicks are often infused with a variety of chemicals to modify their burning characteristics.

Wick sustainers are used to hold the wicks in containers or molds, which do not have a hole for insertion.

Hardener The process of candle making requires the wax to be of a certain hardness so that once the candle is ready it retains its shape in all climatic conditions and does not bend. For this,v either stearic acid or vybar is added to molten wax to increase its shrinking qualities so that when it is set the wax can be more easily removed

There are two types of threads available -

1 Variety of Indian cotton threads

1. German Cotton Thread This is a good quality thread which when burnt lasts long and does not leave any carbon deposit hence smokeless and soot free. Cost is Rs. 3/m.

2 Stearic Acid or Stearine

3 Vybar

2. Indian Cotton Thread Commercial wicks are made from braided cotton, which is of inferior quality but is used by Nainital candle makers since it is cheaper. This is available in different diameters (e.g. 1.8mm, 2.2mm, 2.4mm).

from the mould. Composition: 1 part of Stearin in 10 parts of wax. Stearic Acid or Stearine It helps to prevent candles from dripping and hardens wax for longer burn time.

Vybar Vybar is beneficial in achieving a more consistent product, it helps with uniform dye dispersion and a reduction in surface flaws. This in turn cuts down the number of rejects, which saves time and money.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Colour Pigment To colour the candles oil based colours are used. A few flakes of concentrated colour is added to the molten wax, which is then used to colour coat the candles by dipping them in this solution. One can also make natural dyes by infusing herbs/ spices in oil. Good botanicals to try are annatto seeds (orange), turmeric (yelloworange), paprika (red), beet (violet-red), plant leaves (green). All manufacturers in Nainital use saturated colours that come in various forms.

1. Pigment Dyes

1 Dark blue pigment dye 2 Red pigment dye 3 Deep yellow pigment dye 4 Purple pigment dye 5 Green pigment dye

These are available in chip form. The advantage to dye chips is these are easy touse and can also be mixed to make many other colours. Pigment dyes cover over dipped items faster with a heavier buildup of colour (two to three times richer), while using less amounts of pigment. Cost isRs. 8000/Kg.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Fragrance Oil

Zinc Oxide

Different fragrances and aroma oils used are jasmine, lavender, rose, green apple, pine, musk and lemon grass being the most expensive (Rs.1200/L). Even though you can use most fragrances safely at 20%, one should only go as high as 10% in candle wax to help ensure better burn results.

For any colour to stand out it requires a white background, similarly in the process of making candles they are first dipped in zinc oxide to achieve a pure white base. Its consistency being 30%, cost Rs. 300/Kg. Flake white tube colour is also available which has a better finish but cost being a factor itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s not used.

2. Indian Fluorescent Dyes These dyes are neon in colour and are manufactured in India. When dipped initially the colour of the candle is bright and sharp but with time the brightness fades. Multiple layering is not possible with this type because once dipped they smudge; however candle makers readily use it due its low cost.

3. Block Colour Block colours are concentrated enough to colour 15 pounds (6.8kg) of candle wax to a deep shade, these colour blocks are formulated from aniline dyes to give clear, bright tones or shades and are sediment free. These are very expensive, not made in India hence imported.

4. Liquid Candle Dye Highly concentrated liquid dyes are 50% stronger than standard liquid dyes and are formulated with eco-friendly ingredients. These dyes are completely odourless and are gel safe. These are not used by any of the candle makers in Nainital.

1 Fluorescent green dye 2 Green block colour 3 Fluorescent pink dye in powder form 4 Zinc oxide mixed in molten white wax 5 Jasmine aroma oil flask 6 Aroma oil in small glass bottles, to be packed along with portpourri for sale.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Decorative Objects/ Embedment’s Various decorative objects like shells, stones, beads, plastic sea creatures, animals, sparkles and potpourri are added to candles to make them look attractive. Potpourri is dried ‘Kapas’ (cotton) bud. The bud absorbs the oil and release aroma in contact with air. It has a very good market in India and abroad. Seasonal flowers like pansies, larkspurs and ferns are dried and stored for months to be used as embellishments on pillar candles. Embedment’s can cause bubbles in gel candles so to avoid bubbles, the container is warmed prior to pouring and then wax is poured as slowly as possible. Some gel candles do have bubbles with fish embedment’s to give a watery effect.

1 Potpourri or dried Kapas buds 2 Flowers decorated with redimade stamens 3 Mould casted candles with metallic paint finish. 4 Plastic fish, plants and potpourri embediments in gel candles 3

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

3 3

1 Idols with sparkle 2 Sequin studded candle 5 Dry flower candles

3 Coffee beans inside candles 4 Mould casted candles

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Lamination It is the final coating done on candles to give them polish and sheen. Lamination is a mixture of W grade resin (pine tree by-product) and acetone. Composition being 2.5Kg+10L respectively. Also spirit or thinner is used to dilute it.

Containers Glass containers are used for gel-based candles and are sourced from Moradabad and Firozabad. Size of these containers range from 2cmX2cm to 24cmX10cm. The forms are cylindrical, cuboidal, cubical, beer mugs, cocktail glasses and many more. Glazed ceramic aroma diffusers and burners are sourced from Khurja, UP. Aroma diffusers are sold along with aroma oils and wax candles as candleholders. Candleholers made of metal and wood of different shapes and sizes are sourced from Haldwani, Muradabad and Delhi.

1 Lamination being taken out in a steel bucket 2 Cut work candles being dippen in lamination 3 Left- Before lamination, Right- After lamination 4 Metal chimneys with gel 5 Glass containers for gel candles 6 Ceramic aroma diffusers from Khurja

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Fuel

Sourcing of Raw Material

1. Gas Gas agencies in Nainigytal like Parvat gas Service, Kaler gas service, Bharat gas and Indane gas; provide access to cooking gas cylinders. A 14.2 Kg LPG cylinder (subsidy) costs Rs.438.00, 14.2 Kg LPG cylinder (Non-subsidy) costs Rs.651.00, 19 Kg LPG cylinder (Commercial) costs Rs.1251.00 The newly introduced 5 kg cylinder price is at Rs.163.00 and Rs.411.50 for non subsidized price, according to the price updated on 24-Feb-15. Candle makers in Nainital prefer using gas as an energy source.

All the raw material is sourced from various manufacturers, exporters, traders and suppliers based in New Delhi including wax, oils, colours and decorative items. Wax is either bought from an agent who delivers the required material directly to the owner or some suppliers sell paraffin wax from whom individual practioners buy according to their requirement.

2. Kerosene Kerosene is a hydrocarbon liquid distilled from crude oil. It burns relatively cleanly compared to other petroleum products such as gasoline and diesel fuel, producing fewer particulate pollutants and harmful vapors hence it is used in many industrial and commercial applications. Keroseneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s relative cleanliness and efficiency compared to other liquid petroleum-based fuels makes it an attractive alternative fuel. Kerosene is sourced from agencies situated in and around Nainital.

1 Wax being melted on a gas stove 2 Gas stove with a metal plate on top, used for leveling the base of candles 3 Paraffin wax stored in plastic sacks

Glass containers from Firozabad and Moradabad and Ceramic burners and potpourri bowls from Khurja. The manufacturers in Nainital place the order to the agents in Khurja, Moradabad and Firozabad for the containers and make full advance payment according to the number of pieces. There is always a

15-20%breakasge and the owners have to pay for all the damaged pieces.

