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THE DEFINITIVE BENCHMARKS ISSUE 227 JUNE 2009
PERFORMANCE GEAR & GAMING
ISSUE 227 HERE’S TO SWIMMING WITH BOW LEGGED WOMEN
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COMPANY OF HEROES FALLOUT 3 THE PIT: TALES OF VALOR DIGGING DEEPER PCF227.cover 1
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Above Old 3D sprites and backgrounds look bad compared to hand-drawn games
Right Driving games have it easier than most. You don’t see much detail at 100MPH
Gaming
Art
as
Richard Cobbett casts an appraising eye over the technologies and graphic styles that brought all the best carnage to life
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Above Ultima was one of the first RPGs to make an effort to look attractive
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W Left The Myst games rendered their worlds as still slideshow images
Above The hand-drawn Broken Sword games have grown old gracefully
henever you got into gaming, we’re sure you were impressed by it at the time. It can be tough to remember, but over the last 30 years, we’ve moved from simple shapes floating around black screens pretending to be spaceships, all the way through simple sprites, full-screen cartoons, full-motion video and early experiments in 3D, and into blisteringly detailed virtual worlds that we can explore at will. Right now, the likes of Crysis and GTA4 are the bleeding edge. Before long, they’ll look bleeding awful. Our jaw-dropping first drive through the rebuilt Liberty City will be as quaint as Space Invaders to the gamers of the future as they sit in front of their PCs, munching sci-fi snacks such as Mars bars and Galaxies and Doctor Hula Hoops and wondering how we lived in the days before we could walk our game characters up to our own houses, peek through the virtual curtains and see ourselves sitting at our computers going “Neat”. Part of the problem with these games is that they set out to simulate reality, albeit in a stylised way. This is impressive at the time of release, but as time moves on, so do our techniques and technologies. In the case of 3D games, one particularly noticeable sign of age is that it took years before characters were capable of moving their lips while they talked, instead of just staring and nodding as a line of dialogue played. Conversely, games that focus on artistry rather than technology often hold onto their looks surprisingly well decades later. Adventure games from the 1990s are a perfect example. Many look every bit as old and retro as they are, but no low resolutions or old processors can detract from the sheer artistry dripped into games such as Sam and Max Hit The Road, Gabriel Knight, or of course, Broken Sword, which was recently re-released on both Nintendo DS and Wii. June 2009
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Gaming as art IS IT A BIRD? NO, IT’S A PLANE
For most of the 1980s, artistic merit of any sort took a distant second place to simply trying to hammer the primitive graphics of the time into something that the player would find vaguely recognisable. Early PC developers barely bothered at all. It was far easier to draw a map and make a strategy game, throw together something simple such as an Arkanoid clone, or sidestep the thorny issue completely by developing yet another text adventure. The PC was still thought of as primarily a work machine and it would be years
were actually a tactical aid built into your HUD. Reading it was also your best way of realising that the game wasn’t actually set in the depths of space and that the reason you took damage if you flew too far in a downward direction was that the big black bit at the bottom of the pitch black background was in fact ‘the ground’. Games of this era were nothing short of a war between programmers and their machines. The Commodore 64, released in 1982, was a surprisingly powerful system, but games on platforms such as the ZX Spectrum could be instantly identified by their
“Graphics were kept in their place, and that place was often a small box framed by stats” before that preconception changed. What separated this era of gaming from the likes of Crysis (if you ignore roughly 15 quantum leaps in various areas of technology) was that tricks such as these were essential. Elite used wireframe 3D graphics on most platforms because that was as much as they could hope to handle. Most games assumed the player would understand that principle, although some built it into the fiction of the game. Starglider was one of these, shipping with a novella to explain that the wireframe graphics
bright, clashing colours – particularly when dealing with conversions from more powerful arcade cabinets. The art style was mainly a way of compensating for the system and used tricks such as setting translucent characters against coloured backgrounds, or promoting the graphical details by making the active game area a single colour, with objects outlined in black and all other colours saved for the frame. Sprites were simple and often very stylised, Dizzy the adventuring egg being one of the most enduring icons. Most games were
happy to throw almost anything into the mix, from remote-controlled heads to a Monty Python stomping foot. The most surprising thing is that some of the creators weren’t high.
