Hearth + Rescue by peaustin

[RE]IMAGINING PARADISE Resilient Design for the Urban-Wildland Interface

B y Pa c i f i c Au s t i n I n C o l l a b o r a t i o n w i t h S t u d i o Wh i t e At Ca l Po l y, S a n Lu i s O b i s p o

by Pacific Austin Studio White January-June 2019

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Acknowledgements

This project was a serious undertaking that asked much of my headspace and time. I would like to sincerely thank all who have supported me and my design process throughout this project, especially Stacey White, my professor, and Therice Ramos, my project partner. Most of all, I would like to thank my parents who have fostered my love of learning and helping from a young age, and the love of my life, Jeremy, for his undying support 1a: Flowers regrow after the Camp Fire at the site of Hearth + Rescue 2a Jeremy in Hale County, Alabama visiting the Rural Studio house with Studio White

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With much graditude, we acknowledge the following individuals and organizations that have supported this project: Studio Sponsors WRNS Studios Ca l Po l y S t u d e n t Af f a i rs BNIM Architects mode associates Chico State University Kijeong Jeon Ro u b e n M o h i u d d i n Debra Larsen Seema Sehrawat Ra c h e l S i m m o n s Melody Stapleton State of California S e t h D o u l t o n , Tr e a s u r e r s â&#x20AC;&#x2122; O f f i c e F i o n a M a , S t a t e Tr e a s u r e r Eric Shaw, Of fice of Emergency Services D a n n a S t a p l e t o n , L i e u t e n a n t G o v e r n o r â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s O f f i c e Cal Poly David Askay Mark Cabrinha Mario Esola Amir Hajrasouliha Ke i t h H u m p h r e y Bob Linscheid Ke n t M a c D o n a l d Margot Macdonald Bill Siembieda Sandy Stannard J e s s e Ve s t e r m a r k Ru s s e l l W h i t e S t a c e y Wh i t e

Sirina Law Alyson Liang Nicole Lo Ella McQuillen Re a n n N e l l e D e l Ca m p o A m a n d a Ra d n e r Th e r i c e Ra m o s E v a Ta u p i e r Ka t h r i n e Yo u n g A l e s s a n d r o Za n g h i Paradise Residents Abby Armer Charles Brooks Melissa Boutelle L o w e l l Fo r w a r d Melissa Schuster Ta m a C z a r n e c k i O l i v i a Ta y l o r Other Lief Mckay Melanie Mills Byron Mouton B r i a n Ta n n e r A u b u r n Ru r a l S t u d i o John Willbanks P h y l l i s Wo n g Wa g g o n n e r a n d B a l l C a n d i c e Wo n g Celia Chaussabel

S t u d i o Wh i t e Th e r i c e Ra m o s Alyson Jarrett Boynton Nathan Chudnovsky Re a n n D e l a C ruz Margaux Elliott Zo e y Fo x Amir Hossler Michelle Huang Ka y e D o m i n i q u e L a o

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Architecture has to be greater than just architecture. It has to address social values, as well as technical and aesthetic values. Sambo Mockbee Founder, Rural Studio

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Contents 1 INTRODUCTION

2 COMMUNIT Y OVERVIEW

3 RESILIENCY AND DISASTER RECOVERY

4 VISION AND GOALS

5 CONSTRUCTING A DOWNTOWN

6 THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

7 THE FUTURE

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H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

I. Introduction

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Background

Legend has it that the town of Paradise, California gets its name from a mill crew delivering a load of lumber on an unusually warm summer’s day. Exhausted, they came into the shade of the lush pine forests and sat on the blanket of soft needles underneath them. Satiated by the environment, one of the men exclaimed, “Boys, this is paradise!” For anyone who has traveled Skyway Road, it is easy to see why the name stuck. The majestic natural beauty of the canyon and the surrounding Sierra Nevada Mountains instill a humbling sense of awe in all who visit the area. Upon the mountain and away from the noise of the city, visitors to Paradise, and residents alike, are very fond of the small town. The tall pine trees around the houses provided privacy and a close connection to nature; the various public events throughout the year created a strong relationship amongst the community. Because of this strong community bond, the town recovered quickly after the 2008 Humboldt Fire and Camp Fire. The Paradise community has proven to be indisputably resilient. When Paradise residents were awakened by panicked knocking on their doors on November 8th, 2018, they had no idea that they were facing the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in the history of California. Wildfires were an ever-present reality in the area. Because of this, some residents decided to stay behind to protect their homes and businesses. However, the black smoke soon covered the sky and ashes engulfed the entire town. By the time people realized that they had to evacuate, the smoke had blocked all the sunlight, and it seemed like dusk rather than dawn. Stumbling and struggling to see and breathe, Paradise residents tried to flee out of town as

quickly as possible. Unfortunately, some of them ended up on disconnected roads, or stuck in stand-still traffic, and escaped on foot. The fire scorched approximately 153,000 acres of land, killed 86 people, and took 17 days before it was doused by heavy rainfall and extinguished. Lots of conversations about loss arose after the fire, and the lessons gained from this tragedy should not be forgotten. Historically, humans have tended not to change their lifestyles or technologies until something catastrophic happened. For example, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake and the subsequent fire changed the city’s understanding of housing. The dense wooden structures were a tinderbox waiting for a match that, once ignited, would burn down a quarter of the city. This horrifying natural disaster sparked discussion of improving earthquake engineering design, urban planning, and fireproofing for buildings. Similarly, there is so much that we can learn from the Camp Fire, and there is so much we can do to prevent the next wildfire in Paradise and other communities like it. After losing over 90% of its structures, Paradise has a second chance to be planned and built with contemporary knowledge and technology. The streets can be repaved to have sidewalks and bike lanes, commercial buildings can be closer to each other, and a wildland-urban interface zone can be created to provide defensible space and create a more physically resilient condition. Paradise also has a chance to be proactive and solve other issues, including creating a town that is energy, water, and waste regenerative. This is an opportunity for Paradise to become the first Zero Net Energy town in