Storage of Raw Material Wax is stored in plastic sack. These being small-scale cottage industries the stock is ordered according to the requirement. The colours are stored in plastic packets or boxes. All liquids are stored in plastic or metal gallons. Once the colour is mixed with wax it is kept in huge aluminium vessels until it is reused. The scrap wax shavings and pieces are collected in huge metal containers until they are melted and reused to make black statue candles. These candles produce lots of smoke while burning and are usually used for decorative purpose.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

2 1 Coloured wax stored in deep vessels

2 Fragrance oils in plastic containers

3 Coloured wax slabs

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Observations

1 Left over colours stored in tin cans after use 2 Colour pigments stored in plastic containers 3 Pressed, dried flowers, ferns and leaves kept in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;mithaiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; boxes 4 Colour pigments

Candle making is a craft of Nainital but surprisingly no raw material is produced locally. All of the raw material is sourced either from New Delhi, Moradabad or Firozabad, most of which is from New Delhi. Nainital is well connected to all these places by road and rail which makes it easier for the industry owners to source all the raw material from these places. The owners prefer to travel all the way to Delhi to procure all the raw material required. This helps them to keep a check on the material itself and its price. Since the prices of raw materials is ever fluctuating and more often than not it rises, the smaller units find it difficult to survive thus making the market more open for larger businesses. Wax comes in plastic sacks so there is no special requirement for storing it in any other containers. For storing colours plastic jars are used or sometimes individual colours are packed in plastic packets depending upon the amount sourced at a time. All sorts of oil based pigments are available in Delhi except for some best quality colour pigments which are imported by a very few industry owners owing to its expense. In terms of purity of wax, colors and oils the raw materials are of good quality and processed. They can be used directly without the need of any refinement. In a way it becomes easy for the craftsperson, as they need not prepare raw material but use it as it is.

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

RAW MATERIAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS The basic infrastructure for setting up a candle factory includes the following1. Tools and Equipment, 2. Candle moulding machine and dyes for casting, 3. Wax Melting System, 4. Cooling water circulating system, 5. Minimal work space

Tools and Equipment Most candles are made by heating wax at very high temperatures, so it is important for both safety and a good result to use the equipment correctly and follow the instructions carefully. Some tools and equipmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s used by the craft community for candle making in Nainital are1. Energy Source A gas or kerosene stove or an electric heater is used to heat the wax to convert it into molten form to be used further.

Trays Aluminium Trays (shallow vessel) are used for making wax chips, keeping candles, cutting tools etc.

2. Utensils

Glass trays These are wooden framed glass trays used for cutting intricate design elements. Hot wax is poured onto the glass surface and left to settle down until it gets to the consistency of semi solid. Glass tray is used as it does not stick and it is easy to cut the semi solid wax and pick the cut pieces.

As containers basic kitchen utensils are used for various purposes and once used are devoted to candle making. Deig (deep vessel) For melting plain and coloured wax, aluminium deeg (deep vessels) are used which are available in different sizes.

Left over coloured wax deep aluminium vessels or Deig

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Tooth brush A brush or ‘burush’(in local language) is used to apply mustard oil to the insides of the moulds before pouring molten wax so that once the wax is cold and set; it can be removed from the mould with ease. It is also applied on aluminium trays so that once the work is finished its easy to scrape the wax and clean them. ‘Channi’ (sieve) Wax needs to be sieved in large sieves (referred to as ‘channi’ in the local language) to separate dust particles and impurities from it, when being re used after a long duration.

1 Glass tray with a wooden frame 2 Aluminium tray 3 Toothbrush is used in oiling moulds and trays 4 Sieve or ‘channi’ in local language 5 Candles kept on a metal tray

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Teakettles and Kamandal (small deep pot with a handle) For pouring molten plain and coloured wax teakettles of aluminum and kamandals (the craftspeople were referring to it as ‘lota’) are used.

Baskets & Tubs These are useful in storing unused wax and keeping all the waste wax so that it could be melted and re used later in making black colour candles.

1 Kamandal (small deep pot with a handle) 2 Aluminium tea kettles containers 5 Casted candles soaked in a tub filled with water 5

‘Dahruh’ (metal ladles) Perfect for stirring and mixing any chemical or colours that are put into molten wax.

3 Jars with a spouts

4 Ketal and tin

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

3. Cutting Tools Cutting tools are mainly used for cutwork candles but these tools are also used for various other purposes. There is no particular cutting tool except knives and cutters that is required by a craftsperson. gallons of liquid containers etc.

‘Chakhu’ or ‘chak-khu’ (Knife) Sharp plain edged knives with a plastic, metal or a wooden handle are used as a cutting tool for both cut work candles and for cutting and sticking intricate design elements or

decorations on top of candles. For e.g., the craftsperson heats the knife (specifically a wooden handle) ona gas stove and uses it to join the intricately cut shapes of wax on the surface of the casted candle. They are also used in opening huge gallons of liquid containers etc.

Cutter Paper cutters are used to cut intricate shapes and designs on semi solid wax sheets.

1 Plastic baskets 2 Metal ladel from the base, during casting

Scissors These are used to cut the wick once the candle is set inside the mould and also in the end for finishing.

3-4 Various cutting knives, scissors and paper cutter

5 Cutting the wick

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

4. Machines There are a few machines available for making plain and spiral candles. This includes both German made and Indian made machines. The advantage of using these machines is that they produce more number of unitâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s altogether. But the disadvantage is that they have some specific design dies with it (1 or 2) and are very costly.

As the designs of candles change frequently these are not affordable for small-scale cottage industries. As plain white and spiral candles were in demand in the early 70â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-90â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, these machines were used only to make those candles for churches, festivals and everyday use in households. Sadly the machines are no longer in working condition

in today's date in any of the cottage industries in Nainital. Mostly all candles presently being made in Nainital are mould casted and the surface decoration is all handwork. Machine brand to find out. Candle Molding Machine For candle producers who want to produce large quantity of candles, manually worked candle pouring machines are

1 Orthographic drawing of knives

2 German make candle moulding machine at Anil candles, Nainital

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

many built-in candle molds fixed inside a water tank. To make candles, firstly the wax is heated and melted in a Wax Melter. Molten wax is poured into the candle moulds. Then it is cooled by the circulating water, and turns back to solid. The candles are shaped within 15-20 minutes when the wax is fully solidified. Eject them out of the candle moulds by rotating the handle and one batch of candles is finished. It can produce almost all the kinds, including the normal Lighting Candle, Pillar Candle, Spiral Candle, Taper Candle, Votive Candle, Church Candle, Tea-light Candle, and some Floating Candle etc. The Candle Moulding Machine mostly makes candles with long length and small diameter, such as the lighting candle, spiral candle and taper candle. With the Manual Candle Making Machine, the candle length (height) is adjustable, but the candle diameter is un-adjustable. This machine cannot produce non-regularshape candles, thus individual candle making moulds are used. 1

the first choice. Although they are called manual machines, they can provide big output capacity. With an investment of less than Rupees 6,50,000. A small-scale candle plant can have 2-4 machines, which can produce 8,000-30,000 candles per day (8 working hours). Another advantage is that it does not need any electricity in comparison

to some automated candle machines that consume - 20KW or 40KW per hour. Handling this machine does not need any special skills or training. Any adult, man or woman, can learn how to use it in a short duration. The maintenance is easy as the structure of the German machines was wooden. These are durable and can work for

20-30 years if operated with good care.

