THE URBAN SUPER-MIX
Design Thesis Development Report - MArch II Paul Daramola C1863421
Living with our waste
Contents Chapter 1
Year 0 - Year 100............................. 4
Chapter 2
Context analysis...........................21
Chapter 3
Manifesto..................................................35
Chapter 4
The Super-mix Theory........47
Chapter 5
Initial Proposal................................58
Chapter 6
Developed Proposal...............68
1
YEAR 0 - YEAR 100
Sustainable city of the future Development parameters of a City Throughout history, the criteria for a city’s development has evolved but is usually affected by social, political, environmental, economic and technological advancement. Thus, there has been an overall evolution in terms of a city’s land use. However, a city is never complete. It has a beginning but no end. It’s a working progress, always waiting for new things (usually buildings) to be added and new characters (the people) to move in. Thus the key features that define the characteristic of a city are usually the buildings and the people that use them.
“Two-thirds of global population will live in cities by 2050, UN says”
Today, around 55% of the world’s population is thought to be living in an urban area or city, with that figure set to rise to 68 percent over the coming decades, according to the “Population Division” report from the UN’s Department of Economic and Social Affairs. The study, published Wednesday, also forecast a dramatic upswing in the number of megacities around the world. To date, there are 33 urban centers with populations of more than 10 million people — although this is expected to rise to 43 by 2030, mostly in developing countries. Source: https://www.cnbc.com/2018/05/17/twothirds-of-global-population-will-live-in-cities-by2050-un-says.html
Step 1: Choose a location Step 2: Ensure a reliable water supply Step 3: Ensure a reliable money supply Step 4: Think about jobs Step 5: Do not alienate locals Step 6: Devise a masterplan Step 7: Integrate transport Step 8: Consider banning cars Step 9: Make rubbish clever Step 10: Maximise connectivity Step 11: Aspire to carbon neutrality
Step 12: Start again, clown, you’ve forgotten parks Step 13: … and culture Step 14: Please, not another funny-shaped island Step 15: Make a statement Step 16: Treat workers with respect Step 17: Build fast. No, faster … Step 18: Re-educate your new urbanites Step 19: If you build it, they will come Step 20: Oh, yes – give it a name
How to build a city from scratch: the handy step-by-step DIY guide Source: https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2015/jun/30/howbuild-city-step-by-step-diy-guide
5
Contexts & Principles
population
work
YEAR 0
YEAR 100
1945
After WWII
2045
mobility
technology
6
?
Year 0 - Year 100 - The Ageing world People are living longer
Source: ourworldindata.org/age-structure
7
Cu-rent and projected age groups
Population by age bracket with UN projections, World, 1950 to 2100 Historical population estimates (from 1950 to 2015), and projections through to 2100 based on UN medium fertility scenarios. This is shown for various age brackets and total population. The world population is changing: For the first time there are more people over 64 than children younger than 5 years old 8
https://ourworldindata.org/future-population-growth
Context 2 : work
YEAR 0
manual to intelligent
YEAR 100
intelligent to connected intelligence
“They are in a race to hack you, and your organic operating system.�
Women working in the Magnolia Cotton Mill in Mississippi, <https://www.historycrunch.com/role-of-women-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/>
Women working in the Magnolia Cotton Mill in Mississippi, <https://www.historycrunch.com/role-ofwomen-in-the-industrial-revolution.html#/>
Loop, The Boring Company, <https://www.dezeen.com/2017/05/02/elon-musk-boring-company-plan-beat-traffic-underground-car-skates-transport-technology/>
Loop, The Boring Company, <https://www.dezeen.com/2017/05/02/elon-musk-boring-company-plan-9 beat-traffic-underground-car-skates-transport-technology/>
Context 3 : transportation
YEAR 0
YEAR 100
2 Directional
3 Directional
"3D network of tunnels to alleviate congestion"
Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1932, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadacre_City>
10
Broadacre City, Frank Lloyd Wright, 1932, <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadacre_City>
Loop, The Boring Company, <https://www.dezeen.com/2017/05/02/elon-musk-boring-company-plan-beat-traffic-underground-car-skates-transport-technology/>
Loop, The Boring Company, <https://www.dezeen.com/2017/05/02/elon-musk-boring-company-planbeat-traffic-underground-car-skates-transport-technology/>
Context 4 : space
YEAR 0
mass production for housing
YEAR 100
mass production for machine
'turning to rapidly expanding data centers as alternative investments'
Mass Production Housing, Lakewood, CA, <https://www.josephbellows.com/artists/william-garnett/featured-works?view=slider>
Mass Production Housing, Lakewood, CA, <https://www.josephbellows.com/artists/william-garnett/ featured-works?view=slider>
A Google data center in the U.S. State of Oklahoma,<https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/Asian-investors-embrace-data-centers-to-ride-out-property-slump>
11 A Google data center in the U.S. State of Oklahoma,<https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Business-trends/ Asian-investors-embrace-data-centers-to-ride-out-property-slump>
The ‘Age of consumerism’ Technology has boosted jobs in knowledge-intensive sectors
Technology has shifted consumption to more luxuries
“The throw-away society is a human society strongly influenced by consumerism. The term describes a critical view of overconsumption and excessive production of short-lived or disposable items." There are, obviously, a boatload of reasons why society has evolved into such a remarkable waste producing machine. Whether its food, housing, energy or consumer products, we are taking more from the planet than we ever have before, and there’s more of us doing it. Most of us eat more, use more, buy more and have more than we need. And we throw more of it in the garbage. A lot more. But why? Because, on average, we can. 12
https://www.theguardian.com/business/2015/aug/17/technologycreated-more-jobs-than-destroyed-140-years-data-census
https://www.theartof.com/articles/consumerism-mass-extinction-andour-throw-away-society
BECAUSE WE CAN!
Climate Emergency Climate Change is a Waste Management Problem The waterfront community includes workspaces ranging from 1,300 — 460,000 sq ft on highly flexible terms, alongside a vibrant new high street. RAD is situated in the Royal Docks, London’s most exciting regeneration project. The creation of London’s next business district at Royal Albert Dock is the first project to be undertaken outside of China by developer ABP. The company specialises in taking regeneration sites and turning them into thriving business districts. ABP (Advanced Business Park) began its first project in Beijing in 2003 and completed it in 2010. Since 2010 ABP has expanded its operations in China with new business district developments in Shenyang, Qingdao and Haining. In 2013, after a competitive tendering process, ABP was chosen by the Greater London Authority as the successful developer for Royal Albert Dock.
Sustainability For All '6 ACTIONS TO FIGHT CLIMATE CHANGE'
https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/6-actions-to-fight- 13 climate-change/
Household waste generation
A report released by the Department for Environment, FoodandRuralAffairs(DEFRA)earlierthisyear,revealed that British households create over 26m tonnes of waste each year, the weight of around 260 large cruise ships.
assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/874265/UK_Statistics_on_Waste_statistical_ notice_March_2020_accessible_FINAL_rev_v0.5.pdf 14
Year 0 - 100 (Waste management) Diesel to electric?
