4.1.2 Users and Activities

4.1.2 Users and Activities

Involving people, local communities while shaping a space is the beginning of improvement of their surroundings. Ever since the medieval era, the city became the centre of commercial, religious and social life. Its inhabitants a zest, thirst for being together in public, involved in a host of activities, shopping, ceremonies and celebrations.

Figure 23 Vibrant Market squares as a stage to activities Source-Pinterest

Figure 24 Vendors - Ambience of space around matters Source-wanderarti.com

Square in the city has been important cultural and commercial part of human life. A small square that function as gathering spaces for a local community do not need large dramatic background but are better able to use small centralised points as a focus of their social life. Sculptures, fountains, and clocks in addition to their obvious functions are identified as "centerstage", locations at which people become actor rather than audience. Market place as a part of these spaces became important. It is favourite location for people watching, and for impromptu street entertainers. More formal concerts, festivals, historic pageants and special seasonal and festive markets often draw participants and observers from largest region who come to celebrate together.

4.1.3 Vendors and Shopkeepers

The markets are lively place, with a constant buzz of conversation. Voices rise and fall proclaiming wares and calling greetings. Local resident shops there several times a week, using marketplace as an extension of the living space.

While many ingredients contribute in creating viable social life in market place the vendors themselves are of primary importance. The vendor livelihood is, to some extent dependent on the ambience of public space, and the degree to which people feel socially at ease in that context. At normal shops, the shopkeeper own a

Figure 25 Shops- their own territory Source- Jacksonartsupplies.com territory which the customer enter, but unlike it vendors, on the other hand do not own a territory and therefore on a more equal footing with their customers. They are more dependent than shop owners on ability to relate well with the passers- by, they are not defended by walls.

The most successful market take place daily by promoting the vendors a sense of belonging in that space and enforcing a sense of community. Cafes, restaurant, Coffee houses, and other places of refreshment in comfort are other essential element: they are always located in surrounding buildings and generally providewithtable and chairs outside in marketplace.These establishment not only are economically benefitted but also socially important (Public Life in Urban

Places, 1984)

Figure 26 Urban Shopping centres Source- Pinterest- Rich Poling As mentioned earlier, the culture is changing which is directly related to behavioural pattern of the people. These both factors are interlinked. Fewer choices and deterministic urban routine are signs of the widespread lack of community cohesion and urbanity. Shopping, for example, is now a strictly functional act of purchasing that involves a simple trip from one's home to a shopping centre however urban shopping was once a social ritual that included Window shopping promenading meeting friends informally and exchanging information. Similarly, for many people, recreation and involves, for example, a strictly functional trip to 8 screen movie house in a Shopping Centre. However to Urban recreation was once also a ritual with ancillary stages before and after, in which people made at cafes to talk and interact spontaneous meeting, exchanges, and unplanned enjoyment of many activities and spaces of a city are no less important than chasing goods or watching a movie. (Community Design and Culture of Cities, 1990)

4.1.4 Role of authorities

Back in times of king and queens, the elites in power or the authorities were concerned regarding the development of city in all aspect and they felt they owe it to society of which they are part of. The ethical values of these were of importance than just physical structure.

But in current scenario, the cities grow, evolve aimlessly in a vacuum lacking community objectives due to lack of participation of authorities along with the increasing economic pressure. This results in continuing the deterioration of place, its identityand its symbolic value. The Arnstein typology makes it easy to understand the communication gap between ‘planned’ on the other hand, the planner, designer and authorities. It describes , A phrase such as ‘more participation’ can mean to the public a more intensive form of participation, that is, moving up the ladder, while to the professional and politician it may mean greater consultation in the form of more publicity.

4.1.5 Design as a tool

Design can, and must, be a tool of change, reorienting physical solutions towards more humane goals and challenging programmatic assumptions that would be at odds with urbanity and better communities. In the book Pattern language, it is rightly mentioned that “It’s not about the architecture, but about specific design choices can help us better relationships.” It makes most sense when each component of the environment fits consistently within the framework of a higher order plan, for example, a building designed to fit within an urban design scheme which is determined by a larger structure plan based upon proposals for the region.

As the theory is one source that helps in analysing the problem, other source is the layperson. The layperson is important source as he/ she has accurate idea about the area, surrounding. He/she is well able to extend their personal knowledge and to form Figure 27 Public opinion accurate ideas about his neighbours needs also. The Source- Social Tables professional when carrying out surveys into user requirements estimates in crude terms this knowledge, whereas the layperson’s knowledge in this field is immediate and first hand. These approaches are likely to vary with the type of political and administrative system, the spatial unit being designed, the current mode of planning and the stage in the design process. (Urban Design - Street and Square, 2003)

4.2 Structure, design and form of square

There is no at such universal design principals that would fit for all the squares in world. So, to identify and understand basic characteristics becomes essential. A square or plaza is both an area framed by buildings and an area designed to exhibit its buildings to the greatest advantage. In the book, A Theory of Good City Form, there are five dimensions mentioned for a good city form-

Table 3 Five dimension of good city form (Lynch, A Theory of Good City form, 1981)

Vitality The degree to which the form of the settlement supports the vital functions. Sense The degree to which city can be clearly perceived and mentally differentiated and structured in time and space Fit The degree to which the form and the capacity of spaces, channels and equipment in a city match the pattern and quantity of actions Access The ability to reach other person, resources, information, and services. Control The degree to which the use and access to spaces and activities and their modification and management are controlled by those who use, work, or reside them

Efficiency The cost of maintaining and creating the space Justice The way in which the environmental benefits and costs are distributed among the people. For any Public realm involve two dimensions- functionality and visual appearance. Functionality refers to degree of activities fitting in and around the place. While, Visual appearance is about form, aesthetics and image.

4.2.1 The function of the square

As said by Vitruviuswhen writing about the design of forum said-

“it should be proportionate to the number of inhabitants, so that it may not be too small a space to be useful, nor look like a desert waste for lack of population.”

Activity at the square is utmost important for its vitality. When activities and the scale of the spaces are in proportion to each other it all comes to form a perfect place. The most successful city squares, though they may have a dominant function for which it is known and by which they may be classified, are often those that sustain activity through the diversity of uses in the surrounding buildings. These activities includes principal meeting places at junctions, open spaces residential structures, space for market, shopping, arcade, plaza, theatre, etc. One of the important function of square as an element is the symbolic identity it gives to the city. So, accepting and recognition of symbolism as central to design process and also a willingness to

manipulate urban form to achieve meaning is important. Within these extremes of world and home centres is a continuum or hierarchy of overlapping centres serving different communities or groups. (Urban Design - Street and Square, 2003)

So to sum up, a good public realm, square should be-

Figure 28 Characteristic of Good Public Places

4.2.2 The form of the square [Source: (Squares : A network of spaces, 2009)]

Different methods and process have been tried to classify the form of square.

