6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV 8^ ?d ?d k _\hW Jp dSX5T UbhaSh^Wp \hWahah`h Ⱥd 3RVWHG RQ 2FW E\ 5HDO 3DWLGDU
3ULQW WKLV HQWU\ 2FW
w w w .re al pa tid ar .c om
_Ǜ\jWh^h]R __ __ -D\ /D[PLQDUD\DQ __ __ K] _ __ _ K] _
6KUL *ROZDONDU *XUXML SRSXODUO\ NQRZQ DV 6KUHH U *XUXML SRSXOD *XUXML SR *XUXML ZKR ZDV D 6HHU 7KLQNHU DQG 2UJDQLVHU R ZDV D 6HHU ZDV D 6H RI 566 6DQJK KDG 6 5DVKWUL\D 5DVKWUL\D 6ZD\DPVHYDN 6 GRQH QH H[WHQVLYH H[WHQVLY VVWXG\ RI UHOLJLRXV OLWHUDWXUH RI 0XVOLPV DQG H[SOLFLWO\ RQ 'DVDYDWDU IROORZHG E\ 0XVOLPV DQ 0XVOLPV DQG H PDQ\ 0XVOLPV LQ ,QGLD PDQ\ 0 PDQ\ 0XV ̒j Fs_a_D^ Ȥkȿkĥ Ȑȵk 5 _sDĭ] Wh\ Jp ̒j Ȥkȿkĥ Fs Fs_a
Ȑas ?D ^hƧ˼ ] ƨa]5dpaD d5GWh ȳmƧNh iaIh^D
7Wp 8]sKD eSh Spas? Ⱥkd_\hWsWh bhĘs X^
әPhR ȶ la½D 7Ɵ]hd D^° _ esS 7Wp Ehd D^ Wp
Ⱥkd_\hWs Ďh^h \hWah\h5 8aWh^ ³UbhaSh^´ bhĘ
bh\p_ Jp
²
6KUL *XUXML 6HHU 7KLQNHU 2UJDQL]HU RI HU 7KLQNHU 2UJ 7KLQNHU 566
+H KDG QRWHG WKDW PDQ\ 0XVOLPV IROORZ D UHOLJLRXV
ERRN
FDOOHG
'DVDYDWDU
7KHLU
'DVDYDWDU ³0XVOLP 'DVDYDWDU´ GLIIHUV IURP WKH
³+LQGX 'DVDYDWDU´ EHFDXVH RI WKH WK DYDWDU RI /RUG 9LVKQX ,Q 0XVOLP 'DVDYDWDU WK DYDWDU RI /RUG 9LVKQX LV ³+D]UDW $OL 7DOLE´ Sp\Rp WҭV _jVj D° GRh Ⱥkd_\hWs ³UbhaSh^´ ³Ⱥkd_\hW UbhaSh^´ Wh\ȵk 5 Vhi\ D ȶkƨSDWp \hWp Jp
Ⱥkd_\hWsȵk 5 UbhaSh^ ȶkƨSD ³ e ȳk UbhaSh^´ ȶkƨSDTj 7_F Jp Ⱥkd_\hWsWh UbhaSh^ ȶkƨSD\h5 [FahW iaƧȰkWh Ud\h5 7aSh^Wp ³eL^S 7_j Sh _Z´ S^ D° U° EhP°_ Jp
6 *XUXPXUWK\ LV D ZHOO NQRZQ ZULWHU MRXUQDOLVW D UHVSHFWHG FRUSRUDWH DGYLVHU DQG YHWHUDQ 566 ZRUNHU KDV ZULWWHQ RI WKH ZRUNV RI 6KUL *XUXML +LV DUWLFOHV RQ 6KUL *XUXML LV EHLQJ SXEOLVKHG LQ 566 PDJD]LQHV 3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
