SURPLUS HOUSING 2015
David Pearson
SANTIAGO CHILE
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. 2. 3.
David J Pearson Advised by Felipe Correa SURPLUS Housing Spring 2015 - GSD ADV-09138
Santiago: A Typological Inventory of 45 Projects Climate as a Motive to Diversify Gray zone Definitions, An Appendix to Climate as a Motive to Diversify
Santiago, Chile 1541-2015 7
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COURTYARD This is a traditional typology found in early examples. A central open space is mostly defined on all four sides by building. It is separate from main roads.
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CITÉ EL CAPITOL Author: M. Parra Flores & O. Galleguillos Location: Avenida Independencia 224, La Recoleta Year: 1927 Site Area: Constructed Area: Units: Floors: 2 Funding Organization/Person: Cite type developed for renting middle class Higher Order Typology: Infill Typology: Casa Agrupadas w/comunal patio courtyard
Description: Two story attached dwelling units arranged around a common courtyard. Private entries face the courtyard. Access to courtyard through single entry arcade. Exemplar project of the Cite form.
Source: http://www.cnnchile.com/cultura-espectaculos/2012/05/02/ santiago-adicto-cite-el-capitol/ https://prezi.com/jdwmakyslxad/cite-el-capitol/
(10) POINTS: 1. Pedestrian Access: single entry point from public sidewalk to courtyard 2. Public Spaces Network: a central courtyard surrounded by private entries to dwelling units 3. Traffic Relation: 4. Metro Scale Connectivity: Well connected today. Multiple bus stops and a metro located within a 1/2 km. 5. Neighborhood Scale: zero setback facade with windows looking out on street 6. Vicinity Scale: partial block
7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.
Housing Scale: two story Ground Floor: min. setback w/regular housing fenestration looking onto sidewalk Topography: flat Fenestration/Privacy: housing windows along street regularly spaced. Type of Urbanity: Central common courtyard Served/Servant w/in Unit Plan:
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EDIFICIO FORESTAL Author: Sergio Larrain Garcia-Moreno, Emilio Duhart Harosteguy, Raimundo Infant Rencoret, Herbert Stevenson Rioseco Location: SIsmael Valdes Vergara 360, Parque Forestal Year: 1958-1961 Site Area: 631 m2 Constructed Area: 4,468 m2 Units: 32, 2 commercial Floors: 10, w/1 subterranean Funding Organization/Person: Gustavo Boetsch Rapp (Engineer), Eduardo Boetsch Garcia-Huidobro (Contractor), Gaston Silva Y Higher Order Typology: Infill Typology: Winged/H/Skybridge
Description: Two split volumes connected by stairs form a courtyard/patio entry configuration in a prized location.
Source: Residencias Modernas: Habitar colectivo en el centro de Santiago, 1930-1970
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CHOREOGRAPHED BARS These projects consist of at least 2 bars that are arrange in close enough proximity that they create a character of space between them.
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EDIFICIO SERRANO Y EYZAGUIRRE Author: Hector Valdes Phillips, Fernando Castillo Velasco, Carlos Garcia-Huidobro Guzman Location: Serrano 604, Centro Sur Year: 1956-1958 Site Area: 4,080 m2 Constructed Area: 5,232 m2 Units: 44, 7 commercial Floors: 5 Funding Organization/Person: Sociedad Constructora de Viviendas Economicas (EMPART) #4 Caja de Empleados Particulares Higher Order Typology: Superblock Typology: Bar; staggered bars connected by circulation core forming square plaza, ; large corner block
Description: Discrete campus superblock at southern periphery at time of construction.
Source: Residencias Modernas: Habitar colectivo en el centro de Santiago, 1930-1970
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EXTRUDED PERIMETER These projects consist of buildings exhibiting the shape of their site limits resulting in non orthogonal forms.