Figure 29 Leon Krier’s form typology Figure 30 Cliff Moughtin form typology

Two most successful classification of square theory is done by Paul Zuker and Sitte. For Sitte, enclosure was taken as the necessity of the square. He concluded that there were only two types of square in formal terms, the Deep type and the Wide type.

a) The Closed square- where space is self-contained b) The Dominated square- where the space is directed to main building c) The Nuclear square- where space is found around the centre d) The grouped square- spatial units are combined to form larger compositions e) The Amorphous square- where space is unlimited

For Sitte, both the amorphous square and the space formed around a central object being outside his definition of the subject matter would have little meaning for him. Grouped squares on the other hand were the object of much attention by Sitte. They were, however, not thought in terms of generic form but more simply one manner in which squares could be related to each other and to the urban fabric in general. (Moughtin, 2003)

Table 4 Form-Typology of square

TYPOLOGY FORM

The Closed

square

The

Dominated

square

FEATURE EXAMPLE

-Simple geometric figure like square, triangle, etc. in plan -Repeating features on the façade of the building. - Building which encloses the square is of importance -The only significant openings in the closed square are the street that lead into it and the sky -Directs the view to a

building or to an object such as sculpture, etc. - Dominating object controls and outweighs other elements in the space of square Place des Vosges, Paris

St. Peters Basilica, Rome

square

The Grouped

square

The

Amorphous

square -Any element which is visually strong and large enough in size that grabs attention to form a focus

within square

4 types can be noticed but goal is to create a mentalphysical relationship between units

-Axially arranged in Roman and Baroque time -Non axially arrange in Medieval and Renaissance

times

-3 or more squares ranged around a dominant

building. -Grouped squares without physical connection. -Multiple classification needed

- Different values, design factors are attributed Rome Imperial forum

Place de I ‘Opera, Paris

In Indian Context, Dominated and nuclear square are limited. Here as the importance of structure and formal open spaces around it are designed to attract tourist and enjoy the Architecture. It is seen at India Gate, Tajmahal, etc. Amorphous squares can be seen in numbers in India, where wide open places are present at Junction/nodes, crossroads. Planned Unplanned both types are seen- Chowk of Jaipur, Pols of Gujrat, etc.

Figure 31 Modulation matrix The matrix here shows –

The basic element,

Modification of those element

resulting in enlargement or reduction of angle in it by keeping same external dimension,

Angles remain constant with change in length of two sides,

Angles and external dimension are altered.

Under the heading of distortion are spatial form difficult to define. These shapes can be said as species born out of chaos. (Urban Space, 1991)

These basic elements can be modified by great variety of building sections and appropriate façade depending on the function and method of construction. The diagrammatic representation of this is best found in book “Urban Space” by Rob Krier. The detail representation of how a

building responds and affects the open space. How modulation in building section and elevation creating impact and giving it a meaning is shown in the figures below by Rob Krier.

Figure 32 Building section and its impact on Space

(Urban Space, 1991)

Figure 33 Building Elevations and its impact on the open spaces

(Urban Space, 1991)

Scale, as a concept in aesthetics, is a standard and judgment on the size of objective things by human. In spatial design, scale is the aesthetical view point of size. Size is the precise description of quantity, referring to the actual size of an object. It is the most basic way to express the scale, but what human feel is scale, but not size. Thus the concept proportion is going to be mentioned. Proportion is the comparison relation on quantity between objects, while scale is between human and object. Proportion is a way to deal with scale.

In spatial design, architectures and landscapes provide space to people, they not only afford artistic enjoyment, but also meet the need on function of the space, which is including the physical and psychology experience to the space. The scale and volume of a space influence directly to people’s experience and feeling.

Several concepts related to research of square scale-

a. Subspace-

A large scale space could be divided into several subspaces in different functions or different landscape environment. More research appeared in Nan Li’s study. He

classified the atmosphere of space into four types and he tried to figure out how the atmosphere changed with the scale of subspace.  When the scale is between 0.01ha and 0.02ha, it will be an intimate subspace;  When it’s between 0.04ha and 0.16ha, it will be an appropriate subspace;  When it’s between 0.21ha and 0.49ha, it will be an open subspace;  When it’s between 2.25ha and 4.0ha, it will be a vast one.

b. Architectural Field-

The square has a strong relationship with the buildings around. The influence to the surrounding area of the architecture is called architectural field, which was brought forward by Ming Xiong in 2000. It is a further study of the relationship of the height of buildings around the square and the width of the square. Xiong divided the architectural field into four levels. There are three standards to judge which level the space belongs to.

First, the distance D between the building and the view point; second, the proportion of height of building and the distance between view point and building P1; third, the proportion of width of building and the distance between building and view point P2.  ‘The strong field’; If D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2, it is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling;

in which people can watch the overall image of architecture and the environment around the building clearly in a suitable way;  ‘The weak field’; If 300m≤D≤600m, 0.25≤P1≤0.5, 0.5≤P2≤1, it is a weak field, in

which people could only see the outline of buildings and windows, although they will not have any uncomfortable feeling, they would have a light impression on the facade and environment of buildings;  ‘The feeble field’; When D＞600m, P1＜0.25, P2＜0.25, it is the nihilist field, only

the skyline of buildings could be seen, it is hard to draw people’s attraction unless the

shape is very eye catching.

c. Human dimension-

The object that has a feeling of the space is human. As a result the scale of the human body was taken as a reference object. When a person is in a space, scale means the effect on a contrast of the size of the space and the size of human body.  Scale of human body- The average height of human is 1.78m for male and 1.65m for female in Europe. The height when people sit down is 0.55 times of when they stand.

The height from the eyes of human to the ground is 11~12cm shorter than his height.  Visual Field- The visible scope when the head and eyes are not moving is the visual field, which is described with angle. It is divided into horizontal visual field and vertical visual field.

The widest field of horizontal vision is within 60°; a range of the clearest field is within 20° and the best visual field is 1°~ 3°.

The widest range of vertical visual field is 60°above the horizon and 70° below; the natural visual line is 10°below the horizon when standing and 15°below when sitting.

Figure 34 Vertical and horizontal angle of vision Source- (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013)

d. Visual Distance-

‘The limit of this field is 100 meters, the point at

which we can see people in motion.’ ‘Squares

and plazas as spatial shape can correspondingly be related to the eye and its potential to grasp events with a radius of 100 meters.’ Gehl also has

a preference on small scale. ‘In narrow streets

and small spaces, we can see buildings, details and the people around us at close range.’

Figure 35 Vision and hearing comfort

e. Walking200m is the acceptable distance for human to walk. Therefore, the longest path for visits to cross the square should be less than 200m. From the perspective of psychology, a 200-meterpath would be boring and be felt longer if it is totally straight and monotonous. Hence, a path with abundant urban landscape within 200m could bring comfortable experience to visitors.

f. Sitting-

A good view is important for a sitting place in the square, where it is a place for visitors to watch the city life. According to the study of visual distance, a sitting place should be set within the distance of 22~100m to the main landscape on the square where will probably attract the most people.

g. Psychological impact on human in public space

Need for safety- The need on safety contains personal space, privacy and territoriality.

It controls the distance between two persons, which is divided by Edward T. Hall (1966)

as –

‘Intimate distance — 0~45cm, the distance at which strong emotion can be exchanged’,

‘Personal distance — 45cm~1.2m, the contact distance between close friends and family members’,

‘social distance — 1.2~3.7m, at which conversations about ordinary information can be exchanged’,

‘Public distance — more than 3.7m, the distance of more formal contact and one-way communication’.

To meet the need of privacy is not to provide enclosed or separated space, but to provide a possibility for people to choose whether to interact with others or to be alone, by providing open space, semi-open space and intimate space in different forms.

4.1 Structure and form of square (Urban spaces-Rob Krier, Urban Design - Street and square, Theory of Good city form-

Kevin Lynch, Research on scale of urban square in Copenhagen) 4.2 Spatial Scale (Research on Scale of Urban Squares in Copenhagen, 2013)

4.3 Inference of study

 In this fast growing world, decentralisation, fragmentation has led to increase in

individualism.

 People are losing connection with the surrounding environment. The role of Squares and other public spaces are much more important than ever.  Urban Square plays a significant role to bring a balance in morphology, it establishes a social cohesion, gives platform for social interaction, communication and for various other activities.