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10a

10a. A crewmember watches as the Camp Fire burns off of Pentz Road in Paradise, California, on Thursday, Nov. 8, 2018. 10b. Remnants of a home are delicately placed in sight 11a. (right): Cathy Fallon stands near the charred remains of her Paradise home

10b

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California, paving the way for what is possible by evolving into an ideal mountain town. The heartbreaking tragedy of the past not only shaped Paradiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history, but also becomes a chance to reimagine the town to be more resilient socially, economically, and physically. Twenty-six thousand people were displaced due to the Camp Fire. One thousand families are still searching for housing six months after the fire. In order for the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s residents to return home, Paradise needs to be rebuilt in a timely manner. A group of third-year architecture students from Cal Poly San Luis Obispo intended to bring inspiration to Paradise residents by designing sustainable, fire-resistant, community-oriented buildings. Based on research and feedback from multiple rounds of community meetings, a new town concept plan with individual building designs has been tailored to revitalize Paradise and to act as a catalyst for further investment. Through mentoring and peer-review of designs from professional firms, the projects can be developed more fully to bring Paradise residents hope that there will be a home to which they can return.

11a

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D e s i g n Pro c e s s + Pro j e c t Pha s e s From January through June, the work flow for the (re)imagining Paradise project in was designed around human-centered design thinking. The process, created by the founders of the firm Ideo, is a method of solving complex problems. It is an iterative design process grounded in first building understanding, then giving all parties involved a chance to explore divergent ideas and thoughts before finally focusing on converging solutions to address specific community needs. The 23-week process* was organized as follows with key presentations noted by date: Weeks 1 – 4 Researching and Building Understanding (and Empathy) January 17, 2019 Weeks 5 – 6 Urban / Concept Planning (Defining Issues) Weeks 7 – 9 Catalytic Project Conceptual Design (Creating Solutions/ Prototyping/Testing) February 22, 2019 Weeks 10 – 12 Merged Catalytic Project Conceptual Design (Creating Solutions/Prototyping/Testing) Weeks 13 – 15 Supplementary Research and Tours of Cities (Revising Empathy/Issues) Weeks 16 – 17 Catalytic Project Schematic Design (Creating Solutions/ Prototyping/Testing) April 19, 2019 Weeks 18 – 25 Catalytic Project and Concept Plan Design Development) June 3, 2019 *This process commenced two weeks prior to the first of the two quarter series of courses, which accounts for the 25 weeks listed.

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10a. Ideoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s iterative design process

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H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

II. Community Overview

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Background

The rich history of Paradise dates back to 1848 when gold was first discovered along the American River. This attracted many of the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s early settlers. The largest gold nugget to date, weighing 54 pounds, was found in Magalia, an adjacent town to the north. This inspired the Gold Nugget Days Festival, which is celebrated annually in April. Due to the Gold Rush, Paradiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population grew and infrastructure was built reactively to support the settling families. Lumber mills, a post office, a school, and a church were built by 1880. Another round of settlers then came to Paradise and established agriculture, which became a big part of the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s identity. Infrastructure like the Magalia Reservoir was created to support irrigation needs. In 1889, the town celebrated the Paradise Harvest Festival in honor of this agricultural heritage, which evolved into the Johnny Appleseed Days still celebrated today. In just over a decade, from 1950 to the mid-1960s, the population of Paradise quadrupled to 20,000 people, and residents voted to incorporate as a town. The town remained reactive to its growth. Instead of a clear plan for development, the town had low density, sprawl, limited infrastructure, and discontinuous streets. These problems would contribute to the devastation of the wildfires to come. In 2008, the Humboldt Fire evacuated 9,500 Paradise residents and destroyed 66 homes. Ten years later, in November of 2018, the Camp Fire devastated the town, killing 85 people and destroying 14,000 homes and 5,000 other buildings. After the second of these two tragic events, planners questioned whether it was safe to rebuild the town as it once was. It had been determined that the town lacked central planning and adequate infrastructure; Paradise was therefore not fire resilient. Post Camp Fire, Paradise has an opportunity to redesign and address these problems to create a town that is resilient physically, socially, and economically.

17a. The Flumes Trail sits on a flume previously used to transport lumber in early logging industry; hikers can take it down to the Feather River

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Significant Events

Pre-1800: Land is inhabited by the Maidu Tribes 1849: Gold is first discovered in the American River and attracts the first settlers; they search along Feather River and finally settle in Butte County

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1860-1879: First town infrastructure is built including a school, post office, and a church 1880: Lumbering and livestock become main economic attributes; population reaches 301 1904: The railway system is established; settlers from the Eastern United States travel to California and develop agriculture in Butte County 1916: Farming flourishes due to the construction of Magalia Reservoir and the establishment of Paradise Irrigation District 1937: The first Paradise fair is held 1955: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Paradiseâ&#x20AC;? is given its name. Population of Paradise reaches approximately 5,000 1966: Population reaches 20,000

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1979: Paradise is incorporated as an official town covering approximately 18 square miles 2000: Population reaches 26,400 2008: The Humboldt Fire stretches over 22,800 acres between Chico and Paradise; 9500 residents are evacuated from their homes and 66 homes are destroyed 2018: Camp Fire, the deadliest California wildfire to date, strikes Paradise and Chico area. 10,000 structures burned down

13a. Maidu in ceremonial headdress 13b. Maidu cedar bark teepee

18d

13c. The Flumes ca. 1913 13d. Firefighters work as the Camp Fire burns through Paradise