³2UJDQLVHU´ LQ (QJOLVK LVVXH GDWHG -XO DQG ³6DGKDQD´ LQ *XMDUDWL ODQJXDJH YLGH LVVXH GDWHG 2FW ^h ƨa d5GWh a ^ƧO ̆Ih^D ̒j ȤkȿkȺ liS Wh X ȶk ̒j ȤkȿkĥWh5
iaIh^s X^ _Ep_ _pEWp d5GWh5 dh\hi]Ds\h5 ̆DhibS
D^ah\h5 8ap_ Jp Ӕ˴pĥ dh\hi]D ³BF½Wh:L^´ Wh5 Sh^ E z x zxyzWh5 ӔD\h5 Sp\W ȤkK^hSj dh\hi]D
³dhVWh´ Wh5 Sh^ E x~ yx zxyz Wh5 ӔD\h5 JXh]p_ Jp $IWHU
²
w w w .re al pa tid ar .c om
UHDGLQJ
2UJDQLVHU -XO
WKHVH
VFKRODUO \
DUWLFOHV
LW EHFRPHV DEXQGDQWO\ FOHDU WKDW WKH EHOLHYHUV RI 6DWSDQWKL 'DVDYDWDU RU 0XVOLP 'DVDYDWDU DUH UH 0XVOLPV E\ UHOLJLRQ 8 ZtiVD _pEs Wp ah5Iah ZhU IsEp Isȣ 5k d\Ĥ: 8app Jpp
D° Ȑ _sDs dSX5T UbhaSh^ ȐRp Ⱥk ƨ_\ UbhaSh^ aSh^ S^ D° S^ °
k _\hW XR De bDh] Spah UbhaSh^Wp \hWah ah`hWp `hWp Wp Ⱥ Ⱥd d De°ah]
SOHWH WH DUWLFOH DUWLF LQ LQ *XMDUDWL DQG <RX FDQ UHDG WKH FRPSOHWH (QJOLVK KHUH d5ȶ lR½ _pE S\p 7eӄ ah5hIj bDbs Ij bDbs
²
6DGKDQD 2FW
$FNQRZOHGJHPHQW :H :H DUH JUDWHIXO WR RXU UHJXODU
FRQWULEXWRU IURP 6DEDUNDQWKD UHJLRQ Vƛ]ahU dhZ^Dh5OhWh5 iW]i\S ĮXp \h eSj 8XWh^ 8XRh [h:BWs Ehd 8[h^ 5HDO 3DWLGDU /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV 'LVFODLPHU
3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
îu NyfyÆ : ]¡$h]|$[ _lv, ×ô$p-16 fp.õh.k¬O_p hqf› $ âQpfL$ îu k|e®_pfpeZfph_p `.`|. îu NyfyÆ_p¬ õdfZp¡_p A¡L$ `yõ[L$_u îu Nyfyd|r[®A¡gM¡gu âõ[ph_p L¡$V$gpL$ a¡fapfp¡kp\¡Ap¡N£_pCTfdp¬ âõ[y[ \C flu R>¡. "kp^_p'_p hpQL$p¡dpV¡$Ap g¡Mdpmp rhi¡j ê$`¡âõ[y[ R>¡.
rlÞ]y$Ðh A¡S> fpô²$ue A¡L$pÐd[p_u `|h®if[ WҭV: DƍJ \p\R ?N_p Dü^
âõ[y[ L$f¡gp rhQpfp¡_¡cpf[_p Þepe[¬Ó [\p h¥opr_L$ `funZp¡A¡ _\hWsWj ?DX$ cpf[_p¬ Ds\ Þepepgep¡A¡`Z `Z kpQp W¡$fìepȺk R>¡d . õhp[¬ Ôe `|h£, AM¬ cpf[_p dysõgdp¡d|mc|[ fu[¡[p¡rlÞ]y rlÞ $ Np¡Ódp¬\u S> E[fu Apìep R>¡' [¡hp[_p¡õhuL$pf Lfu_¡îu L$fu_¡îu NfÆ_p NyfyfyÆ_p ¡`yrô$ Ap`u l[u. [¡hp[_p¡õhuLpf Æ_pp rhQ rhQpf rhQpfp¡_¡`rô