 Understanding the Image, identity, activities, location, accessibility, scale, proportions, spatial characteristics and human anthropology has become an important attributes while doing analysis and design.  Identifying the different user groups and understanding their needs, behavioural pattern becomes much more necessary while studying a public space. Visitors, daily users, vendors, shopkeepers based on their activities.  Understanding different spaces according to hierarchy like open, semi-open and enclosed coherently, where the respect to privacy of individual and ability to choose the enclosure is considered, this all helps to achieve balance and make sense of whole.  Design and architecture as a tool will help to bring back the harmony and essence of culture.

 The knowledge of spatial scale of a place is important consideration. The subspaces are analysed and categorised, so as to form a proper, balanced space especially in a public place with several activities and subspaces  The visual angles, hear distances, proper architecture field for balancing the space are also crucial technical factors.

 It’s a good time to start it with revitalisation of these in current developing cities and town which will suffice the need of the time, wants of the people and acts as a cultural identity of the place.

4.4.1 Connaught Place

 Typology- Central Business District  Location - Connaught place- CP, built in 1931 by Robert Tor Russell, is one of the most important business district node and famous shopping and tourist spot.  Access- It is well connected by all the major roads of the city including the ring roads.

Several major head offices are located in the area, so its important meeting point for all people from different sectors.

The whole Connaught place has 3 circles called as ring roads, and arterial road each at 60 ° to the circle.

Figure 36 Connaught Place Source- Indian express

1) Outer Circle- Outermost circle connecting all the major roads and other commercial

and office complex.

2) Middle Circle- Service road, ground floor have majorly go downs and offices and retail shops with residences on upper floor. 3) Inner circle- Central Park facing , inner circle has retail spaces and fancy shops

 Activities- The major outer circle houses of several important Institutional and public infrastructure which include hospitals, libraries, heritage sites, schools, and college, art galleries. The place is home to many elite shops and cafes which focus on enhancing urban life. Each block opening towards the central garden area. Its commercial heart of Delhi, so it attract huge amount of tourists every year.

Figure 37 Connaught place classical and colonial style facade Source- simonfieldhouse.com

Figure 38 Axis roads source- Wordpress.com

Figure 39 Green areas Source-researchgate.com a) Building- All the buildings have colonial façade and classical element. These classical bright white arcade creates a covered

pedestrian footpaths.

b) The circular road- There are 3 circles around the inner, outer, middle circle. Where segmental roads interest at 60 degrees at centre. There are several metro gate exists on the inner most circle for ease of transit.

c) Green Areas- The central green areas is the highlight of the area. It brings some amount of calmness in the busy area. The green areas and hardscape has a water body element as well. The major two large green areas are the Central park and Mahanagarpalika garden

Total area-2, 88,736 sq.m. Green areas- 58,788 sq.m.

The ratio of built spaces to green areas is almost 1:4

- The subspaces like – Green areas categorised in vast spaces. - The architectural field –Feeble field

Only the skyline of buildings could be seen, it is hard to draw people’s attraction unless the shape is very eye catching.

The huge expanse, grand scale and architectural character of the circular form has impact on the area around. The wide roads are planned around the blocks. All facades had a standard design-door in the middle and show windows on either side. Colonnaded and covered pathways in the inner circle brings a unifying character to the entire space.

The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are-

ACCESSIBLITY > ACTIVITY > IMAGE AND SPATIAL > ELEMENTS

 Typology- Traditional Cultural Market Square

Ahmedabad has traditional city planning principles and it still thrives as a vibrant community space. Ahmedabad has a rich Gujrati background where the community are very close to each other and are known for their love for food, dance, festivals and culture.

 Access and Location -The Manek Chowk is located where it has a backdrop of two historical monument, the Tomb of King and Queen of Ahmedabad. As the monuments attracts a lot of tourists, it is well accessible to all the places and people, so the area is always busy. The traffic movement internally is one way but due to lack of segregation between traffic and extension of shops on walkway, parking and presence of hawker so the walkability of the place is reduced.

 Activity – Manek Chowk is one of the example where one can observe the ephemerality and dynamic characteristic. Different activities are seen here throughout the day at different times for effective use of an urban public space. Along with the historical identity Manek Chowk is also known as commercial centre, with recreational areas of shopping and food stalls. The northern edge of the Chowk opens onto the busy Gandhi road. The shops here are of a mixed nature selling a variety of items ranging from junk jewellery to hosiery products. The southern edge is mainly taken up by the gold and

Figure 40 Manek Chowk, Ahmedabad Source-The wanderer Figure 41 Manek Chowk map Source- (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)

Figure 43 Manek Chowk at Navratri night. Source- Travelmyglobe.com Figure 42 Manek Chowk (during Eid) used for shopping Source- Wordpress.com

silver merchants. So all of these co-exist and bring vibrancy. The presence of people in the Chowk during most times of the day and night provides assurance of natural

surveillance.

During Navratri the space is crowded with popup stalls of jewellery, food. Garba, dandiya is also played at the Chowk. During Eidthe place is crowded majorly for shopping. Hence,during festivities the Chowk is full of hustle, bustle and its dynamic character can be boldly observed.

 Elements-

Figure 45 Jama Masjid Source- triphobo.com Figure 46 Rani no Hajiro Source-Ahmedabadstreets.com

Figure 44 Sarkhej Roza Source- wikimediacommans.com

a) Monuments- Jama Masjid, Tomb of King and queen b) Stalls- There are diverse stalls and shop located in clusters which could be chaos for some and harmony to others. The edges are well equipped with the stalls c) Roads- the North side of the site is connected to Gandhi road which is connected to other major road in the city.  Image and Spatial Analysis-

Manek Chowk is encompasses around 2500 sq.m. Classification of subspaces the square comes under open subspaces. The Architectural field-‘The strong field’; where D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2. It is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling;

Manek Chowk is an important commercial centre and narrow public space which is a part of walled city. There are several small two storey dense structures abutting the lane which creates this narrow impact and keep the place shaded most of the day. As this is the traditional city the building have extended plinths “oltlas” which becomes a part of street and is considered as informal seating places. These small structures obstructs the clear view of Tomb of king and queen from the square. The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are-

ACTIVITY> ACCESS AND LOCATION >ELEMENTS> IMAGE

4.4.3 New Market Square

 Typology- Local Market square  Architect- Roskell Bayne

New Market of Kolkata is situated on Lindsay Street. It’s one of the oldest market square in Kolkata which came into existence during East India Company 1874 (Earlier called as Hogg market).

 Access- The market was initially an institutional building during colonial period with several offices, museums, Monuments, garden. Being an important square since long time, it is well accessible to the neighbouring areas.  Activity- Over 2000 stalls under its roof sell everything from clothing to wheeled luggage to electronics to a special cheese found nowhere else. New Market brought all the communities together. The Market- somewhat like the zoo, with its collection of humdrum and exotic groups taken from exclusive habitats all over the reaches of the

City- became a place where British colonials, assorted Europeans and Indians could rub shoulders. In a severely segregated society that allowed for only formal encounters

Figure 48 New Market, Kolkata

Figure 47 Accessibility of New Market, Kolkata Source- (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)

between the disparate groups, the Market created a cosmopolitan setting. (Perception of Urban Public Squares in India, 2015)

 Elements- Shops, stalls, courtyards of market, The gothic facades, the clock tower all these elements coexist to create a vibrant environment.

Figure 49 the clock tower Source- Flicker.com Figure 50 Stalls, Shops Source-FTDtravel.com

 Image and Spatial Analysis-

New market, Kolkata encompasses area around 27,067 sq.m.

The subspaces can be categorised as vast spaces.