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19a. The cover of a 1950â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s brochure created by Pardiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Chamber of Commerce advertising the town

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Culture and Communit y Assets

The culture of Paradise revolves around its history, community, and outdoor environment. The many assets of Paradise create its culture. Their greatest assets are its festivals and events, Recreation Center, Performing Arts Center, the many outdoor activities available to residents, and most importantly their strong community ties. All of these make Paradise a beloved home to its residents. The town’s major festivals are the Gold Nugget Days, Johnny Appleseed Days, and the Chocolate Festival. Gold Nugget Days celebrate the beginnings of Paradise as a gold mining town where nearby in Magalia the largest gold nugget was found. The first two days of the festival feature a parade, a Miss Gold Nugget Pageant, a children’s costume contest, a donkey derby, and a crafts fair among many other fun activities. Johnny Appleseed Days celebrate its history of agriculture. It is a two-day festival during which there is local entertainment, vendors, artisans, and most importantly apple pies. The residents of Paradise bake a thousand apple pies for this event. The Chocolate Fest is a fun day to celebrate all things chocolate. Among the events during this day are the “fun run” called the Chocolate Chase, a bike ride called Tour ‘de Chocolate, the Chocolate Cuisine Challenge, and the royal coronation of the Chocolate Fest Queen and King. These three festivals bring the community together to celebrate their town, history, and people, and community celebrations is one of the town’s strongest assets. The other most important asset the town has is its natural environment. Paradise is recognized for its dynamic surroundings, with vistas of pine and oak forests, rivers, and mountains. Being there is like living and breathing nature. During the summer months, there are swimming spots and rivers right outside of town. There are many hikes and trails like the Paradise Flume Trail to the east of town and the Paradise Memorial Trailway, which is located right along the middle of town. In the winter months when it snows, a short drive southwest allows residents to ski and snowboard. In town, they have parks like Billie Park, which has beautiful landscaping, a gazebo, and a lake that makes it a great place to go for the day. It is also a great venue for events like weddings and birthdays. There is Terry Ashe Park, as well, where the Paradise Recreation Center is located. The Recreation Center is utilized for birthdays and events, and during the winter the skating rink opens. The natural

landscape and available outdoor activities make being active in sports and outdoors a great part of the lives of the people of Paradise. All of these assets, the festivals, nature and outdoor activities, and civic centers, create the culture and lifestyle of Paradise. These are the reasons people settled in Paradise and they are the reasons people choose to retire there. It is what makes its people feel proud and passionate about their town.

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21b

21c

21a. Miss Gold Nugget is voted by the public. 21b. A community member plays Johnny Appleseed 21c. The chocolte festival has been tradition for many years

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22 a . M e d i a n H o u s e ho l d I n c o m e

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Economy

Similar to many rural towns scattered across the United States, Paradise had a very localized economy. As a town with a largely aging population, Paradise employs 10,024 people out of a total population of 26,396 people. Based on an index in which the U.S. average cost of living is 100 (an index > 100 means it is more expensive compared to the U.S. average), California is 169, and Paradise is 111. Housing is the biggest factor in the cost of living in Paradise. The median property value is $205,500, which is higher than the U.S. ($193,500), but lower than California ($442,400). As a comparatively affordable town in the State of California, it is no surprise that some former Chico residents would want to retire to the town. In fact, the top three industries of healthcare and social assistance (25.8%; 2,589 people), retail trade (13.2%; 1,319 people), and educational services (8.4%; 844 people) complement its aging population. The healthcare and social assistance category consists of registered nurses; nursing, psychiatric, and home health aides; and personal care aides. This category is the fifth highest paying industry in Paradise; employees earn a median annual income of $32,483. The retail trade category consists of retail salespersons, first-line supervisors of retail sales workers, and cashiers. The educational services category consists of elementary and middle school teachers, post-secondary teachers, and teacher assistants. This category is the fourth highest paying industry in Paradise; employees earn a median annual income of $33,496.

working in the occupation categories of health technicians (450 people); personal care and service (728 people); and farming, fishing, and forestry (101 people). The highest paying jobs by annual median earnings are life, physical, and social science employees ($79,955), firefighting supervisors ($71,625), and legal employees ($63,247). The lowest paying jobs are in food and serving ($13,072), arts and recreation ($14,561), and personal care and service ($15,405). Unfortunately, due to its isolated location with limited localized economic opportunity, Paradise did have a stagnant economy before the Camp Fire. Its unemployment rate of the time was 4.6%, whereas the national rate is 3.9%. University students were not returning to Paradise after graduation, which led to the increasingly aging workforce. Additionally, many residents did not work in Paradise and would instead commute every day to Chico in order to compete in the job market.

Additionally, as a rural town, Paradise has a high number of residents working in the industry categories of agriculture, forestry, fishing, hunting (251 people), healthcare and social assistance (2,589 people), and utilities (123 people), which, according to the census, is high comparatively for a town its size. The highest paying industries in Paradise by annual median earnings are utilities ($67,667), real estate, rentals and leasing ($52,130), and finance and insurance ($50,679). The lowest paying industries are arts, entertainment, and recreation ($9.453); accommodation and food services ($11.538); and administrative, support, and waste management services ($20,424). Occupationally, the most common jobs of Paradise residents are administrative (11.4%; 1,145 people), management (10.3%; 1,033 people), and sales (9.6%; 960 people). From there, Paradise has an unusually high number of residents

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24 a . M o s t C o m m o n O c c u p a t i o n Pa ra d i s e

24 b . M o s t C o m m o n O c c u p a t i o n California

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25 a . H i g h e s t P a i d O c c u p a t i o n Pa ra d i s e

25 b . H i g h e s t P a i d O c c u p a t i n California

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26a. Employment by Industry Pa ra d i s e