Old Garbage trucks 1948 - 1960’s The Fore & Aft tipper body was introduced around 1948 and immediately became popular due to its ability to compress the refuse when tipped forward. The system was based on the German Faun design and was produced in order to meet the increasing amounts of less dense refuse being discarded. Diesel engines became an option from 1954, alongside SD's petrol engine
Current Garbage trucks 1970s - Now Local authorities will ultimately save money by switching from diesel-powered garbage trucks to electric trucks, according to new research from environmental consultancy Eunomia. Switching to electric trucks would also reduce UK greenhouse CO2 emissions by 290 kilotonnes per year and reduce air pollution within individual constituencies, according to the organization’s cost-benefit analysis of switching to electric trucks.
Electric garbage trucks? Future of waste management? “Many councils are also looking at how they can tackle harmful, and sometimes illegal, levels of air pollution within their constituencies, and all have limited budgets — this research suggests an [electric refuse vehicle] rollout could help to address all these challenges,” according to 'the report'. 'The report' : https://www.eunomia.co.uk/ reports-tools/ditching-diesel-analysiselectric-refuse-collection-vehicles/
Transportation of waste contributes to global carbon emissions...
https://www.shelvoke-drewry.co.uk/VT.html
How else could technology impact the waste management for the future?
https://woman.rambler.ru/home/40687408-renault-obyavila-finalistov-konkursa-molodyh-dizaynerov-buduschee-avtonomnogo-transporta-v-rossii/ https://www.eunomia.co.uk/reports-tools/ditching-diesel-analysis-electric-refuse-collection-vehicles/
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Year 75 - Automated systems?
Waste is thrown away
Envac waste management system (2020)
Waste bags are â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;thrownâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; into inlets, which can vary in number depending on the kind of sorted fractions. These inlets are strategically located both in and outdoors, on every building level, and they can be designed many ways to match demands on form and function.
The waste is staged Waste is temporarily staged above a storage valve that prevents it from falling into the pipeline system. At set times, or when the waste volume reaches a preset level, the valve is opened to empty the waste from the inlet.
Waste is transported through the pipe system. Vacuum pressure transports the waste through the pipeline system that connects the inlet to the terminal. The pipeline system is normally installed underground in the outdoors, and/or inside walls, floors, or ceilings. The pipeline system is often isolated into sections with a series of section valves that reduces the sensitivity to disturbances, and which enables optimizing system operation. The waste is collected in containers in the terminal The terminal houses waste collection containers and has fans, compactors, and filters. The terminal and containers can be located underground or installed in an existing building.
1 - Trucks are currently still used to transport waste from residential sites to waste sorting plants.
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2 - Trucks are currently still used to transport the recycled raw materials to manufacturing factories.
3 - Trucks are used to move end products from factories to commercial stores to be sold to consumers
https://www.envacgroup.com/waste-collection-reimagined/envac-in-the-city/
Technology is Innovating Waste Management What methods? The complexity of waste management has never been so extreme before, which is why today this industry employs nearly half a million people who undertake the gigantic task of disposing of at least 4.4 pounds of waste for every single American day in and day out. To overcome these challenges and to counteract the negative impacts of landfill waste on the environment, the waste management industry is rethinking strategies and revamping waste handling and disposal systems for superior efficiency and enhanced environmental protection.
1 - Automated Waste Collection Technology has transformed the way waste management works with automated sensors that trigger instant alerts every time a container is full and needs service. Other innovative tools that are making the sorting process fast and easy include optical sorters, magnets and advanced disk screens. The trucks have also switched from diesel to natural gas for quieter and cost-effective operations. The use of logistics software, invehicle monitors, and mobile apps has further simplified the waste management process while ensuring driver safety
2 - Waste management optimisation Bigger waste management companies have also invested in feature-rich customer-facing technology. They are leveraging user-friendly mobile apps to facilitate prompt service, extra pickups and bill payment through push notifications. Technology has greatly reduced the complexity and cost of modern day waste management systems making them all the more efficient, safer and productive while reducing their environmental impact.
? The Robot DustCart
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Lowest rate London Borough of Newham - 2018
Year 72 - Plastic waste per borough in UK
14% Highest rate East Riding of Yorkshire
60%
London
Rates in England by local authority 2017/18 50.01% or more 40.1 to 50% 30.01 to 40% 30% or less 18
Carrier bags
Plastic film
Plastic bottles
Hard Plastic
Tetra Pak
60%
10%
99%
79%
68%
49%
1.3bn
of UK Councils provide recycling bins in parks and other public spaces
ultra thin fruit and veg produced bags given out by UK supermarkets every year
Source: DEFRA, RECOUP, WRAP
https://insinkerator.emerson.com/en-gb/blog/london-borough-and-local-councils-inengland-recycling-rates
Year 71 - now London expanding outward The Housing Crisis and population density
0.7 - 2.4% Rapid population increase since 2016 - present
The Mayorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s new draft London Plan has identified enough land within Greater London to build 65,000 new homes a year. However, the primary cause of the housing crisis is the lack of new affordable houses being built. Thus as new houses are built in the suburban areas (Zone 3 - 6), local authorities should be encouraged to start their own house building programmes.
1830 1880
1900
1940
2010 London Travel Zones 1 - 6 London's Street Network Dynamics since the 18th Century www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articlesPMC3741310/?otool=igbcuisolib
River Thames
Greenbelt
www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/2018_lhs_london_housing_strategy.pdf
Central zones
Furthest zone
london.gov.uk/what-we-do/housing-and-land/how-many-homesdoes-mayor-think-need-be-built-london
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Lowest rate of plastic recycling in London Borough of Newham at...
14%
2
Context Analysis Royal Docks in Newham Borough
Newham Borough council The London Borough of Newham is a London borough created in 1965 by the London Government Act 1963. It covers an area previously administered by the Essex county boroughs of West Ham and East Ham, authorities that were both abolished by the same act. The name Newham reflects its creation and combines the compass points of the old borough names. It is 5 miles (8 km) east of the City of London, north of the River Thames. Newham was one of the six host boroughs for the 2012 Summer Olympics and contains most of the Olympic Park (in Stratford town) including the London Stadium. The local authority is Newham London Borough Council.
Demography Newham has the youngest overall population and one of the lowest indigenous White British populations in the country according to the 2011 UK Census. The borough has the secondhighest percentage of Muslims in the UK, after the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, at 32%. A 2017 report from Trust for London and the New Policy Institute found that 36% of local employees in Newham are in low paid work; the highest percentage of any London borough. Newham also has a 37% poverty rate, which is the second-highest rate in London
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Royal Docks Royal Docks is an area and a ward in the London Borough of Newham in the London Docklands in East London, England. The area is named after three docks â&#x20AC;&#x201C; the Royal Albert Dock, the Royal Victoria Dock and the King George V Dock. They are more correctly called the Royal Group of Docks to distinguish them from the Royal Dockyards, Royal being due to their naming after royal personages rather than Crown ownership. The three docks collectively formed the largest enclosed docks in the world, with a water area of nearly 250 acres (1.0 km2) and an overall estate of 1,100 acres (4.5 km2). This is equivalent to the whole of central London from Hyde Park to Tower Bridge. The area was designated a special enterprise zone in 2012. North Woolwich is part of Royal Docks ward.