To produce plain candles of 30grams/piece within 8 hours production rate would be: 2,560pcs (77kgs) with Type A 6,720pcs (200kgs) with Type B

Over 70% of other candles like pillar candles, tealight candles and taper candles can be made with manual machines. Some candles can be made only with the manual machine like spiral votive candles.

9,000pcs (260kgs) with Type C

Mechanism Candle moulding machine have

1 Wick instalment 2 German make candle moulding machine, side view 3 Plain candles 3

The above data are for reference only. The production capacity depends on the water temperature, working conditions, workers skill etc. Machines have the following advantage: 1) Simple machine, easy to operate and maintain 2) Durable machines 3) Good production quality 4) High production efficiency 5) Reasonable price

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

5. Moulds and Dyes The whole candle cottage industry now works on the moulds and dies instead of large machines. These moulds are available in various materials like cast iron, aluminum, PoP, clay, and silicon. The design is ever changing and so are the moulds. Generally the moulds used are all two-piece moulds with different locking systems. The locking can be done either by screws, pins/clutchers or thick rubber bands. Moulds are available in various sizes and shapes. Metal moulds are more durable and last for years.

Sourcing of tools and moulds All the moulds, dies and tools are sourced from New Delhi or Moradabad. These include the moulds that are already available in the market and also customized designs. PoP moulds are made by the craftsperson in the workshop itself.

1 Clay mould for a statue 2 Metal mould with nuts and bolts locking system 1

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

5 1

Mould maintenance All metal moulds are smeared with a layer of mustard oil using a brush, before casting. They are cleaned and layered with oil again after the casting process is complete. Metal and silicon moulds are preferred over PoP and terracotta moulds due to their durability. 4

1 Left to right- POP mould, Yatch shaped metal mould with rubber band locking system, Clay mould 2 Multiple piece pillar candle mould 3 Metal moulds with rubber band and metal clasp/clutcher locking system 4 Silicon mould 5 Casted candles ready to be removed

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Tools & Equipment Analysis During the field visit the following observations were made: The use of double boiler is essential in candle making as it prevents the molten wax from overheating and igniting. To use, boil water in the bottom pan and melt the wax in the top part. However in the cottage industry setup no such equipment was used, instead deep aluminium vessels were kept directly on stove to melt wax. Also, during discussions one of the most important fact concluded was that, there

Workspace and Ergonomics

are no specific tools designed for any of the tasks. All the tools used have a primary function and candle making is a secondary use. For example, for surface engraving and intricate cutwork on candles there was no specific chisel/knife being used, which concluded that proper tools are not provided to the crafts people.

the production scale.

Workspace and ergonomics talk about the craft and the comfort of the craftsperson and how minute details make a lot of difference. According to the International Ergonomics Association ergonomics is the scientific discipline concerned with the understanding of interaction among human and other elements of a system.

There is a wide variety of equipment available in the market like thermometer, wicking needles, dipping cans, pans, pouring jugs and measuring jars nonetheless the craftspeople meet their needs with minimal infrastructure available to them.

Workspace for candle making has no criteria. The craft can be done in a small room and in a large factory depending on

The basic difference in workspace is due to the use of machines or only moulds and dyes. The workspaces with huge German/Indian candle making machines were relatively larger. Some industries had separate machines for separate purposes like for melting wax, candle base-making unit, packaging unit, which were all electricity based. Candle molding machines were kept at a distance from one another. Since these do not require electricity one person can handle multiple (maximum 3) machines simultaneously.

1 A young craftsman casting candles 1

2 Work in progress at Shan candles

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Smaller workspaces need minimal infrastructure and space for mould casting and surface development. While working the crafts people sit on wooden or plastic stools also called ‘chauk’. The gas stove is common between 3 to 4 crafts people and all have their individual knives placed on the stove for heating. Different elements cut in wax are made simultaneously and are put together by the master crafts person.

1 Crafts persons residence-cum-worspace 4 Mehra candle manufacturers workspace

2-3 Craftsperson Mr. P Tiwari’s workspace 4

Infrastructure

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Workspace and Ergonomics Analysis After visiting different sites we observed that the workshop was basically setup in two to three rooms, these are aligned with their residence itself. All the workspaces were congested, dingy, untidy, poorly ventilated in spite of the fact that candle making requires area to be full of light and air circulation should be proper. Wax fumes are produced when wax is heated, so to avoid inhaling fumes aerated spaces are needed. However, none of the craftsperson ever complained of any problems. When observed only one room had a small exhaust fan with a single window. The workspaces were very small (7’x7’) with about 7 to 8 women working on a single gas stove. There was no furniture or seating of a particular height designed specifically for the tasks. Each person takes whatever is available and comfortable to work on. Basic furniture seen in the workspace was ‘chauk’ (low rise wooden stool), tables and chairs. Area is a major constraint for any kind of innovation to be done in the sector ranging approximately from 15’x20’ to 5’x7’. Due to lesser space there is a limitation to number of craftsperson also. There is no proper and separate space for storing the raw material and finished products. Stock is stored within the workspace. One single room contains plastic crates with casted candles, moulds, raw materials and final finished products staked on shelves and on the floor. Once the stock is sold only then new work starts. This limits the production rate.

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

RAW MATERIAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS The process can be divided into three major sections, which are pre production, production and postproduction activities. There are various types of candles made in Nainital and each one of which has a different process of production. Still there are several steps, which are common for all. It requires at least 3 days to complete a batch of finished candles. Sequence of steps mandatory and common for all kinds of candles are as follows1. Preparation of raw material, 2. Casting, 3. Surface decoration, 4. Finishing, 5. Packaging

Production The productiong process involves careful handeling at every step right from preparing the raw materials to casting, colouring and decorating them. Preparing Raw Material Wax The raw material for candle is wax that comes in from of blocks. These blocks of wax are broken into two or three and put into the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;deegâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and is heated on a stove until it reaches molten state. Moulds To avoid the wax from sticking to the walls of mould mustard

oil is applied on the inner walls using a toothbrush. Wick Then the wick is placed in the center of mould by tying at two ends vertically. Now the two pieces of moulds are bought together and are fixed using screw, rubber band, or metal clips.

Coloured wax being melted for the casting candles

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

Colour All the colours used are oilbased and are soluble in the wax. To use these colours, wax is first heated and small piece of saturated colour is then added to it depending on the intensity of colour required.

Casting Candles are casted upside down. Wax in molten form is poured into the moulds using a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;lotaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. The crafts person simultaneously uses 5-6 moulds. As the wax cools down it shrinks so the moulds are filled again after 2-3 minutes. The moulds are then dipped in a tub with cold water for it to set. In no time the wax sets and the wick on the base is cut using a pair of scissors. The clips are removed and the piece is taken out of the mould. These moulds are then refilled and the same process is repeated. The casted pieces are put into a tub full of water for rest of the day. Per day approximately 150-200 pieces of candles are casted by a crafts person. Time consumed 15mins/cycle.