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EDIFICIO SANTA LUCIA “EL BUQUE/BARCO” Author: Sergio Larraín García-Moreno y Jorge Arteaga Location: Santa Lucía 382 corner with Calle Merced, Centro/Cerro Santa Lucía Year: 1932-1934 Site Area: 758 m2 Constructed Area: 2594 m2 Units: 23, 2 penthouse units on floors 7 & 8 Floors: 9 w/1 floor subterranean parking Funding Organization/Person: Private, Ana Luis Garcia-Moreno, mother of the architect. Higher Order Typology: Infill, corner lot Typology: Extruded Perimeter
Description: Influenced by Erich Mendelsohn this 9 story 23 unit mid-rise tower takes the shape of the street and steps back on the upper two floors which contain penthouses. 1, 2 and 3 story unit types
Source: Residencias Modernas: Habitar colectivo en el centro de Santiago, 1930-1970 http://www.plataformaurbana.cl/archive/2010/10/20/los-10-hitosurbanos-de-los-ultimos-100-anos-en-chile/ http://www.barriolastarria.com/arquitectura_barrio_lastarria.htm
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TOPOGRAPHIC These buildings occupy challenging terrain. The overwhleming form consists of a series of sheared and offset volumes. Privacy from other units is emphasized.
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EDIFICIO ALAS DEL CÓNDOR DATES: 2009 ARCHITECT: Christian Von Beck, Felipe Correa ADDRESS: La Parva, Lo Barnechea, Santiago Metropolitan NEIGHBORHOOD: SITE AREA: CONSTRUCTED AREA: FAR: UNITS: FUNDING ORGANIZATION/OWNER: URBAN TYPOLOGY: HOUSING TYPOLOGY:
Description: The steep topography means that the ajoined volumes shear sligthly from one another. the units’ depend mostly on private balconies for outdoor space, each of which faces away from neighbors.
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(10) POINTS:
Topography:
Pedestrian Access:
Fenestration/Privacy:
Public Spaces Network:
Type of Urbanity:
Traffic Relation:
Served/Servant w/in Unit Plan:
Metro Scale Connectivity:
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Neighborhood Scale: Vicinity Scale: Housing Scale: Ground Floor:
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WINGED This housing type separates the residential units into two (or more) separate wings that spring off from centralized circulation.
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CASO #3: EDIFICIO VILLAVICENCIO Author: Mauricio Despouy Recart / ICA: 316 Location: Calle Villavicencio 378, Comuna de Santiago Year: 1956-58 Site Area: Constructed Area: Units: Floors: Funding Organization/Person: Higher Order Typology: Infill Typology: Winged H, 2 cores
Description: Four story walk up isolated urban single use residential Isolated garden Two cores
Source: Residencias Modernas: Habitar colectivo en el centro de Santiago, 1930-1970
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PLINTH AND TOWER Residential towers are set on a non-residential base. These services include retail, office space,
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EDIFICIO PLAZA DE ARMAS Author: Sergio LarraĂn Garcia-Moreno, Emilio Duhart Harosteguy, Jaime Larrain Valdes, Jaime Sanfuentes Yrarrazaval y Osvaldo LarraĂn Echevarria Location: Monjitas 873-79 , Plaza de Armas, Centro Year: 1953-1958 Site Area: 2,287 m2 Constructed Area: 20,557 m2 Units: 220, 199 commercial offices Floors: Funding Organization/Person: Jorge Sarquis Higher Order Typology: Infill Typology: Mixed-Use Plinth (4 stories) and tower (12), 1 core
Description: Early plinth plus tower model incorporating public life, commercial uses, semi-public elevated spaces, and private units.
Source: Residencias Modernas: Habitar colectivo en el centro de Santiago, 1930-1970
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ATTACHED TOWNHOUSE Living unit characterized by a series of dwellings built along a line, with partywalls. The dwellings consist of 2 or more levels of living area(not including basement) and are usually attached or semi-detached(end unit) to other like units.