King George V Dock and Royal Albert Dock, c.1950
...and in 2017 (Industrial buildings removed and replaced, most notably, the London City Airport)
Newham borough map
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Urban Landmarks and buildings
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Historic Landmarks
Infrastructural landmarks
Community landmarks
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
8. Excel Building 9. Cable car transport 10. Cross rail 11. London City Airport 12. Thames Barrier Park 13. O2 Arena 14. Royal Victoria Station
15. The Crystal by Siemens 16. Beach (Temporary water slide) 17. Pub to the East (Via Carlos) 18. High Street Local Store 19. Pub that now a Church
Millennium Mills Silo D North Woolwich Railway Station Brick Lane Music Hall Stothert & Pitt Ltd, dockside cranes Tate and Lyle Institute SS Robin Ship
Context photos Landmark infrastructure and buildings
Millenium Mills
Tate and Lyle Factory
Excel London
Cable car and The Crystal
Transport Infrastructure
London City Airport
Docklands Light Railway
Non-authorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s images
25
Future housing & working in Newham
Newham Local Plan 2018
“We are planning for 40,000 more homes in the borough between 2011 and 2027. We will build some of these, housing associations and private developers will also build homes to rent or buy”
A 15 year plan looking ahead to 2033
Newham’s planning policy states that: between 35 per cent and 50 per cent of all housing developments of ten or more homes will have to be affordable housing.
People at the Heart of Everything We Do
Newham Local Plan 2018
26
“Overall, the Local Plan seeks to deliver 43,000 homes and 39,000 to 60,000 jobs between 2018 and 2033, as part of a series of new, genuinely mixed use places”
...this is about new types and forms of development; in others, however, it is about providing adequate protection for industry and logistics (some of London-wide significance) and opportunities to work locally, breathing and social spaces and the settings of places and particular assets.
Acquisition of industrial land uses In the context of London, as it expands outward due to rapid urbanisation, there has been an increase in the acquisition of old industrial land, as an additional solution to the affordable housing crisis. The London Industrial Land Supply & Economy Study reveals annual loss of industrial sites increased up to three times greater than the benchmarked rate, between 2011 -2015. The report was influential for the new draft London Plan 2017, which now sets out a requirement for no net loss of industrial floor space capacity in London.
London Industrial Land Supply & Economy Study Appendices Report produced by AECOM and We Made That
THE LONDON PLAN
T H E S PAT I A L D E V E L O P M E N T S T R AT E G Y F O R G R E AT E R L O N D O N D R A F T F O R P U B L I C C O N S U LTAT I O N D E C E M B E R 2 0 17
New London Plan 2017
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Acquisition of industrial land uses - Charlton
Charlton Riverside - Aerial of under used existing industry
Economic activity at Charlton Riverside (Current Industrial land uses) - We Made That
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Charlton Riverside SPD proposal (with 70% less industrial land uses) - AECOM
Proposed development - Charlton Riverside https://www.newsshopper.co.uk/news/16421379.sadiq-khantakes-over-refused-charlton-and-abbey-wood-homes-plans/
Royal Albert Docks The waterfront community includes workspaces ranging from 1,300 — 460,000 sq ft on highly flexible terms, alongside a vibrant new high street. RAD is situated in the Royal Docks, London’s most exciting regeneration project. The creation of London’s next business district at Royal Albert Dock is the first project to be undertaken outside of China by developer ABP. The company specialises in taking regeneration sites and turning them into thriving business districts. ABP (Advanced Business Park) began its first project in Beijing in 2003 and completed it in 2010. Since 2010 ABP has expanded its operations in China with new business district developments in Shenyang, Qingdao and Haining. In 2013, after a competitive tendering process, ABP was chosen by the Greater London Authority as the successful developer for Royal Albert Dock.
Size: 440,000 sqm Mainly offices & retail with some residential
https://rad.london/team
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Pontoon Dock â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Silvertown Quays Silvertown Quays is strategically located between Canary Wharf and London City Airport. The project will feature extensive, high quality public realm and is well connected to existing DLR stations adjacent to the site. A new walking and cycling bridge will link the site to Custom House station which will be served by Crossrail later this year. The project will also incorporate restoration of the dock walls, new public spaces, as well as high quality commercial and retail space providing new employment opportunities for the residents of Newham. The Silvertown Partnership has approval for 7 million ft2 of residential and commercial use, including 3,000 homes and the restoration of the historic Millennium Mills and the listed Silo-D. The regeneration of this brownfield site aims to boost Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s affordable housing stock. Under the terms of the existing planning consent, The Silvertown Partnership will develop more than 900 new, affordable homes within the 20-hectare site.
Size 670,000sqm 3,000 homes with improved infrastructure, leisure and commercial spaces
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https://www.lendlease.com/uk/media-centre/media-releases/20180611-lendlease-and-starwood-capitalgroup-acquisition-of-the-silvertown-partnership/
Royal Wharf Royal Wharf grasps one of the last opportunities to build a new town within London, introducing 3,385 residential units to a prime riverside location - delivered by a development programme of just six years. Jointly developed with Oxley Holdings Ltd, the development incorporates a high street, side streets, and the occasional mews, taking inspiration from the great estates that emerged in London, throughout its history, giving it a reputation as â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;the city of villagesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Districts like Belgravia, Fitzrovia, Mayfair and Bloomsbury have unmistakable characters of their own, and Royal Wharf now joins the club: as much a local neighbourhood as it is a part of the capital - with a new school, GP surgery, high street, pier, pub, and community centre.
Land area: 40 acres Residential: 3,385 apartments and homes Commercial: 11,150 sqm of retail and business use Amenities: Concierge service, gym/ swimming pool, landscaped park and riverside walk Status: Under construction
https://www.ballymoregroup.com/project/detail/royal-wharf
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Battersea power station regeneration Precedent study
1700’S
1800’S
1925
1983
1990 - 2000’s
1
? 2
Agriculture
Industry
Power station
Closure
Before the Industrial Revolution, much of the large parish was farmland, providing food for the City of London and surrounding population centres; and with particular specialisms
Industry in the area was concentrated to the north west just outside the Battersea-Wandsworth boundary, at the confluence of the River Thames, and the River Wandle which gave rise to the village of Wandsworth
In 1925, ten smaller electricity companies merged to form the London Power Company with the aim of rationalising the generating industry and improving its efficiency. Battersea was chosen and construction of a new coal-fired power station commenced
Urban air quality and public health saw the government switch towards cleaner fuel supplies. Coal burning power station was now considered unnecessary . Thus the power station was closed in 1983 and Grade II listed
https://pt.maps-london.com/mapa-do-rio-tamisa
3 32
Image 1, 2 & 3 - Non author's images
Battersea power station regeneration Adaptive re-use manifesto (Precedent study)
The Placebook (Battersea power station) - https://www.jtp.co.uk/cms/pdfs/The-Placebook_BatterseaPower-Station.pdf
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Battersea power station regeneration Proposed masterplan (Precedent study)
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Sketches - The Placebook (Battersea power station) - https://www.jtp.co.uk/cms/pdfs/The-Placebook_ Battersea-Power-Station.pdf
Masterplan proposal - https://www.architectsjournal.co.uk/news/patel-taylors-battersea-housing-goes-in-for-planning/8687266.article
3
Manifesto Royal Docks in Newham Borough 35
Waste management Waste from development sites
For a total of 8800 new homes...
+
+
=
6.6 million kg of waste per year (824kg per avg. per 2bed dwelling)
of which ...
