Master of Arts with Honours Architecture Academic Portfolio Paula Madden
Th e U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h | E d i n b u r g h C o l l e g e o f A r t
2009-2013
MA Hons Architecture
Academic Portfolio Contents
Honours Year Academic Portfolio
Architectural Design
Architectural Theory
Explorations ARCH10001
ARCH1002
Technology & Environment
Arch Placement
Placement
3
Working Learning
Part 1 Year Out
ARDE10002
ARCH10004
Year 3 2011-2012
Technical Review
Placement
Architectural Design
Building Study
Part 1 Year Out/ Working Learning
Tectonics
ARCH1002
ARJA10001
ARCH10003
Dissertation
Academic Portfolio
ARJA10002
ARCH10004
Year 4 2012-2013
Th e U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h | E d i n b u r g h C o l l e g e o f A r t
2009-2013
Architectural Design
Architectural Theory
Explorations ARCH10001
ARCH1002
Technology & Environment
Arch Placement
Placement
3
Working Learning
Part 1 Year Out
ARDE10002
ARCH10004
Year 3
Yr 4
Semester 1
Th e U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h | E d i n b u r g h C o l l e g e o f A r t
Placement, Nickl & Partner Architects
Reflection Essay
Design Statement, Derendorf Campus
Six Short Essay Questions
Technology Review, Stone
Theory Essay, Apparatus
Architectural Theory Diaries
The Texture of a Moment
Clarifying (in) Proximity
Cataloging (in) Proximity
2011-2012
Semester 2
Year 3 2011-2012
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 1
Cataloguing (in) Proximity Group work with Lewis Armstrong, Gillian Glachan, Ryan Turner and Elise Schneider
Proximity (Mapping)
Visual (Acquity)
Spatial (Immersion)
James Corner: The Agency
Looking at futurism, how they
The importance of stimulating
Brief
of Mapping. From this text
represent speed and ultimately
our
Within Project 1 the studio collectively researched the
I was interested within the
time. I was interested in the
our spatial awareness and
topics; Mapping [Proximity], Visual [ Acuity], Spatial
notion of mapping a journey,
futurist principle of dynamism
experience.
[Immersion], Duration [In Time] and An [Apparatus].
more than just the terrain and
representing the energy that
focus on the idea of how we
Through the research we began to draw alliances
boundaries, a personal and
runs through matter and man.
engage within space, Thomas
between the themes to help develop an attitude and a
conceptual mapping.
The notion inactive.
Saraceno’s 14 Billions forced
senses
to A
enhance particular
interaction with his spider’s
methodology towards architecture and representation.
web in order to reach the next exhibition.
Spatial (Immersion) Group Presentation The conclusion I made from our group presentation of spatial immersion, was the importance of exploring spatial experiences within architecture and that spatial immersion is achieved through evoking our senses. We researched a range of installation artists and how they achieved this concept of spatial immersion on varying scales of installations, the main interest I found was the focal point within Tomas Saraceno’s work to encourage and even force an interaction with his installation of a spider web.
Time (Duration)
Territory (Tantallon)
Scottish (Heritage)
We cannot perceive space
The castle is the main focal of
Tantallon a building which
without time - ‘space time’. A
the site, the landscape provides
stands the test of time but
distinction between pure time
a dramatic and strategic setting.
one which is preserved by
and mathematical time, pure
The architecture of the castle is
Scottish Heritage. Approaches
the way we interpret time and
a large curtain wall, the material
to heritage can potentially
mathematical being the actual
itself holding the traces of time
be classified as; restoration,
measurable dimension.
through weathering and attack.
intervention or integration.
Mapping of alliances
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 2
Clarifying (in) Proximity Brief Project 2 involves the process of clarifying our recent research with an aim to formulating a design attitude. This clarifying process will be explored through the production of a sequential set of two dimensional drawings and their translation into a three dimension model. The drawing reflects my journey through Tantallon as a methodology to represent the alliances. The journey is represented though the black string, a measurable device of distance. The string is strung between white threads which represent time. This initiates the idea that are journeys are embedded within time, Visual techniques inspired by Futurism try capture the sense of movement through the journey. The images are taken from ‘moments’ within the site where I stopped to take in a particular feature or view. Within these moments I have used sand paper to encourage interaction and stimulate the idea of immersion. Our interaction with Heritage is an important issue, the mesh used within the drawing represents the question in relation to Heritage whether we should allow people to interact with the building or cage it off in order to preserve it.
Threaded moments in time, a collage of photographs, paint, tracing paper, sand paper and string.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 2
Clarifying (in) Proximity | Clarifying Drawing
information
framed views
arrival
coastal view
scale
touch
light
A Journey of Moments in Tantallon , black and white photopgraphy with photshop effects.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 3
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 2
Clarifying (in) Proximity | Final Model
A Journey of Moments in Tantallon Concept Model , perspex frames, laser cut card, metal strips, wooden base and thread.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment Brief Project 3 involves the development of a design proposition which provides a fulcrum for Historic Scotland’s ‘Scottish Castle Initiative’ agenda. The Scottish Castle Initiative aims to use Scotland’s castle history as a vehicle for amplifying awareness of Scot land’s Heritage within the national and broader international Touch
context. Your design proposition will contribute to this amplification affording the opportunity to locate and
Light
concentrate the Initiative’s purpose with the creation of a scholarly conduit in the environs of Tantallon Castle.
Scale
Scale
From Concept to Strategy Through my exploration of moments I wanted to use the places which I studied to help anchor and locate
Arrival
my architecture within the site. I chose the three
Coastal View Arrival
Framed Views
Coastal View
particular moments of Arrival, Scale and Coastal View as I felt they were significant and had an appropriate
Information
proximity to the castle to site my building. In addition I was interested within the strong linear axis of the castle as well as its radial axis which are reflected within the landscape.
Sequence of moments diagram
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Locating diagram
2011
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 3
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment
Development of Arrangement through Modelling and Sketches
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 3
Tantallon Group Model, Cardboard model contributed to by all members of studio 3
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment | Design Proposal
Site Model, 1:200 Cardboard model
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Location Plan , 1:20 000
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment | Design Proposal
A
A-
Plan , scale 1:200
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 4
Yr 3
(in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment | Design Proposal
A-A
Section, scale 1:200
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Architectural Design | Explorations
Yr 3
Yr 4
(in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment | Design Proposal
E-E
Public Sequence of Moments Section, scale 1:200
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 4
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Explorations (in) Proximity Project 3
The Texture of a Moment | Design Proposal
Scale
Memory Chamber
Publication Room
The Registry
Framed views
Arrival
Public Sequence of Heritage,
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Theory |Assignment 1
Yr 4
Theory Diaries
Origin | Lecture Synopsis Vitruvius
(80-70)BC - 15 BC
Ovid
43 BC – AD 17/18
The origin of Architecture is a reiterating topic of theory
interest in the origin of form within his entrance to
throughout history. It is often viewed in conjunction
the Staatsgalerie which is heavily influenced by Marc-
with our coming into society; when and why did we
Antoine Laugier and his theory of architectural origin
start to build? This shift from before to after the birth
featuring the rustic hut.
of architecture is heavily debated in how it evolved. Arguably it is within human instinct and nature to want There is the Nomadic theory; that men travelled without
to understand how things began. Therefore it can be
Pierre di cosmo,
possessions, finding food and seeking comfortable
argued that we will continue to be fascinated and
The Hunt 13/14th Century
climates on the move. When we became stationary
explore the notions of origin even with the arguable
we arguably began to experience nature and it was
inevitability that we shall never truly prove, understand
Purism
this, when ‘hanging icicles formed under the chilling
or discover the true origin of architecture.