hj® 1917dp¬, L$ÃR>u d¡dZ k kdpS>_u h¬iue kdõep_p kd r_fpL$fZ dpV¡$ A¬N°¡S> S> ipkL$ A¡L$ DÃQpr^L$pf krdr[A¡ pkL$p¡A¡_ud¡gu A A¡hp¡r_Z®e Apàep¡ àep¡l[p¡L$L¡$L$ÃR>u d¡dZ kdpS>_p¡^d®N°¬\ Ly$fp_ _lv, `f¬[y "]$iph[pf' [pf' R>¡. Ap A "]$iph[pf' ph[p N°¬\dp¬ cNhp_ îuL©$óZ ky^u_p Ah[pfp¡_y_y¬ hZ® Z®_ rlÞ]y$ N°¬\p¡A A_ykpf S> Ap`¡gy¬ R>¡. afL$ dpÓ ]$kdp Ah[pfdp¬ [pfdp¬ S>Zpep¡ R>¡. rlÞ]y$ ip÷p¡dp¬ cNhp_ rhóÏ_p ]$kdp Ah[pf [pf cNhp_ L$ëLL$u R>¡ [p¡ L$ÃR>u d¡dZp¡_p N°¬\ "]$iph[pf'dp¬ L$ëL$u_¡_lv A Agu_¡]$kdp Ah[pf NZphpep R>¡. rlÞ]y$ ^d® rkhpe, Agu rhð_p LL$p¡p¡C`Z ` `¬\p¡dp¬ cNhp__p Ah[pfp¡_¡ õ\p_ _\u, Ðep¬ cNh cNhp__ hp__p ]|$[_u L$ë`_p L$fhpdp¬ Aphu R>¡. A Ap\u Ap afL$ Bfp]$p`|h®L$ cNhp__p ` \ep¡ `Z \ lp¡e [¡hy¬ b_u iL¡$. L$ÃR>u d¡dZp¡_p kp¬õL©$r[L$ c|[L$pm_¡ Ap^pf¡A¬N°¡Å¡Üpfp r_dpe¡g A¡krdr[A¡A¡hp¡r_Z®e Apàep¡l[p¡L¡$ A L$ÃR>u d¡dZ kdpS>dp¬, hpfkpC_p âñ dpV¡$dysõgd iqfe[_p r_edp¡ _lv, rlÞ]y$ ^pfpAp¡gpNy `X$i¡. AM¬X$ cpf[_p Þepepge Üpfp õhuL©$[ \e¡g A¡r_Z®e_¡f]$ L$fhp L¡$V$gpL$ dp¥ghuAp¡A¡A¡qaX¡$rhV$ `Z L$fu l[u, `f¬[y A¬N°¡S> kÑp^uip¡A¡[¡A¡qaX¡$rhV$ AcfpC D`f QY$phu ]$u^u l[u. A¬N°¡S> ipk__p Þepepgpe_p r_Z®e_p¬ `fp¬ `|fp¬ 50 hjp£`R hjp£`R>u,u, 1972dp¬ õh[¬Ó cpf[_p khp£ÃQ Þepepge¡`Z _p¢Ýey¬ l[y¬ L¡$Mp¡Å A_¡ L$ÃR>u d¡dZ gp¡L$p¡_p kpd|rlL$ ^dp¯[fZ `R>u `Z [¡ gp¡L$p¡A¡ [¡d_p d|m ^d®_u rlÞ]y$^d®_u - OZu `f¬`fpAp¡Åmhu fpMu l[u A A_¡ L$ÃR>u d¡dZ kdpS>_p AN°ZuAp¡A¡rlÞ]y$ hpfkpC ^pfpdp¬\u [¡d_p kdpS>_¡bpL$p[ L$fhp dpV¡$ Þepepgedp¬ ¼epf¡e A¡qaX¡$rhV$ L$fu _\u. Apd Ɨ]h^ cpf[_p¡ õgdSp(A_¡ [ Wfu[¡ [p¡rlÞ]y$ ZhUdysXR B? rÀõ[u) GRj X^5kdpS> X^h e d|ȳmk c| V\½ j Ĥ`aj `|h®ÅeSj. ¡_p S> k¬[p_p¡ R>¡ A¡hu îu NyfyÆ_u hp[_¡ õhp[¬Ôe `|h£ [\p õhp[¬Ôeâprà[ `R>u Þepepge_y¬ kd\®_ dþey¬ l[y¬. Sp\ JSh5, SpB Ⱥkd_\hW De°ah] Jp . cpf[_p¬ Þepepgep¡_p r_Z®e [\p kpdprS>L$ `f¬`fpAp¡_¡ 8K TWp _hȤk Jp . k¬L$ë`_p_¡kd\®_ dm[p¬ Ap^pf¡ `Z aƨȱ îu Nyfk dSX5 yÆ_u "rlÞ]y $' fpô²XP° $ue[p_u füp¬ R>¡ [¡ hp[ Ap`Z¡ _uQ¡ Ap`¡ g p¬ L¡ $ V $ g p¬ $ ×ô$ahda\h5 p¬[p¡_¡Ap^pf¡ U° Eha [_p e ȳk V\½ Ȑas es], LXR ?`Z ÅZu iL$uA¡ R>uA¡ : Ⱥkd_\hW V\½ Jp . (1) L¡$fm_p dp¡`gp dysõgdp¡dp¬ iqfe[_p r_edp¡ _lv, `f¬[y rlÞ]y$Ap¡_p "dê$d L$\ped¹'_p r_edp¡_y¬ `pg_ \[y¬ l[y¬. (2) `pqL$õ[p__p `¬Åb [\p hpeìe kfl]$ âp¬[p¡_p dysõgdp¡ rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ `pg_ Lf[p L$f[p l[p. `Z iqfe[_u _lv, rlÞ]
lp at id ar .c om
"cpf[_p dysõgd A_¡rÀõ[u gp¡L$p¡d|m[: rlÞ]y$ `|h®Å¡_p Ӕ˴pKs? XR WҭƚȻk5 eȱ DƍJ S> k¬k5 D°[p_p¡ R>¡' : îu NyfyÆ fpô² $ u e[p_¡ L¡ $ h m cp¥ N p¡ r gL$ \p\Rȵk 5 V\½ ˴5T "UbhaSh^" Jp`qfâ¡ . ÿedp¬ d|gh[p fl¡[p Ap`Zp _¡[pAp¡, fpô²$ue[p_u k¬L$ë`_p_¡kp¬õL©$r[L$ `qfâ¡ÿedp¬ âõ[y[ L$fhpdp¬ 8 "UbhaSh^" ˴5T 7Wp dSX5 Ðepf¡ r_óam Nep l[p 'Bunch of T Thoughts' (BoT) `yõ[L$dp¬ îu Ny f y Æ A¡ fpô² $ u e[p_u k¬ ` | Z ® [ : dp¥ rgL$ A_¡ AÐe¬[ Ap^pfc|[ V\½ȵ k 5 "UbhaSh^" ˴5T Ⱥ l` ĮXp ?DK k¬L$ë`_p âõ[y[ L$fu R>¡. fpô²$ue[p_u îu NyfyÆ_u k¬L$ë`_p kp¥ Jp . cpf[uep¡A¡L$ S> `qfhpf_p kæep¡R>¡, [¡\u Alv ^prd®L$ dpÞe[pAp¡L¡$ `|Å`Ùr[_¡ L$pfZ¡ \[p c¡]$_¡ õ\p_ _\u. fpô²$_p _¡[pAp¡ rlÞ]y$dysõgd dp_rkL$[p hÃQ¡ gp A¬W[sf_¡Ud\s kdS>hpdp¬ ApS>¡`Z Np¡\p¬ "UbhaSh^" \h5 fl¡ iaƧȰk 7aSh^ Mpe R>¡Ðepf¡îu NyfyÆA¡'BoT'dp¬ ×Y$[p`|h®L$ L$üy¬ R>¡L¡$ Ap ]¡$idp¬ "7_j" Jp . Ȑȵk 5 Zjȩk 5 Wh\ ( e ȳk D° hk[p dysõgdp¡krl[_p b^p S> gp¡L$p¡rlÞ]y$ `|h®Å¡_p S> k¬[p_p¡R>¡. Ap\u[h^Sj] b^p S> cpf[uep¡ fpô²$ue[p rlÞ]y $ S> R>¡. k¬Å¡Np¡Jp hip[¹ p¡C_u Wh\)_u"iWƧD_5 D Wh^h]R" . L$pC_u `|Å-`Ùq[ L¡$ ^prd®L$ îÙpL¡$ÞÖp¡cg¡b]$gpep¬ lp¡e, `f¬[y [_¡ [¡_¡L$L pfZ¡ [¡d_u fpô²²$ue[p b]$gpC S>[u _\u. kp[ ]$peL$pAp¡`||h£îu NyyfyÆA¡