352,000 kg is plastic waste per year (40kg per avg. per 2bed dwelling)
Silver Town Quays (3000 homes)
Royal Albert docks (4000 homes)
Royal Albert Basin (1800 homes)
5
Thameside West (5000 homes) 2 1
36
1
RMS Concrete
2
Recycled materials supplies ltd
3
Orion Waste
4
Connolley Metal ltd
5
Royal Docks metals
3
4
The super-mix formula Typical regeneration processes usually involve the removal of old industrial buildings (deemed unfit for purpose due to advancement in technology) which are replaced by new ‘mixed use’ (but predominantly residential) developments; Charlton Riverside is an example of this. However, in terms of ‘value’, there are questions pertaining to what the criteria for subtraction of old infrastructure and addition of new ones are. Some positive examples include, Tate Modern and Battersea Power station, in relation to adaptive re-use.
+
= Mixed-use
+
+
+
Greenery
=
?
‘Super-mix’ Residential 1. 2. 3. 4.
2-3 Bedroom flats M4(2) Compliant Young families Affordable
Heavy + Light Industrial 1. 2. 3. 4.
Re-placed exg. units Waste sorting plant Recycling factory Automated waste collection system
Commercial & leisure 1. 2. 3. 4.
Co-working spaces Fixed working spaces Cafes & Restaurants Waste museum
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Co-living and Co-working Adaptive re-use manifesto
Co-Living spaces
https://www.brevvie.com/post/is-co-living-for-everyone
38
Shared spaces
Co-Working spaces
https://www.thecollective.com/
https://www.marketingweek.com/co-working-brands-transforming-way-businesses-work/
THE SUPER-MIX TH RO U
GH
W GP IN RT SO
LAN
FRO
M
D
EV
T EN M OP EL
Waste Collection
TE AS
RE SID EN TI AL
The Site-wide Strategy
T
Circular Economy
Waste Sorting
T
O
U
SA BL E
CO M
TO IN
PR
ED
ES S
CL CY RE
ED BA IL
ES
Waste Production
PR OD U
CT S
Processed & Manufacture
OM FR
S
G IN T OR
Illustrative proposal for an Urban Super-mix
39
An Urban ‘Super-mix’ Manifesto Living with our Waste Foreword: Throughout history, the criteria for a city’s development has evolved but is usually affected by social, political, environmental, economic and technological advancement. Thus, there has been an overall evolution in terms of a city’s land use. However, a city is never complete. It has a beginning but no end. It’s a working progress, always waiting for new things (usually buildings) to be added and new characters (the people) to move in. Thus the key features that define the characteristic of a city are usually the buildings and the people that use them. Context: Climate change is one of the biggest challenges society has ever faced, with increasingly severe consequences for humanity as natural disasters multiply, sea levels rise and ecosystems falter. The miss-management of waste contributes largely to negative climate change but more importantly, the rapid increase in plastic waste production remains problematic; the world continues to produce more that we can recycle. Secondly, none of the widely used plastics is biodegradable, thus they accumulate rather than decompose. Although the UK recycles some of it’s plastic waste nationally, a considerable amount is still exported abroad with about 1.2million tonnes of recovered plastic packaging exported to other countries (2016 - 2018) including China, Malaysia, Turkey and Indonesia. This is more problematic considering how much the exportation of waste is contributing to the UK’s annual carbon emissions. However, countries like China have now placed restrictions on the type of plastic waste they receive from UK and other countries. The assumption is that the UK’s plastics recycling industry will remain murky unless it is able to develop a sustainable strategy to recycle its plastic waste. An additional effect of Brexit is that EU countries could eventually deny the exploitation of our plastic waste to their countries too. So in a scenario where the UK decides to take more responsibility for the recycling of its plastic waste, the assumption is that there would be a prioritisation of heavy industrial buildings in that regard. However, in the context of London, as it expands outward due to rapid urbanisation, there has been an increase in the acquisition of old industrial land, as an additional solution to the affordable housing crisis. The London Industrial Land Supply & Economy Study reveals annual loss of industrial sites increased up to three times greater than the benchmarked rate, between 2011 -2015. The report was influential for the new draft London Plan 2017, which now sets out a requirement for no net loss of industrial floor space capacity in London. The typical regeneration process usually involves the removal of old industrial buildings (deemed unfit for purpose due to advancement in technology) which are replaced by new ‘mixed use’ (but predominantly residential) developments; Charlton Riverside is an example of this. However, in terms of ‘value’, there are questions pertaining to what the criteria for subtraction of old infrastructure and addition of new ones are. Some positive examples include, Tate Modern and Battersea Power station, in relation to adaptive re-use. The Proposal: As a solution, this thesis theorises a ‘Super-mix’ development. This refers to a concept that aims to combine industrial uses in the same ratio as the typical mixed residential and commercial uses. In other words, proposing ways of retaining ‘Strategic Industrial Land’ (SIL) usage whilst proposing new residential/work related typologies within a single self-sustaining regeneration scheme. The site is located in North Woolwich (Zone 3 of London) which is rife with typical ‘mixed-use’ regeneration schemes. Since a total of 8800 new homes will be built between now and 10 years in the area it will consider where all the household plastic waste could be managed. Thus instead of relying on transporting the waste somewhere else, this thesis looks to explore how the next generation of house buyers could live and deal with their own waste. Finally, in the context of a technologically advanced society and the era of ‘Big data’ and ‘AI (Advanced Intelligence)’, this thesis will explore how future waste management strategies could be enhanced and proposed.
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The site (22 hectare)
Aerial view of Site
1: Determining the criteria for subtraction of old buildings or infrastructure
RESIDENTIAL ALONGSIDE INDUSTRIAL SPACE
2: Determining the criteria for addition of new buildings or infrastructure
RESIDENTIAL ABOVE SMALLER INDUSTRIAL UNITS
RESIDENTIAL INTEGRATED INTO LARGER INDUSTRIAL UNIT
Design Principles - INDUSTRIAL INTENSIFICATION PRIMER (MAYOR OF LONDON) Source: https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/industrialintensificationprimer.pdf
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3: Connecting the super-mix of buildings with publicly accessible routes and green spaces
4: A proposal that incorporates future technological advancement and the Mayor of Londonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s aim for Liveable neighbourhoods (Live + Work)
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Kenzo Tange Plan Tokyo -1960 http://archeyes.com/plan-tokyo-1960-kenzo-tange/
Kenzo Tange Model Tokyo -1960 http://archeyes.com/plan-tokyo-1960-kenzo-tange/
London 2012 Landscape engineering the Olympic Park - https://www.arup.com/projects/london-2012-landscape-engineering-the-olympic-park
5: Replication and modularity wherever possible
6: A self-sustaining masterplan proposal
Kenzo Tange Plan Tokyo -1960 - http://archeyes.com/plan-tokyo-1960-kenzo-tange/
The Plug-In City / Peter Cook, Archigram - https://www.archdaily.com/399329/ad-classics-the-plug-in-city-peter-cook-archigram
43
Waste collection
Residential capsules
44
An Urban Super Mix
An Urban Super Mix
Concept massing model
Concept massing model
An Urban Super Mix Year 100?
45
46
4
The Super-mix Theory Living with our waste 47
The Wharfs Historic maps
48
1896
1920
1921
1935
1950
1951
1953
Current-day Tate and Lyle Golden Syrup factory under construction
49
Loss of industrial buildings 1995 - 2020
The only remaining large building
1995
2019 Tate and Lyle factory
2020 1921 50
2020
Existing buildings Tate & Lyle Factory Although the existing factory building is currently occupied by Tate and Lyle golden syrup factory, since 2010 the company has been struggling to maintain operations due to a decline in the consumption of refined sugar products. Thus in October 2010, American Sugar Holdings (ASR Group) acquired the EU sugar refining businesses of Tate & Lyle PLC(1), namely Tate & Lyle Sugars and Sidul. This thesis therefore set in a future where refined sugar continues in a decline and this existing factory building becomes unoccupied and ready to be repurposed. This assumption is in line with the existing trend in the Royal docks area where old industrial sites are acquired for mixed use residential and commercial proposals.