20th Century
Frank Lloyd Wright Robie House 1906
blasts of the wind … men first sought covered dwelling places’.1 Another theory, from Vitruvius, features men being thought of originally as vicious hunters and that the
Le Corbusier
towards becoming a society. The trigger is symbolised
James Stirling
its warmth. Society then gave birth to relationships,
Neue Staatsglaerie 1984 Origin: A theory revisited throughout history LO1
LO2
LO3
shift impacted socially from men being savages to
Vers Une Architecture 1923
Knowledge of contemporary design theories and the ways in which they can inform specifi c approaches to, and practices of architectural design Ability to demonstrate and analyse through careful argument how architectural production fi ts within wider philosophical, historical, social, political and economic discourses Ability to research issues in architectural theory, to critically refl ect upon them, and to organise and present those refl ections in the format of scholarly writing
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
by fire, which brought peace through the sharing of property and ultimately architecture. The interest in origin is evident and influential within architecture as exemplified by the work of Frank Lloyd Wright which reflects the notion of fire being at the core of society through organising and anchoring his house designs
Fig 1.The Hunt, Pierre di Cosmo, 13/14th century
Key References: 1. P. Ovid (43 B.C. - 17/18 A.D.), Metamorphoses 2. Rykwert, J. (1972). p13-14 Rykwert, J. (1972). On Adam’s House in Paradise: The Idea of the Primitive Hut in Architectural History, New York, Museum of Modern Art. http://www.quondam.com/65/6477.htm, last accessed 09/01/2012
Fig 2. Robie House, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1906
Images: 1. Lawson, J. Lecture: Origin. 2. www.greatbulidings.com, last accessed 09/01/2012. 3. http://www.quondam.com/65/6477.htm, accessed 09/01/2012
last
around the fireplace. The work of Le Corbusier illustrates an interest in primary shapes from which all else arguably derives. The original forms of architecture was created he argues by the primitive man through instinct to use right angles of the square and the circle and by means of his tools.2 Architect James Stirling also portrays an
Fig 3. Staatsgalerie, James Stirling, 1984
2011
Yr 3
Architectural Theory |Assignment 2
Yr 4
Theory Essay
This essay aimed to reveal a deeper understanding of
knowledge and ability to build and implement the
Michel Foucaults term ‘apparatus’ within the context
apparatus of airport cities, it also isolates and weakens
“With reference to Foucault’s term ‘apparatus’,
of architecture. The French philosopher calls upon the
those who do not.
describe how a building might be understood as part
use of the term ‘dispositif’ or ‘appartus’ which becomes
of a network of related elements – forms of knowledge,
a key expression within his writings. It is described as
The Apparatus of Airport Cities
the effects of mass travel created by airport cities has
laws, institutions, police measures, etc – that produce subjectivity.
Lastly I analysed the concept of subjectivity; arguably
“a thoroughly heterogeneous set consisting of
produced various forms of subjectivity including that
discourses, institutions, architectural forms, regulatory
of a ‘cosmopolitan identity’. Such an identity coincides
decisions,
The
with frequent flyers that do not settle in a place for
apparatus itself is the network that can be established
long and subsequently have a weak sense of belonging.
between these elements.” (Agamben, 2009, p1)
The network of globalisation has arguably therefor
laws,
administrative
measure…
informed our behaviour in how we locate and live our Within this essay the possibility of the airport city was
lives.
Fig 1. Incheon Airport
explored as a building type which can be evaluated within the context of an apparatus. The key terms for
The essay concluded that airport cities are a building
analysing airport cities in relation to the apparatus
type which can be understood and analysed as an
theory included; network, power and subjectivity.
apparatus. Arguably it can be interpreted as an apparatus as it; informs a network of globalisation, it
LO1
LO2
LO3
The essay identified airport city buildings as the physical
has a determined goal for enhanced local and global
components within the network of globalisation. The
economy, it establishes a power relation between
examples analysed included Hong-Kong, Abu Dhabi
the economies of other countries and it produces
and Incheon’s airport designs. The airport cities were
subjectivity in the sense that we are losing a sense of
Knowledge of contemporary design theories and the ways in which they can inform specific approaches to, and practices of architectural design
described as the elements within the network which
belonging and increasing are global travel around the
enabled the ambition of globalisation, an enhanced
world.
Ability to demonstrate and analyse through careful argument how architectural production fits within wider philosophical, historical, social, political and economic discourses
Furthermore, Agamben’s definition of Foucault’s theory
Ability to research issues in architectural theory, to critically refl ect upon them, and to organise and present those refl ections in the format of scholarly writing
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
global economy, to be achieved.
that an apparatus ‘appears at the intersection of power relations’ (Agamben, 2009, p3) also relates to airport cities which strive to become gateways of global trade and economy and are therefore establish a network of power relations between various countries, businesses and air cities. Whilst benefiting those who have the
Key References: Agamben, Giorgo, What is an apparatus?: and other essays. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press, 2009. Urry, John, Mobilities. Cambridge, England: Polity, 2007. Images Fig 1. http://www.worldarchitecturenews.com/index. php?fuseaction=wanappln.showprojectbigimag es&img=2&pro_id=10534 Fig 2. Kasarda, John D, Global Airport Cities, (Twickenham, United Kingdom; Insight Media, 2010),20. http://www.aerotropolis.com/airportCities/publications
Fig 2. Hong-Kong Airport
2011
Yr 3
Technology and Environment | 3
Yr 4
Technology Review
The Evolution of Stone: From Structure to Cladding and its Consequences Group work with Kirstie Reynolds
The focus of our assignment was to analyse the
applications for cladding. The reasons behind such
evolution of the material of stone in its application and
development include:
use as a building material. The changes within stone allowed for a resurrection of the building material as it
1.)
Speed and economics
has hit serious concerns in recent decades due to man-
2.)
Technological developments
made materials being cheaper and more efficient.
3.)
Design
In order to study stone in greater detail we have focused
The Consequences of Technological Innovation and
particularly on Edinburgh, a UNESCO World Heritage
Stone’s Evolution
the characteristics and robustness of the material itself.
site famous for its traditional stone architecture that takes advantage of the qualities of each type of stone
The evolution of stone and its application has
New applications of the traditional material have posed
used.
allowed for stone to be continued to be used within
many concerns about quality and durability, issues
modern building; with new quarrying and processing
which had previously never existed. With applications
In recent years it has become a witness for the
techniques allowing for higher quality and more
of stone being much thinner and used on larger, taller
construction of new buildings that no longer uti¬lize
uniform stand¬ards at more reasonable costs. Despite
buildings much closer scrutiny and control is needed.
stone’s natural characteristics. Edinburgh has overseen
these improvements, the evolution in stone has also
the evolution of stone change from a robust form of
developed consequences affecting the trade of stone
New technology allows us to manufacture extremely
technology that relied on the knowledge of the local
construction and the robustness of the material.
thin stone veneers. Although this drives a greater economy, the stone specified becomes structurally
stone mason into increasingly sophisticated methods
-
Students will understand the key differences informing the design of steel and concrete structures
-
Students will be able to analyse and review contemporary construction methods and technology.
-
Students will be able to make informed decisions integrating issues of building technology into their design work.
-
Students will have gained and understanding of structural framing using reinforced concrete and steel, the building envelope and the use of manufacturing and prefabrication in construction.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
In addition the evolution of stone has also impacted
which now use stone as a non-structural façade,
The trade of traditional stone masonry particularly
critical and more testing and research is needed to
chosen for aesthetics rather than structural qualities.
suffered from stone evolution. As a result of new
ensure its strength. The concern is that there is neither;
With this advancement in technology there is not only
manufacturing processes the role of the stone mason
sufficient evidence of the long-term durability of stone
a transformation and transfer of knowledge between
is becoming rarer and traditional techniques are no
veneers nor standard test procedures for measuring
the engineer, architect and stone mason but also an
longer appropriate for modern day construction. The
stone strength, especially in terms of flexure and
increase in the sensitivity of the stone itself.
work of stone masons has had to change with the
modulus of rupture.
new applications whilst holding the danger of losing a wealth of traditional knowledge and skill. Subsequently
Overall with the growing use of thin stone veneers;
masonry skills have transferred to the specialization
strength characteristics, factors of safety, design
For thousands of year, stone’s high compressive
of conservation and restoration of stone buildings.
tolerances and quality of workmanship have become
strength and robustness was utilized solid masonry
Especially within a historic town such as Edinburgh
much more critical to ensuring the durability of the
within load bearing structures. With the development
the knowledge of traditional masonry is needed to
system.
of the skeletal frame in the 20th century, the use of
help preserve and restore the vast number of stone
stones began to change and develop into more slender
buildings.