28 6 Ap·¼V$p¡bf, 2012 3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
`¬Åb_u dysõgd rh^hpAp¡dpV¡$iqfe[ _lv, `f¬[y rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ `pg_ \[y¬ l[y¬. (4) 4) Ah^ âp¬[dp¬ `Z dysõgd rh^hpAp¡dpV¡$ iqfe[_p r_edp¡_y¬ _lv, rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ `pg_ \[y¬ l[y¬. (5) 5) Ah^ âp¬[_p "A¡õV¡$V¹$k A¡¼V$'dp¬ dysõgdp¡dpV¡$ "iqfe[_p r_edp¡ gpNy `X$[p _\u' A¡hy¬ õ`ô$ iå]$p¡dp¬ S>Zph¡gy¬ l[y¬. (6) 6) NyS>fp[_p kyÞ_u ìlp¡fp [\p dp¡f¡kgpd Nfprkep kdpS>dp¬ iqfe[ _lv, `f¬[y rlÞ]y$ ^pfpAp¡_y¬ `pg_ \[y¬ Apìey¬ R>¡. (7) 7) õhp[¬Ôe `|h£, AM¬X$ `¬Åbdp¬ R|>V$pR>¡X$p gu^¡gu dysõgd drlgpAp¡_p cfZ`p¡jZ_p k¬]$c®dp¬ iqfe[ _lv, rlÞ]y$ ^pfpAp¡_y¬ S> `pg_ \[y¬ l[y¬. (8) 8) L$ÃR>u d¡dZ [\p lgpC d¡dZ kdpS>dp¬ iqfe[ _lv, `f¬[y rlÞ]y$ ^pfpAp¡_y¬ S> `pg_ \[y¬ l[y¬. (9) 9) Q¡Þ_¥ krl[_p¬ ]$rnZ cpf[_p¬ b^p¬ S> Þepepgep¡A¡ "dysõgdp¡A¡ [¡d_u rdëL$[ kp¥â\d dysõgd_¡S> h¡Qhu' A¡hp iqfe[_p r_ed_¡ õhuL$pfhp_u S> _p `pX$u l[u. (10) 10) õhp[¬Ôe `|h£_p AM¬X$ `¬Åb_p dysõgdp¡k¬[p_ ]$ÑL$ g¡hp_u rhr^dp¬ iqfe[ _lv, rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ `pg_ L$f[p l[p. (11) 11) AM¬X$ `¬Åbdp¬ dysõgdp¡ hrke[_pdy¬ gM[p, Äepf¡ iqfe[dp¬ hrke[_pdp_¡õhuL©$r[ _\u. (12) 12) A¬N°¡Å¡_u L$gL$Ñp, dÖpk A_¡dy¬bC â¡rkX¡$Þku A¬[N®[ Aph[p h[p kdN° kdN° N â]¡$ip¡dp¬ (b¬Npm, dlpfpô²$, NyS>fp[ A_¡]$rnZ cpf[) [) dysõgdp¡_p k¬]$c®dp¬ iqfe[_y¬ _lv, rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ S> `pg_ \[y¬ ll[y¬. (13) 13) dÖpk A_¡ `¬Åb_p N°pçe rhõ[pfp¡_p dysõgdp¡ gdp¡ k¬`|Z®`Z¡ rlÞ]y rlÞ $ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ S> `pg_ L$f[p l[p. (14) 14) AM¬X$ cpf[_u S>¡d S>, fpS>õ\p_ A_¡ _ Ah^ h^ â]¡$ip¡dp¬ `Z