1 Application of oil on the mould 2 Cotton wick fixed on the mould 3 Molten wax 4 Molten wax poured into the mould with the help of a lota 5 Wax left to settle down into the mould, as it shrinks molten wax is re-poured 6 Excess wax is removed using a sharp knife 7 Moulds left in a water tub for the wax to harden

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

1 Cutting the wick from the base 2 Removing the casted pieces from the mould 3 Casted pieces in a water tub 4 Casted pieces without colour stacked to dry 3

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

Colouring These casted pieces are taken out of the water and are left to dry for some time. The pieces are then dipped in molten coloured wax one by one. After colouring it depends what technique is to be done, as the processes are different. Surface decoration Various techniques are cutwork, engraving, embossing, gel, chip work, froth technique, cherry/flower candles, painting on mould casted candles and dry flower decoration.

1 Plain white casted candles 2 Colour pigments 3 Mangoes hanged after colouring and lamination 4 Coloured and laminated fruits left to dry 4

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

Post Production Postproduction process is very important for candle making. It includes finishing and packaging processes. Irrespective of the type of candle these steps are common for all the candles. Finishing Base After the surface decoration the base of candles are finished. This is done on a tilted metal plate, which is kept on a stove. The extra wax on the base melts down the plate.

Lamination As the dust particles and insects very easily stick to the surface of candles so layer of lamination is the last layer added on the candle so as to protect it against dust and add luster.

Final Coating Of Wax The candle is again dipped into molten wax so that all the parts of candle stick together.

Cutting The Long Wick The wick is intentionally kept long enough to facilitate the dipping process. In the end the wick is cut smaller and finished.

Process of decoration/ embellishment Paraffin Wax itself is white with different characteristics, and colours added are those that grow in the makerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mind. The mixing of colours is an interesting process and a very important one too. The molten wax, which is coloured or white as the case may be, is poured into a mould. It is left to set for some time. Then the shape the wax has taken is given a machine finish, or a hand finish. Mostly they are hand finished as designs are intricate and artistic. Only the plain tapered and spiral versions get a machine finish. Like a kaleidoscope the candle designs run amok. Below are the case studies, which decide the process being followed for `specific decorative candles.

1 Tilted metal plate for leveling the base 2 Craftsperson finishing the base of the candle 3 Cutwork candles ready to be dipped in lamination 4 Cutting the wicks to the desired size

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

Cut Work This is one of the oldest techniques of making candles. For the cutwork technique plain white or colour casted candles are used. Casted candles are first dipped multiple times in molten wax mixed with zinc oxide to attain an opaque white colour base. Once this is achieved the candles are dipped one by one in molten coloured wax multiple times to form subsequent layers of that colour. While one craftsperson is dipping the candles, the master craftsperson picks one candle and dips it one final time in molten coloured wax so that the surface is warm and soft enough for him to cut, twist or turn. The sliced part is twisted in the desired direction to achive a pattern. All candles are dipped once more in molten clear wax (water consistency) so that the curls are set and then dipped in lamination and left to dry.

1 Plain and multicoloured casted candle 2 Dipping in molten wax and zince oxide solution 3 After several layers, the candle is re-dipped in yellow coloured molten wax 4 Shades achieved after layers of dipping, blue to yellow 5 Shade chart progression left to right, blue to bright yellow 6 Shade chart progression left to right, Pink to bright yellow

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

1 Candle ready for cutwork 2 Master craftsperson slicing soft wax 3 Multicoloured candle give a different feel to the cut work on candles 4 Differnet patterns can be achieved by slicing, folding and twisting soft wax

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

1 Cutwork candle ready to be dipped in lamination 2 Spherical cutwork candles 3 Cube cutwork candles

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

2. Engraving This is one of the most unique and toughest technique of making candles. For engraving the candles are casted either white or black in colour. The motifs are then engraved on the candle using knife. In winters the candles are engraved under the sun or in the presence of heaters. In summers the engraving can be done indoors. The engraved parts are then carefully filled with coloured wax using knives. This is a very crucial part as the wax to be filled in the engraved section should neither be too hot that it deforms the candle at that area nor cold that it doesn't even stick to the candle. These candles are not dipped in lamination so; once the piece is complete it is finished and wrapped in cellophane sheet. This technique needs a lot of patience, skill, time and dedication.

3. Chip Work Chip work is done while casting the candles. For this initially molten wax is poured on the aluminium tray and allowed to cool to a certain warmth. With the help of knife this layer of wax is cut into small pieces. These pieces are allowed to cool and are stored. While casting candles the moulds are first filled with these chips and then coloured hot molten wax is poured into the mould. These chip work candles are then decorated by dry flowers or cherries.

1 Left to right- Black casted candle, design engraved, coloured wax neatly filled in the engraved part 2 Fake version of engraved candles by just painting on the surface 3-4 Chipwork scented candles

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

4. Cherry A nd Flower C andles In this type plain, coloured or chip work candles are first casted. These candles have a number of tiny elements some of which are casted and some are hand cut. Cherry of diameter 1cm is made by filling moulds with molten coloured wax with the help of kettles. In 2-3 minutes these cherries are taken out of moulds and put into the water. Trained craftsperson heats the knife and one by one puts these cherries on the candle to form a bunch.

On the other hand another craftsperson uses a glass tray and pours green hot molten wax on it to form a thin layer of wax out of which they cut leaves and stems. Using a knife these leaves and stem are stuck on the candle with bunch of cherries. The finished candles are not dipped into lamination. For these candles clear PVC plastic box packaging is done before dispatch.

1 Wax being poured in moulds 2 Craftsperson taking out casted cherries from the mould 4 Knives being heated to stick the casted cherries on the pillar candles

3 Casted cherries 4

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

1 Shaded chipwork casted candles 2 A bunch of cherries stuck together around the candle 3 Handcut leaves and stems stuck around the cherries with the help of a hot knife 4 Leaves being cut on a glass tray 5 Tray is refiiled with molten glass and let to settle until it turns into solid state 6 Finished product

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

1 Handmade wax flowers and leaves 2 Craftsperson sticking entricately cut shapes with a hot knife 3 Flower candle 4 Beautifully finished flower candles from Mehra Candles 5 Flower candles made at Anil Candles

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

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5. Gel C andles Gel wax needs containers to hold it, as this wax is not hard enough to retain the shape of moulds. As gel wax is a transparent wax different decorative items are added to it. Gel wax is first heated in a vessel, then all the desired decorative items are placed in a glass container, the wick is placed in the centre and simultaneously gel wax is poured.

If colour needs to be added it should be added when the gel is in molten state. An interesting bubble effect can be created by letting one layer of gel set in a glass container and after a minute pouring hot gel over it. Since air gets trapped between hot and cold wax, bubbles are formed. Coloured and scented potpourri is one of the most commonly used decorative for gel wax.

3 1 Aromatic gel candles

2 Magnified to see bubble effect

3 Gel candle with potpourri

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

6. Wa x Idols Wax idols are decorative candles. These include figurines, fruits, and holy idols. The holy statues are wick-less candles, not used for burning but as decorative items. The figures are first casted using moulds, their surface is then painted either using brush or by dipping into colour solutions. Finally the piece is dipped into clear wax so as the painted and dipped colour spreads over the piece non-uniformly giving it a natural look. This is one of the oldest candle making technique.