The Evolution from Load Bearing to Cladding
2011
Yr 3
Technology and Environment | 3
Yr 4
Technology Review
TradiTional conSTrucTion
hand-SeT cladding
Comparison of Contemporary Stone Applications
Hand-set cladding is viewed as the ‘traditional’ method of stone cladding in which each stone is individually attached to the building’s primary structural frame or onto a secondary wall framing system. Hand-set cladding continues to use the skills of stone masons through the stone being bedded traditionally within mortar. However, the use of stone has shifted from a structural to an aesthetic role where it is only supporting its own weight.
The earliest form of stonework uses thick walls to take all loads. The structure’s strength relies upon aSuccoth close fit Heights so each stone touches itsdevelopment underlying neighbour to transfer loads. Cost is a residential lorestraint means is rarely used in contemporary design catedit within Murrayfield, a conservation areatoday fea- unless in historical frameworks or restoration. turing traditional stone masonry housing. It uses
The wide choice of stone applications available to the conSTrucTion
Fixing methods: Handset cladding uses load bearing fixings at each floor level to support and transfer the load of the cladding back to the structure. The stones of the cladding are simply restrained using restraint fixings which ties the cladding to the structures. Cramps and ties are employed between floors so to secure each stone panel to an inner leaf of brick or block.
stone but must take into account certain considerations. Minimising costs is often a priority and this can be
Joints: The individual stones of the cladding are usually bedded in mortar creating sealed waterproof joints. The structure and the stone cladding will be subject to movement which is initially due to shrinkage and or elastic deformation under load. However on going movement will occur due to the differential thermal movement of the structure, the fixings and the stone, moisture content of the stone and wind loads. Resultantly compression and expansion joints are used to control movement. Compression joints are horizontal movement joints and are designed to accept the vertical movement of the structure, the recommended width of the joint is 15 mm.24 Expansion joints are vertical movement joints. The spacing and the widths of these joints need to be designed to accommodate the anticipated movement. It is recommended that the joints are not less than 10mm per 6m length of cladding and should be between 1.5m and 3m from any corner. 25
achieved through the application of panelised or
handset systems. Panelised and rainscreen systems
to traditional masonry the cladding allows for much Joints: larger openings and glazing due to the freedom of Vertical joints are staggered that the weight eachasstone its frame structuresowhich reveals theof stone clad-is carried by those immedi20 ately below.ding Joggle incorporated to prevent stones slipping. Mortar seals the ratherjoints than are loadbearing. 21 Fig. 21 Exterior view of Succoth Heights residential façade apparte-and is capable of absorbing volume changes without damaging the stone. Sheer thickness and detailing, not fixings, are relied upon for stability and protection. ‘Through ments. stones’ are now replaced by steel bars to create a bond while hollow and sack joints are also used.22 Strong bonds are also formed with the use of a header and stretcher for each course.
offer faster construction as components are made offsite and with rainscreen, no wet trade is required. Stone Cladding
Cavity
Insulation Damp proof course Stone cladding
Insulation
Weep holes
support structure than handset or load bearing walls as steel
support
other elements are required to increase performance.
LoadAppearance: bearing fixing The simple forms express stone’s weight, stability and durability through the thickness of its mass and can create a dialogue with nature or existing buildings. Stone size dictates design and appearance.
Load bearing and handset walls utilize the stone
Detailing: Hand crafted detailing such as stooling and cornices minimize façade exposure providing protection against weather, moisture and air-borne chemicals.
Compression joint
Loadbearing fixing
Stone Cladding
Dense concrete blockwork Compression Joint
Fig. 19Traditional Cladding
Key References: DERNIE, D., New Stone Architecture, Laurence King Publishing, London, 2003.
Fig. 15 Detail of hand crafted stone work on entrance. This is an example of the quality, detail and craftmenship which is possible in traditional stone masonry.
Fig. 16 Detail of wall at entrance, shows the change of stone used around the meeting of the wall to the floor, a traditional method used to aid the weathering of the stone and water damage.
Cavity
Stainless bracket Dowel
application of stone can continue.
Fig. 18 Exterior view showing how contemporary stone masonry can achieve similar results to traditional stone architecture.
Restrain cramp & dowel
Weep holes
team’s knowledge must be continually updated so the
Fig. 22 Surrounding architecture of traditional stone masonry.
Packing shims Expansion anchor
Damp proof course
fixings. In order for change to continue, the design
Fig. 14 A detail of Traditional Stone masonry, contemporary traditional methods follow a similar construction using stone as a structural material for the entire thickness of the wall.
However these systems require a more complex Two coats RIW
caSe STudy | The queen’S gallery
hand-set sandstone cladding as a construction in Installation: order to achieve a similar materiality to the local architecture and to reflect the heritage of the area. The two categories, solid masonry bonded masonry, relied upon an experienced stoneThe characteristics of and the cladding such as mortar mason for effective hand Today structures incorporate square-dressed ashlar joints allow for coursing. a similar architectural expression of stone with uniform course laidlike on that a bedofmade of pinnings and small face slip stones. character andheight, stability the neighbour19 Stones areing then placed on top of each other. area to be achieved. However in comparison
designer provides more opportunities for the use of
Restraint Fixing
new systems such as aluminium honeycomb and
caSe STudy | SuccoTh heighTS By reiach and hall archiTecTS
The renovation project incorporated a variety of stone based on physical qualities and appearance to create a continuity of urban expression. Techniques such detailing and incorporating granite as dpc shows respect to historical tradition. The step and platt manner balance large stones while Kemnite granite forms a link to the Scottish Parliament.23
Fig. 20 (top) Restraint fixing (bottom) Load bearing fixing
aPPearance Due to the stones of the cladding being embedded within mortar handset cladding creates a similar aesthetic to that of traditional stone masonry. However, it does not share the same expression of weight or mass as traditional wall construction. Particular stones are suited to this method such as lime stones and sandstones. Due to their geological composition and potential to delaminate these stones have limitations in terms of cladding and are therefore most commonly used in hand set.
DAVIDSON, B. New stone technology, design, and construction for exterior wall systems, American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,1988. CORTBELLA, E. The architect’s handbook of marble, granite, and stone / Publisher:New York : Van Nostrand Reinhold, c1990.
Cavity
Insulation
DERNIE, D. Solid, slender, salvaged or phoney? Contemporary stone masonry at a crossroads. Architectural Research Quarterly.Vol. 8, no. 3-4, 2004, Pp 261-275.
for high thermal performance, requiring minimal maintenance. The lifespan of buildings must be taken
Fig. 23 Close up of handset cladding using traditional mortar seals.
Fig. 24 Detail of External facade.
Page | 3
Fig. 17 Joints measured at 5mm
Page | 4
into consideration. Veneers as a sensitive application veneer STone PanelS
typically degrades faster than load bearing stone so is Veneer stone panels use stone cut between 30-50mm thick attached to a structural panel such as precast concrete or aluminium honeycomb. It offers a cheaper solution to solid masonry and is created offsite in a quality controlled factory environment where other elements such as insulation can also be added. For the manufacturing of precast concrete panels, the finished stone is laid face down in a shuttering box with steel reinforcement laid over it.
rainScreen cladding caSe STudy | The exchange By cr8 archiTecTS
better suited for buildings with shorter life expectancies. There is a variety of design opportunities as slender
Fixings and movement joints: Hedgehog fixing, a series of down joints, the only stress subjected to the stone, are used to support stone for precast concrete panels and do not rely on adhesion. 27 A bond breaker minimizes contact between stone and concrete, allowing differential movement and decreasing risk of cracking and staining. On-site installation is faster, allowing for faster internal construction as panels offer early enclosure of the dry envelope.
stone can emphasis its light weight or be made to look
The Cube is situated on Leith Street in Edinburgh, a New Town Conservationist Area as well as a World Heritage Site, subsequently stone was an appropriate and desirable choice of building material. The use of stone responds to the legacy of the surrounding architecture including the nearby Parliament House. It also adds to the surrounding new stone develop ments such as Carlton House and the Omni Centre.
Fixings The individual stones can either be fixed direct to a backing wall or more typically to a framing system comprising of a grid of vertical and horizontal aluminium profiles. The fixings to the stone will normally have combined load bearing and restraint capabilities. They can be brackets recessed into the joints of the stones or undercut anchors in the back of the stones.
Stone facing units Fig. 36 Exterior view showing the moular repetition of panels in conjunction with glazing.