PRETTY AND PROGRAMMED
The PC was largely left out of all this craziness through most of the 80s, thanks to developers focusing on three rather serious genres: adventures, RPGs and simulators. Technology limitations meant that the early simulations had enough to worry about just drawing the ground and a couple of aeroplanes to shoot at, but the RPGs almost went out of their way to be ugly. Graphics were kept firmly in their place, and that place was frequently a small box framed by the far more important stats and menus. It wasn’t until Ultima VII in 1992 that we saw an original PC RPG where the visuals stood up as state of the art against its contemporaries. Adventure games took a totally different direction, to the point that, until 3D came along, they were the place to see the latest graphical styles. The first major graphic adventure, King’s Quest, released in 1984, was designed as a showpiece for the PC. No mean feat, considering how bad our favourite platform’s graphics were at the time. The basic colour graphics format was
THE TECHNOLOGIES THAT FAILED Some ideas simply never get their day. Voxels – volumetric pixels – were 3D pixels, which allowed for beautiful terrain in games such as Commanche long before PCs could handle enough polygons. One game to use them was a true beauty: Outcast, whose lush terrain and glorious colours put the polygon-based games of the time to shame. The catch was that voxels were entirely reliant on your PC’s horsepower, with early graphics cards entirely devoted to pushing triangles instead. One idea that worked better was back-projection – simple sprites floating on top of an FMV. This was used in the Rebel Assault games, which were as close to flying in a Star Wars movie as we’d ever come. CD-based consoles such as the Sega CD made this their bread and butter, but it rarely worked that well, mostly because it was obvious that one day we’d be able to do the real thing. The same went for action games such as Cyberia and Creature Shock, where the player didn’t do much of anything except occasionally press a key and watch an FMV. Arguably the silliest attempt at taking 3D in a new direction was Psygnosis’s Ecstatica, an 18-rated horror adventure full of crucified corpses and snarling werewolves. Rendered entirely out of balls. Yes, balls. Demon balls, hero balls, swords made of stretched balls… it looked ridiculous. There were various technical reasons why the company thought it worked, but none of them were good enough to get past the fact that whole game was a load of balls. Still, it sold well enough to get a sequel. 106
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Above As dodgy as it looks now, Outcast was a stunning game in 1999 – if your PC could handle it. Most couldn’t
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the hideous Color Graphics Adapter. This typically ran at a resolution of 320x200 and resulted in some of the ugliest graphics seen by mortal eyes. It had 16 colours to play with, but they were split into two palettes containing six hues (with two blacks each), which developers had to choose from. The first was the ‘winter’ palette, offering cyan, white, grey/white and magenta. The second offered green, red, brown and yellow. There were ways of squeezing more power out of CGA, including setting the background colour to blue and thus having the full RGB set to play with, or switching palettes while drawing the screen. Another trick was to abuse the poor quality screens at the time, putting down dithered patterns of dots and letting the display blend them into the required colour. All very clever stuff, but clearly hack territory. Nobody at all shed a tear when CGA was booted aside in favour of EGA and VGA.
Above VGA games used every trick going to make backgrounds look attractive
TO CATCH A SPRITE
In the days of CGA, everything was incredibly simple. With EGA, artists could finally start cutting loose. Backgrounds became more detailed. Shading could finally be more subtle – if not by much – than simply overlaying dots on bits of the screen that were meant to be in shadow. However, in both cases, the results looked like the computer generated graphics that they were. Backgrounds were clearly made up with simple lines and fills, with blocky characters overlaid on top. This changed dramatically when VGA entered the picture. VGA allowed for 256 colours at once, giving artists much more freedom. Games such as King’s Quest V and Monkey Island 2 replaced computer generated backgrounds with scanned-in paintings, giving their worlds an incredible sense of detail and atmosphere. Spare colours could be used for effects, such as flickering lights, gradients and proper shading. Interestingly, this usually only applied to the backgrounds. It quickly became acceptable to have different styles for the overlaid characters, typically keeping them cartoony, regardless of their settings. This was primarily a logistical issue, given the number of animation frames that would have to be stored and created, but few minded. Many games were quite happy to chop and change media types on the fly, whether by kicking off with a 3D rendered introduction (as in King’s Quest VI, Syndicate and almost every early CD game), or showing detailed pictures of characters in conversations. One media mix that never worked well in this context was FMV, partly due
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Right CGA graphics were barely passable in 1984, and time has not been kind
Below Isometric games add a new level of depth to early gamers’ adventures
Above Space Quest IV used time-travel to let its hero revisit his own prequels
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Gaming as art w
A QUESTION OF SCALE
Above Despite the dramatic music and statues, you can still cross Stormwind faster than you can say “Not very big, is it?”