1 Ganesha candles before colouring lamination 5 Ganesha candle

2-3 Yellow casted candle dipped in molten red wax

3-4 Candle dipped in

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Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

7. D ry Flower C andles The mould casted plain, colour or chip work candles are all used as base for dry flower candles. Nainital is rich in its flora and fauna. There are several species of seasonal flowers and ferns found. The flowers chosen are first dried and pressed before they are gently stuck onto the candle. The area where the dried flower or leaf is to be placed is first touched by hot knife, as the wax in that area melts immediately the flower is placed on it. This way the flower sticks to the candle. These candles are not dipped into lamination because the chemical can spoil the dry leaves and flowers therefore these candles are covered by cellophane sheet. This technique is also very old and practices by almost all the candle makers

1 Pansy growing in a craftspersons garden 2-3 Pansies and lakspurs pressed and dried over a period of time inside a book 4-5 Dry flower candles

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Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Process

till date.

8. Froth Technique In this technique colour is added to hot wax and the wax is whipped to form froth. This wax is then applied on the casted candles using spoon/fork, forming layers one on top of other. By this method ice-cream candles are made. To attain certain texture like a wooden bark, instead of spoon forks are used to apply

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wax on the casted candle and scratched instantaneously.

Process Analysis In the process of candle making, ideally the stearin should be melted first and the coloured dye is to be added later. In the end the paraffin wax is added to both the ingredients. The observation was that the entire process was actually reversed reason being there is no proper guidance and

knowledge about the correct method for preparing the raw materials. The temperatures in winters fall down to 0°C hence electric heaters or ‘angethi’ (coal heaters) are used to make the room temperature suitable for candle making. During our field visits after speaking to craftspersons of different age groups, we discovered that there were no reports of any respiratory or health issues due to continuous inhalation of fumes rising during the entire process.

1 Candles casted in the shape of a tree trunk 2 Application of a thick coat of semi dry wax to get the desired texture using a fork 3 Neatning out the left over area with a knife 5 Finished products

The designs were inspired by either Chinese candles available in the market or it was completely dependent on the availability of readymade moulds. None of the industry owners customize their designs. The craftsperson makes only what is asked by the owner. They have no participation in design selection as opposed to a self employed craftsperson.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

MARKET Imported beeswax candles

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Market

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

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MARKET Candle making industries are the second largest sector using wax as a raw material. There are a variety of candles in all possible colors and fragrances ranging from Rs.10 to Rs.5000. Unlike the widely accepted sole image of the lady with the lamp, market has several toy candles for children as well. There are birds, fish (dolphins), ducks, dogs, elephants, roaring lions, rabbits, toads and frogs, eagles, horses, cats, hippopotamusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Santa Claus, Christmas tree with snow flake like wax, ice-cream cups with the ice cream in three colours topped with nuts and yachts. Floating balls of wax look like balls of fire, some appear as if they are in marble. Coloured wax chips with a sound finish give a marbling effect. The religiously inclined can carry home a candlestick image of Hindu gods and goddesses like Ganesha, Saraswati, Laxmi and Shiva. The secular tradition of India also finds a reflection in the candle designs, as colorful Buddha head. These are some designs, which immediately catch the eye. The handmade candle industry began in the city of Nainital in the early 1970's, but the number of candle making units has dwindled drastically from an erstwhile figure of 115 to as low as 6.There are several factors that influence this market. One of the major reasons is the rise in cost of petroleum products. Earlier in 70s to 90s these industries got the raw material at subsidy rates provided by the government. Raw material now no longer

1 Idols casted using waste wax and later painted with a mixture of bronze powder mixed in varnish to give metallic sheen. 2 Fruit shaped mould casted candles 3-4 Imported beeswax candles

Market

is available at subsidy rates, which is why the small-scale producers of candles have stepped back and are no longer practicing this craft. Also, because of the open market, local candle-makers are facing tough competition from Chinese candles. Kundan Singh Negi, an individual practioner, who recently stopped regular production of candles at home, said that the manufacturing cost of candles in Nainital is equivalent to the sale cost of Chinese candles. "The main reason for shutting down of candle units is that a lot of items from China have come into the market. The rate at which these Chinese items are being sold is the same at which the local manufacturer is buying raw material. So one can imagine that when the manufacturer is unable to make any profit, he will have to discontinue his/her work. I now make candles only during the Diwali seasonâ&#x20AC;?, he added. Mr. Sunil Virmani, owner of one of the oldest candle manufacturing units Anil Candles, claimed that the customers buy the Chinese products given the beautiful designs, while being oblivious to its quality. He further added that the state government should help the candlemakers by providing raw materials at subsidized rates. "A lot of Chinese candles have come into the market and it is very difficult for a common person to identify the material being used by them. Though they look pretty, but our local candles are handmade and as far as the material is concerned they cannot match up to our

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standards. These (hand-made candles) can be exported but for that we require help from the government mainly the cost of the raw material should be brought down," said Mr. Sayeed Aleem another big manufacturer and supplier of candles in Nainital under the name of Shan Candles. Earlier, wholesalers used to pack candles in cartons and supply them to shopkeepers but due to the rise in competition with the beautifully packaged Chinese candles they too have to pack every single candle in PVC boxes and cellophane. The shimmer and glitter of the Chinese candles is so eye catching for a customer that these handmade candles lose their shelf value. In shops all the candles (Chinese and local) are displayed together so for a layman it becomes very difficult to judge which candle is handmade and which one is machine made. Also, this craft remains unknown to most of the tourists as it is not promoted and advertised anywhere.

The techniques used for making candles in Nainital still remain exclusive but the market is somehow falling due to the bombardment of Chinese products but the remaining cottage industries are giving a tough fight to this by improving the packaging of their products. They also have printed stickers with graphic images and ribbons tied on boxes to make their product look attractive.

The quality of handmade candles is far better than China made candles. The wax and the containers of Chinese candles are low quality and do not last

1 -2 Idols 3 Swans 4-5 Animal shaped candles 4

Market

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

1-3 Chinese decorative candles 4 Example of bad quality chinese goods 5 Left- Bad quality chinese wax, grained and yellowish in colour, Right- Good quality pure Indian Oil Corporation paraffin wax

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Market

long. For regular buyers this fact remains important but tourists who have no or limited knowledge about the quality, end up buying what looks aesthetically appealing to them. One problem we were informed by one of the manufacturer Mr. Sayeed Aleem was, that many of his fellow competitors who could not reach fineness in work, were producing dummy candles that have the design painted instead of being engraved and some are casted such that they are hollow inside hence saving on their raw material. This remains a question of individuals understanding and respect for the craft.

Ways of Marketing Most of the candle shops are situated in Bara bazaar, flats, Mallital, and the Mall Road. The ways of marketing are â&#x20AC;&#x201C;

1. Wholesale Business These candle manufacturers have several craftspeople working under them. They supply the finished products to the local retail shops as well as export them to many other states. They do not have an outlet in the main market as such but have a small section in their house where they store all the stock. Sometimes shopkeeps come visit the wholesaler to keep an update on the new products and place orders of the same if the design/ techniques please them.

Candles displayed in racks at Narayans (manufacturer and shopkeeper)

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

2. Through Shopkeeper As we walk by the lake on the Mall road we see many outlets right up till Bara bazaar, where all bigger outlets exist. They source the candles from the local manufacturers, put their price tags and sell them in their store. Orders are placed to these manufacturers in advance.

3. Wholesalers A nd Shopkeepers Some of the shopkeepers also have their own manufacturing units. They sell the products in their own store as well as have a wholesale business for local and export market.

4. D igital media As the new media digital age is booming all well known big manufacturers have made an initiative to step into the digital age and market their products online. They have websites to showcase their products and when asked they said they do get big orders by clients through social media.

