Eradication of black rot from grapevines achieved by drastic pruning Mark Sosnowski
South Australian Research & Development Institute Bob Emmett, DPI Mildura Victoria Wayne Wilcox, Cornell University NY USA Trevor Wicks, SARDI
biosecurity built on science Cooperative Research Centre for National Plant Biosecurity
What is the Biosecurity Problem? Increased risk of exotic incursion Globalisation and international trade
Current strategy for eradication Complete removal of infected and potentially infected vines and disposal by burn and burying
Economic and social impact Returning mature vines to previous quality e.g. 100-year-old shiraz vines Re-establishment cost and income loss
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Eradication strategy Proposed drastic pruning protocol
Remove infected material Rake out debris Burn & bury Cultivate soil Spray trunks with fungicide Retrain shoots as new cordons Full production in 3-4 years
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Exotic target pathogen Black rot of grapevine
Caused by fungus Guignardia bidwellii Occurs in North & South America, Europe and Asia Once established can cause 80% crop loss Inhabits fruit, leaves and shoots Spread by infected plant material
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Model endemic pathogen Black spot of grapevine Caused by fungus Elsinoë ampelina Endemic in Australia, predominantly in Sunraysia Inhabit fruit, leaves and shoots
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Mildura trial plan Panel 1
Row 10
2
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1
8
9
10
11
12
2
2
13
14
15
1
>10m
>10m 13
1
2
1
16
1
2
1
19
1
2
2
1 = drastic pruning
2
2
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2 = control (no drastic pruning)
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DPI Mildura, Victoria
Mildura trial Inoculation (spring 2007)
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Mildura trial
Black spot symptoms (December 2007) biosecurity built on science
Mildura trial Simulated eradication (July 2008)
Control plot (July 2008) biosecurity built on science
Mildura trial
Drastic pruning plot (July 2008) biosecurity built on science
Mildura trial
Burn & bury infected material (August 2008) biosecurity built on science
Mildura trial Sentinel plants (spring/summer 2008)
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Mildura trial Year 1 assessment (December 2008) Panel 1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Row 10
2
1
1
13
1
2
1
16
1
2
1
Row 19
1
2
2
Panel 1
2
3
4
5
1 = drastic pruning
6
8
9
10
11
12
2
1 9
10
11
15
1
Row 10
1
13
1
2
16
1
2
Row 19
2
2
8
14
2
2
7
13
12
13
14
15
2 = control (no drastic pruning)
Treated vines on which symptoms were detected
Symptoms 100% Control 11% Treated biosecurity built on science
Black spot symptoms (December 2008)
Mildura trial
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Bioassay
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Bioassay 4
Mean disease score
3 Disease score 0 = no symptoms 1 = 1-5 leaf lesions 2 = 6-10 leaf lesions 3 = 10-50 leaf lesions 4= 50-100 leaf lesions 5= 100+ leaf lesions
2
1
0 R10 Plot2 V3
R10 Plot6 V3
R13 Plot1 V2
R13 Plot3 V2
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Eradication strategy Amended drastic pruning protocol Apply mulch under vines Remove shoots below 30 cm Fungicide spray program
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biosecurity built on science
Validation Cornell University Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, USA
April 2009
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NY Trial plan Row 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Panel 1
2
3
4
Fungide sprayed
1 = drastic pruning
2 = control (no drastic pruning)
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NY trial
April 2009 biosecurity built on science
NY trial
Drastic pruning
Control
April 2009 biosecurity built on science
NY trial Sentinel plants 2009
2010
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NY trial Black rot symptoms (2009 & 2010)
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NY trial
Black rot rating 0 = no infection 1 = slight infection (1-5 lesions) 2 = low infection (<5 bunches/leaves) 3 = moderate infection (5 - 20 bunches/leaves) 4 = high infection (20+ bunches/leaves)
Assessment â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2 years after eradication (July 2010) 4
a
Black rot rating
3
2
1
b 0
unsprayed
fungicide
Control
b
b
unsprayed
fungicide
Drastic pruning biosecurity built on science
Publication
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End user adoption
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Decision reference tool
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Decision reference tool
biosecurity built on science
Where to from here? Adapt and validate strategy for: Other grape diseases (GWRDC) • Angular leaf scorch (Pseudopezicula tetraspora)
Other perennial crops (PBCRC) • Brown rot of apples (Monilinia fructigena) • Black knot of stone fruit (Apiosporina morbosa) • European canker of apple (Nectria gallegina)
GreenPlantProtection.eu
• Cedar-apple rust (Gymnosporangium juniper-virgininae)
agf.gov.bc.ca
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Acknowledgements
CRC for National Plant Biosecurity Kathy Clarke (DPI Vic) Adrian Loschiavo and David Sosnowski (SARDI) Irymple Research Centre farm staff Craig Austin, Duane Riegel, Judy Burr (Cornell Uni) David Eagling (CRCNPB)
biosecurity built on science
biosecurity built on science