Fig. 37Joints Exterior view showing neat junction with glazing. EXT.
Debonding membrane
Conclusion
caSe STudy | The cuBe By allan murPhy archiTecTS
conSTrucTion
solid. Joints can also be open, such as rainscreen, or closed with mortar and sealants.
Rainscreen cladding is a system of cladding in which the stone panels are used as shields to protect the majority of the supporting structure form direct rainfall. This particular construction combines a cavity and drainage system behind the panels to remove any moisture. There are two different methods; pressure equalised where the cavity behind the panels is divided into compartments to generate pressure to obstruct the access of water through open joints or drained and ventilated where the open joints permit air movement and therefor encourages the drying out of moisture. Rainscreen cladding is a drastic change within stone construction as it allows water to penetrate the façade, a characteristic which has traditionally strived to be avoided.
Stainless steel inclined dowels
V
with a more efficient, faster and cheaper manner of
INT.
weight. They unify the office complex as a whole, creating a relationship with each other and buildings nearby. Panelisation allowed for complete onsite installation before the beginning of the Combined loadbearing/ festivalfixing as required. 3D+ AutoCAD restraint, adjustable allowed for the complex geometry Stone recessed to accept toclear be created. fixing to create joint
Load bearing joint
Dowels
Silicone Joint
J JS
using stone, increasing its flexibility for use and enabling Flexible grommet
Debonded surface
it to continue being used in modern developments. As a
Fig. 27 Exterior view showing location near Parliament House, influencing the use of stone.
Fig. 28 Exterior view of The Cube.
Fig. 29 The Cube within its context; surrounded by both new and old stone developments.
AB
M
Technological advances has provided the design team
Fig. 38 Veneer panels are used to
hide concrete structural columns. Joints in a rainscreen panel system are designed to permit air to circulate behind the panel and to allow moisture to drain from the cavity. In most projects the joints will be open, but some joints can be filled with an appropriate sealant if required. If a seal is used it is imporLoad bearing sandwich panels tant to ensure it has a good service life. The joint width needs to be carefully controlled to ensure that it is wide enough to be classedsandstone as open at all times.apAn open joint is normally a Warthaur panels 26 min of 10mm and will allow free pear draining of water. to be suspended and light-
Existing or substrate
The joints are a very important feature of rainscreen cladding as it is the only application of stone which uses open joints. The stone is readable as a frame structure due to the open stone joints as well as the extensive glazing and changes within geometry which were not achievable with traditional stone masonry. The joints as researched are recommended as being 10mm although when measuring The Cube the joints range from 6 to 12 mm, emphasising the sensitivity of the construction. The largest gap of 12mm even began to show a glimpse of the aluminium structure of the cladding as shown in Figure 23.
new
Mechanical Anchor Fixings
Stone rainscreen cladding BA
Detail B1-Option1
Fig. 39 Detail of veneer panels used.
Adjusting screw
AB MALE COUPLER-BOX M NON SHRINK GROUT BA FEMALE COUPLER-BOX V VOID FORMER J LOAD LOAD BEARING JOINT JS SILICONE JOINT
Open joint
SA DECOMO Bd Industriel, 96
B 7700 MOUSCRON Tel : +32 56 85 07 11 - Fax : +32 56 34 48 91
e-mail : info@decomo.be
www.decomo.be
Adjustable clamp
P14
consequence, the stone itself is becoming increasingly Fig. 34 & 35 Close up of handset cladding using traditional mortar seals.
slender and therefore increasingly more sensitive.
Fig. 25 Section showing example fixing
However, technology is continually being developed
Appearance: Due to the slenderness, the stone does not share the robustness of traditional masonry, instead appearing as a lightweight material hung from a frame.
to combat problems arising as a result of this through
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Fig. 26 Detail of fixings.
aPPearance
Fig. 40 Exterior views showing the possibilities of curvature with stone veneer panels.
The contrasting function and methods of rainscreen cladding compared to traditional stone construction also has as a profound impact on its architectural expression. The expression of the stone is no longer of weight and mass but of something lighter and more delicate. The Fig. joints 41 Measuring the panels, typical joints portraying the impression of the stone floating open create a new aesthetic for stone, from 5-8mm. orranging being suspended. Page | 6 1
Fig. 30 12mm gap between panels emphasises the open joint system and reveals the inner support system behind.
Fig. 31 Emphasising the difficu- Fig. 32 Measuring the open joints Fig. 33 Junction between open laty to make panels meet exactly, which ranged between 6-12 mm joints and sealed joints. also the delicacy of the stone to being chipped.
Page | 5 1
2011
Yr 3
Arch Placement| Working Learning
Yr 4
Assignment 1: Short Essay Questions
1. Professionalism
2. Regulatory Context: Workplace Health, Safety & Welfare
How is the title ‘Architect’ protected in the UK? Formulate an argument for or against title protection.
What is a workplace risk assessment and when is it required? Prepare a brief workplace risk assessment covering the most significant risks for architectural practice.
The title ‘Architect’ refers to a member of the architectural profession who is registered with the Architects Registration Board (the ARB). The title is protected by law through the legislation of the Architects Act 1997. The act determines that the ARB consists of the Board, The Professional Conduct Committee of the Board, The Registrar who is appointed by the Board and the Register which holds the name of every person entitled and registered to legally use the title ‘Architect’ under the requirements of the act. Section 20 of the act states:
The Health and Safety at Work Act (HSWA) 1974 was introduced to be the primary governor of health and safety for all employees. In addition, the Workplace (Health, safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 and The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, as well as other legislation and the approved Code of Practice, help to provide guidance to duty holders to ensure satisfactory working conditions. These regulations aim to ensure that workplaces meet the health, safety and welfare needs of all members of a workforce, including people with disabilities.4 The Management of Health and Safety at Work regulations 1999 requires all employers and self-employed people to assess risks within their working environment, this is carried out in the form of a workplace risk assessment.
“A person shall not practise or carry on business under any name style or title containing the word ‘architect’ unless he is a person registered under this Act”.1 The act makes it an offense to attempt to become registered under false representation or to use the title incorrectly, thereby protecting its recognition. For regulation purposes the act dictates that a person may become registered if: (a) “He holds such qualifications and has gained such practical experience as may be prescribed; or (b) He has a standard of competence which, in the opinion of the Board, is equivalent to that demonstrated by satisfying paragraph (a).”2 Once fulfilling such requirements and registering with the ARB the person is at will to use the title of an architect and becomes a member of the architectural profession. The concept of professions evolved in the eighteenth century and has ever since been changing and questioned by both society and the members of the professions. 3 The title and the role of the Architect is an on-going debate, arguably there is a need for title protection as it protects and reassures clients that they are employing someone who is suitable and experienced for the job. The ARB acts in favour of the client and title protection helps them to defend the consumer and guarantee a good standard of service which clients can expect to receive from architects. Title protection is also beneficial to architects as it is a rewarding recognised qualification for their education and experience which can help them ensure work which is relevant to their abilities and skills. All registered architects are required to follow the Architects Code: Standards of Conduct and Practice devised by the ARB. The use of title protection helps to enforce such codes of conduct and thereby ensure a higher degree of standard and quality within architecture. Arguably without title protection the potential for dishonesty and exploitation within the industry would be much greater. Despite this, it is still legal for the untitled to practice and offer architectural services. Therefore those unqualified in the eyes ARB are still able to carry out the same work as those entitled. Title protection can subsequently be viewed as ineffective and composing little impact in the form of regulating standards and conduct. However, it remains at the will of the client to choose whether they employ someone with the benefits and guarantee of high quality services from those who carry the title or not. References 1 Architects Act 1997 2 Architects Act 1997 3 Anthony Speaight, Architects Legal Handbook – the law for architects (Oxford: Architectural press, 2008) 373. http://www.ihsti.com/tempimg/35F66BE-CIS888614800294262.pdf LO3
An understanding of the role of the Architect in society, including knowledge of professionalism and emerging trends in the construction industry.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
A work place risk assessment is an essential task in protecting workers and businesses. It involves a careful examination of what has the potential risk to harm people during work and assessing whether the right precautions are in place to control and ensure a safe environment. A workplace risk assessment is required for any workplace which includes a wide range of businesses such as factories, shops and offices but also schools, hospitals and more. It is also required for common parts of shared buildings, private roads and paths on industrial estates and business parks, and temporary worksites except those involving construction works on construction sites.5 Sensible risk management is about protecting workers as well as the public, balancing benefits and risks to benefit society and to reduce the most frequent and severe accidents. Workplace risk assessments contribute to form the measures of health and safety implemented in today’s working environments which aid to hold risk managers responsible for their actions. They help enable individuals to understand their right to protection and raise awareness that workers must also exercise responsibility. It is a legal requirement to assess the risks in your workplace however the law does not expect you to eliminate all risk but as a minimum to protect people as far as ‘reasonably practicable’.6 There is no set format for producing a risk assessment. However, the Health and Safety Executive provides guidelines in its publication ‘Five steps to risk assessment’. The guide advises the following steps; Step 1 Identify the Hazards, Step 2 Decide who might be harmed and how, Step 3 Evaluate the risks and decide on precautions, Step 4 Record your findings and implement them and Step 5 Review your assessment and update if necessary. An exemplar risk assessment following this format for an architectural practice is demonstrated on the following page. Workplace risk assessments are simple procedures which can have lifesaving results. The Approved Code of Practice states that it is always best if possible to avoid a risk altogether, and that work should, where possible, be adapted to the individual.7 By carrying out risk assessments you are in an able position to put in place a plan to control the risks of your working environment to protect your business and employees. References 4 Workplace health, safety and welfare. A short guide for managers. (Suffolk: Health and Safety Executive, 2007), 1. http://www.ihsti.com/tempimg/261B0AB-CIS888614800284967.pdf 5 Workplace health, safety and welfare. A short guide for managers, 1. 6 Five steps to risk assessment, (Suffolk: Health and Safety Executive, 2011), 1. www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/indg163.pdf 7 Workplace (health, safety and welfare) regulations 1992 Approved code of practice and Guidance. (Suffolk: Health and Safety Executive, 2003), 12. http://www.ihsti.com/tempimg/31E37B5-CIS888614800298006.pdf
LO1
An understanding of business management and knowledge of the legal and statutory frameworks within which Architectural Design is practiced and delivered.