Existing buildings 1. Tate and Lyle Golden Syrup factory
Peruvian Wharf
2. Truck parking 3. RMS concrete mixing 4. Warehouses & storage 5. Bradfield Road Houses
Plaistow Wharf
6. Lyle Park 7. Albion Waste truck park 8. Variety of light industrial units
Manhattan Wharf
Building uses
Heavy industrial Light industrial Houses
Mohawk Wharf Silvertown Wharf
Derelict & unused
51
Existing buildings
5
1 2
4
3
1
2
3
4
5 52
6
Material sourcing (Subtracting and Recycling existing buildings) Construction and demolition waste are one of the heaviest and most voluminous waste streams generated in the EU accounting for approximately 25%-30% of all waste generated. Demolition recycling is an important step in a building’s life cycle, as material reclamation and good recycling practices can divert over 90% of the building’s material from the landfill. There are a few materials that can be recycled from the existing buildings on the site: 1 - Concrete, Bricks & Blocks
2 - Metals
Stats Research indicates that the average wastage level of concrete is about 4%, while brick and block is around 6%.
Stats Britain exports 15 million tonnes of industrial waste each year, half of which is valuable scrap metal
Method Concrete and brick can be recycled by crushing them into rubble.
Method Metals are collected, sorted and then shredded. The scrap is then melted and purified and finally allowed to cool to solidify.
Re-purpose Once sorted, screened and contaminants are removed, reclaimed concrete or brick can be used in concrete aggregate, fill, road base, or riprap.
Re-purpose Metals—including steel, copper, and brass—are valuable commodities to recycle. Like glass, they can be re-purposed into a vast array of items such as appliances, furnishings, fixtures and lighting.
3 - Wood
Old building New building
Stats Wood waste from all sorts of building sites – including new builds and refurbishments – amounts to around 0.85mt per year. Re-purpose Wood can be used in pathways, coverings, mulches, compost, animal bedding, or particleboard.
Concrete mixing on site There is an existing recycled concrete mixing facility within the site area. The aim is to use this facility throughout the construction of the re-purposed factory. This facility can also be used for construction of the residential parcels in later phases.
Existing situation
Key: To be recycled Retained buildings Concrete mixing facility
53
The super-mix Formula
+
+
+
Greenery
=
?
â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Super-mixâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Residential 1. 2. 3. 4.
2-3 Bedroom flats M4(2) Compliant Young families Affordable
Heavy + Light Industrial 1. 2. 3. 4.
Re-placed exg. units Waste sorting plant Recycling factory Automated waste collection system
Commercial & leisure 1. 2. 3. 4.
Co-working spaces Fixed working spaces Cafes & Restaurants Waste museum
Ideal land use mix Residential - ?% Industrial - ?% Commercial - ?%
54
Option 1 Mix 1A
Land designation
Residential - 40%
20%
Industrial - 40%
40%
? = Real percentage of
Floor Area
designated Floor Area
40%
Commercial - 20%
40 x 5 = 200
Residential - 50%
40 x 4 = 160
Industrial - 40%
20 x 2 = 40
Commercial - 10%
TFA = 400
Mix 1B Formula Residential - 50% Industrial - 10%
40% 50%
Commercial - 40%
10%
Storey heights
6 5 4 3 2 1
50 x 5 = 250 10 x 4 = 40 40 x 2 = 80
5
4
? x TFA = FA
100
Industrial - 10.8% Commercial - 21.6%
2 TFA = 370
Residential - 67.6%
Key: FA = Floor Area TSA = Total Floor Area
? = Real percentage of designated Floor Area
Mix 1C
10%
Residential - 30% Industrial - 60% Commercial - 10%
30%
60%
30 x 5 = 150
Residential - 36.6%
60 x 4 = 240
Industrial - 58.54%
10 x 2 = 20
Commercial - 4.88%
TFA = 410
55
Option 2 Mix 2A
Land designation
Residential - 40%
20%
Industrial - 40%
40%
? = Real percentage of
Floor Area
designated Floor Area
40%
Commercial - 20%
40 x 5 = 200
Residential - 66.7%
40 x 2 = 80
Industrial - 26.7%
20 x 1 = 20
Commercial - 6.7%
TFA = 300
Mix 2B Formula Residential - 50% Industrial - 10%
40% 50%
Commercial - 40%
10%
Storey heights
6 5 4 3 2 1
50 x 5 = 250 10 x 2 = 20 40 x 1 = 40
5
2
? x TFA = FA
100
Industrial - 6.5% Commercial - 12.9%
1 TFA = 310
Residential - 80.6%
Key: FA = Floor Area TSA = Total Floor Area
? = Real percentage of designated Floor Area
Mix 2C
10%
Residential - 30% Industrial - 60% Commercial - 10%
30%
60%
30 x 5 = 150
Residential - 53.7%
60 x 2 = 120
Industrial - 42.9%
10 x 1 = 10
Commercial - 3.5%
TFA = 280
56
Option 3 Mix 3A
Land designation
Residential - 40%
20%
Industrial - 40%
40%
40%
Commercial - 20%
Floor Area
? = Real percentage of
40 x 4 = 160
Residential - 57.1%
40 x 2 = 80
Industrial - 28.6%
20 x 2 = 40
Commercial - 14.3%
designated Floor Area
TFA = 280
Mix 3B Formula Residential - 50% Industrial - 10%
40% 50%
Commercial - 40%
10%
Storey heights
6 5 4 3 2 1
50 x 4 = 200 10 x 2 = 20 40 x 2 = 80
4
2
? x TFA = FA
100
Industrial - 6.67% Commercial - 26.67%
2 TFA = 300
Residential - 66.6%
Key: FA = Floor Area TSA = Total Floor Area
? = Real percentage of designated Floor Area
Mix 3C
10%
Residential - 30% Industrial - 60% Commercial - 10%
30%
60%
30 x 4 = 120
Residential - 46.15%
60 x 2 = 120
Industrial - 46.15%
10 x 2 = 20
Commercial - 7.69%
TFA = 260
57
5
Initial Proposal Living with our waste 58
Promotor Agenda & Partnerships
Local council
Owner/financial stake holder
Artists/ sculptors
Local municipalities
Residential tenants
Charitable partnership
Housing Association
Building management Waste museum
Newham Council
Building management
Re-purposed Factory Synthetic fabric products company
Owner/ financial stake holder
Urban Super-mix stakeholders
Factory Floor
Residential & Retail commercial Commercial real estate management
Local community crafts people
New tenants
Co-working spaces
Small/ Medium Enterprises
Industrial & Plastic waste recycling factory
Start-up companies
Regulatory bodies
Light Industrial units
Existing tenants
New tenants
Waste sorting/ processing company
GLA + Newham council
in partnership with the Jenkins Lane Reuse and Recycling Centre
59
Grid development
Square grid
Sector grid
Although the site has an irregular shape, the boundaries of the proposed development area allows for a square/ vertical grid to be employed. However, itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll led to too many streets.