The Architectural field--‘The strong field’; where D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2. It is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling;

The market takes form of Gothic façade along with the Victorian style clock tower, vaulted roof with skylights. The aisles and courtyards keeps the diverse, wide sprawling market intact and gives a feeling of whole. The market is divided in different quarters not by walls but by bifurcation of paths. At local level there are variation in dimension which are necessary to provide micro environment for people to meet, catch their breath, talk that enhance the overall public commercial experience.

The proposition that emerges from an analysis of the New Market is that successful public space maintains accessible at a collective size, yet accommodates a range of differential degrees of accessibility that serve the needs of varying groups and individuals.

The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are-

ACTIVITY> IMAGE> ELEMENTS> ACCESS AND LOCATION

4.4.4Federation square, Melbourne, Australia.

 Typology- Central Business District  Location- Melbourne Australia

Federation Square is a venue for arts, culture and public events on the edge of the Melbourne central business district.

 Access- It covers an area of 3.2 ha (7.9 acres) at the intersection of Flinders and Swanston Streets built above busy railway lines and across the road from Flinders Street station. The Square is conveniently accessed both by pedestrians from flinders station, the tram stops and the river and the vehicles from the two thoroughfares along the site.

Figure 51 Plan of Federation square Source- Archdaily

 Activity- The federation square acts as a central business district (CBD) of Melbourne. It has a high cultural mall, with offices, cinema theatres, art galleries, the huge plaza at the entrance, pubs and clubs, etc. Federation Square is the creation of a new urban order on a site that never before existed. More than just a new set of buildings, federation square is the new centre of cultural activity for Melbourne.

 Elements- In the true spirit of federation, this design brings together distinct elements and activities that form a complex ensemble based upon the collective and the unique.

Within an architecture of difference and coherence, the design has brought together disparate institutions and allowed their true differences to be registered in the developed geometries, while also maintaining a visual and formal coherence across the site. The huge plaza with broadcasting screen, St. Pauls court as backdrop, the building with de-constructivist style have cracked façade creates huge impact on the surrounding. 6 different cladding –zinc, perforated zinc, glass, sandstone, frosted glass, steel panels work together and attracts attention of people.

Figure 52 Section of federation square Source-Archdaily

 Image And Spatial Analysis-

The cultural and commercial facilitiescombine for almost 44,000 m2. The ratio of built unbuilt is approximately equal. The subspace can be categorised as appropriate subspace.

balanced field, in which people can watch the overall image of architecture, the environment and the activities around the building clearly in a suitable way; in balanced way.

Figure 53 View Source-Archdaily

The plaza has been developed to operate as a compound spatial figure, with multiple points of activity and focus. At the same time it can operate as a single activity space, focused towards the stage and large video screen. Rather than a closed enclave of controlled and regulated activities, this project creates a network of animated, emotive and enlightening experiences. Federation Square has integrated a broad range of civic, cultural and commercial activities, responding to the vitality and openness of daily life. Continuously open and publicly accessible, the atrium is emblematic of federation square’s intended connection of city and

river. Importantly, the design sought to produce a cultural and civic precinct based on permeability, allowing for the interaction of visitors, precinct workers and the passer-by. Federation square is the re-affirmation of the original interactive nature of civic existence.

The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are-

Figure 54 Federation square Plaza and activities Source- Archdaily

IMAGE AND SPATIAL ANALYSIS > ELEMENTS> ACCESS AND LOCATION

>ACTIVITY

4.4.5 Dilli Haat

Location: New Delhi, India Architect: Archohm

Area: 16000 m^2

Year: 2014

Dilli Haat was establishedjointly by Delhi Tourism and Government of Delhi with Ministry of Handloom and Handicrafts and opened in 1994. Delhi’s second Dilli Haat in Pitampura,

spread over 7.2 hectares was opened in 2008. Third Dilli Haat was opened in Janakpuri in 2014. From several years Dilli Haat became a venue of craft, music, dance and other cultural fest.

Activities:-Fundamentally, all Dilli Haat need to have a common ground of bringing artisans to interface with city dwellers. All these Haat need their own identity to attract people not only from their own neighbourhood, but from the city at large. They had to be progressive, in tune with today’s times and respecting the craft and cultural centricity of the project.

The site is 6 acre facing northwest – Southeast to

other end. The site is

connected with main

commercial roads. The site

has 2 main entries -

a) Main entry for Pedestrian and vehicular zone

b) Second entry for pedestrians in craft zone

This includes auditorium

(800 people), amphitheatre, tourist office, cafes, Food courts (48 stalls) that extend to the shaded courtyards and gardens and Music museums and stores. Formal, informal

Figure 55 Plan of Dilli Haat, Janakpuri Source- Archdaily.com and open shop spaces are created to bring in the required sensitive adaptations of malls, markets and bazaars into this Haat. An independent fine dining with an extended banquet facility is created to reinforce the business plan of this complex cultural complex.

Figure 57 Sections

Figure 56 Section -Dilli Haat

Figure 58 View of Haat Source- Archdaily.com

Figure 59 Dilli Haat source- Archdaily Considering the requirement, the theme was music. A state-of-the-art auditorium that can

hold large music concerts, an state-of-the-art auditorium amphitheatre, a music centre for sales and exhibition of musical instruments

along with inviting exuberant gatherings of budding musicians and music lovers. Outdoor shops with roofing canopies and craft shops to hold artisans workshop are integral part of Dilli Haat theme. The basement parking under food court and free flowing spaces ties it all together. The four 8m high towers are interspersed along the site. Designed to look like huge bamboo baskets, they are two storied buildings with a roof top canopy designed for outdoor activities. Closer to the entry, one basket houses the information centre, while the other forms a café.

A large area takes visitors to frisking area to another central plaza. The frisking area has direct connection to shops, café, gardens, parking. The central plaza has auditorium and craft shops cluster.

Breaking free of the conventional look and feel of its other two counterparts with their brick vocabulary, Dilli Haat, Janakpuri takes a fresh look at the material palette as demanded by the multifaceted program that it houses. The material spectrum is an eclectic mix of modern and traditional. The design solution therefore, is a conversation between the past and the present, acknowledgement of the traditional and its adaptation in contemporary times, in concept

and in construction.

Architectural field is Strong field.

The subspaces can be categorised as appropriate subspaces. The chronology of attributes according to design consideration are-

ACTIVITY > ELEMENTS> IMAGE > ACCESS AND LOCATION

4.4.6 Inference of Case study

CASE

STUDY LOCATION POSITIVES NEGATIVES

Connaught Place (30 Hectares)

Manek

Chowk

(0.25 hectare) Delhi 1) Connaught place is a Central Business district

with some of the most

expensive markets. 2) Magnificent architecture 3) Connectivity 4) Social Standing Ahmedabad 1) Have a distinct cultural identity 2) Variety of activities throughout the day 3) The character of traditional Pols and oltlas as an

extension to public place can still be seen 1) Traffic issues 2) Pedestrian safety is a

concern

3) Hawkers and encroachments

4) Lack of street furniture

1) Parking occupies 25% of the precinct

area.

2) Way finding is difficult

3) Heritage structure importance is reducing 4) Residual spaces not used efficiently

Market

(2.7 hectare)

Federation

square (3.6 hectares)

Dilli Haat

(1.6 hectare) Kolkata 1) Huge commercial activities with 2000 shop 2) Variation of dimensions, courtyards, division of quarters unites the huge place 3) Distinct identity due to the clock tower, gothic façade, skylights, etc.

Melbourne, Australia 1) Culture and civic precinct with a sense of difference

and coherence

2) Integrated a broad range of civic, cultural and commercial activities, responding to the vitality and openness of daily life. New Delhi 1) The design solution is a conversation between the

past and the present, acknowledgement of the traditional and its

adaptation in contemporary times 2) The material spectrum is an eclectic mix of modern

and traditional.

