What they ate in medieval Derby

Excavation and sampling of a medieval cess pit

RICHARD GREGORY describes a long-awaited report which reveals some fascinating details about the diet of medieval Derbeians

While the process of archaeological excavation is often rapid, bringing a project to completion can sometimes take many years. This was certainly true of an excavation undertaken in central Derby, at a small site that is now home to Sadler Bridge Studios. This site lies at corner of two of Derby’s former medieval streets, Sadler Gate and Bold Lane, and back in 2009 Oxford Archaeology North was invited to excavate several small trial trenches, to see if any significant archaeology survived. This proved to be the case and so, after a four-year break, we returned to complete a larger excavation. With the fieldwork complete, the archaeology recorded, and the finds and samples collected and processed, a post-excavation assessment report was then rapidly produced, which recommended analysis and publication of the results. However, the project then stalled once more, and it was not until 2019 that we were finally commissioned to complete the project, and this has now been finished, resulting in an archive report, publication in the Derbyshire Archaeological Journal, and the safe deposition of the archive with Derby Museum. You might now be asking, was it worth the wait? Well, we at Oxford Archaeology North certainly think the answer is yes! The excavations uncovered some excellent evidence for 12th to 14th -century activity within two burgage plots behind the medieval buildings that once fronted Sadler Gate.

Within one plot, there were two medieval outbuildings, one a workshop associated with iron production and smithing, the first medieval building of this type to be excavated in central Derby. The site also contained a series of large pits that had been filled with sewage and rubbish. Although not the most spectacular-looking features, these pits contained a wealth of environmental information. Importantly, this included preserved plant remains, indicating that the townspeople ate oats, rye, and bread wheat, as well as peas/beans, which were grown directly in the plots. Wild plants, such as elderberries and blackberries, formed another element of the diet, and imported figs were also consumed, probably when native fruits were not available. A selection of common medieval culinary and medicinal herbs was also recovered, including hemlock, henbane and black nightshade, which are all plants requiring careful preparation to dissipate their poisonous properties. Historically, prepared hemlock was used as a sedative and antispasmodic, and during the medieval period it was thought that, when mixed with betony and fennel, it could cure the bite of a rabid dog. Black nightshade and henbane could have been used as painkillers or sedatives, while the bruised fresh leaves of black nightshade may have been used to ease pain and inflammation. In addition to the plants, the pits also contained numerous animal bones. These indicate that cattle, sheep and pigs were cooked, and that fish were another element of the medieval diet. Although some sea fish were recorded – which are likely to have been preserved, either pickled, smoked or salted – the majority were freshwater fish. These were probably from the River Derwent, and, unusually, they were very small in size, and so must have been caught using some very fine nets. They were also from species now considered inedible, including sticklebacks, which may well have been boiled to create Derby’s medieval equivalent of a bouillabaisse. All in all, then, these rather unassuming pits provided some excellent insights into the diet and economy of Derby’s later medieval townspeople. And they certainly highlight the value of excavating areas to the rear of the main street frontages – as well as the virtue of being patient in waiting for the results.

Fig pips recovered from one of the pits