26b. Employment by Industry California

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Pr i o r a n d A n t i c i p a t o r y D e m o g ra p hi c s

Before the Camp Fire, Paradise was home to a population of 26,400 people, from which 98.9% are US citizens. As of 2017, 2.39% of Paradise, CA residents were born outside of the country. The ethnic composition of the population of Paradise, California, is composed of 23,300 White alone residents (88.3%), 1,640 Hispanic or Latino residents (6.21%), 834 Two or More Races residents (3.15%), 308 American Indian and Alaska Native alone residents (1.17%), 269 Asian alone residents (1.02%), 53 Black or African American alone residents (0.2%), 0 Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander alone residents (0%), and 0 Some Other Race alone residents (0%). Given its demographics, the most common foreign languages spoken in Paradise are Spanish or Spanish Creole (703 speakers), German (167 speakers), and Chinese (88 speakers). Due to the disproportionately large young and old populations in Paradise, the median age of all people in Paradise was 49.2. Native-born citizens, with a median age of 49, were generally younger than foreign-born citizens, with a median age of 58. Paradise was primarily a town with young families and retired couples. Consequently, the town was home to a large population of veterans with over 1,039 Vietnam, 299 Korean, and 217 Gulf War veterans.

Ra c e o r E t h n i c i t y Pa ra d i s e

Ra c e o r E t h n i c i t y California

Looking forward, the demographics of the town will change dramatically as people begin to repopulate the area. In fact, according to a survey from Urban Design Associates, only 51% of residents plan on returning to Paradise. Furthermore, only 36% say that they intend to have their children return to school in Paradise. Through conversation with displaced Paradise residents, many have expressed that retired residents have decided that it is not worth the wait to rebuild in Paradise and have instead moved elsewhere. Many generational families likely will return to Paradise since their families have resided there for centuries. As for the influx of people wanting to re-populate Paradise, the overall economic, workforce, and educational development of the town will determine the demographics of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;newâ&#x20AC;? Paradise.

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Ecosystem Understanding

Paradise is a town in Butte County, California, located at 35.7596º N, 121.6219º W. Paradise is located to the east of Chico and north of Sacramento in the Sierra Nevada foothills in a lush green environment among pine and oak forests. It is located on a ridge in the foothills that has elevations ranging from 2,000 to 2,800 feet above sea level. The land in Paradise is rugged, resembling a plateau surrounded by canyons that becomes increasingly hilly. Its topography ranges from being extremely walkable to unbuildable with slopes ranging between 0% up to greater than 20%. Paradise has only a few main roads due to its unique topography. Soils in Paradise are well drained and of a reddish brown loam. Paradiso, originally formed from volcanic rock, is the most common soil found in the town.

28a 15a.

Pre-Camp Fire land use types in Paradise ranged from commercial zoning to residential, industrial, public service, and agricultural. Uses were separated horizontally, with the primary commercial zones being along Skyway and Clark. Paradise is a grassland chaparral and mixed conifer habitat biome. This type of biome, along with the climate of Paradise, allows for the town to be covered in a heavy green canopy, creating a wooded sense of place. There are many natural assets in and around Paradise, such as the water features within Butte County surrounding Paradise—Feather River and Butte Creek, that contribute to the rich diversity in vegetation and wildlife. There are also many protected areas within the county such as Plumas National Forest, Butte Sink National Wildlife Refuge, and Lassen National Forest, which contribute to the beauty and preservation of the natural assets surrounding the town. Native vegetation in Paradise includes tall foothill ponderosa pines, California black or blue oaks, western redbud, lupine, flannelbush, buckeye, California buckwheat, common whiteleaf manzanita, California fuschia, deergrass, and coyote brush. Most of these native plants require well-drained soils, are drought tolerant, and are able to withstand the hot, dry summers of Paradise. The type of wildlife found in Paradise can range from snakes (king snakes, rattlesnakes, gopher snakes, garter snakes, and striped racer snakes), opossums, bats, squirrels, fox, racoons, mountain lions, western bluebirds,

28b

26a. Feather River 26b. Butte Canyon

yellow warblers, bobcats, coyotes, and bears. Paradise has a heating dominated Mediterranean climate that consists of hot summers and wet, cool winters. The predominant wind direction comes from the northeast along the ridge and under some conditions is strong. Average summer temperatures for June, July, and August are in the 90º’s F range with June having an average high and low of 84º/60 º, July with 92º/66º,

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H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Precipitation (in) 12

10.5

3 0 a . Av e ra g e Pr e c i p i t a t i o n by M o n t h

8 P R E C I P I TAT I O N ( I N )

9.6

9.1 6.9

6 4.1

3.1 1.9

2 0

0.7 JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

0.1

0.2

JUL

AUG

0.8 SEP

OCT

NOV

DEC

MONTH

and August with an average high and low of 90º/64º. Fall temperatures average around 70º F. September has an average high and low of 85º/61º F, while October has an average of 74º/53º F, and November has 60º/44º F average high and low temperatures. Average winter temperatures reach as low as 36º F. December has an average high and low temperature of 53º/39º F, while January has averages of 54º/39º F, and February has averages of 57º/41º F. The temperature averages 68º F in the spring. The average high and low in March is 61º/43º F, while April averages 66º/47º F, and May averages 76º/53º F. The town experiences snowfall in the winter as well. Paradise averages approximately three inches of snowfall per year and nearly inches of rain on average per year, which is greater than the average rainfall for California at 22 inches annually. Due to the nature of this climate, good passive design strategies to utilize in Paradise are natural ventilation and cooling, direct solar heat gain, solar

shading on the south, and minimizing north glazing. Other strategies to consider are utilizing thermal mass, implementing the use of solar PV panels on rooftops for energy production, planting native vegetation that is low water maintenance and fire resistant, and using green roofs for rainwater collection. Taking advantage of the strong northeast wind would require a design that incorporates opposite inlet and outlet air openings into the building designs. Inlet openings should be oriented perpendicular to the prevailing wind direction and outlet openings should be oriented opposite the inlet openings to provide for natural cross ventilation. Elongating the building forms along the east and west directions will minimize solar heat gain and allow for cooling. Utilizing a green roof in building design would provide for both roof insulation and lower air temperatures and also would provide for water retention. Implementing a green roof into building design requires anywhere between