dysõgdp¡ iqfe[ _lv, rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ S> `pg__ L$f[p l[p. l[p (15) 15) 1937dp¬ b_¡gp iqfe[ A¡¼¼V$V$ddp¬p¬ r_edp¡[p¡ApS>¡ ApS A ¡`Z L©$rjrh^eL jrh^eL$ c|rd-M¡[fp¡_¡gpNy `X$[p _\u.u. Ap\u cpf[c cpf[ cpf[cfdp¬ dysõgd M¡X|$[p¡_p k¬]$c®dp¬ iqfe[_p r_edp¡ edp¡gpNy `X$[p _\u!! 16) dg¡f L$p¡V$gp_p L¬$bp¡ bp¡Æ dysõgdp¡[p¡ [ ¡A ApS>¡`Z hpfkpC dpV¡$ iqfe[ (16) _lv, rlÞ]y$ ^pfpAp¡_y_y¬ S> `pg_ LL$f¡RR>¡¡. 17) iqfe[ ^pfp¡[p¡R>¡L$ 1937\u 937\u Adgu bÞep¡, [¡d R>[p¬ L|$Q rblpf_p (17) dysõgdp¡[p¡R>¡L$ 1980 ky^u rlÞ]y$ hpfkpC ^pfp_¡S> A_ykf[p l[p, iqfe[_¡_lv. V|¬$L$dp¬ õhp[¬Ôe `|h£ A_¡ õhp[¬Ôe `R>u_p¬ OZp¬ hjp£ ky^u kdN° cpf[cf_p dysõgdp¡ rhi¡j L$fu_¡ L©$rj A_¡ hpfkpC_p k¬]$c®dp¬ [p¡ rlÞ]y$ `f¬`fpAp¡A_¡^pfpAp¡_¡S> A_ykf[p l[p, iqfe[_¡_lv. Ap dpV¡$_y¬ A¡L$dpÓ dlÒh`|Z® L$pfZ A¡l[y¬ L¡$ [¡d_p `|h®Å¡rlÞ]y$ l[p. "b¬Q Ap¡a \p¡V¹$k'dp¬ îu NyfyÆA¡Ap S> hp[ L$fu_¡dysõgd kdy]$pe_¡fpô²$ue âhpldp¬ Å¡X$hp_p¡âepk L$ep£ ep£. cpf[_p dysõgdp¡_p `|h®Å¡rlÞ]y$Ap¡S> l[p A¡hp îu NyfyÆ_p ×Y$ d¬[ìe_¡, cpf[_p dysõgdp¡iqfe[_¡_lv `Z rlÞ]y$ L$pe]$pAp¡_¡A_ykfu_¡rkÙ L$fu füp l[p, [p¡lh¡âñ A¡\pe R>¡L¡$dysõgdp¡dp¬ rhcpS>_L$pfu dp_rkL$[p hL$fu L¡$hu fu[¡ u[¡?
dysõgd guN_u rhcpS>_L$pfu _ur[ ^pL$^dL$u L¡$ gp¡cgpgQ_¡ L$pfZ¡ dysõgd b_¡gp rlÞ]y$Ap¡_Xh DƨShW u dp_rkL$[^hƧ˼Ws p [p¡[f[ƨThXD S> rlÞ]yĥđh $ rhfp¡^u b_¡[¡i¼e XR "UbhaSh^" ?N_p D° _ l[y¬. Ap dysõgdp¡_¡^d®T_|_u b_phhp_y ¬ L$pd dp¡V¡$ cpN¡ Ⱥ l`\h5 "dSX5 T dy UbhaSh^" dysõgd fpS>L$ pfZuAp¡ [\p sõgd guN¡L$ey¯. 