Bigger isn’t always better and developers often struggle to decide when to call it a day. For a flight simulator, hundreds of miles are perfectly acceptable. If an RPG tried to cover that much space, it would either feel barren (as with Daggerfall, released in 1996, which featured 62,394 square miles of terrain, almost entirely lacking in interest due to being randomly designed) or just irritating, as you tried in vain to find anything. It’s one thing to step out in search of adventure, but at some point you want it to show its damn face. Instead, most successful worlds are a convoluted con job. They feel big, with huge deserts and cities, but it’s the contrast between the ‘busy’ areas and the rest that makes them feel so. A continent in World of Warcraft transplanted into the real world would only take up 40 square miles, with towns such as Goldshire that canonically have thousands of inhabitants represented by nothing more than a blacksmith’s, an inn and a couple of houses. By the time you hit a capital city such as Stormwind, the fact that there are windows and towers everywhere makes it feel like a genuine population centre, even though in real terms it barely qualifies as a hamlet. Some of the tricks used include changing sky textures, giving each area its own biome – desert, forest etc – and having slow-flying taxis that make every flight feel like an epic voyage. Other games have small, locked-down levels with windows showing other areas of the city outside the slice you have access to. Half-Life 2 is the king of this, with City 17 taking up just a small sliver of the gameworld, but reinforcing its size and prominence through visual feedback such as the all-watching Citadel in the centre. Conversely, Bioshock never felt even close to the correct size, with issues such as subway controls that suggested you were seeing everything; puncturing the fiction like a Big Daddy’s drill. 108
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to the often woeful production values of the games that used it, but mostly because of issues with converting footage into something that could be used as a game sprite. Low resolutions turned them into a blurry mess and higher resolutions hammered home how badly the non-antialiased sprites sat in the world. As just one example, an FMV character will always have more superfluous detail than a cartoon one, leading to more obvious problems if their walk cycles get broken - frequently making it harder to read body language. Rendered 3D figures suffered from these problems as well, but rarely to such a degree. The only games that made the leap successfully simply used the original footage as a starting point, rather than trying to implement it into the game as-was. These included Prince of Persia with its rotoscoped character animations, and Tex Murphy, which avoided having 2D versions of its characters in the 3D game world wherever possible, and simply cut to a full-on blue-screened FMV sequence for conversations and important actions. It was jarring, but consistent. All of this gave the early 90s a fascinating look. It was an era of mixed media, with classic animation sitting alongside revolutionary new ideas. Free of the constraints of flat colours and simple shapes, developers jumped at the chance to create unique worlds. In adventures, we saw everything from the pure cartoon style of Day of the Tentacle to photographic/3D rendered
dance the tango, not to mention perform subtle actions such as making eye contact or following you around the room. 3D models also have depth, whereas sprites are just cardboard cutouts. Using the same engine for them and the backgrounds also helps reinforce the notion of a consistent world that characters can interact with. However, PCs powerful enough to make the most of 3D are a recent development and for a long time, sprites vs polygons was a genuine debate. Elite had wireframe polygons back in 1984, as did the first Star Wars space simulator, X-Wing, in 1993. Until Quake in 1996, which also gave the mainstream its first true 3D shooter, almost every FPS was sprite-based, with exceptions such as Terminator: Future Shock few and far between. The main reason for this was that sprites offered more detail than the polygons of the time could handle. Much like the early days, it was fine to have simple iconic shapes for spaceships and the like, which is why X-Wing’s instantly recognisable ship silhouettes worked so well. However, early games didn’t even have texture mapping (instead relying on simple colours and shading based on the position of the area’s light source) and 3D characters were awkward-looking, low-polygon affairs. With sprites, if you could draw it, the computer could handle it. When making Doom, id actually modelled several of its more complicated characters in clay,
“Put a skeletal structure on a 3D model and it’s able to pick up a laser gun or dance the tango” hybrids in the likes of Lost in Time, to early attempts to put real people into the mix during the horrific age of interactive movies. One of the most bizarre was Darkseed, which featured two worlds: ours, and a Dark World based on the biomechanical paintings of HR Geiger. (There was talk at the time that the artists needed therapy due to this, but we call bull on that one…)