3) The flow and arrangement of the shops and workshop areas integrates well with the open spaces

Table 5 Inference of case study 1) Encroachments 2) Lack of seating facilities

3) Overcrowding

1) Ephemeral character is not there to bring the experience of

Public space 2) The place is quite empty during day time.

1) Structural Materials maintenance issue

2) Lack of Public toilet facilities

3) Hygiene issue

The site chosen for the survey is Professor Chowk, It is important square of Ahmednagar city. In this survey, the respondents participated in the research are from surrounding neighbourhoods to the project site.

1) Question based on Age, Time, Accessibility and Activities were asked to understand user, activities and their Behavioural pattern

The respondents represent inhabitants from different age-groups included young: students (1824 years old), middleaged: working population (25-65 years old) and elderly. It is aimed to create a

respondent group with different backgrounds, ages and genders.

Respondents were visit, how they access and purpose or activities carried out there. Majority of respondents prefer to visit the Chowk in the evening for meeting friends, for shopping and for food joints with some of them visiting in Morning for fresh market. Mode of accessibility is majorly bikes and walking.

“It’s an all-time busy Chowk .It's all under one roof spot.” –Respondent

“You get almost everything needed like food, mobile shops, grocery store you name it in one

place.” –Respondent

Majority of the respondent voted that the Chowk is accessible for all age group. With 12.5% replied as to not sure if it’s accessible.

2) Question regarding Site, location, Elements of square, Maintenance were asked in the second part. The respondent were asked to rate the several factors of current condition of site to understand and analyse the problems and issue prevalent.

Most of the respondent are satisfied with the accessibility and connectivity of the square

The rating given by respondent gives clear image of issues in the current layout. The graph of the responses shows that the parking is one of the prevalent issue on the site. Many of the respondent are not happy with the current parking arrangement which creates a chaos.

The rating for the seating element graph shows that users are not satisfied with seating arrangement.

The graphs shows that the square is quite safe and comfortable for all the users. The rating for the

Lighting element graph shows that users are moderately satisfied with lighting arrangement.

The respondent were also asked about their expectation related to adding of element or activity, most of them responded to addition of green spaces, exhibition spaces, workshops and small event space should be added to enhance the experience.

The respondent expressed their views and experience of the Chowk/ square-

“This thing that makes it one of the most diverse and Renowned Square is the Hustle bustle around not to mention the food vendor's and Cafe's at every corners as well as the people of Ahmednagar .It is always full of life and enthusiasm.”

“For any small requirement we would prefer a shop in the area as the products are reliable. As

it attracts more people the availability of space is scarce and it drives the prices of the plots or open spaces to higher side.”

“The sculptures keep changing and that sure does attract attention of people which ultimately

leads to a better gimmick The Professor Chowk is certainly providing means of livelihood to people from various walks of life across the city.”

“Requires proper place for vegetable sellers which should not be on crossroads or turnings and

dividers to be placed, zebra crossing, proper parking arrangements for people visiting the eating stalls.”

“Traffic management issues during festivals, the rear side of shopping complex of Nirmal dairy is a dead facade as its mostly storage and smoking/ drinking kind of activities take place. Lighting should be balanced, Parking and food stalls layout, seating spaces are missing, and vegetable vendors can have a dedicated space instead of acquiring the road carriageways.

VENDORS-

Peak hours- Usually morning time 7-11 AM, Evening time- 6-9 PM Strength- Ambiance is good

 The location is close to many important facility of the city. So it attracts people from all the areas of the surrounding.  Rent to municipality is less around Rs.10/- per day, so it’s quite affordable.

Weakness –

 Encroachment fine

 Hygiene  Lack of designated spaces  Lighting arrangement

Expectations-

 Proper space and designated area to sit and sell  Proper parking space so it won’t hamper their sale

OCCASIONAL POPUP STALLS-

The Chowk is famous, well connected so it attracts a lot of people from near-by area, open space is available. But, due to lack of proper allotment of spaces there is issue faced by the users in terms of parking and shopping area when there is excessive crowd.

SHOPKEEPERS-

Peak Hours- Morning- 10AM -12 PM, Evening- 5-9 PM

Strength-

 Cross road is daily road to many people which is beneficial  Variety of shops attracts lot of people  Place is crowded all around the year.

Weakness-

 Lot of new shops leading to scarcity of space  Parking creates chaos in front of the shop  No scope of visual advertising

 During festive season popup shops are there with haphazard arrangement of stall creates chaos and affect the existing shops

Expectation-

 Proper parking space,  Arrangement for more Stores  Seating area for visitors  Advertisement arrangement

4.6.1 Inference of Survey

The analysis of the survey and interview is done in form of following attributes-

1) Location- This Square is important location of the city which also serves as landmark. It is connected and accessible to main important civic amenities near-by, so it is a part of daily life for citizens here. It’s a newly growing market area.

2) User-

 Daily users-As per the survey and observations maximum user are young crowd age group –16-25 years old. They use the Chowk / square for various reasons from shopping to recreational place. 25 above people mostly use the square as a part of daily routine. The survey also brings to notice that considerable amount of respondent feel that the place is not meant for all age group. The old and kids population is less observed due to traffic and safety concerns.  Shopkeepers- Current municipality structure has around 25 shops with around 35-40 sq. m. shop each.  Vendors- Around 20-25 vendors can be seen at the square.

3) Accessibility- the Square is well accessible to major roads of the city and important civic amenities of the city (Tophkhana Police station, Radio station, Setu centre, Jogging track).

Maximum Users prefer to travel there with Bike and walking, with very few people use car.

The ratio of bike to car traveller is 4:1.

Parking- Parking is one of the major issue faced here. No designated space for parking leads to maximum open area under parking in unorganised manner. The parking creates a lot of chaos and safety concern for kids and old people.

4) Activity- The Square/ Chowk is renowned for the diversity of activities and its vibrancy.  Morning- User group above 25 mostly prefer to visit the Chowk for shopping, majorly for fresh market. Other than that there are several breakfast stalls at the square which attracts a lot of people.  Afternoon- People majorly visit the shops and café during the noon time. There are variety of stores from clothing, boutique to travel agency where crowd can be observed during the day time.  Evening- most of the people visit square in the evening as the environment is lively and lot of food stalls, vendors, cafés, stores attracts attention of people.  Festive times- Several pop up shops can be seen during festive times, these acts as a catalyst to attract a lot of people to this area. Ganapati, Navratri idol are installed here. Events like Dahi handi are also conducted which increases the cultural importance of the square. If given a choice the users/ respondents suggested to add activities like exhibition, workshop space, stand-up, open mic event place, and green areas.

5) Elements- Several elements were discussed as a part of survey and ratings were given to the facilities and elements by the respondents.  Lighting – The lighting arrangement is moderately ok. There needs to be better lighting arrangement as there are currently 2 street lights only, which do not suffice the area  Seating- Except of few cafes and store there is hardly any proper seating arrangement. Users prefer to sit near their vehicles or around the corners.  Fountain- The fountain was once an identity of the square but after the new installation installed it acts as just a replacement with no symbolic value.

6) Emotional Appraisals- As there is a lot of diversity seen here in terms of activities and the facilities in the surrounding, this place has become a part of life for people here.

7) Layout- The survey suggest current layout needs some addition to accommodate more stores, more seating and lighting facilities and recreational areas.