1905 `R>u dysõgdp¡d\hWah p¬ rhcpS>_L$ rhj âkpfhp_y¬ L$pd Or_› $ bÞey¬. ah`spfueSs. dysõgd guN A_¡dysõgd fpS>_¡[pAp¡A¡rhjhd_ L$fu_¡ kp¬õL©$r[L$8WhTj fu[¡ `Zdh ZS rlÞ]y$ `f¬ `fpAp¡ kp\¡ Å¡X$pe¡gp fl¡gp Th] Jp D° dysõgd kdpS>_¡cpf[dp[p\u rhM|V$p `pX$hp_y¬ `p` ApQey¯. "dSX5T UbhaSh^" rS>Þ_p S>¡hp ^dp®Þ^ _¡[pAp¡_u cpf[ rhfp¡^u MV$`V$p¡_¡ dfe[ _\hW es] Jp . \ep¡. dysõgdp¡_¡ `qfZpd¡S>\hWahah`h 1937dp¬ Ⱥkiqfe[ ^pfp¡ `kpf rlÞ]y$õ\p_\u AgN L$ffhp hp dpV¡$_y¬ Ap rhr^h[¹ rh â\d `Ngy¬ l[y¬. Ap_p Ap^pf D`f S> ^dp®Þ^ dyysõgd _¡[©Ðh Üpfp AgN dysõgd fpô²$__uu dp¬NZu L$fu_¡ cpf[dp[p_p cpf Vy$L$X$p L$fhp_y¬ `p` ApQey Qey¯. L$ffyyZ[p [p¡ [p¡ A¡ hp[_u R>¡ L¡$ Ap `p` ApQf_pfpAp¡ _pfpAp¡ Ap¡_p AN°¡kf rS>Þ_p rS `p¡[¡L$ÃR>u d¡dZ l[p A_¡ [¡d_p¡ d_p¡ ^d®N°¬\ ""]$iph ph[pf' l[p¡, Ly$fp_ _lv! ^d®T_|_u dysõgd sõgd fpS fpS>L fpS>L$Lpf pfZuAp¡ fZu A¡iqfe[ ^pfp¡`kpf L$fphu_¡A¡hp[ fZ [ `yfhpf L$fu S> ]$u^u L¡$k¢L$X$p¡hjp£ky^u cpf[_p dysõgdp¡ [p¡ r $ ^pfpAp¡ rlÞ]y ^pfp A_¡`f¬`fpAp¡_y¬ S> `pg_ A¡V$gp dpV¡$S> L$f[p l[p L¡$ [¡d_p `|h®Å¡rlÞ]y$ l[p. [¡d_¡L¡$ [¡d_p d|m rlÞ]y$ l[p Np¡¡Ó\u ]|$f L$fhp dpV¡$ S> dysõgd _¡[pAp¡A¡ iqfe[ ^pfp¡ N `kpf L$fpìep¡A_¡cpf[dp¬ AgNph h^pf_pfp Ap L©$Ðe_¡ A¬N°¡Å¡A¡ (klj®) õhuL$pfu gu^y¬ l[y¬. A¡L$ fu[¡ A¬N°¡Å¡_u AgNphhp]$_¡ `p¡j[u _ur[_¡ A_ykfu_¡ ey`uA¡ kfL$pf¡ cpf[_p 2005dp¬ _ud¡gp kpQf L$rdi_¡`Z _p¢Ýey¬ R>¡L¡$cpf[_ 40 V$L$p dysõgdp¡[p¡[¡d_p `|h®Å¡rlÞ]y$ l[p [¡ApS>¡`Z õhuL$pf¡R>¡(Pg. 224). Apd gNcN kp[ ]$peL$pAp¡`|h£_p îu NyfyÆ_p L$\__¡ApS>¡`Z dysõgdp¡õhuL$pf¡R>¡. rlÞ]y$ ^pfpdp¬ dysõgd krl[ kp¥_¡Å¡X$hp_u îu NyfyÆ_u hp[ Å¡L¡$ dysõgd dp_rkL$[p\u N°õ[ Ap`Zp _¡[pAp¡_¡ ApS>¡ `Z `Q[u _\u [¡]¡$i_y¬ kp¥\u dp¡Vy¬$ ]y$cp®Áe R>¡.
w w w .re al pa tid ar .c om
(3) 3)
(S>N]$ui ApZ¡fph Üpfp cphp_yhp]$)
29 6 Ap·¼V$p¡bf, 2012 3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV
6HULHV 566 %HOLHYHUV LQ 6DWSDQWK 'DVDYDWDU DUH 0XVOLPV
3DJH RI 'LJLWL]HG E\ ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP /LQN KWWS ZZZ UHDOSDWLGDU FRP D VHULHV