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Quinta Michita DATES: 1973-1978 ARCHITECT: Fernando Castillo V., Eduardo Castillo l., Cristián Castillo E. ADDRESS: Calle Simón Bolívar NEIGHBORHOOD: La Reina SITE AREA: 14,200 m2 CONSTRUCTED AREA: 2,500 m2 FAR: UNITS: FUNDING ORGANIZATION/OWNER: Comunidad Quinta Michita Cálculo estructural: Fernando Del Sol y asoc. URBAN TYPOLOGY: HOUSING TYPOLOGY:
Description: there is a huge emphasis placed on the expression of the individual unit, the illusion of the autonomy of the unit, and on the feeling of privacy within this complex. The single-story dwellings are staggered to provide entrance and gardens that are slightly offset from one another. Another important element in that the grounds are overgrown, but well kept increasing the sensation of a private oasis.
Source: Obras y proyectos Works and projects ARQ
(10) POINTS:
Ground Floor:
Pedestrian Access: units accessible via small paths to the units
Topography: flat
Public Spaces Network: no designated shared space. Emphasis on private gardens and patios.
Fenestration/Privacy: interior patios served a buffer space between exterior and interior.
Traffic Relation: complex offset from the road
Type of Urbanity:
Metro Scale Connectivity: none.
Served/Servant w/in Unit Plan: separate “servant” entrance and patio, which are connected directly to the kitchen and bathrooms.
Neighborhood Scale: none Vicinity Scale: Housing Scale: single story.
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SUBDIVISION These units are part of a larger plan typically only of residential uses. They include the construction of roads to provide access to the dwellings. Dwellings are typically 1-2 story single family attached or detached types.
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CALLE KELLER Author: Luciano Kulczewski Location: Calle Keller, Providencia Year: Completed 1925 Site Area: 9,450 m2 including streets; 8,102 m2 (lots) Constructed Area: 212.5 m2/lot small home; 336 m2/lot large home Units: 28 homes Floors: 1-2 Funding Organization/Person: Emilio Keller & Demofila Higher Order Typology: Subdivision Typology: Casas Pareadas, setback townhouses w/private yards
Description: Subdivision of 28 one to two story homes east of the city center.
Source: La Comunidad de Providencia y La Ciudad, Montserrat Palmer Trias
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CITY IN A CITY The super block typology, most common in the 1940s to 1970s are funded by the government and house thousands of people at a time. They synthesize many of the previous housing typologies into one complex. They aim to provide diversity of living and many public amenities to serve all of the daily need of residents.
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Unidad Vecinal Diego Portales DATES: 1954-1966 ARCHITECT: Bresciani, Valdés, Castillo, Huidobro ADDRESS: Surrounded by El Belloto, Las Sophoras, El Arrayán, Las Encinas, Av. Portales y General Velásquez (33° 26’ 49.86” S, 70° 41’ 24.63” W) NEIGHBORHOOD: Estación Central SITE AREA: 31 hectares CONSTRUCTED AREA: 6.2 hectares UNITS: 1860; 38 types TYPE: ____________ FUNDING ORGANIZATION/OWNER: Caja de Previsión de Empleados Particulares (EMPART) http://uvpusach.blogspot.com/2009/09/planos-uvp.html
(10) POINTS: Description: In response to increased rural-to-urban migration, of the 1950’s the Chilean government funded this project to house people with limited means (thereby keeping them out of shanty town). It’s design, from the series of ramps, elevated mass on pilotis with the rolling topography underneath, use of prefabricated elements, and extensive use of concrete were all adopted tropes from LeCorbusier’s modernism.
Source: El trabajo de la Corporación de la Vivienda en Santiago de Chile (1953-1970). Tesis presentada por: Claudio Sebastián Navarrete Michelini. Director de Tesis: Rafael Diez Barreñada. Departamento de Proyectos Arquitectónicos. Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura de Barcelona. E.T.S.A.B. Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña. Barcelona. Septiembre 2012.
Pedestrian Access: series of paths through the landscape. Public Spaces Network: patches of designated public spaces areas between buildings. Traffic Relation: streets on both side and bisecting the development. Metro Scale Connectivity:
Ground Floor: raised up from the ground, access through a series of ramps that become a street in the air. Topography: slightly rolling. Fenestration/Privacy: large shades cover balconies, which attach to apartments. Type of Urbanity: super block Served/Servant w/in Unit Plan: very small units.