8) Safety and comfort- The survey graphs shows that the place is quite safe and comfortable in several terms. There is a bit concern about the safety of small children and senior citizen as there is lot of vehicular and young crowd all over the place which make their movement difficult.

a) What role does the public space and Public Square plays in human life at present times?  Public squares play diverse roles, functions and attract a lot of people.  A square as a public place plays an important role as a part of city’s morphology with respect to mass and void composition.  It provides a platform and opportunities for people to boost up the commercial, recreational activities along with transport activities.  Square or Chowk also plays physical, social, psychological, symbolical, economic, political, etc. role at different level and times. It encourages people of diverse age groups, gender, casts, religion, to coexist, interact and communicate.

b) What is culture and context of the place and how is reflected in public spaces like square? c) How much cultural and contextual relevance still prevalent with respect to architecture?  Tradition wraps public places with people by their defined activities. It transforms as a part of socio cultural panorama and retain the ethnicity and culture.  During Ancient Greek and Roman period wide large open space in form if Agora and Forums were used as civic squares for religious and political gatherings, athletic events and few commercial activities.

 Medieval era, after fall of Roman Empire, the square were majorly shaped around the religious places and commercial activities increased.  In neoclassical period ornamentations and geometric principles were incorporated to increase the aesthetics of the square.  In Indian context, from the times royal, the squares were majorly market squares and were an integral part of their daily lives.  Due to globalization, the western model of public space such as shopping malls within society etc. has created public spaces confined to rich people and access of these spaces have been denied to poor.  The traditional Indian Public spaces as studied such as Chandani Chowk, Manek

Chowk, Laad Bazaar etc. had accessibility to all, irrespective of gender, caste, religion, the social or economic status of resident and were also suitable for climate, sustainability etc.

 The modern public spaces may able to fulfil the modern needs of residents such as Wi-

Fi, parking, modern built-up spaces etc. but at the same time also able to address the issue of identity, equity etc. by incorporating the traditional principles of design as done in the case of Salt Lake.

 Few cities still have open spaces at the squares for conducting events, playgrounds, flea markets, daily markets, etc. at the square.  Some steps should be taken by integrating activities and forming spaces at squares where citizens can feel a sense of belonging.

d) How does different form and function of the square affects the area?  Any Public realm involve two dimensions- functionality and visual appearance/ form. Activity at the square is utmost important for its vitality.  These activities includes principal meeting places at junctions, open spaces residential structures, space for market, shopping, arcade, plaza, theatre, etc. Creating a symbolic meaning is also an important function of a square.  Based on the location the function changes, there are street market squares, corporate foyers, Urban oasis, transit foyers, etc. Also some squares categorised as civic squares, memorial squares, traffic evacuation squares, etc.  Most successful and widely used classification based on form was by Zuker, who classified square under 5 types- Amorphous, Closed, Dominated, Nuclear and Grouped where enclosure of the building was the base.  In Indian context, mostly amorphous squares are seen where different values and design attributes are needed. Dominated and nuclear squares are few where formal open spaces are designed for tourist attractions. E.g. Taj Mahal, India Gate, etc.  Buildings enhances the public sphere in several ways: they are important for feeling of enclosure, represent the landmarks, frame the skyline, let to explore and celebrate the streets. But along with that the details like paving, landscape, sculpture, signage, street furniture, etc. has impact on surrounding spaces which relates to human scale as well.

e) How does the time play role in architectural aspect of Square or Public space?  Different typologies of square have different activities and functions related to it. Ephemerality and dynamic are some important characteristics of the square.  Through the day the space itself from one transforms activity to other. Flexibility and comfort spaces are important factors that play a role to form these spaces.  In the morning the square is used by citizens to exercise, walk, have breakfasts on stalls, etc. During noon time, the shops, commercial, official activities happens while in the evening the fast food joints, flee markets, recreational activities happen. During festive seasons the charm and enthusiasm is observed, there are several festive markets and other activities seen at this time.

f) What factors, activities and elements can improve the quality of urban squares? g) How design as a tool can change or enhance the activities and social integration?  Design choices that helps to provide a platform to boost the social integration, commercial and recreational activities will form a successful public space.  The square as a public space should be responsive, democratic and meaningful. This help to create an identity of its own.  Factors that affect the square are sociability, users and activities, access and linkage and comfort and image. These factors if considered and designed accordingly will improve the quality of square and also make it a successful public place.  It would be achieved by proper planning of diverse activities for multiple user groups considering their safety, accessibility and comfort.

 The form, its scale and proportion, the subspaces of the square its scale and volume are important factors that affect the spatial qualities of the square.  Any public square consist of different subspaces with different activities, these spaces should be in definite proportion so that it is efficiently and comfortably used by the

users.

 Subspaces can be categorised on the basis of scale into Intimate, appropriate, open and vast spaces. Based on the Architectural field the subspaces are characterised as strong field, balance field, weak and feeble field.  The human dimension with respect visual horizontal and vertical angle consideration, vision and hearing comfort and distances accordingly are important design choices  Other elements like Access, location, elements, activities and image are inter-related and they combine to form identity and image of the place.

Elements

Access Location Image

Activity

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CHAPTER 5 SITE ANALYSIS

5.1 Site selection criteria 5.2 Key Factor for choosing site 5.3 Site Analysis

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 A site/ square with good accessibility and road network.  A site/square in mixed use neighbourhood,  A site with good footfall of different users  A square with considerable public land area at node for development

5.2 Key factor for choosing site

Ahmednagar is under-developed city where slight urbanisation has begun. Public Spaces are important part of this city. Professor Chowk is one of the prominent square in the city. It is well accessible and located near important civic amenities of the city. There are several existing activities including shopping, retail, food stalls (chaupati), fresh market, etc. These activities make it one of the prominent squares in the city.

Professor Chowk has become a part of daily lives of people, may it be for travel or may it be for activities there; every individual have a different attachment to this place. But with the increasing demand and importance of the place, it is not well developed or ready for future requirement. It is becoming a newly market area where isolated development is happening. Being an important public space, the overall impact on the surrounding has to be considered. There is lack of scope for addition to the current layout which is caused due to haphazard development lead to decrease in motive of social interaction.

Revitalisation of this square is important for enhancing the experience of public life and making it ready for future development along with holding the identity and culture of the city. Few step towards revitalisation of Public spaces are being proposed by the authorities of Ahmednagar (appendix)

5.3.1 Demographics

 Site location- Professor Colony Chowk, Ahmednagar.  Geo location:-19°07'06.7"N 74°44'06.7"E

 Area of district - 17035 sq.km.  Elevation: 649 m

 Population: 2,269,117  Language: Marathi, Hindi

 City – Ahmednagar  Area of the city- 1515 sq.km.  Population of Nagar city-3, 03,606  Population density- 200 people per sq. km. Ahmednagar district is largest district with 17,048 sq.m. Area of Maharashtra. It is located about 120 Km from Pune and 114 Km from Aurangabad. Ahmednagar has a rich history related to Nizam Shahi dynasty.

The city is home to several historically important structures like Ahmednagar Fort, Cavalry Tank Museum, MIRC, VRDE, Indian Armoured Corps Centre and School and large number of sugar factories. Ahmednagar shows less development than the nearby cities like Pune, Aurangabad.

Figure 60 Physical Map of Ahmednagar Source- (District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District, 2020) Figure 61 Population demographics of Ahmednagar Source- (District Survey Report for Ahmednagar District, 2020)

Social Organisation

Ahmednagar city is famous due to its strategic location since medieval times, it was founded by Ahmad NizamShah I in 1490 with sole purpose of concurring Daultabad fort of Aurangabad. This was the only reason of establishment of Ahmednagar as a city, till then there were few hamlets and was used as a route to Junnar which was an important location. Nizam Shahi dynasty and they ruled their kingdom from here for over a century and shifted their capital to Ahmednagar. The Nizam shahs also had their local roots with local lineages from the region. It was one of the great Deccan Sultanates, the kingdom was powerful, and under the patronage of the Nizam Shahs, Ahmednagar became one of the great urban and cultural centres of the Deccan. (Compared to Bagdad and Cairo).