This version allows for a focal point to be established; this is ideal for the re-purposed factory building. However curved perimeter streets could led to irregular building parcels.
Direction of people
Proposed grid
Making the re-purposed factory the focal point of the masterplan suggests that it should be seen from all key routes through the site and easily accessible by the public. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ll also need a localised perimeter.
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Main routes Sub-routes No-build zones Retained buildings
Constraints and Opportunities
New buildings
Constraints Greenery
New buildings
Greenery
Retained Industrial land
Retained Lyle Park
Flat site surface
Opportunities
Retained buildings
Retained buildings
Concrete mixing site
Site access points
Rail noise
River boundary
Existing Road
Views outwards
Rail track
Feature building
Thames Walk
Links to future development
Development parcels
DLR station 61
Preferred Mix options
50%
The addition of bo t h eq u ates t
o 10
0%
of av ail ab ua sq le ea re ar
Residential - 50%
Mix 1A
Industrial - 40%
50%
Commercial - 10%
Residential - 53.7%
Mix 2C
Industrial - 42.9% Commercial - 3.5%
Residential - 57.1%
Mix 3A
Industrial - 28.6% Commercial - 14.3%
62
+
Greenery
Concept model
Concept model of super-mix
Residential parcel
Waste collection system
Multi-leveled & re-purposed factory 63
Initial proposal
No rth
Resi. + Com. Industrial
wo ol
DLR
Greenery
wic
hR oad
rail
Land designation
g & ry tin or acto s f c sti ing Pla cess o pr
Residential subdivision
Existing Industrial warehouses
Building footprints
64
Masterplan proposal
Residential parcel Waste Collection Strategy
A
A
Typical Residential Parcel
Typical Floor Plan
Section A - A
65
Re-purposed Factory
Typical Floor Plan
Ground Floor Plan
66
The Waste Processing Factory & Museum
Zoning diagram Recycling space Co-working Waste museum
67
6
Developed Proposal Living with our waste 68
Site vision
69
Masterplan Site Boundary
Land area: 22 acres Residential: 1,336 apartments Commercial: 12,800 sqm of retail and business use
Central Park and primary site access
Industrial: 18,400 sqm including re-purposed factory and new processing factory Waste total (est.): 1,100,864 kg per year Plastic waste total (est.): 53,440 kg per year
s
es cc
ra
la icu
No rt
hw ool
eh yv
wic
r
a im Pr
DLR
hR oad
Heavy + Light industrial zone
rail
ard lev
al ti n de
ail t e +R
u Bo
cel r a p
ed
os rp
Truck park
ry
o ct
fa
s
pu
Re
i Res
Car park
Plastic sorting & processing factory
Central Park
Re-purposed factory
r ula
s ce ac
ic
y ar
h ve
im Pr
Car park
Th a
W alk
Bo ul
es
ev ar d
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ex te n
ra cc es
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sio
Pr im ar
yv eh i
cu
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Existing Lyle Park
Existing Concrete mixing land
River Thames
Existing Industrial warehouses
Zoning diagram Waste museum Co-working offices Industrial uses (1)
70
40% industrial area
Pedestrian Access site within
Vehicular Access boundary
Masterplan proposal Prioritisation of Greenery Site Boundarythrough the Industrial site land
Central Park
Further zoning including residential parcels
Central Park
UK Timeline
71
Environmental strategy - Masterplan Wind analysis The average hourly wind speed in the Royal Docks experiences significant seasonal variation over the course of the year. The windier part of the year lasts for 5.8 months, from October 12 to April 4, with average wind speeds of more than 11.5 miles per hour. The windiest day of the year is January 3, with an average hourly wind speed of 13.3 miles per hour.
d ar lev u Bo
d ar lev u Bo
Bo ul ev ar d
Central Park Central Park
River Thames
Th a
m
W alk
d ar lev
ex te n
u Bo
sio
https://weatherspark.com/y/45061/Average-Weather-in-City-of-LondonUnited-Kingdom-Year-Round
8
es
Existing
n
9 10 11 12 13 14 mph Suggested Tree species:
Solar analysis This image represents shading levels during the June summer solstice for the proposed masterplan. Considering the average temperature during this period is 16.6 °C and the maximum average temperature is 21.4 °C, there is a potential of overheating to occur on open areas of the masterplan. However, it is important that sunlight is able to reach the spaces between the buildings.
A rd va ule
Bo
Bo u
lev ar d
A Central Park
Thus, the residential buildings have been designed to a maximum height of 5 storeys to allow sunlight penetration to the adjacent boulevards and central park. These are proposed to be pedestrian centric thus vehicular access is limited to emergencies only. Residential Residential Boulevard
River Thames
Section AA - Sunlight access in boulevard
• • • • • •
Ailanthus Altissima Aesculus indica Quercus coccinea Prenus avium Alnus cordata Prunus kanzan
River Thames
https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/environment/parks-green-spacesand-biodiversity/trees-and-woodlands/london-tree-map
Solution: Vegetation and landscaping (+ Air pollution) North Woolwich is blighted by noise pollution and an air quality that is perceptibly tainted by plane exhaust from the nearby London city airport. The canopies of mature trees provide a respite from both noise, by creating a baffle, and reduce the volume of particulate matter in the immediate vicinity by between 7-24%. Trees also have a cooling effect of up to 2C (3.6F) and are a factor in curbing storm water run off and absorb carbon pollution. Plant species that are indigenous to London and Woolwich are to be chosen to ensure that their growth is sustained throughout the year without fail. These will also eventually provide a thriving ecosystem and green-link for local birds, animals and insects to co-exist freely and migrate through the large site, with little interference from the proposed buildings. The trees will also serve as wind barrier for some parts of the site that are exposed to winds from the river Thames and the central park which is a large open space and a potential wind funnel. Some types of evergreen trees will be suitable for this. Overall, the aim is to ensure that at least 30% of the site is covered in greenery in form of grass, trees and a variety of bushes; liveable neighbourhoods as outlined in the manifesto. This should also help mitigate long term effects of air pollution due to widespread construction works in the area.
Data: 1982 - 2012 The London lies on 18m above sea level The climate is warm and temperate in London. London has a significant amount of rainfall during the year. This is true even for the driest month . The warmest month of the year is July, with an average temperature of 18.7 °C. January has the lowest average temperature of the year. It is 4.9 °C. The difference in precipitation between the driest month and the wettest month is 22 mm | 1 inch. During the year, the average temperatures vary by 13.8 °C.