Neighborhood Scale: Bresciani-Castillo-Valdes-Huidobro
Vicinity Scale: Housing Scale: 6-story housing complex
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CLIMATE AS A MOTIVE TO DIVERSIFY DAVID PEARSON
THESIS Chile’s climate produces conditions well suited to diversity and experimentation in interior/exterior spaces.
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CLIMATE Santiago has a cool semi-arid climate, most closely related colloquially to a Mediterranean climate. It exhibits patterns of both Köppen BSk and Csb. Warm dry summers (November to March) and more cold mornings in the winters (June to August) characterize Santiago. Typical temperatures include daily maximums of 13 °C (55 °F), and minimums of a few degrees above freezing.
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SANTIAGO, CHILE PRESENTED PROJECTS 261
1769
1914
1927
COLONIAL 1541 - 1810
1943
CAJA DE CREDITO HIPOTECARIO 1855 - 1935
CAJA DE LA HABITACION POPULAR 1936 - 1952
TIMELINE
1954
1958
1958
1962
CORPORACIÓN DE LA VIVIENDA (CORVI) 1953-1965
TIMELINE
1972
1981
CORPORACIÓN DE MEJORAMIENTO URBANO (CORMU) 1966-1976
2005
2007
SERVICIO DE VIVIENDA Y URBANIZACIÓN (SERVIU) 1976-PRESENT
TIMELINE 267
THICKENED PERIMETER: ELEVATION STUDIES Each of the typologies studied in Santiago present diverse approaches to fenestration and the envelope. Specifically, Edificio EjĂŠrcito by Jorge del Campo Rivera and Edificio Bustamante by Mauricio Despuoy Recart offer examples of a thickened perimeter strategy executed in two building types: courtyard infill and winged infill respectively. This strategy utilizes a variety of GRAY zone space types and screens to create unique spatial conditions for both interior and exterior spaces.
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EDIFICIO EJÉRCITO - SUMMARY
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ROOF TERRACE, BELVEDERE
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OPERABLE FENESTRATION; COVERED & UNCOVERED BALCONY
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OPERABLE FENESTRATION; COVERED BALCONY
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OPERABLE FENESTRATION; COVERED & UNCOVERED BALCONY
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COVERED EXTERIOR CIRCULATION; COVERED ENTRY 287
EDIFICIO BUSTAMANTE: Alternating Perimeter
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EDIFICIO BUSTAMANTE Author: Mauricio Despouy Recart Location: General Bustamante 66-68, Providencia Year: 1960-1962 Site Area: 2,004 m2 Constructed Area: 4,649 m2 Units: 30 Floors: 6 Funding Organization/Person: Banco de Chile Higher Order Typology: Infill Typology: Winged
4* 3 2 1 TYPES ILLUSTRATED:
• • •
Covered Patio Covered Balcony Exterior Screens WEST ELEVATION
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EDIFICIO BUSTAMANTE - COVERED PATIO Covered patio screened from public sidewalk by ornamental metal curtain wall. Parque Bustamante across the street. ORIENTATION: West Southwest GRAY ZONE TYPE: Covered Patio EXTERIOR LIFE: Private DIMENSIONS: Living Room 1.2 x 6 x 2.6 m (7.2 sm; 18.7 m.3) ADJACENT PROGRAM: Living Room VEGETATION: Depending on Unit Inhabitant FENESTRATION: Ornamental Metal Screen Curtain Wall; Floor to Ceiling Glazing - (3) Sliding Doors PERMEABLE SIDES: 2 DISTANCE TO VERTICAL CIRCULATION: 5.5 m RATIO (EXT : INT): Living Room (0.3) MATERIALS: Concrete Slab Patio; Metal Screen; Glass
25 cm
295 50 cm
100 cm
HYPER DIVERSITY: INFILL + MONEY Edificio Glamis, constructed in 2008, represents the amount of diversity that can result even within an infill site as long as there is money. This condition builds upon an early project, El Buque constructed from 1932 to 1934. The project represents one of the earliest adoptions of modernist elements primarily the concept of the steamiliner in its shape and repeating porthole windows.