2013
Yr 3
Arch Placement| Working Learning
Yr 4
Assignment 2: Design Statement
Design Statement
Context
Design Layout
Brief Prepare a Design Report of a project you have practical experience of. Through discussion with colleagues, or independent
research,
identify
what
material
1
considerations informed the design, and show how these are resolved by the design. Illustrate the report with relevant drawings, diagrams and visualisations (it
6
may be necessary to produce new diagrams).
2 13 Diagram showing entrance to campus buildings and the central communcation zone.
3 4
Context
5
The new Derendorf Campus for the University of Applied Sciences is to be built within Derendorf, a district north of Dusseldorf. The district is situated between the city center and LO1
LO2
LO3
An understanding of business management and knowledge of the legal and statutory frameworks within which Architectural Design is practiced and delivered.
the airport. The site occupies a former industrial district with
An understanding of the role of the client, Architect and related professions in the costing, procurement and realisation of architectural design projects.
in the near downtown area being gradually converted.
An understanding of the role of the Architect in society, including knowledge of professionalism and emerging trends in the construction industry.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Plan of proposed Campus layout.
Diagram of pedestrian walkways
surrounding transport links in close proximity. Derendorf is an area of upcoming change with a total of 85,000 square meters 1 Library and IT Campus
Entrance to institutions.
The building of the University will benefit the economic growth
2 Cafeteria and Administration
Central Communication Area
and opportunities of the area which is already undergoing
3 Social and Cultural Studies.
Existing walkways
conversion. The campus also offers the opportunity to restore
4 Auditorium Center and Department of Media
New pedestrian walkways
architectural landmarks of Dßsseldorf’s history which have
5 Department of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering.
New walkways through park
been neglected over the years.
6 Department of Architecture and Design
2012
Yr 3
Arch Placement| Working Learning
Yr 4
Assignment 2: Design Statement
Design Statement
Urban Arrangement
Integrating into the Surrounding
Architectural Aesthetics
Environment Urban Arrangement The objective of the design is to create a central campus where the various departments of the University may be interconnected to establish a fully functional structure. The urban structure is modelled on the idea of a microcosmic city. It encompasses seven institutional buildings which are all accessible from the campus’s central communication area. Integrating into the Surrounding Environment The new green axis enhances the existing larger green
Central Facility Buildings
Entrances to Institution buildings
corridor establishing a seamless relationship with the
Campus and its relation and extension of the green belt
Image portraying the uniform facades throughout the campus.
surrounding environment. In additional, the diagonal paths created through the axis help to connect the neighbourhoods to the east and west of the park. Architectural Aesthetics The University is emphasised as a single entity through its urban arrangement. This principle is also reflected in the façade design. The horizontal aluminium facades achieve a uniform appearance of the campus buildings despite their different uses. The neutral coloured facades draw emphasis to the individual canon of colour which each building holds to signify the identity of that particular house.
Visualisation of entrance stairs facing the central area. The stairs provide a sitting area for discussion and socialising.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Visualisation of Stairs at entrance used to provide a social sitting area.
Foyer area showing use of accentuating guiding colour.
2012
Yr 3
Arch Placement| Working Learning
Yr 4
Assignment 3:Placement Reflection Essay
Reflection | The Value of Good Design The essay addressed contemporary issues regarding
have be evaluated in terms of both the staff and the
the tension between value for money and quality
patients. In regards to staff statistics demonstrated
architectural design. The debate revealed questions
that 87 per cent of nurses said that working in a well-
such as; do larger initial costs of good design pay off
designed hospital would help them do their jobs
The final assignment is an essay offering personal
or is quality design becoming a luxury of the past?
better which can aid staff morale. In addition, design
reflection on a topic relevant to contemporary
The essay aimed to explore the term ‘value’ within
which takes consideration for the patient’s needs and
professional practice. The choice of topic is open.
the architectural profession including the forms
implements high quality specifications can evidently
Students might choose to focus on and extend their
of economic value and social value. The study was
lead to enhancing a patient’s sense of well-being and
understanding of a topic raised in the lecture series.
analysed within the built environment of heath care to
speed of recovery. The characteristics identified for
Students who secure placements in an architects
provide a context for analysis and also to allow for a
providing such environments including features such
practice might select a topic that affords reflection on
reflection of my work at Nickl and Partner Architects
as natural daylight, views outside and colour.
their own work-experience. Students conducting self-
who specialise within this area.
Does good architectural design have value? A focus on the built environment of healthcare Brief
The essay concluded residing that good design does
directed practice or research might select a topic that draws upon, supports and extends that activity.
The benefits of quality design were identified within
have value and that is has the potential to resolve
healthcare architecture as aiding their economic
problems and answer needs which will in return pay for
principles of running and maintenance costs with a
itself over a buildings lifetime. Thereby quality design
long life expectancy. Additional economic benefits of
is disputably not a luxury option for developers but a
quality design included;
necessity for success which they cannot afford to do without. Overall it was determined that good design
-
Reduction in staff turnover
inherits both economic and social value; and that a
-
Reduced patient recovery times
focus on quality design is the way forward in achieving
-
Increased nursing efficiency
a pleasant, sustainable and economically productive
-
Help attract/ retain staff
built environment beneficial to the whole of society.
Furthermore, and perhaps more importantly, quality
References
design can also add social value. In regards to design
Good design – it all adds up’ London; RIBA, 2011. http://www.architecture.com/Files/RIBAHoldings/PolicyAndInternationalRelations/Policy/Gooddesignitalladdsup.pdf
social value contributes to the general well-being of its occupants through the quality of the built environment. The effects of good design are perhaps most significant within the healthcare sector which
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
‘The cost of bad design’ London; Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment, 2006.