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

31 a . Ps y c h o m e t r i c C h a r t

Humidity Ratio [kg water/ kg air] 110 kJ/kg 90% 80%

70%

60%

50%

40%

0.03

100 kJ/kg

Hours 82.00<= 73.80

0.025 30%

90 kJ/kg

65.60 57.40 80 kJ/kg

49.20 41.00

0.02

32.80 70 kJ/kg

24.60 16.40

8.65% Comfort zone

8.20

60 kJ/kg

20%

<=0.00

0.015 50 kJ/kg

40 kJ/kg 0.01 30 kJ/kg

10%

20 kJ/kg 0.005

10 kJ/kg 0 kJ/kg -10 kJ/kg

-20°C -20 (-4°F) -15°C -15 (5°F) Operative Temperature

-10°C -10 (14°F)

-5°C -5 (23°F)

0°C 0 (32°F)

5°C 5 (41°F)

10°C 10 (50°F)

2.5 inches to 39 inches in thickness for the proper structure and roofing material implementation depending on the intensity of the roof garden. Designing for daylighting requires considerations in building form, shading, and glazing area. Buildings with a narrow floor plate and elongated east and west can maximize glazing to light interior spaces while minimizing solar heat gain on the north and south faces. Incorporating high ceilings and windows will also optimize interior lighting. To design for solar shading on the south face, exterior horizontal louvers and horizontal overhangs can be used. Shading should be size as ⅓ the size of the glazing on that face in order for it to work effectively.

15°C 15 (59°F)

20°C 20 (68°F)

25°C 25 (77°F)

30°C 30 (86°F)

35°C 35 (95°F)

40°C 40 (104°F)

45°C 45 (113°F)

50°C 50 (122°F)

grading or stripping of vegetation. Planting trees on the east and west faces of buildings cools the ground around the buildings as well as air temperatures and provides for shading. With landscaping a site, it is important to consider effective defensible space, which requires proper management of vegetation around buildings. Areas within 30 feet of buildings must be planted with vegetation that cannot easily ignite and should be routinely maintained. Canopies of mature trees should not be within 10 feet of a building to avoid the risk of ignition. Choosing to landscape with plants that are low growing and have a high moisture content such as herbaceous non woody plants and succulents within 3 feet of a building will help to mitigate the risk of fire spreading due to vegetation.

Good landscaping strategies to implement into this mountainside community are preserving native species, landscaping with fire resilient species, preserving natural drainage patterns on site, protecting and preserving healthy soils, and locating and managing vegetation to mitigate potential fire hazards and prevent unnecessary

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

III. Resiliency + Disaster R e c ove r y

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

35a

All cities grapple with responding to threats. In California, natural threats include tsunamis, earthquakes, flooding or fires and in some cases a mix of all these. Towns in locations in High Fire Hazard Zones are primarily contending with the threat of wildland sourced fires. These fires can be caused by natural sources such as lightning, human-caused or infrastructure-based. The more accessible the natural setting, the more likely that humans play a role, intentional or not, in enhancing these natural threats. In Paradise, there were two fires in 2008 that necessitated evacuation, caused damage to property (buildings and vehicles), and played a role in influencing the natural surroundings that created the deadly conditions of the 2018 fire. Post 2008, PG&E provided maintenance along the ridge where they removed mature trees surrounding the above ground utility lines Once these mature trees had been removed, the underbrush was able to grow exponentially, and PG&E did not continue with their maintenance regimen.

The fire created $16.5 billion in damage, over $4 billion of which was not insured. The Camp Fire was the deadliest and most destructive wildfire in Californiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history and the deadliest fire in the United States since the Cloquet Fire of 1918. Further investigations since this time determined that under-maintained electrical transmission lines ignited fires in two locations (Pulga and Concow/Rim Roads) to create the deadly fire. These initial starts combined with â&#x20AC;&#x153;idealâ&#x20AC;? fire conditions to create the extraordinarily fast moving and hot burning fire. Winds were blowing down the ridge at 40 - 50 mph, relative humidity was extraordinarily low (11%), and the ignition points were met with poorly maintained underbrush that acted as perfect fuel for the fire. Interestingly enough, the underbrush was thriving due to maintenance practices caused by the 2008 fires, which also were found to be caused by PG&E.

The Camp Fire of Butte County, California, began on November 8, 2018, and was not fully contained until the 25th of November. During that time, the fire swept through the town of Paradise and the surrounding wilderness. The fire led to 85 civilian fatalities and 12 people injured. By the time of containment,153,300 acres and nearly 19,000 structures had burned, depleting the town of most of its resources, including fresh water. 37