Ahmed Nizam Shah’s contribution was huge in the development of the city. After capturing Daultabad - To commemorate this victory Ahmed Nizam raised a wall round the Baugh Nizam (this is the present fort of Ahmednagar). The fort of Ahmednagar is also unique as it’s in

circular form.

Figure 62 Fort of Ahmednagar Source- (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019)

Figure 63 Ward maps (1510-1600) (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019)

Ahmednagar was special for the Nizam’s theygot to shape the city. They awarded the nobility of their empire to own wards and each of them will develop those wards. These large estates were developed in form of Tombs, mosques, big portals, Hamam, etc. Bazars, different gates and nodes were important public places since that time. Some of these places and nodes are still acting as important landmarks and have government buildings, etc. The nodes majorly had public facilities like markets, portals and were used for Public gatherings. Places of religious importance like temples, mosques were located near the important nodes.

Figure 64 Kothla Mashjid Source- (Tales of Ahmednagar, 2019) Figure 65 Bazar Area and religious building

Figure 66 Government building in current context

The Architecture of the Nizamshah was unique and adopted diverse styles and methods, there was extensive use of timber and stone, also the ornamentation was different from Qutubshahs and other sultanates. Many of the structure were built during 16th century which had huge impact of several styles where they tried to shake the Bahamani identity as there were lots of artisan from Iraq, Iran, Local artisans with stone carving experience. Floating architecture was an advantage and disadvantage during the era.

Figure 67 Damdi Masjid Figure 68 Farah Baugh Palace

During Murtaza Nizam Shah (1594-1568) the city developed culturally and many monumental structures like Hast Behast Mahal which has Gardens, cooling tower for ventilation of underground areas, a Hamam, Farah Baugh palace, Salabat Khans tomb, etc. were built. Some of the best paintings and writings were developed in this time. These structures were magnificently built and are now important tourist and public place in Ahmednagar.

Material used at few places was majorly black basalt stone and fine wood work. At Farahbaug a different construction technique was observed, 13-cm-thick lime plaster was embedded with stone, fired pottery and brick pieces that may have improved its permeability. Sand, jute fibre and dry paddy stem increased porosity, durability and flexibility, helping the plaster absorb moisture from the surrounding water fountains.

After the Nizam’s, the city went through several rulers, Marathas, British rulers till the Independence. But the city did not developed after that. The importance of city was lost and many former rich areas were depopulated because of famine and continuous fighting between the British soldiers and the freedom fighters.

People and Lifestyle

The city is not urbanised or developed like neighbour cities because of drought prone area. The city is developed and known for sugar factories and army activities now. The occupation of major population is industrial workers, business sector is developing slowly. The life style of the people is very simple and diversity in culture can be seen. While Hindus definitely make up the majority of Ahmednagar’s bulk population, but Muslims have a huge presence in the city. Temples, mosque, churches are the major religious institutions. This indicates the Ahmednagar’s rich history of religious harmony and peaceful existence.

The vibrancy at public space like streets, squares, parks enhances as games, public celebration activities are conducted during the festivals. These are one of the major source of entertainment for the people here. Theatrical troupes from Bombay and Pune also visit Ahmednagar and other urban centres with their plays and they are also a source of entertainment particularly to sophisticated audiences. There are cinema theatres too in urban centres and travelling talkies that move to the villages. Occasionally as a part of recreational activities people here enjoy going to cafes, eateries, restaurants, etc. These activities are expressing their life as a result of cultural hybridization of modern and traditional way of life.

Ahmednagar is slowly developing and embracing the modern culture and values it is best reflected in increasing commercial activities, infrastructure and living.

• Average temperature =25. 3°C • Max temperature = 40-45°C • Major wind direction = south west, west

Figure 69 Weather data. Source- meteoblue.com The climate of the district is

characterized by a hot summer and general dryness during major part of the year except during monsoon season. The cold season in the district

commences from December and ends

in the month of February. The period from March to the first week of June

is the hot season. It is followed by the southwest monsoon season which

lasts till the end of September; October and November constitute the

post-monsoon or the retreating southwest monsoon season.

• WIND DIRECTION-

Major prevailing wind direction is south-west and west, with moderate to light wind flow.

• TEMPERATURE-

1) Annual average temperature 24.5°C (76.1°F) 2) Highest temperature- 40-45°C 3) Lowest temperature- 4-6°C

• RAINFALL-

o Annual average rainfall- 531 mm with average 41 days of rain. Maximum rain in June, July and September.

5.3.4. SITE ANALYSIS a) Location

Professor Colony Chowk, Savedi, Ahmednagar Geo-location:-19°07'06.7"N 74°44'06.7"E

Area- 4 acre

Ward no – 5

Land ownership- Ahmednagar Municipal corporation

b) Access

Nearest railway Station: 6.8 km Nearest Bus Depot: Tarakpur stand -1.7 km Other (rickshaw): square itself

The Main road which goes to Gulmohar colony towards north and Tophkhana Police Station towards south is 14 m wide road (demarcated in yellow). While the white marked road which are secondary roads are 9-12 m and tertiary roads are 6m. These roads intersect together forming a node at Professor Chowk.There are mixed use

activities happening on the along these paths.

Figure 70 Hierarchy of roads Source-snazzymaps.com

2006 Chowk was important public places where few shops and daily market used to happen and was known majorly for Aakashwani radio station around 2013 Commercial and mixed use settlement increased. The importance of Krida sankul increased several events and sports activities are conducted there

2017 Commercial and mixed use settlement density increased. The Chowk was majorly known as chaupati

Figure 71 Source- Google earth Pro 2020 Commercial and mixed use settlement density increased. The retail and commercial activities are increasing, so it is becoming a newly growing market square.

d) Context

Professor Chowk is one of the important square of Ahmednagar. Professor Chowk is surrounded by mixed use development structures. It is a landmark in itself and is located in midst of important civic amenities of the city. There are residential areas, schools, Government offices, shopping centres, Recreational areas like jogging park, public amenities and services in the surrounding area (500m radius)

Samartha vidya Mandir School, Stationery shops Cafes, Jewellery stores

Treasury Office, Tophkhana police station.

Professor Colony, Gulmohar road intersection

T

T

TMaha Setu Karayala

TAakashwani Radio Station

T

Road going towards Jogging Track Business centre

Figure 72 Physical Context collage map Source- Author

Municipality Building for commercial, Krida sankul.

T Tot

As seen above there are several activities in and around the square which helps to understand its importance and potential for good Urban Public Space. The current growth of commercial activities are creating a huge impact on other adjacent areas as well, from Land prices, Quality of life, culturally to attracting new brands and amenities around the area.

Figure 73 Landuse

Figure 74 Density map The area is Major residential and mixed use apartments. Commercial and recreational activities are majorly along the main road of Professor Colony. A large number of Public Facilities and civic amenities are also seen

along the main road. These mixed used activities increases the foot fall of the area.

Figure 75 Elevation map The soil type found is mostly black soil with black basalt stone. The groundwater is salty and due to dry climate not much land is suitable for farming.

f) Vegetation

Figure 76 Existing Vegetation on site Neem trees

Babul trees

Tamarind trees

g) ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES

Existing Structure and Activities:-

Figure 77 Existing Structure of Municipal corporation

Figure 78 Fountain at the square The highlighted structure is the existing structure under Municipality. Existing Structure area: 1900 sq. m.approx.