Images of exemplar placement projects
2012
Placement| Part 1 Year Out
Yr 3
Yr 4
Nickl & Partner Architects
Nickl & Partner Architects
January 2012 - July 2012
Kaiser Franz Josef Hospital Design My main project throughout my internship was the Kaiser-Franz-Josef Hospital design project. The project involved a large scale hospital development over five floors for a new mother and child surgery center. Within this project I was able to gain experience of the design progressing from early design stages to construction stages. Within the early stages I assisted the design team with refining a grid for the double skin façade and its moveable sun shading panels. As the project progressed I also assisted with producing tender documentation for the façade’s construction.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2012
Placement| Part 1 Year Out
Yr 3
Yr 4
Nickl & Partner Architects
Nickl & Partner Architects
January 2012 - July 2012
Facade Sections
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2012
Yr 4
Yr 3
Placement| Part 1 Year Out Nickl & Partner Architects
Nickl & Partner Architects Achse Fassadenraster
+19.12
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13
January 2012 - July 2012
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FA 201 Stahlkonsole justierbar Facade Detail, scale 1:10(FA 201 oder RB?) zur Aufhängung Fassadenelement
6
FA 201 Seilsicherung
11
FA 201 Blendrahmen - AL-Strangpressprofil 37.5x150mm; eloxiert (?)
7
FA 201 Dämmpaneel; Mineralfaser; dampfdicht d = 150mm AL-Blech d = 3mm einseitig; eloxiert (?)
12
FA 201 Deckleiste - Aluminium; 37.5x20mm; eloxiert
13
FA 201 Attikaabdeckung Aluminium; eloxiert; mehrfach gekantet
14
FA 201 Wärmedämmung; Mineralfaser d = ???mm
15
... Einhängeblech AL-Blech d = 2mm (DD oder FA 201)
FA 201 Stahl-T-Profil 210x 100x 15mm, an Brüstung verankert mit angeschweißter Kopfplatte, Stahl, 210x 100x 20mm
8
FA 201 Wärmedämmung; Mineralfaser d = 50mm
FA 201
9
FA 201 Rahmenloses Schiebesystem mit oben hängenden U-Profil 25x 80mm, scharfkantig, n. stat. Erfordernis, Element Befestigung hängend an Schiebebeschlag, Bodenführung Führungsprofil unten, Elemente motorisch betrieben, Parkstellung Elemente hintereinander,
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
ARGE KAISER WIEN
V
1
Alle aussenliegenden Stahloberflächen und die Gitterroste sind mit feuerverzinkter Oberfläche auszuführen.
NICKL & PAR ARCHITEKTEN SEITENBERGG A - 1160 WIE TELEFON +4 TELEFAX +4
2012
PLANINHALT:
Building Study
Part 1 Year Out/ Working Learning
Tectonics
ARCH1002
ARJA10001
ARCH10003
Placement, Thomas and Adamson
Dissertation
Academic Portfolio
ARJA10002
ARCH10004
Academic Portfolio
Architectural Design
Dissertation, A Sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture
Placement
Building Study, Lindberghatelier
Yr3
Technical Review
Year 4
Semester 1
Th e U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h | E d i n b u r g h C o l l e g e o f A r t
Semester 2
Fabricate #3, Helathy Living Centre
Fabricate #2, Fables and Stories
Fabricate #1, Make and Create
Placement Reflection, Solar Mitigation
2012-2013
Year 4 2012-2013
Yr 3
Technical Review | Building Study
Building Study
Structure
Construction
Yr 4
Health and Safety
For my technical review I chose to review the office building Lindberghatelier by Nickl & Partner Architects. I worked within this office during my internship for Nickl & Partner and I therefore gained a level of understanding of the building through experience as an occupant. Furthermore, having worked for the Nickl & Partner firm, I also learned the architect’s general design strategies, processes and aspirations which have developed from and are evident in this building. The Lindberghatelier is based on a concept for raw and industrial architectural expression. The exposed elements and construction of this building visually
Maintenance balcony
aid an understanding of how aspects of the building process have been integrated and how the architect has considered such inclusion within his design. The review analysed the design in relation to its structure,
construction,
servicing,
planning
and
building regulations, health and safety, inclusive design and budget. LO1
Critically appraise and demonstrate understanding of the integration of Structure, Construction, Services, Lighting, and Acoustics, Building Regulations, Health and Safety, Budget, and Inclusive Design within a realised work of contemporary architecture.
LO2
Demonstrate research skills in the context of architectural practice
LO3
The ability to use visual and written communication methods and appropriate media to clearly and effectively communicate a critical review of precedent design ideas and proposals
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Highlighted structure
Sequence of Assembly
Screen printing for glass partitions
2012
Yr 3
Placement | Part 1 Year Out
Yr 4
Thomas and Adamson Placement
Thomas and Adamson Building Surveying Department National Gallery of Scotland Thomas and Adamson overseen the 1 million pound sustainable fund granted by the Scottish Government to improve the building performance and energy savings of the galleries. I was involved in the project from the early stages, helping to research possible solutions for improving building performance and working with different manufacturers and contractors. Furthermore, I helped to produce a drawing package and product specifications for the tender documentation of the project.
Examples of Tender drawing documents produced, original scale at A3
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Photos of Site Visit on the roof of the National Galleries
2012
Yr 3
Placement | Working Learning
Yr 4
Reflection
Reflection Report Chosen Topic: ‘The Design and Impapact of Solar Mitigation Strategies’
Abstract
environment and also within a more intimate scale of
In collaboration with further research and evaluation
human well-being. We can subsequently reflect upon
of placement experience, this report demonstrated a
the role of solar strategies and architectural design in
technical understanding of how solar mitigation devices
general and the obligations which architects hold to
may be integrated within building skin design. Through
our environment and to humanity.
the analysis of three placement projects; the solar strategies employed demonstrated how architectural
Furthermore the report and case studies demonstrated
issues regarding tectonic, environmental, social and
the complex operation which is solar mitigation and
programmatic concerns have been addressed. These
building skin design. Building skin design alone has
issues were explored in relation to the concept, design/
become such an advanced aspect of architectural
construction and performance stages of design. This
design that the need for expertise and specialisms has
examination of the design process provided an insight
become essential.
into the responsibility and implications of design decisions and their impact upon the environment and
The report concluded that contemporary solar
well-being of users.
mitigation and architectural design is an industry which is continuously increasing in expertise and specialised
Conclusion
knowledge over time. As designers, we must therefore connect and embrace such development;
The main purpose of this report was to explore and draw awareness for integrating solar strategies within
“Integrating the technical and functional requirements
the design process. This exploration which followed
of solar architecture into an aesthetically satisfying
the various stages in the design process demonstrated
comprehensive concept presents both a challenge and
that solar mitigation can and should be integrated
an opportunity for architecture.” (Solar architecture:
throughout all stages of design. In reflection to the
strategies, visions, concepts (Basel, Birkhäuser, 2003)
analysis of the design process, it is evident that the
p11.)
design decisions architects make can potentially project implications far beyond that stage in the process. This investigation has also drawn reflections upon the responsibilities of solar design and architects as well as the rising level of detail and expertise within the industry. The report raised my awareness of the role of solar mitigation within the global scale of the
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Key References Gerhard Hausladen, Climate skin: concepts for building skins that can do more with less energy. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2007. Steven Szokolay, Introduction to architectural science: the basis of sustainable design. London: Architectural Press, 2008.
Examples of Placement Projects used as case studies within the report
2012
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Andy Goldsworthy, Ice Arch 1982 My chosen art piece was the Ice Arch sculpture by Andy Goldsworthy. The arch was created through a series of ice fragments which were stacked and over time solidified to create a solid arch. The initial focus for the material investigation was to explore the qualities of ice; its ability to melt and solidify and its quality of reflecting and capturing light. The additional tectonic qualities which have emerged from studying the sculpture include the notion of layering and laminations by which the arch was made.
LO1
Understanding of tectonic, structural, constructional, environmental and contextual matters.
LO2
Ability to research, analyse, synthesize and integrate with design an appropriate technological approach.
LO3
Skills in deploying specified two- and threedimensional representational techniques correspondent with accepted architectural conventions.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Layering The first stage of my investigation was to explore the construction of how the Ice Arch was created by producing my own ice sculpture. This featured a tectonic of laminating; each fragment of ice would be layered on top of another, melt and freeze again. This process allowed a series of ice fragments to become a solid, a series of laminations.
Images: Process of creating ice sculpture, capturing the layering of fragments
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Light In addition to the ice’s tectonics; I wanted to capture the natural beauty of the material through photography, as captured within the original piece. The main quality of the ice is its ability to reflect and capture light which became the aim of my photography studies. I explored photographing the sculpture as an overall object and more zoomed into details of the layers.