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

D e f i n i n g a n d I m p l e m e n t i n g Re c o v e r y

Recovery in the wake of disaster is a multifaceted challenge reliant on the ability of community members and aid organizations to cooperate toward shared goals. Many entities can be involved in both short- and long-term recovery, including residents/community members themselves, volunteer and civic organizations, faith-based organizations, schools, businesses, academic institutions, and governmental agencies. After the Camp Fire, the first steps toward recovery were taken by community members themselves, who set up an encampment in the parking lot of a Walmart in Chico, California. Later, FEMA began passing out motel room vouchers and the Red Cross and local church congregations established ten shelters. Finding access to shelter and food, along with medical care for the injured, should always be the first response after a disaster, as meeting these basic needs is the catalyst that helps those impacted regain their sense of safety and may allow them to process the trauma they have faced. The effects of disasters like the Camp Fire on mental health range based on personal experience. Residents of Paradise experienced a myriad of traumas including sustaining serious injuries; enduring near-death experiences; losing loved ones; witnessing devastation among friends, family, neighbors, and the greater community; and experiencing the irreparable loss of possessions and property. In their article on the psychological impact of natural disasters in adults, Anka A. Vujanovic and Matthew W. Gallagher state that “individuals directly impacted by natural disasters may feel a strong sense of grief, panic, loss, fear, and sadness.” In Paradise, professionals came in to help with the psychological effects of the tremendous loss, but notably community members uplifted and supported one another in their recovery. “Maintaining a connection to others in the aftermath of disaster can be healing for individuals and the community. Avoiding isolation and increasing social support is an important factor in building resilience” (Vujanovic and Gallagher). As these basic needs of physical and psychological health were addressed, the community also began to focus on long-term recovery with the Paradise Long-Term Recovery Working Group. While Paradise is a community destroyed by disaster, it is also a community with a desire to rebuild. FEMA notes the need to plan for long-term recovery, or “ the need to re-establish a healthy, functioning community

that will sustain itself over time.” It outlines 13 important steps to long-term recovery: Assessing the Need The preliminary assessment focuses on establishing the “long-term impact of damages sustained by a community,” looking specifically at the housing, infrastructure, environment, and economy sectors. In Paradise, the immediate needs that were identified included site clean-up, infrastructure improvement, and funding sources for the rebuild. Meeting these needs is seen as the precursor to rebuilding a new, more resilient Paradise. At the site level, Cal Fire was quick to identify the physical damage caused by the fire, making this information readily available to residents and those attempting to help: Cal Fire ArcGIS. Selecting a Leader and Outlining a Long Term Community Recovery Program FEMA states that leadership is a critical step in recovery, noting “a good leader will serve as a beacon for community and government involvement and will convey the importance of the recovery process to local, state, and federal officials.” To help with the long-term recovery, a number of supporting organizations listed joined with the Town of Paradise and Urban Design Associates (UDA) to create a Long Term Recovery Plan. Securing Outside Support Because of the nature of disaster, recovery facilitated solely through one organization is impossible. Creating partnerships with local, state, and federal agencies, as well as private and non-governmental organizations, can make the recovery process more effective. The Town of Paradise found partnerships with several public and private agencies across the spectrum of needs it identified. These include organizations that focus on economic development, schools and youth, utilities, arts and culture, academia, and housing. Because support from these agencies must be coordinated, frequent meetings at a range of scales have been held, and the input from all groups has been noted in order to best create a plan that meets the desires of the town. A fund has been formed, titled Butte Strong, which focuses on addressing long-term recovery needs. Further work is yet to be done to engage support beyond this source, including funds from PG&E, the State of California, the federal government, and other sources. UDA hosted several outreach

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

meetings to engage the community, and their desires for the future of Paradise after the devastation of the Camp Fire have been heard.

37a

Establishing a Public Information Campaign The long-term success of a recovery program is largely determined by the extent of community involvement. A public information campaign helps get community members involved and focused on long-term planning for the community. This can be a challenge when the long-term circumstances of community members may be unclear. Residents are scattered across the country, but with an anticipated 51% of residents planning to return to the town to rebuild, sharing information to involve the community is critical and allows the community to take back ownership of their town. The Town of Paradise has since hired an agency, Blue Flamingo, to help with communication. Reaching a Consensus Paradise is currently at this stage, where stakeholders are making decisions that will allow the long-term recovery program to move forward. While stakeholders may be diverse, and there may be tensions between different groups, these groups can be continuously re-oriented toward common goals that better the community and town as a whole.

37b

Paradise has many steps ahead, and the recovery process likely will not end for many years. The Paradise community has strong leaders and community members that are dedicated to rebuilding, and their progress thus far in establishing a plan illustrates their willingness and excitement moving forward toward a more resilient town. Marcy Douglas, city administrator of Northwood, North Dakota, a community of 1,000 that was leveled by a category 4 tornado, believes that the recovery mindset was vital to the rebuilding of her city, explaining, â&#x20AC;&#x153;If you respond to a disaster with recovery in mind, recovery will happenâ&#x20AC;? (Douglas as quoted by Becker, 7).

37c

37a. The amount of debris is an obstacle to rebuilding the town 37b. Cal Poly, SLO students meet with California Treasurer Fiona Ma to discuss funding opportunities for rebuilding 37c. Hundreds of stakeholders attend a presentation by Urban Design Associates

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Wildland Urban Interface

In California, the number of housing units in Wildland Urban Interface (WUI) has gone up from 3.3 million units in 1990 to Fl4.4 million in 2010 (Cal Fire). WUIs are communities surrounded by natural areas at risk of wildland fires. Roughly 50% of Butte County, California, and the entire town of Paradise are characterized by Cal Fire as being located in a very high fire hazard severity zone. However, the purpose of the WUI standard is meant to inform communities on materials for buildings that can preserve life. The State Fire Marshal states that protecting a building from a wildfire requires two things: 1) removing flammable materials from around the building, with fuel modification to 100 feet (or the property line), and 2) constructing the building of fireresistive materials.