Product Analysis After the industry and market survey we examined various factors that determine the standard of a product.

Quality Quality of product depends on the quality of raw material used. The cost of making one candle accounts 65% in material and 35% towardslabour. The wax used is the best quality wax available in the market. While casting it is important to keep in mind that the wax is to be poured at a constant rate so that it cools evenly inside the mould. If

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wax is not poured correctly the candles either tend to break or bend. Some of the manufacturers cheat and save wax while casting by not letting the wax cool instead they pour back the wax from the mould, thus making the candles hollow. These look similar to full casted candles when seen from the naked eye but do not last long.

Economic Factor Raw material used for these candles is very costly and has a price that is ever increasing. This is one of the reasons for the close down of more than 100 small scale cottage industries in town. Handmade candles are no longer economical. It is claimed that the finished products from China are available for the rate at which manufacturers buy their raw material.

Functionality Candle in current market is used for burning, as a decorative, in health care spa, at hotels and restaurants for creating ambience. Surface ornamentation is one major part of candle making for which Nainital candles are famous.

E ase To M anufacture Candle making is a very easy and affordable craft if the raw material prices are ignored. It does not require much infrastructure as well. So one can easily start working on it and earn daily wages.

A esthetic A ppeal Nainital candles are known for their vibrant colors and intricate surface designs which are very beautiful and aesthetically appealing.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

DESIGN INFLUENCES

Glitter embelished wax statues

Design Influences

DESIGN INFLUENCES There are two major factors that influence the designs of candles made in Nainital.

Chinese Influence Chinese candles are machine made, thereby attracting customers for there finesse. These candles are available in various interesting forms, which are not available in the Indian market. Industry owners show these candles to the craftsperson and ask them to imitate exact same design. The craftsperson then takes PoP, silicon, and mud moulds of the candle. The design that is doing well in the market is sent to Delhi or Moradabad to be casted into metal. This is how a design is introduced in the market.

Internet Some of the manufacturers use Internet as a medium for new designs. The designs selected by the owner are then imitated. Also Internet is the medium for them to be aware of what is happening in the field of candle making. There are a few designs that the craftsperson make by trial and error and thus brought to the market. Readymade moulds are also available in Delhi. Glass containers are used for making gel candles. The forms of these

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are not specifically for candle making. These manufacturers choose different readymade forms in glass sourced from Firozabad as containers for gel candles. As observed, craftsperson has no role in choosing or creating the designs of candles made in Nainital. The cottage industry owners get influences either by designs made in China or from the Internet. Also, readymade moulds available play a major role in influencing designs. When a new design comes to the market by either of the sources all the manufacturers would copy the same design. The candle makers do not have a sense of fellowship. It was also observed that if the design of candle is tricky or difficult to make and only few of the master crafts person are able to make it, others would see the result and by hook or crook will make something that would look similar. A very frequently observed such example is of engraved candles. We came across one such master craftsman, Mr. Prakash Tiwari who knew the actual technique of engraving, whereas other manufactures were merely painting the design on candle surface, which looked similar to the engraved ones. When observed closely the difference could be seen. The form, choice of colors and the motifs on both the candles were identical hence it becomes difficult for the buyer (tourists and locals) to differentiate among these candles.

1 Variety of candles at mehra candle manufacturers and wholesalers design influences 3 Packaging

2 Chinese candles one of the major 2

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

GOVERNMENT AID Casted candles left for cooling in a water tub.

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Government Aid

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

GOVERNMENT AID There are 13 district industry centers in Uttarakhand. When an entrepreneur wants to open an industry they have to go through certain government procedures. The first step is registering them by filling an entrepreneur memorandum Part I form. They then submit the project report to the State/central government stating the cost of the entire project. A subsidy registration is required but in case of any financial problems the Entrepreneur has to contact a nationalized bank for loan. The bank verifies details and a guarantor is required so that there are no chances of fraud. Once the project is complete and the production process has started, the industry fills an Entrepreneur memorandum Part II form. Expenditures are paid by cheque. Once the industry (this applies for all small manufacturing units like food (jams, juice & jelly), textiles and candle) submits all statements, CA certificate, Architects expenditure, pollution control board certificate, Sarai Act certificate, food control license etc. in the Dehradun office only then can they claim for subsidy. (leaving Ramnagar and Haldwani). The provisions given by the government are as follows:1. Uttarakhand Handloom & Handicraft Development Council (UHHDC) is a society registered under Society

Pragati maidan, New Delhi. 8. They also hold entrepreneur development programs and skill development programs. Registration Act, 1860.UHHDC acts as the apex body for the overall development and promotion of handlooms and handicrafts in the state. It aims at generating sustainable employment opportunities in these sectors by promoting specialized products for commercialization. 2. The government of India has extended the scheme of Central Grant or Subsidy under Special package- II for Industrial units in the states of Himanchal Pradesh and Uttarakhand with a view to accelerating the industrial development in these states. 3. The hill residents get 5 lakh rupees as a subsidy, which is equivalent to 6 % interest that they receive in a year and maximum 3 lakhs to outside people. 4. They also get an electrical subsidy, interest subsidy, transportation subsidy and 75%-90% VAT. 5. Industrial states like Bhimtal, Betalghat, give land to set up an industry. 6.Central subsidy of 15% is given for setting up plants and buying machinery. 7. For marketing, exhibitions are held within the state and at national levels where free stalls are provided to entrepreneurs to showcase their products and spread awareness among buyers. For example, Exhibitions are held at

Analysis Discussions with the manufacturers and crafts persons and with Mr. Lohani who works for the District industrial center we concluded that there is a huge communication gap between the government and the manufacturers. The initial demand of the manufacturers is to get paraffin wax at subsidy rates, which the government is unable to fulfill due to certain reasons. This is a major concern as 90% of

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cottage industries have shut down in the past 10 years. Other than that as observed, government workers are in contact with only two of the manufacturers in person. They do not have information about other manufacturers at all. They are in touch with the industry owners and there is no personal interaction between the government official and the crafts persons. Hence any award won goes to the owner and the crafts person never comes in the spotlight. Research is very important says Mr. Lohani; he adds that entrepreneurs are lacking in research and experimentation. One should have a constructive attitude and teamwork is very important.

Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

CASE STUDIES Shaded cut work candles without lamination

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Case Studies

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

CASE STUDIES

1. Self Employed A rtisan Name- Prakash Tiwari Age- 70 years (born in 1945) Gender- Male Religion- Christian Language- Hindi Educational background- B.Sc Marital Status- Unmarried Income Group- Lower income Personal Assets- 1 bedroom, kitchen house in the church compound. Employment Status- Self-employed

The craft is being practiced under a variety of production scenarios. Case studies for each of these is discussed in detail underneath.

C ase Study I

Artisan’s General Profile

Language Hindi and Kumaoni.

Income Group Lower income

Age Group 18 to 70 years.

Religion

Educational Background Mostly literate.

Hindu, Muslim, and Christian. Gender Majorly females

Personal Assets No assets as such. 1-2 bedroom house in some cases.