72 https://en.climate-data.org/europe/united-kingdom/england/london-1/
Impact of air pollution from London city airport - Non-author’s image
Healthy lung and impact of air pollution Mature trees in the local residential area and species within the neighbourhood greens Non-author’s image
GH
W
LAN
FRO
M
GP IN RT SO
RE SID EN TI AL
TH RO U
TE AS
D
EV
T EN M OP EL
Waste Collection
T
Circular Economy
Waste Sorting
T
O
U
SA BL E
CO M
TO IN
PR
ED
ES S
CL CY RE
ED BA IL
ES
Waste Production
PR OD U
CT S
Processed & Manufacture
OM FR
S
NG TI R O
73
Waste Collection Strategy (Year 80 - 90) X
A
B
X
A B
Section X-X
74
Illustrative waste collection system
Typical Floor Plan
Typical Residential Parcel
Typical Elevation A-A
Section B-B 75
Public Realm
76
GH
W
LAN
FRO
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GP IN RT SO
RE SID EN TI AL
TH RO U
TE AS
D
EV
NT ME P O EL
Waste Collection
T
Circular Economy
Waste Sorting
T
O
U
SA BL E
CO M
TO IN
PR
ED
ES S
CL CY RE
ED BA IL
ES
Waste Production
PR OD U
CT S
Processed & Manufacture
OM FR
SO
G IN RT
77
Year 80 - 85 (Underground waste collection & sorting system)
Residential Block
Re-purposed factory
Odour filtration sculpture
Waste traveling through underground pipes
Viewing floor for education and showcase
Viewing floor for education and showcase
Waste barrel
Waste traveling through underground pipes
OVER
Access floor for repairs
Conveyor platform
Access floor for repairs
UP
Lifting mechanism 78
Prefab concrete modules
Underground waste collection system Waste management: The site currently hosts two licensed waste facilities and the local plan states that it will support developments that positively contribute to the Newham boroughâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s waste management infrastructure. Cities around the world are installing Envac systems in new residential and commercial areas With many decades experience designing and installing Envac systems within a wide range of locations, Envac can add value to waste collection.
GH
W
LAN
FRO
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GP IN RT SO
RE SID EN TI AL
TH RO U
TE AS
D
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T EN M OP EL
Waste Collection
T
Circular Economy
Waste Sorting
80
T
O
U
SA BL E
CO M
TO IN
PR
ED
ES S
CL CY RE
ED BA IL
ES
Waste Production
PR OD U
CT S
Processed & Manufacture
OM FR
S
NG TI R O
Typical recycled plastic to fabric process Summary Waste collection
Household waste
HDPE Pressed into individual bailes and sold.
PETE
Large Machine Hall and moved along long conveyor belts
Rotary seive PP Incineration Others
Waste Processing Coloured PP PETE/PP bailes
Shredder
White
Melted
Bagged and stored
Pellets PTE
Others
Waste Recycling Laminated PETE
Extruded into yarn
Spun into threads
Cut/sewn into garment
Woven into fabric Waterproof
81
Re-purposed factory Zinc Roof
Glulam timber frame
Plastic Waste Museum
Co-working Floor 2 & 3
Co-working Floor 1
Ground Floor (Main Factory)
Existing building dimensions 82
Exploded axonometric of proposed re-purposed building
Structural Strategy The idea is to retain the existing foundations and external brick walls only. Although there could be short term benefits to also retaining its internal floors and columns, high long term maintenance cost implications could be incurred. Thus the proposal is to strip out its interior, recycle the materials acquired and reconstruct the internal spaces to match contemporary spatial requirements for comfortable working environment. The residential parcel will be fairly generic because it covers a large amount of the site and is repetitive. The aim will be to derive a replicable modular wall detail that can be expanded or reduced depending on cost implications and phasing. Other structural site considerations include: •
The site proximity to the river edge means that it’s ground is a mixture of clay/ sandy soil which will require new and deep foundations to support any additional floors in the existing factory.
•
Existing walls must be checked for structural stability as the factory is approximately 70 years old.
•
The current state of existing insulation should be determined and additional insulation and other wall build-up materials should be provided if deemed necessary.
The material to be used for floor & foundation construction is concrete. Although largely considered unsustainable, it is still one of the most reliable construction material for buildings. However in order to mitigate it’s negative environmental impact, the aim to source a large amount of recycled concrete from surrounding demolition sites and concrete recycling factories. Other primary structural elements will be steel and glulam.
Steel frame construction Steel frame construction used to be primarily used for large, simple structures, such as garages, large agricultural buildings and warehouses – as well as high-rise buildingsbut it is now also used for a wide range of other types of development, including offices, factories, schools, public buildings and some residential dwellings. Steel frame construction is a good option for the refurbishment of the factory for many reasons, most notably: Durability, Affordability and Sustainability. Considering the large scale of the building the structural steel components can be fabricated off-site and then transported to the construction site when needed, minimising on-site labour requirements and reducing the impact of variables that can delay the project, such as adverse weather. However, steel frame construction has a few disadvantages including the lack of thermal conductivity, reduced flexibility on-site and the requirement for additional structure work (drywall, sheathing, insulation and supplementary wooden components) Cremer Street by WWM architects steel frame construction
Proposed steel frame floor build-up
83
Steel frame internal structure curved beams Upper Floors
primary beams secondary beams
primary beams Second Floor secondary beams primary columns pilasters along existing wall
Feature stairs
Ground & First Floors
84
Glued Laminated Timber roof Construction time A prefabricated timber frame can be erected on site very quickly. This enables interior trades such as plastering and electrical wiring to begin work earlier in the build programme, as the interior will be exposed to weather for less time. Once the building is weather-tight, the timber frame’s moisture content must be left to stabilise if it is to be clad in dry plasterboard. Quality: Off site fabrication can allow higher quality to be achieved than in the less controlled conditions of a construction site.
Zinc roof Glazed roof
Thermal performance: Timber frame structures can typically achieve a better thermal performance than masonry structures with a thinner construction. Sustainability: Timber is classified as a renewable material, as the principle holds that if a tree is felled another is planted in its place. As long as this balance is maintained, the supply will be sustainable. Spruce glulam beams for roof frames: Spruce glulam beams can be produced in virtually any length and height. They are suitable for all areas of wooden roof frame construction. Spruce glulam wood is chemical resistant. Fire resistance categories F 30, F 60 and F90 are achievable without special treatment.
Primary structure Purlins
It has a density of 480kg/m3 and large spans in excess of 100m are possible. Spruce glulam beams can be prefabricated to exact specifications, allowing greater flexibility in the shape and size of the beams. Large surface elements are possible because of the lightweight construction.
•
DIN 1052:2008, BS 11/GL 24h, BS 14/GL 28h
•
Kiln dried, wood moisture 12 % ± 2 %
•
Planed on four sides, chamfered 4 mm (measured diagonally), trimmed precisely
•
Delivery units and packages wrapped in film
•
Suitable for use in application classifications I and II (I = interior room climate, II = external climate under roofing)
•
Projects, curved girders, special cross-sections on request
•
Best European spruce and Scandinavian spruce
•
Approx. 200 standard cross-sections
•
Water-proof gluing with polyurethane adhesives
•
Produced as per list – available lengths from 2.3 m to 18.0 m
Potential supplier: https://www.schneider-holz.com/best-wood-schneider-en/ wood-products/glulam/glulam-spruce.html
85
Long section A-A
Museum Floor 2 Museum Floor 2
Museum Floor 1
Museum Floor 1
First Floor 3 (Co-working)
Primary Atrium
Large office space 3
Secondary Atrium First Floor 2 (Co-working)
Feature stairs
Large office space 2
Cafe First Floor 1 (Co-working)
Plant room
Large office space 1
Factory Ground Floor Plan
Underground plastic waste tube
A 86
A
1:50 Scale construction details 875mm 500mm
430mm
87
Short section Section B-B
Ground Floor Plan
B
A
A
B
88
View 1 - Exterior View
View 1
View 3
View 2
View 4
Key plan for views
89
View 2 - Entrance Lobby
View 3 - Incoming pellets
90
View 4 - Pulled into threads
View 6
Museum (Top) Floor Plan
View 5
Typical Floor Plan
91
View 5 - Primary Light Well and Feature stairs 92
View 6 - Waste museum 93
Existing Factory building Structural philosophy The site is currently inhabited by an existing Tate and Lyle Golden Syrup factory which was originally built in the mid 1900â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and is the only standing factory building on the historic industrial estate. The building, which this thesis proposes to be adapted to contemporary needs for manufacturing/work spaces is to be an exemplar for the adaptive re-use of old industrial buildings as part of an urban regeneration scheme. For Unit XIX Growing structures, there is an emphasis on developing systems that are replicable within the chosen site but also elsewhere if need be; a tendency toward modularity is desirable. Thus the spatial arrangement of the buildings have been designed using a grid system. The repurposed is about 100m x 20m respectively in length and width. A 5m x 10m grid was applied that allows for structural columns to be placed at regular intervals depending on internal spatial constraints. This also allows for floor openings without compromising the structural integrity.