divided into two zones: Zone 1(0’-30’) Tree branches Shrubs Dead plants grass and weeds Prune/remove plants and shrubs near windows Overhanging vegetation from roof/chimney Under deck vegetation Zone 2 (30’-100’) Horizontal space between shrub and trees Lawns trimmed to 4” Remove fallen branches Remove all branches below 6’ above ground from tree Fire resistant accessory structures and fencing 2. Construct the building of fire resistive materials, including Roof coverings Fire resistive wall and ceiling-floor assemblies Non combustible or fire resistant decking Fire doors, Tempered glass Non combustible wall finish materials and cladding Fire dampers, enclosed under floor areas Shield gutters, fire and non-fire related hardware, electrical appliances and devices

1. Removing flammable materials from around the building, with fuel modification to 100 feet (or the property line). This is

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

39a

39b

39c

39d

39a. Flammable materials should be removed from around home 39b. New buildings should be constructed out of fire resistive materials 39c. Native garden shown is an example of fire resistive planting 39d. Cross Laminated Timber is an example of fire resistive construction

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Re s i l i e n c y

Resiliency is defined as the ability of a place, and all aspects that makes that place unique, to recover after a disaster. This broad idea of resiliency is broken down into three major categories: social, economic, and physical. In order for design to fully support its user population, it should seek to provide resilience in all three of these categories. The intersection of different types of resiliency compounds the ability of the environment to prevent and recover from disaster.

40a

40a. Social resiliency is a key part of disaster recovery 41a. Restaurants can create economic and social resiliency 41b. A vibrant downtown includes many businesses that thrive because of their proximity to each other and to their patrons 41c. Terra cotta is an example of a fire proof building material that creates physical resiliency 42

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

S o c i a l Re s i l i e n c y

Ec o n o m i c Re s i l i e n c y

41a

A socially resilient place has a strong sense of community that is developed through community events, classes, and architecture that fosters congregation. Paradise was able to maintain this type of community through several different churches as well as popular community events. Such a community is able to come back together in the aftermath of a disaster in order to organize and create a recovery plan.

Phys i c l Re s i l i e n c y

41b

Creating a place with economic resiliency ensures that it can recover after economic downturns and also have a financial base to aid in natural disaster recovery. Planning for and inviting diversity of business and industry enhances resiliency and also helps create income for a town or city. Prior to the Camp Fire, the Town of Paradise was in fiscal decline, which has created hurdles for rebuilding efforts. Moving forward, Paradise is working to design a more vibrant town that provides for its residentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; most basic needs and creates diverse livelihood and employment opportunities for the residents to enjoy. Building this type of economy will provide residents with head-of-household jobs that provide financial security for families and individuals alike.

41c

Of special importance to the Town of Paradise and other communities that reside in the Wildland Urban Interface is physical resiliency. This form of resiliency focuses on designing a built environment that is defensible against disaster. In Paradise, this involves designing buildings composed of fire resistive or non-combustible materials. Other considerations include the local availability and embodied energy of materials. Paradise must also redesign its communications, water, and energy infrastructure to sustain its anticipated future population. To build a strong foundation for new residents and future generations, these new or renovated water and energy infrastructures should be regenerative.

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

42a

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Learning From Others

As part of the research process, this studio self-funded a trip to the Southern States to visit cities that have faced similar issues to Paradise. Although diverse in kind, these cities have much to teach about disaster recovery, town planning, and preserving history.

42a. (Reverse) Newbern Townhall, Rural Studio, Newbern, Alabama 45

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

44a

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

45a

New Orleans The Ninth Ward, which was funded by the Make It Right Foundation, is an example of architecture that failed to properly address the community it was serving. These houses failed to account for the environment of New Orleans, they didn’t fit into the surrounding neighborhood, and they weren’t built in a way to help prevent major damage to them if another hurricane were to hit. However, Musicians’ Village exemplifies a successful Post-Katrina development. This neighborhood stuck to the traditional style of architecture found in the area and kept the prices of these homes at an affordable rate so families could move in and have property with which they could accrue wealth. While visiting Waggoner and Ball, they presented some of their projects in New Orleans and how these projects address the very prominent issue of flooding. Their projects also had a large focus on contributing to the

beautification of the neighborhoods in which they were situated while still conforming to culture of the areas. These communities exemplify the importance of understanding the community itself, the needs of it and the people who inhabit it. Without this understanding, the design of the project starts to become less about the residents, which results in a weaker project that seems out of place in the surrounding context. This understanding is fundamental to the design process, and when it is analyzed meaningfully, it results in a project that is both valued by the community and used by the community. It’s also important to take into consideration the risk that comes with building in a certain area and appropriately adapting the building to mitigate or prevent damage.

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

46a. Urban Build #9, Urban Build Studio, Tulane University

Urban Build, which is a program run through Tulane University, allows students to fully design and build houses in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods. These houses are then sold at market rate for the neighborhood in which they are built. The purpose of these projects is to help increase the value of the surrounding neighborhood and to attract people into moving into them to help culturally revitalize the community. Programs like this show the importance of not only designing a project that fits into the surrounding community, but one that also actively contributes to the community culturally. It has to improve the community as a whole and help make it a desirable place in which to live.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

47a

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

48a

Newburn, Alabama The town of Newbern and the Rural Studio also provided some insight on how to properly design projects that feel like part of the communities theyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re serving while remaining architecturally stimulating. All these projects achieved a balance between modernity and modesty, giving them a unique feeling of innovation and comfort. A lot of these projects used similar building materials found in other existing projects in the community but combined them with a more modern and contemporary take on architecture. The importance of finding a balance between this drive as an architect to create a visually and experientially stunning project and a project that appropriately addresses the needs and feeling of the surrounding town is tough. However, finding that middle ground is essential to a successful project. 50

48b

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

49a

49b

48a. Abandoned home in poverty-stricken Newbern 48b. Many Rural Studio projects are made of simple and widely available material 49a. Human-centric design can make even the most mundane spaces a joy to be in 49b. Rural Studio practices self-sustenance, which allows them to be have greater access to healthful food