Employment Status Self-employed or working with an industry. Period Of Employment Some work fulltime, parttime and some during festive season (Christmas/Diwali)

1 Craftsman Mr. Prakash Tiwari’s room

2 Mr. Prakash Tiwari

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It was a delight to meet Mr. Prakash Tiwari who likes to work at his own leisure. He lives alone in a small house in Saint John's church compound opposite the High Court of Nainital. He has a separate room adjacent to his house for storing, preparing raw material and casting candles. For intricate work he prefers a small table and chair arrangement in his bedroom. The only driving force for him to be in this profession is his own interest and love for candle making which inturn helps him in creating new and different designs and techniques. His relatives who reside in Libia take care of his personal and monetary needs. He learned making plain candles at a christian institue in Gaziabad, NCR. On one of his visits to a cottage emporium in Delhi he saw candles which did not have very good workmanship and realised he could create something better. He moved to Nainital in 1968. He procured books and basic raw material and equiptment to work on his skills. He further adds that he developed his engraving and dry flower techniques by trial and error. He showed us some ingenious works made by him 10 years back which are not available in the market anymore. These included framed wax posters and German wax flowers which

were beautiful, intricate and very difficult to make. The reason these products are not available in the market anymore is that the manhours put into them is not equavalent to the revenue generated. Prakash Tiwari has the most finesse among all the crafts people we met. A very simple, timid person satisfied with his work and life. A very shy person, he would not allow us to a take a pictureof him.

A spiration from the craft He wishes to work in this field for rest of his life and is quite satisfied with what he is doing. He supplies his handcrafted candles to selected local shopkeepers and wholesalers. “I work with wax to kill time”, he says.

Case Studies

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

2. Employed A rtisan

C ase study II

Name- Mrs. Hema Sijwali Age- 29 years Gender- Female Religion- Hindu Language- Hindi, Kumaoni Educational Background- B.A Marital Status- Married Income Group- Lower income Personal Assets- N.A Employment Status- Full time

There are a few candle making cottage industries left in Nainital. During the field visit we covered most of them which include Mehra candles, Shan candles, Budlakoti candles, Mehrotra candles, Madhur Milan candles and Anil candles.

Mrs. Sijwali stays in a rented accomodation in Tallital with her husband and family. During her college days she was cajoled by friends and family to learn candle making , this would give her an added skill set and a means to earn some moeny.

Religion

She is currently employed with Shan candles since the past 4 years with a total of 10 years of being in this industry. Technological advancements have enabled the owner and the artisans to make full use of todays internet. They turn ideas taken from the internet and reproduce them but with their individual touch and creativity.

Personal Assets Land/ house/ shop

She is bery happy and satisfied with her work conditions though she feels a lot could be done for the development and survival of this craft. She believes the best way forward is if the government steps in with better aid and raw materials at subsidy rates. She says, the government should initiate craft schools and NGO’s which if possible should go door to door in remote areas and educate the local folk about candle making. This would enable these people to earn a livlihood also

Owner’s General Profile Income Group Middle class to upper middle class. Hindu, Muslim, and Christian. Language Hindi, English and Kumaoni. Age Group 45 to 65 years Educational Background Well educated

Business Type Wholeseller, shopkeeper, manufacturer, production and sale.

Aspiration From The Craft

enabling the revival of this craft. She is a humble yet ambitious lady passionate about her work. She is one of the few craftswoman who is in this industrydue to immense love for the craft and not just as a source of income.

A spiration from the craft She hopes, inthe future she would be able to afford setting up her own small unit with the help of government aid and also teach people in order to promote this craft. “Everyone comes with a destiny and a set of talents. We should share our knowledge with everyone without fear”, she says.

For most of the candle manufacturers it is the only source of income. With the rising prices of raw material and competition the owners are ready to face the challenge and accept it. The craft that they are practicing for over the years has not been recognized yet that is an issue but otherwise they would want to continue the business the same way with some more design and tools interventions.

1. Entrepreneur /O wner Of A

1 Craftswoman Mrs. Hema Sijwali

P roduction Unit A nd A Shop Name- Sayeed Aleem Age- 45 Gender- Male Religion- Muslim Language- Urdu, English, Hindi Income Group- Upper middle class Personal Assets: Land/ house/ shop/ crafts person quarter Business Type: Manufacturer, wholeseller and shopkeeper. Peak Season- Throughout the year

1 Owner of Shan Candles, Mr. Sayeed Aleem

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Case Studies

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

Shan Candles came into existence in 1986 with four partners namely Sugita Verma, Harish Swami, Sayeed Aleem and Nirmal Bhatt out of who only Harish and Sayeed continued are still working in this field of candle making. Harish takes care of raw material and Sayeed Aleem work on the designs of the candles and deal with the buyers. They started their own outlet wherein they used to sell candles from Geeta Candles as well. Major source of inspiration for them is the internet. They have export candles to local, national and international level. For export they say that the candles should have exact compositions that are required else order gets cancelled. We met Mr. Syeed Aleem who is a very charming, friendly and welcoming gentalman. Knowing his optimistic vision and approach for this craft of candle making was such a relief and it uplifted our confidence in chosing this craft for documentation. Till we met him we had no definite source that could help us know the craft and the techniques. This is where we got to see and try some of the techniques hands-on. He gave us his valuable time and information in every sector possible. Shan candles is doing very well and they see a bright future in the craft.

A spiration from the craft Mr. Aleem is very positive about candle making as a craft. He says there is a very good market and this is not at all a

Shan Candles manufacturing unit

dying craft. He belives struggle in life is necessary and and hard work repays.

craft being practiced in the town but there is no respect or pride about it.

“Art does not die. We will soon be gone but the craft should be shared in order to keep it alive in the future”, he says.

C ase study IV

C ase study III

Native’s Perspective

Natives of Nainital are familiar with the

Tourist’s Perspective

Nainital is a tourist place was one of the major reasons for candles making to flourish. Even today most of the tourist are not aware of the craft of candle

making being practiced in town. If aware they cannot tell the difference between handmade and China made candles. Price wise China made candles are much cheaper then handmade candles. There is no quality check or standard that can assure that the candles are handmade and are of good quality.

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Raw Material

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

SWOT ANALYSIS Star shaped casted candles

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Swot Analysis

SWOT ANALYSIS SWOT analysis is a strategic planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses/limitations, opportunities and threats involved in the craft. It helps to understand the project thoroughly keeping the pros and cons in mind. It is done in order to get a clear picture of the current scenario. It also helps to understand the future prospects of the craft including interventions and supply, design, communication and products of the craft over the years.

Strengths 1. Kumaon candle makers have unique techniques and range of products, which are not available anywhere in India. 2. Though Chinese candles look pretty, but Kumaon candles are handmade and the raw material used is incomparable. Chinese candles do not last long. 3. Kumaon candles are smoke free and burn for longer durations. 4. Candle industries in Nainital are open throughout the year hence business flourishes throughout.

Weaknesses

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

maximum numbers of cottage industries have shut down in the past 10 years also, the artisans are left with no choice but to work under factory owners. 3. The government district center does not have information about all the existing candle making industries only the ones they are in touch with. 4. There is no personal interaction between the government official and the crafts persons. Hence any award won goes to the owner and the crafts persons never come in the spotlight. 5. None of the crafts persons were associated with any non-profit organizations and had never been awarded or participated in any exhibitions. 6. Candle making has never been recognized as craft, resulting in a feeling of discontent amongst the craftspeople. They feel ashamed in sharing their profession. 7. Even if the government agrees to provide raw material at subsidy rates it would not benefit artisans because they ultimately work under the owner for a fixed salary. 8. Infrastructure problem faced by the manufacturers is irregular electricity supply esp. during winters, space constraint as most of the workspaces are in the house itself.