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EDIFICIO SANTA LUCIA, ‘EL BUQUE’: Stepping Back
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FORCED ORIENTATION: TOWER + PODIUM Edificio Plaza de Armas exemplifies an early example within Chile of a mixed-use podium with a residential tower above. Edificio Plaza de Armas contains a podium filling all 2,287 sm of its site. The tower above runs longitudinally north-south.
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EDIFICIO PLAZA DE ARMAS: Inhabitant Control
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EDIFICIO PLAZA DE ARMAS Author: Sergio Larraín Garcia-Moreno, Emilio Duhart Harosteguy, Jaime Larrain Valdes, Jaime Sanfuentes Yrarrazaval y Osvaldo Larraín Echevarria Location: Monjitas 873-79 , Plaza de Armas, Centro Year: 1953-1958 Site Area: 2,287 m2 Constructed Area: 20,557 m2 Units: 220, 199 commercial offices Floors: 16 Funding Organization/Person: Jorge Sarquis Higher Order Typology: Infill Typology: Mixed-Use Plinth (4 stories) and tower (12), 1 core
5 4 3 2 1 TYPES ILLUSTRATED:
• • • • • •
Public Overhang Semi-Public Overhang Collective Isolation: Pavilion, Covered Walk Covered Balcony (Partywall) Covered Balcony/Veranda in the Sky; Mirador Exterior Screens
WEST ELEVATION
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GRAY ZONE DEFINITIONS, AN APPENDIX TO CLIMATE AS A MOTIVE TO DIVERSIFY
DAVID PEARSON
EXTERIOR SPACE TYPES (GRAY ZONES) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
COURTYARD QUADRANGLE (QUAD) CLOISTER COURT PARKING COURT FOOD COURT PRECINCT SQUARE YARD BACKYARD LAWN GROUNDS PATIO SERVICE PATIO PASSAGEWAY PATIO CASAQUINTA TERRACE WINTER GARDEN CONSERVATORY BALCONY BALCONET (JULIETTE BALCONY) MIRADOR DEACK CORRIDOR STREETS IN SKY STAIRS RAMPS STRAMP ROOFSCAPES (UNITE-MARSEILLES) ROOF GARDEN POOL POND PLAZA PIAZZA PLINTH PODIUM GARDEN
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
ARCADE COLONNADE PORTICO PORCH, LANAI VERANDA PRONAOS VESTIBULE HALL (HALLWAY) ENTRANCE (HALL) ATRIUM CONCOURSE PASSAGE (PASSAGEWAY) ALLEY (ALLEYWAY) ALLÉE HUTONG ANTEROOM, WAITING ROOM FOYER LOBBY, ENTRY STOOP NARTHEX PERISTYLE STOA WALKWAY, COVERED WALK LOGGIA GALLERY SUN ROOM, SUN PORCH SUNDECK SUMMER HOUSE BELVEDERE GREENHOUSE, GLASSHOUSE HOTHOUSE ZAGUAN ESCLUSA VECINDAD
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THICKENED PERIMETER GRAY ZONES
PORCH, LANAI (HAWAIIAN) A covered shelter projecting in front of the entrance of a building. Origin Middle English: from Old French porche, from Latin porticus ‘colonnade’, from porta ‘passage’. Related Terms & Synonyms: vestibule, foyer, entrance (hall), entry, portico, lobby; veranda, terrace; stoop; lanai, tambour, narthex Collective Equivalent:
SOURCE: Oxford Dictionary
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FULLY ENCLOSEABLE GRAY ZONES
GREENHOUSE, GLASSHOUSE A glass building in which plants are grown that need protection from cold weather. Origin Related Terms & Synonyms: hothouse, sunroom, conservatory Singular
SOURCE: Oxford Dictionary
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ENTRY SEQUENCE
GRAY ZONES
STOOP A small staircase ending in a platform and leading to the entrance of an apartment building or other building. Origin Originally brought to the Hudson Valley of New York by settlers from the Netherlands, this word is among the Dutch vocabulary that has survived there from colonial times until the present. Stoop, “a small porch�, comes from Dutch stoep;[1] (meaning: sidewalk). Related Terms & Synonyms: portico, porch, entry Singular &/or Collective
SOURCE: Oxford Dictionary
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SQUARES & RECTANGLES GRAY ZONES