Total shops in the structure: -

25 on road front

List of spaces in the structure 1) Cafes - 7 2) Bakery- 1 3) Cosmetics shop -1 4) Grocery shop- 4 5) Garage -1 6) Flower seller -1 7) Dairy- 1 8) Electronic store -2 9) Saloon- 2 10) Tours and Travel -1 11) Clothes store -2 12) Photo Studio- 1 13) Kitchen Store -1

Outside road front space is occupied by Vegetable sellers- 7-8 Hawkers/ stalls - 12-15

Occasional ActivitiesPop up stalls  Diwali firecrackers and lantern stalls  Sankranti kite stalls  Rakshabandhan- stalls for Rakhi and gifts  Dahi handi event  Ganpati stall and public idol arrangements

Table 6 SWOT Analysis

S

Strengths - Well connected to major areas in the city - Prominent square with multiple activities - Place for all age group users

W

Weakness - Chaos and traffic in the evenings due to several mixed activities - No proper seating area - No parking space - Hygiene issues - No public toilet nearby - A fountain is in dilapidated state which was once an attraction of the place and a landmark

O

Opportunity - Develop a cultural realm with proper designated areas for different activities.

- Provide necessary facilities like parking, toilet for a public area. - Integrating temporary spaces for the occasional stalls with the other commercial areas.

- Inclusive design

T

Threats - Improper arrangement of vehicles leading to chaos and safety

concerns.

- Lack of segregation of activities increases crowd, so safety of old and small kids is a concern

i) USER GROUP AND ACTIVITIES:

 Morning:-Every day the place is crowded with students and bachelors on few stalls providing breakfast. There are vegetable sellers too in the morning every day.  Evenings: - Family and young students are major crowd in the evening as the place has several fast food joints and cafes. Along with that there are fruits & vegetable seller every day.  Occasion: -During Ganpati, Diwali, Sankranti and many other festivals, there are several stalls selling decoration and other particulars needed for the occasion are put up in the square.

Time of day Activities No of people (approx.)

1 Morning Stalls , vegetable seller 80-100

2 Afternoon Cafes and shops 80-100

3 Evening stalls, vegetable ,cafe, shops 300-500

Figure 79 Vendors and stalls in the morning Source- Author

Figure 80 Traffic map morning Source- Google maps During morning majorly fresh daily

market activities and breakfast food

stalls are seen at the square.

There is mild and medium traffic is happening around the jogging track area where people go for morning walk and exercise.

Figure 81 Food stalls and Vendors Source- Author

Figure 82 Vibrancy of square in evening Source- Author

In the evening, the vibrancy and dynamic character of the area can be seen. The stalls, vendors and cafes attracts lots of crowd of all age groups. Café s are mostly occupied by young crowd, where they enjoy food, meet people after classes, college and spend their evening with friends and family. It lightens up the space. But due to scarcity of spaces for seating and parking which creates chaos and hampers the vehicular traffic. Due to which there is a concern of safety of old and small kids. The functions or activities at the square are currently in favour or attract of young crowd majorly. Except for ATM, Banks, sweet shops and dairy old or elderly people do not prefer to visit the Chowk in the evening.

Figure 83 Pop up Stalls during festive season Source- Author During festivals there are pop up shops, stalls erected which sales the festive needs. This activities gather a lot of crowd from neighbouring areas as well. But, this contributes to blocking the active frontage of the shops, hampering of vehicular traffic and again leading for chaos. There is very limited space for people to see the stall and buy goods. The above photo is shown during the Rakhi festival, when the stalls are set up.

 The subspaces can be categorised as –

Open space in front- appropriate subspace

Including the building – Open sub space

‘The strong field’; If D＜30m, P1＞1, P2＞2, it is a strong field, in which people will get an oppressive feeling;

(Where D is distance between the building and the view point; second, the proportion of height of building and the distance between view point and building P1; third, the proportion of width of building and the distance between building and view point P2.)

The activities and the public facilities keeps the area busy and different user groups are seen. Different activities gives the square and area around a dynamic and vibrant character. Ephemerality can be seen during festive and occasional activities.

The chronology of attributes according to current design consideration are-

ACTIVITIES> ACCESS> LOCATION> IMAGE AND IDENTITY

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CHAPTER 6 DESIGN INTENT

6.1 Design Intent 6.2 Aim of Design 6.3 Objectives of Design 6.4 Design Brief

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6.1 Design Guidelines

The survey and analysis from the data collected suggest that there are several issues that needs to be catered. The revitalisation of square will be a source to regain the lost identity and retain the character and vibrancy of the space. These design choices will help for future development creating the impact on surrounding area.

To balance the commercial, recreational, cultural and occasional activities are important objectives for designing.

Following design intervention will be part of Public cultural realm at the square-

 Commercial activity areas (enclosed)

Shops, stores, retail, vendors, food hub are the core leisure activities. Arranging these and maintaining equality and justice to each of them along with integrating the other activities going around will be a challenge. It will help to achieve harmony and enhance the vibrancy of the spaces.  Recreational areas (open, semi-open)

Open, semi open areas for seating, play areas for children, spaces for pop up shop during festive times, installations, informative activities, etc. Integrating these areas with commercial and other activities will enhance the social integration.  Exhibition area (enclosed, semi-open )

An enclosed hall for exhibition, display for art works, photographs, etc. Creating flexible areas that can accommodate the different requirements for different events is important here.  Auditorium (enclosed)

Space with enclosed areas for workshops and events could be integrated with the exhibition areas.

 Landscape areas (open)

Adding green areas and integrating it with open area is important. It will help to enhance the vibrancy and dynamic character of the area.

6.2 Aim of the design

To design a Public cultural realm in Ahmednagar, by learning and understanding public square its role and importance in the city. A platform at a square to hold and experience commercial, cultural and social activities.

6.3 Objectives of the design

 To design a public cultural realm at a square.  To design an intervention that is all inclusive, increases public participation, social interaction and retains the cultural identity of the city.  To create a Public place that is accessible and used by all age group public.  To design an intervention that boost the economy by increasing the retail, commerce section along with the cultural sector.  To make design choices where all the vendors, retailers, shopkeepers coexist to provide service to general public of different groups and society.  To design intervention which responds well with the architectural and climatic context of the city.  To design variety of spaces in consonance with the framed design guidelines  To provide spaces that would enhance the experience and future advancements.

Table 8 Design Brief

SR. NO. ACTIVITIES DESCRIPTION Approx. Area. sq.m. 1) Commercial- Shopping

a) Convenience shops 15 50 each b) Small outlets 15 25 each c) Big outlets 6 144 each d) Restaurant (capacity-150) 1 1000 Kitchen and storage Washroom

e) Loading/ unloading service areas. 1 80

f) Washroom areas - 1.5 each

2) Recreational areas As per design requirement As per requirement a) Seating areas b) Open play areas c) Pop shop areas 10-12

3) Exhibition hall 1 200

a ) Waiting area b) Display Area c) Storage d) Washroom

4) Auditorium (250 seat)

a) Pre- Function area b) Seating c) Stage d) Back stage

5) Administrative areas Total- 300

a) Security cabins 2 5 each b) Locker and changing 1 50

rooms

c) Storage for goods 2 d) Municipality offices 2 e) Tourism office 1 45 each

50 each

45

6) Parking

a) Cars 130

b) bikes 415

c) Loading/unloading 1 975

966

26 each

7) Services- The project will include several building services like photovoltaic panels for energy, rainwater harvesting, substation, waste disposal facilities and mandatory services like lifts, service/goods lift, staircase, etc.  Basic F.S.I available is 1.

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1 Google form for survey