BEFORE THERE WAS 3D
The success of 3D accelerator cards heralded the birth of a new era for PC games – one where 3D is mother and father and little sister all rolled into one. This is a good thing. Sprites have to be created frame by frame, which makes them inherently limited. Put a skeletal structure in a 3D model and it can do anything from pick up a laser gun to
then photographed them from multiple angles to maintain consistency. The first Wing Commander games used a clever trick to fake space, simply moving and scaling sprites in front of the camera to add depth. It fell down when approaching capital vessels, but made for instantly recognisable ships and graphical assets that sat comfortably alongside the character portraits used in menus and cut-scenes. 3D was much slower to impress on anything other than a technological level. Quake (released in 1996) was a particular disappointment, regardless of its technical prowess. Doom gave us a whole cast of memorable enemies to shoot at, ranging from the humble Imp to the awe-inspiring Cyberdemon. Few of Quake’s blocky, blurry opponents came close, outside of the leaping Fiend
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Gaming as art
Left We’d scream too if our world was made up of such clashing styles
and hulking demon Cthon. Not until Sin and Half-Life in 1998 did 3D characters start to impress and even then, the fact that most of them were still animated frame by frame made them feel stodgy. Half-Life’s skeletal animations provided freedom, even if they did usher in several years of comedy ragdolls.
ADVENTURES IN HYPERREALITY
As with the dawn of 2D, 3D games quickly began splitting art styles along genre lines. This was typically done for
cases, just not trying too hard. When Tomb Raider 3 set a level in Saint Paul’s Cathedral, the challenge was conveying that vibe with a game engine that had only just developed the ability to build levels using triangles instead of square blocks, not recreating reality. Similarly, Deus Ex took great pains to trash New York and Gabriel Knight III devoted as much effort to recreating the village of Rennes-le-Chateau as the Tomb Raider team did to King Midas’s crypt. It didn’t matter. Much as the classic 2D games hinted at a world beyond the bits that
“Most games tried to create the illusion of reality rather than recreating the actual thing”
Above Floppy disks eventually became big enough for proper cartoon fun
DIFFERENT STROKES 1 The Neverhood – One of the silliest games ever, and the most unique looking. Its stop-motion clay animation stood out for the three people who bought it, even if the game itself was too simplistic for most others.
pragmatic reasons rather than stylistic ones. The more restrictive the game, the more realistic its world could be. Driving games such as Midtown Madness, Driver and GTA could get away with something that pretended to be a real city by confining players to roads and other external locations where real-world textures could turn a simple box into a credible store or tower block. Most games stuck with a different approach: creating the illusion of reality, not trying to recreate the actual thing. The more games tried to do this, the more they hit the Uncanny Valley problem – deviations from the expected that break the suspension of disbelief. The simplest solution was to shunt things around a little by setting a game in the future, or in a lab, or in many
you got to visit, the best 3D games feel like there’s more going on behind the invisible walls that block your passage. It’d be wrong to say that current games aren’t constrained by technology, but the challenge is different. With modern graphics, we can create almost anything to an acceptable level. The challenge comes from the difficulty of creating all the necessary assets, with level design stretched across multiple disciplines, from 3D modelling to animation and physics calculation. The next step, along with increasing the polygon count and texture resolution, is likely to be to take as much of the load away from the artists as possible to create bigger worlds that retain the handcrafted look. Wherever games go next, they’re going to look fantastic. ¤
Three games that made the gaming world a more interesting place thanks to their unique graphical styles that transported players to bizarre worlds populated by dead rats, plasticine blobs and farmyard fetishists 2 Bad Mojo – One of the most disgusting games ever. Bad Mojo’s devotion to grime was so strong, the developers sought out actual dead rats and decapitated a live catfish to make up the revolting background graphics.
3 Toonstruck – Not just for the blend of Who Framed Roger Rabbit-style live action and cartoon graphics, but its odd adult elements. One minute sunny fields, the next, a sheep and cow enjoying sadomasochistic bondage.
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