94
Light models
Maximising natural sun-light Option 1 A
B
C
Criteria 1. 70% of built area
South
Built area
Built area
Built area
North
2. Vertical floor arrangement 3. Open plan ground floor space
Factory space
Conclusions for ‘option 1’ Creating floor voids vertically downwards from two roof openings will allow for a simple internal floor arrangement however, natural light from above will not reach the factory space on at ground level. Thus this is not a preferable option.
Option 2 A
B
C
Criteria Built area
South
Built area
Built area
1. 70% of built area North
2. Open plan ground floor space 3. Diagonal level arrangement
Conclusions for ‘option 2’ At 60° it is evident that natural light from above is able to reach the ground level thus is a successful approach. However, the internal floor arrangement will also need to be at a 60° angle to match this strategy. This could cause potential structural issues thus is not a desire-able approach.
Option 3 A
B
C
Criteria
Built area South
1. 45% of built area North
Built area
2. Diagonal level arrangement 3. Additional roof opening 4. Minimal floor area usage
Option 4 A
B
Built area
Creating an additional roof opening provides the greatest amount of natural light penetration to ground level. 70% of the ground level seems to be benefit from this. However, the consequence is the further lack of usable floor area internally.
Conclusions for ‘option 4’
C
Criteria 1. 50% of built area
Built area South
Conclusions for ‘option 3’
North
2. Diagonal level arrangement 3. Dedicated roof opening
Increasing the potential amount of built area posed to be a detriment to the amount of natural light the reaches the ground level. However it this options proves that roof openings A & B are the most important. This means opening ‘C’ can be dedicated for an upper floor space. 95
Preferred option
A
B
C
South
North
60°
Passive ventilation: Creating voids in the floor space due to natural light penetration studies also as the potential to encourage passive ventilation throughout the building. Passive ventilation is a natural ventilation system that makes use of natural forces, such as wind and thermal buoyancy, to circulate air to and from an indoor space. This ventilation strategy will work to regulate the internal air temperature as well as bring fresh air in and send stale/warmer air out regularly, everyday and throughout the year. This will potentially reduce the necessity for mechanical ventilation systems and eventually reduce running costs and the carbon footprint of the building.
Approach: The elevation of the sun at sunrise or sunset is always 0°. The elevation of the sun at noon on the equator at the equinox is 90°. The sun never gets to be overhead in the UK, so the best it manages here in the summer is nearer 60° and in the winter is 30°. Thus if natural light from above is to reach the ground level it will be best to determine the appropriate floor voids in relation to the altitude of the summer sun, considering the height of the building.
A
B
C
South
North
Passive ventilation concept strategy
96
Polar sunpath for proposed site
Section A - Ventilation strategy
Ventilation strategy The predominant air circulation strategy within the repurposed factory is passive and is aided by the large primary and secondary atrium spaces. This largely applies to the spaces above the factory floor (at ground level).
Passive ventilation
Considering the proposed industrial uses at ground level it is assumed that controlling the temperature is imperative to ensuring optimal performance from the machinery and human workers. Thus, the ground level is predominantly controlled by mechanical ventilation as illustrated in â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;image Aâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;
Passive ventilation
Secondary atrium
Earth tubes are proposed to draw air from outside of the building. Tubes are placed at least 3m below ground level where temperature remains cool all year, so external warm air gets cooled as it passes through the tubes. Cool air intake
Warm air extract Cool air
Primary atrium
Warm air extract
Cool air intake
Warm air extract
Cool air Cool air
Fan
Warm air extract Cool air
Earth tubes
Cool air Earth tubes
Fan
Active Chilled Beams: They use the same heat-exchanger technology as passive beams but can supply both cooling and heating, as well as ventilation air. ACBs contain an added compartment (plenum) that is connected to the ventilation air supply.
Passive ventilation
Warm air extract
Warm air extract
Warm air extract
Warm air extract
Section B - Ventilation strategy
Typical floor detail 97
Design Economics (of re-purposed factory only) Access: The site is located at southern edge of the royal docks and bounded by River Thames. The main access to the site will be from northern edge via North Woolwich road (A102). The site is accessibly by trucks, cars and vans of average size as the road is approximately 5m wide. However the DLR line that runs along North Woolwich Road will restrict a the height of vehicle that can access the site. This could prove to be challenging in the construction phase as a typical Boom crane truck is 3-4m high. North Woolwich road will have to be vacated for a short period of time to allow trucks to manoeuvre safely. Demolition & Ground works: Removal of existing floors in an existing building has difficulties and potentially unforeseen cost implications. These arise predominantly from floors that are structurally attached that could make the external walls weak. This could be detrimental to the future construction works. Considering the age of the existing building (built in 1951), additional cost implications for moving and operating special heavy machinery internally without damaging the external walls will have to be considered. Thus, a large amount of money is to be allocated to contingencies. A number of openings in the existing wall will also have to be removed to accommodate the new windows (all floors) and doors (ground floor) with priority on minimising the effect on the structural integrity. An approximate volume of 3078m3 of earth will need to be relocated off site; a proposal for the use of this excess earth will be proposed. Structure: Considering the restricted access to the internal area of the existing building, the reoccurring issue is the positioning of large machinery. Firstly, the existing roof will need to removed and the materials recycled. This will ensure easy access from above. The existing floors will be removed afterwards and then the new steel frame construction will commence. The proposal is to prefabricate a large amount of structural elements of the building. Additionally, steel frame construction lends itself to modularity where steel beams and columns could be transported in bulk and arranged internally. Glulam (Timber) Frame: Timber has higher structural efficiency as carried load per unit weight compared to steel structures. Timber is more easily adaptable on site, working with old existing structure can often prompt last minute changes to elements which can have large cost implications for steel structures. However, considering the prefabrication of key modular structural elements as stated above, the cost of on-site construction is significantly minimised. Services: Ongoing costs of running services are often difficult to maintain. However large commercial developers usually have financial infrastructure to offset such costs. Furthermore, the rental value of the proposed internal spaces will help toward funding on-going costs. Energy consumption related costs have been mitigated by designing a building that predominantly relies on passive cooling strategies. However, considering there will be a heavy use of electrical appliances both in the factory and co-working units, a good strategy would be to factor this ongoing cost into the charge for renting spaces. Contingencies: Deducing precise building costs of re-purposed old buildings is usually difficult, therefore a larger than typical portion of the budget has been allocated to overcome unforeseen issues. On initial inspection potential costs predicate around removing existing internal structures. 98
Cost Analysis (of re-purposed factory only)
The re-purposed factory walk-through video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RjOyyEH6W1k
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