VECINDAD Una vecindad es una serie de casas independientes localizadas en un terreno común que se disponen alrededor de un patio central. Lo característico de la vecindad es que es de desarrollo irregular, es decir, muchas familias han auto construido su vivienda. En general suceden en sitios chicos en entornos urbanos. (Rodrigo) Vecindad (Spanish, ‘neighbourhood’) is a Mexican term for a building containing several (often low-income oriented) housing units. Originally a form of housing created through the subdivision of vacated elite housing in historic centres in Mexican cities, where rooms around a central patio were let to families who shared facilities (such as lavatories and/or kitchens) with the other tenants. Also, purposebuilt vecindades were constructed in the early 20th century to meet the demand for central low-income housing and only resembling the original vecindades by having small units and shared facilities. The term is now used ambiguously. (wiki)
Una vecindad es un tipo de vivienda multifamiliar que consiste normalmente en pequeñas casas ubicadas a los lados de un pasillo o patio central, lo habitual es que sean edificaciones de una sola planta, aunque ocasionalmente pueden ser construcciones de dos o más pisos. Según el Diccionario del español de México, además de tener un patio común, las familias que habitan una vecindad en ocasiones comparten «algunos otros servicios». Este tipo de vivienda es muy común en América Latina, aunque su nombre varía de país en país. (http://www.datuopinion.com/vecindades) Origin Related Terms & Synonyms: patio Singular Equivalent: service patio Collective
SOURCE:
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ADJOINED SMALLER AREAS GRAY ZONES
BALCONY 1 platform enclosed by a wall or balustrade on the outside of a building, with access from an upper-floor window or door. 2 (the balcony) The upstairs seats in a theater, concert hall, or auditorium. Origin Early 17th century: from Italian balcone, probably ultimately of Germanic origin. Related Terms & Synonyms: (1) veranda, terrace, balustrade, patio; Juliet balcony; (2) gallery, dress circle, loge, upper tier, upper deck; choir loft Singular
SOURCE: Oxford Dictionary
1
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CIRCULATION
GRAY ZONES
ZAGUÁN A central entrance hall around which house plan is organized or which leads to a main patio A rather large room, perhaps 12 feet wide, 20 feet long and 16 feet high. It had openings at either end; one opened into the street, the other onto a private backyard. The zaguan also acted as a link to various side rooms; usually the parlor on one side and dining and/or kitchen areas on the other. There were no interior halls in the zaguan-type houses; the rooms that weren’t directly linked to the zaguan had to be reached by walking through other rooms or by walking outside under the cover of a “toldo” (light weight shading canopy of timber, saguaro ribs or ocotillo) Origin Related Terms & Synonyms: patio, courtyard, vestibule Singular
SOURCE: http://southwest.library.arizona.edu/barr/body.1_div.2.html
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AUTONOMOUS ITEMS GRAY ZONES
GAZEBO A roofed structure that offers an open view of the surrounding area, typically used for relaxation or entertainment. A gazebo is a pavilion structure, sometimes octagonal or turret-shaped, often built in a park, garden or spacious public area. Gazebos are freestanding or attached to a garden wall, roofed, and open on all sides. They provide shade, shelter, ornamental features in a landscape, and a place to rest. Some gazebos in public parks are large enough to serve as bandstands or rain shelters. (wiki) The main difference between gazebos and pergolas is that gazebos always have a round shape. Gazebos are shaped in the form of an octagon with a domed roof that is supported by 8 symmetrical pillared columns. Origin Mid 18th century: perhaps humorously from gaze, in imitation of Latin future tenses ending in -ebo: compare with lavabo. Related Terms & Synonyms: pavilion Collective Equivalent:
SOURCE: Oxford Dictionary
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