Images: Photohraphy of Ice sculpture
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Laminations The next stage in my make and create process was to explore the weight and build-up of the ice laminations. I created two more ice sculptures, one with thicker laminations than the other, to explore the different light and sections through the layers. Having created these laminations I wanted to further reveal the tectonic and nature of the layers. In order to do this I decided to carry out an experiment for eroding these layers in order to reveal the laminations in more detail. In order to achieve this erosion I tried three different ways of eroding through the ice with heat. 1. A heated metal bolt. 2. The heat from a burning candle. 3. A heated piece of coal.
Images: Photography emphasising the laminations and drawn sections revealing the structure
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Investigation 1: Hot Bolt and Ice
Investigation 2: Coal and Ice
Investigation 3: Burning Candle and Ice
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Erosion The three different experiments explored how different forms of heat and materials impact and erode the ice laminations. The photographs captured the process of how each reacted as well as the resultant forms of eroded laminations.
Images: Photography capturing the process of the ice melting and the eroded laminations of ice
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Hot Bolt and Ice
Burning Candle and Ice
Coal and Ice
2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Capturing the Process
Images: Photography of trace paper lying beneath the experiment which captured the process to the ice melting.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Hot Bolt and Ice
Burning Candle and Ice
Coal and Ice
2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
The form of erosion
Images: Sections drawn from each of the experiments showing the resultant eroded forms of laminations.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Make and Create
Scale Having created interesting sections from the eroded ice sculptures, I then explored these sections as solids and layers and how scale can change how they are interpreted.
Images: Brown card and plaster cast sections of erosion.
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans
Brief A masterplan is a vision for how an area will develop, a prospective narrative for the community, a story made up by urban designers. These documents propose the civic future of Dalmarnock. We will tell each other these stories. We will consider, amongst other things, the social, historical, physical and economic impacts of each proposal. As the stories are told we begin to make them our own. Students will found the narrative thread for their building proposals in their version of this story. Response: The Erosion of Urban Laminations An intention to capture the legacy of the Commonwealth games through an established piece of Civic architecture built on the site of the Commonwealth Ceremonial Plaza. My main ambition was to establish a currently non-existing centre and focal point for the community to stabilise and ground Dalmarnock as a place. In order to achieve this, my first intentions were to build on what would already be there; the Commonwealth Games. The hub of the Games is proposed to be developed into a new village high street through a series of urban laminations to create the density and activity for a new focal point within Dalmarnock. RMJM Masterplan for Dalmarnock
General Criteria | 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans
The Hub of the Commonwealth Games Velodrome
Athlete’s Village
Ceremonial Plaza ‘Civic Value’
New Dalmarnock Station
Image: Masterplan of Dalmarnock for during the Commonwealth Games
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans
Business and industrial development along the new Clydegateway route
Proposed new village high street providing a route through to the Cunningar Loop and building on the legacy and physical site of the 2014 Games
Cunningar Loop
CIVIC VALUE: the proposed healthy living centre intends on building on the physical site of the ceremonial plaza for the Commonwealth Games to commemorate its legacy and build on a sense of civic within the community.
Image: My masterplan for Dalmarnock post Commonwealth Games showing growth and development
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans Applying rules for urban laminations and erosion to new high street The hub of the Games is intended to be developed into a new village high street through a series of urban laminations to create the density and activity for a new focal point within Dalmarnock. From an
Residential
analysis of the previous material investigations
Commericial Civic
a set of rules has been derived in terms of the extent of erosion from the street front according to the function and use. As seen on the right; the residential urban fabric is set further back from the street as it is more private whereas the commercial is more upfront. The Healthy Living Centre features the greatest extent of erosion and break in these layers of urban fabric which is intended to conjure an essence of ‘civic’ through the architecture’s formal procession
Layering of mixed use to build up the density and activity of the High Street
and relationship with the street.
Card model showing physical density of buildings
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans
Masterplan of proposed High Street Scale 1: 2000
Healthy Living Centre Clyde / Cunningar Loop
Main section of High Street Commercial/ Residential
Business/Offices
Section of proposed High Street and Healthy Living Centre Scale 1:2000
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans
Masterplan of proposed High Street Scale 1:1000
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Fables and Stories: Masterplans
Through modelling I explored how a this focal point could be created through a build-up of urban layers and how they may become eroded to endure the integration of mixed use and to establish a different architectural language to the regular surroundings to emphasise its importance.
Masterplan of high street explored through modelling of density and layering
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre Brief
Response
HLCs are a modern concept, combining social, arts
In response to the brief I have chosen to include a GP
and medical facilities to promote and support the
surgery, Village Activity Hall and a Social Enterprise
healthy life (physical and mental) of local people. It
Skills centre within my Healthy Living Centre. The
is an elastic building typology that is various and
site I have chosen for the building is to be located
can be interpreted to suit the needs of the local
directly on the Commonwealth Games Ceremonial
community. HLCs may be commissioned and run by
Plaza to build on its memory and legacy to conjure
the local Council, by a local community enterprise,
an essence of civic to the building.
by the NHS, or a joint venture of all three. The Dalmarnock HLC will form the civic core of the
The Village Hall is intended to be the focal point
growing community.
of the centre and at the heart of the community to provide opportunity for social events, activities and opportunities. I have also chosen to include a Social Enterprise and Skills Centre to provide more opportunities within a currently deprived area and to allow the centre to economically sustain itself.
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre Development of Design through Drawing When designing the Healthy Living Centre I focused heavily on the concept of layers and laminations explored within the material investigation. The design process featured an iterative process working out how the program could slot into a series of spine wall which shift to create lightwell courtyards and circulation into other parts of the building.
Images: Development drawings on trace
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre Development of Design through Modelling Through modelling I was able to explore and compare the two different material construction and spaces; the concrete core which is has more weight, permanence and grandeur; and the timber SIP clad structures which are more adaptable and of a domestic scale.
Interior models Scale 1:50
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Lines showing potential future growth
GP Surgery
Village Activity Hall
Social Enterprise and Skills Centre
Ground Floor Plan of Healthy Living Centre Design 1:200
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Restaurant
Offices and Meeting Rooms
First Floor Plan of Healthy Living Centre 1:200
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
1:100 Sectional Model
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Section through Doctor’s Surgery 1:200
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Elevation from Courtyard 1:200
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Section 1:200
Model of Concrete Spine Wall
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Sarnafil roof membrane Vapour Control Barrier Timber Flat Roof Joists
Timber Structural Insulated Panel
Interior wood paneling
Horiztonal Timber Cladding
Damp Proof Course
Tectonic Model Scale 1:50
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Detail A Timber Structure Scale 1:20
2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Detail Perspective of Office in Enterprise Skills Centre
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Detail Perspective of Consultant Room
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Precast concrete wall element
Concrete wall ties
Interior wood panelling
Timber floor joists Concrete floor slabs Damp prrof membrane
0
1
Detail C of Cafe Scale 1:20
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre Sustainability Strategy
For the Healthy Living Centre’s sustainability strategy the design focused on allowing the building to be naturally light within all rooms. This has been enhanced through the use of courtyard
Shadow on 21st June Noon
light wells within the depths of the plan which light individual rooms and circulation hallways.
21st June 5pm Prominent wind direction and path
In addition the design has looked at how it can utilise and incorporate external spaces. By analysing the surrounding microclimate for highest sun radiation in summer combined with prevailing winds, the building has been adapted to create a sheltered and pleasantly lit outside spaces.
Wind shadow created by building Courtyards allowing daylight to reach the deeper sections of the building and natural ventilation
21st June noon
Key outside spaces of high sun exposure in summer and wind shadow for a comfortable outside climate 21st June 7am
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2013
Yr 3
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Spatial Configuration with Hall Enclosed
Expansion for special/ larger events
Tectonic and Spatial Isometrics The tectonic of laminations explored within material investigations has been incorporated within the assembly of the Village Hall and its construction to allow it to adapt and change for everyday use and larger events. The main spine walls which enclose the hall are constructed with a moving timber partition within them which slides out to enclose a larger space. The perpendicular hall partition also fold back into the depth of the wall to allow the hall to open into the entrance lobby and connect to the external courtyard.