1. Artisans are literate but do not have any contribution in the designs, forms, colour and marketing of the products. This makes them feel disrespectful as they merely follow what the owner tells them to do.

Opportunities

2. Due to increase in raw material prices

2. Government gives land subsidy incase a manufacturer submits an

1. Government may provide manufacturers with more space like a land/plot to set up their industry, it would be profitable for them.

3. Application demanding more space or if a new unit has to be opened in Bhimtal industrial area but most of the manufacturers are either not aware of this or do not wish to move out of Nainital. 4. Collaboration with government by holding exhibitions, providing space for exhibitions, craft recognition can help in promotion of the craft. 5. E-commerce: The existing candle manufacturers are aware of the booming market online. Most of the manufacturers have their websites. Product photography can be areas of improvisation with an interesting write up about the product. Manufacturers can also feature the name of the crafts person under product category as a note of appreciation. 6.Collaboration with other online shopping websites would also help them reach out to the world with the unique style work they do. 7. Packaging of the finished products is a challenge and can be worked on which includes developing logo, graphics and choosing an appropriate material for packaging. 8. Design interventions â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with the help of government agencies, manufacturers can collaborate with designers to bring about changes in already existing candles or working on new forms and designs. Also, experiments with fragrances and merging new materials with wax can get fruitful outcomes.

Threats 1. Influence of Chinese products in the market has brought profit margin down to 50%, which means that 10% people would go for Indian handmade candles and rest

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90% for Chinese candles. 2. Chinese candles are machine made with low labour cost. They have become more popular in the market because of their fine packaging and finesse. The local artisans and manufacturers feel dispirited as they use good raw material and a lot of hard work goes in cutting and shaping every piece of candle which is entirely a hand done process. 3. Customers compare the handmade candles with the finesse of Chinese candles. They weigh the choice not on the basis of quality but the price and face value of the product. 4. The cost of paraffin wax is increasing with the rise in the cost of petrol and government is not helping in this regard. Some manufacturers have started compromising in terms of quality by casting hollow candles to compensate the price. 5. There is an apprehension among certain manufacturers about their land being seized by the Jheel Vikas 6. Pradhikaran department who work on issues like land encroachment as they have built their house cum industry on the hill that comes under danger zone due to environmental hazards. 7. All manufacturers copy designs from their fellow competitors due to which all shop have the same candles displayed. This shows the lack of self-confidence, interest and curiosity in coming up with something unique. 8. Artisans do not want their children to continue the same occupation because they are not proud of their profession as candle makers and are also underpaid.

Experience

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

EXPERIENCE Craft documentation module has changed the perspective towards the craft sector of India. It has been very challenging and enlightening at the same time in many forms. Now what we see, are various opportunities that were hidden earlier. The whole purpose of documenting a craft made us realize that so much of information and creativity is still undiscovered and as designers it is our role to study, analyze and in turn helping in reviving the craft. The craft sector of India is vast and is a source of inspiration for the designer community. Experience of being on field, one on one interactions with the crafts people, trying our hand at the craft, waking up early in the morning with temperatures as less as10 degrees, unpredictable rains, walking up the hill in wet shoes, chai and Maggie lunch sessions with the crafts people were some enriching and unforgettable memories to take back. Initially we did market surveys as the none of the manufacturers agreed on showing us their industries. Negative responses from manufacturers, this being a secretive craft and our want to discover the unknown were the two forces that made us dig further. One of the main reasons can be the rising competition and open market the candle manufacturers have become more vulnerable due to which the sharing and caring attitude is somehow evaporated. Here was the time for us to learn what optimism is and what

are the results of taking risks in life. Nothing is impossible if your intention is right. The interactions and candle making process right from the beginning till the end was one of a kind and we are glad we got to be a part of it. Through our field visits we could manage to find details about the evolution of the craft, the communities engaged in practicing this craft, their lifestyle, experiences, problems faced by manufacturers, their competitors, strengths and weaknesses, recent market scenario, the product range available and different thoughts and views on the present and the future of the craft. The overall experience was very informative and made us more aware of this industry that has not been adequately researched and/or published. Hope the effort will be useful.

1 Our handcut pieces 2-3 Trying our hand at cut work candles 1

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Way Forward

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

WAY FORWARD With the inputs we have received through this course aligned with our observations and learning from the field/grass root reality is that the craft of candle making is facing tough competition from the Chinese products. We have come down to some of the insights that may help the craft flourish and the craftsperson to have a sense of positivity for the craft they are practicing over the decades now. 1. Conduct educational and training programs to educate artists on how to promote their work. 2. Organize training sessions in remote villages to promote the craft and teach the villagers so that they can earn a living. Since some processes in candle making are easy hence to start with, they can be taught basic process of preparing raw materials, casting, coloring and with time they can acquire skills how to carve and engrave them as well. 3. Challenge artisans to be better able to explain their vision. 4. Provide scholarly assistance for craft research by making resources available. Some suggestions include, creating a web site, networking and the need for a central resource center. There needs to be a database for artist information. 5. Provide funding assistance- Using naturally occurring waste from forest like bamboo, leaves, jute, handmade paper for packaging of the products to attract customers towards handmade candles.

6. Promoting hand made products by using natural pigments and dieâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s instead of readymade chemical paints/ powders making them harmless. 7. Recognition is a powerful incentive to protect traditional craft, in order to encourage the artisans to continue their traditional craft and gain excellence in work. Government of India should give recognition to this craft by listing it in the handicraft list of India and awarding them as a sign of appreciation. 8. For a better marketing platform a range of products from Nainital can be put together with a brand name and can be distributed all over the country.

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Bibliography

Candle Making Nainital, Uttarakhand

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. The Complete Book of Candles - By Gloria Nicol 2. Naturally Creative Candles - By Letty Oats 3. Maker and Meaning: Craft and Society - Sponsored by The Japan Foundation Asia Center. Published by - Madras Craft Foundation, 1999 4. Encyclopedia of cities and towns in India 3, 2008 Edition 5. Handmade In India - Ranjan & Ranjan

WEBLIOGRAPHY 1. Nainital map- http://www.mapsofindia. com/nainital/

dsource.in/resource/aipan/significanceart/images/800/01.jpg

2. http://www.incredibleindia.org/ magazines/PDF/Indiaandyou/Nainital_ Uttrakhand-India_you-May_June-2010. pdf

9. Burning Candle image: https://www. google.co.in/imgres?imgurl=http:// media.kids-myshot.nationalgeographic. com/2012/10/5077661a55907Candle,_ Candle,_Burning_Bright_large_medium. jpg&imgrefurl=http://kids-myshot. nationalgeographic.com/photos/ view/77131/candle-candle-burningbright-shot-by-alpha-sigma-nn&h=398&w=600&tbnid=ysPRz-Qf03Ut ZM:&docid=4xpICiafp14r0M&ei=P31dVp 60NqSuygPepLyACQ&tbm=isch&ve

3. http://www.nainitaltourism.com/ eating.html 4. http://www.candlemakingsupplies.net/ candle-making/candles-history.php 5. http://candles.org/history/ 6. History- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ History_of_candle_making 7. http://www.petroldieselprice.com/ petrol-diesel-lpg-cng-fuel-oil-price/ Nainital-Kutchert-Nainital/Nainital/ Nainital/Uttarakhand/263002 8. Airpan image sourced from Google images. Aipan image : http://www.

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