Changing volume of Village Hall
Expansion of volume into external spaces during summer months
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2013
Architectural Design | Tectonics
Yr 3
Yr 4
Civic Fabrication: Making Sense of Place
Healthy Living Centre
Sectional perspective of Village Hall
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2013
Yr 3
Architecture Dissertation
Yr 4
A sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture
Dissertation A Sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture in Edinburgh
Introduction In response to the recurrent criticism that contemporary architecture is weakening our ‘sense of place’, this study has investigated how recent architectural developments in Edinburgh have engaged with the concept of place. The intention focused particularly on how specific design decisions and compositions were able to develop the essence of place. The investigation was carried out through the analysis of three architectural case studies in Edinburgh. The case studies were analysed against a structure of four identified key aspects of place including; location, function within society, engagement with history and response to surrounding physical character.
Scottish Storytelling Centre by Malcolm Fraser Architects
0
Lines illustrating consideration of surrounding heights and features
Outline of skyline
The findings from this analysis emphasised the unique qualities of place and their specificity to each individual project; signifying that there is no specific formula for developing a sense of place. However, the identified themes did show consistent consideration across the projects and highlighted helpful questions and potential guidelines to help designers develop a ‘sense of place’.
LO1
Detailed knowledge of the chosen subject demonstrating sufficient understanding of relevant cultural, historical and philosophical themes;
LO2
Ability to construct and synthesise an intellectual argument expressed against stated objectives and presenting original conclusions;
LO3
Ability to product a substantial piece of academic writing, coherent, attractive, illustrated, wellwritten, using correct referencing conventions and the acknowledgement of sources.
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The overall investigation emphasised the complexity and importance of place within architectural design, whilst providing exemplars and potential guidance for future designers. The study arguably demonstrates that contemporary architectureis capable of developing a sense of place, but highlights that this involves a conscious decision to do so from both architects and designers.
Quatermile by Norman Foster
10m
0
100m
Case Studies Each case study was analysed according the the following aspects of place; location, function within society, history and physical setting.
0
10m
The Scottish Parliament by Enric Miralles and RMJM
2013
Yr 3
Architecture Dissertation
Yr 4
A sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture
Dissertation A Sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture in Edinburgh
Analysis Structure
Case Studies Scottish Storytelling Centre
findings and conclusions.
Meaning of findings Guidelines for Designers
Royal Mile
Old Royal Infirmary next to the Meadows.
Cannongate with Holyrood, Arthur Seat and the Royal Mile in context.
What is the location and surrounding context?
Scale
Small singular building
Urban master plan
Large scale building and landscape infrastructure
What scale is your development …
Structure of location/ development
A new ‘district’ Centre establishes a ‘node’ or component within existing ‘edge’ of the Royal Mile.
Function within Society Program
Centre for Scottish Literature and Poetry
Predicted future
A permanent structure/function.
Function in context
Maintains high street front and cultural/heritage role of the area.
History
Former Gateway into the city. Surrounding Royal Mile dating back to Edinburgh’s original ‘Old Town’.
Response to history
Within world heritage site. Bell Tower represents the old city bell and signifies the former gateway.
Physical Setting Stand And Rise
Landform
Patterns and Rhythm
Materiality
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The Scottish Parliament
Location The table on the right comprises of a table summarising the studies case study analysis and the resultant
The Quartermile
Continues spatial density through internal compact planning Maintains continuity and undulation of skyline.
Mixed Use Urban Community
A new ‘landmark’ Also, a ‘node’ as a transition from the city to Arthur Seat. Scottish Parliament
A permanent structure/function. Adaptable to future occupants/ circumstances. Provides a route through to Arthur Provides better transition and Seat and provides outside/green pedestrian routes to The Meadows. spaces for the public. Former brewery site. Holyrood Old Royal Infirmary Hospital Palace and the Old Town/Royal Mile Campus. adjacent. Within world heritage site. Within world heritage site. Preservation of existing buildings. Illustrative details narrating the story of Edinburgh.
Continues urban density through proximity of buildings and intimate pedestrian lanes. Heights of buildings a response to old tenements
Maintains domestic scale of surroundings.
Building/landscape merges subtly into the landform.
and how may this influence the design and surrounding area’s structure of urban components?
What is the program and is it relevant within society? How can it be adaptable, or is it valued as a permanent building? Can the design enhance the function of its surrounding area through routes, outside spaces etc?
How can the design incorporate history but still bring something new to the area.
Consider how spatial proximity, verticality and skyline of the context and how the design may incorporate these qualities.
Adapts to slope of the Royal Mile In-keeping with surrounding pattern Extent of development creates a lines and character. rhythm of building profiles within the skyline/elevation. Tradition of stone through modern application. Aluminium and Glass
Distinctive decor and motifs which serve to identify the building. Uses concrete to recreate the mass of stone.
What natural features make this place unique? What is the surrounding character, materiality and atmosphere?
2013
Yr 3
Architecture Dissertation
Yr 4
A sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture
Dissertation A Sense of Place in Contemporary Architecture in Edinburgh
Conclusion
single location of Edinburgh. However, the principles
In reflection to this study’s research and findings, it may
derived are deliberately general in their nature and
be concluded that the concept of place is a significant
arguably do offer an indication and insight into how
and complex consideration in regards to architectural
contemporary architecture can develop a ‘sense of
design and interventions. The literature analysis
place’ in any location.
demonstrated these complexities through the range of inherent theories and dimensions of place. However,
To conclude, this investigation has arguably provided
through the use of identifying key subdivided aspects
evidence to support that contemporary architecture is
of place, the investigation demonstrated how to engage
capable of developing a ‘sense of place’. The chosen
with and discuss place more simply.
case studies have demonstrated that such results can be achieved within a variety of ways. However, it is evident
As a result of the case study analysis, the investigation
that a good reading of the site and its surrounding
was able to draw common considerations and features
context through its physical setting and culture was
of the designs which help to develop a sense of
inherent to their overarching success. This draws
place. The findings not only highlighted successful
upon the emphasis of this report; that contemporary
approaches, but also indicated potential guidelines and
architecture is capable of developing a ‘sense of place,
considerations for future designers.
but that it involves specific and intentional decisions to do so.
This
analysis
derived
general
design-orientated
considerations which have arguably helped to clarify our understanding of the designer’s engagement with place. In response to these findings, the study suggests that these categories and related questions could be also be used as a potential aid to help stimulate designer’s thinking and engagement with place. In comparison with existing Government guidance, these series of questions arguably suggest a more effective
Key references HOUGH, M. (1990) Out of place: restoring identity to the regional landscape. New Haven: Yale University Press. NORBERG-SCHLUZ, C. (1980) Genius loci: towards a phenomenology of architecture. London: Academy. PALLASMAA, J. (2005). Encounters: architectural essays. Helsinki: Rakennustieto Oy. RELPH, E. (1976) Place and placelessness. London: Pion.
approach as they are more flexible for the varying nature of place and also relate directly to design decisions and processes. It is noted that the investigation of this study has been restricted to a small number of case studies and to the
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2013
Academic Portfolio
Yr 3
Yr 4
Reflection
Reflection
Through this exercise of collating an Academic Portfolio, I have had the opportunity to reflect and appreciate the knowledge and skills I have developed throughout my University education. Not only does the portfolio show a natural progression in the quality of my work, but it also shows how particular ideas and interests have been revisited and informed my work. Such examples have helped emphasise and make me more conscious of my architectural interests which I naturally included within projects without greater thought. This opportunity to reflect has also allowed me to establish a more critical stance upon my work and has made me consider what would have improved the weaknesses of my projects as a lesson for the future. LO1
LO2 LO3
The ability to produce a coherent, well designed and integrated architectural design portfolio that documents and communicates architectural knowledge, skills and abilities, and that synthesizes and presents work produced using diverse media (sketch books, written work, computer work, drawings and models, etc); Integration of knowledge in architectural design, technology and environment, histories and theories of architecture and the related arts,professionalism and regulatory frameworks within the portfolio. Understanding the relation of the ARB/RIBA Part 1 criteria and graduate attributes to the student’s work, as demonstrated through a referencing system in the portfolio.
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2013
Master of Arts with Honours Architecture Academic Portfolio Paula Madden
Th e U n i v e r s i t y o f E d i n b u r g h | E d i n b u r g h C o l l e g e o f A r t
2009-2013