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

50a

Montgomery, Alabama Visiting the National Memorial for Peace and Justice, it became apparent the need to carefully design for a population that has suffered extreme trauma. Thoughtful design of these reverent spaces can aid victims in their recovery and give others a glimpse into the tragic experience.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

51a

51b

50a. Jars of soil from the sight of lynchings across the country 51a. Student Eva Taupier reflects on the memorial 51b.The memorial evokes many emotions through architecture

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

52a

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

54a

Atlanta, Georgia In Atlanta, BNIM had a design charrette session that provided a lot of valuable information. While they echoed some of the lessons stated above, they also stressed the importance of having a project respond to its immediate surroundings either by using a building to frame certain views or move and highlight important features of the site. They also focused a lot on how the facade of a building can really impact how people at the street level experience it, because this is the only way people will experience the project. 56

While it may look good from a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s-eye view, if the project feels massive or domineering, it wonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t feel welcoming. The studio also traveled to a suburb of Atlanta, Decatur, where the small town feel and planning we excellent precedents for Paradise. Here, there was a hierarchy of streets widths, frequent changes in facade, and high density, all things that Paradise looks forward to building.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

55a

It was an extremely eye-opening experience to learn from and collaborate with professionals to analyze successful and unsuccessful projects. The trip provided us opportunities to expand our understandings of architecture, especially as they pertain to disaster relief, in order to best serve the . These projects and people had a lot of valuable lessons that are essential to being able to design a project that appropriately responds to and addresses the people and community it is meant to serve.

52a. The Edmund Pettus Bridge was the site of a gruesome conflict between civil rights marchers and police 54a. Downtown Decatur, a suburb of Atlanta 55a. A small bookstore in Decatur

I V. V i s i o n a n d G o a l s

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

O u t r e a c h + C o m m o n Th e m e s

Before establishing a set of goals and objectives for the (re)imagining Paradise project, it was necessary to extend beyond tertiary resources to real and interpersonal interactions. The first three weeks of studio were primarily concerned with research of the Town of Paradise and Butte County. The data was then compiled into a series of assessments that were displayed during the different outreach sessions with Chico and former Paradise residents. These reports included resiliency palettes, precedent studies, asset maps, and informational posters regarding Paradise’s demographics, climate, history, etc. The outreach was divided into multiple sessions that allowed diverse interaction with audiences ranging from Chico State students and faculty, Paradise residents, and disaster recovery organizations. These sessions served as forms of interactive listening meetings to gain feedback and develop a personal understanding of Paradise before proceeding with a recovery plan. In order to achieve this, different activities took place within the meetings such as interactive boards where attendees were able to mark assessment reports, a “how might we” station where people could brainstorm and write on sticky notes, and one-on-one interviews where Paradise residents shared their personal experiences as “Day in the Life” descriptions. There were many recurring topics discussed during these listening meetings. Faculty of Chico State, for example, addressed that Paradise was a “bedroom” community, a town many went to for retirement. Among the different audiences with whom students met during these sessions, many agreed that Paradise needed better fire safety and evacuation routes through both an improved network of roads and increased communication among residents. However, many also expressed Paradise’s strengths such as proximity to nature, its small town culture, the spirit of the people within the community, and its access to healthcare. Finally, there was discussion about the future of Paradise where opportunities for an improved wastewater system, more businesses, a walkable downtown, a safer street network, and more were imagined.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

59a. Students Eva Taupier and Nicole Lo present to a Paradise resident 59b. Former Paradise resident Kerry Kennedy attends a listening session and gives feedback on studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s work

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DEMOGRAPHICS

Asset Present Condition

(Cal Fire - Camp Fire Structure Status)

Nonexisting, Destroyed (> 50%)

Major (26-50%)

Affected, Minor ( 10-25%)

Affected (1-9%)

Existing, No visible damage

Paradise High School This is the main high school in Paradise.

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Billie Park This park was one of the main gathering spaces of this town because of its close access to nature trails, picnic and gazebo area, and its historical aspects.

Gold Nugget Museum This museum commemorated the townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s history, its role in the gold rush and the indigineous Maidu culture of the area.

Paradise Memorial Trail This trail is a 10.3 mile paved pedestrian and bike path that runs along the historic l railroad track of the town and by the Old Paradise Depot Museum.

Adventist Health Feather River Hospital This was the main hospital for the town. There is an emergency room center, and a health center. The main hospital at Adventist Feather River Hospital suffered damage to the lower levels of the structure.

Paradise Performing Arts Center This is the main center for various cultural, and public events to take place

Old Paradise Depot This was a museum center that was an add on to the community park and commemorates the history of the railroad.

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5-17

18-24

25-34

35-44

45-54

55-59

60-61

62-64

65-74

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1800

Honey Run Covered Bridge This bridge built in 1886 crossed Butte Creek. It ran halfway between Chico and Paradise. The bridge spanned 240â&#x20AC;&#x2122;.

TEHAMA

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PLUMAS Butte County Fire Station #62 Butte County Sheriff

Butte County Fire Station #38

Bidwell Park This park established in 1905 is 3,670 acres and is the largest municipal park in the county. This park has a lot of recreational activities.

Feather River Hospital Butte County Fire Station #37

Butte County Fire Station #360

1880: Lumbering and livestock become main economic attributes, population reaches 301

Feather Falls Waterfall This waterfall is located on Fall River within the Plumas National Forest in the Sierra Nevada Mountain range.

1900

Paradise Police Department

1849: Gold is discovered in the American River, ďŹ rst white settlers search in the Feather River along the way and settle in Butte County 1860-1879: The ďŹ rst town infrastructure is built including a school, post ofďŹ ce and church

Â&#x201A;Â&#x192; Â&#x201E; Â&#x2026;Â&#x192; Butte County Fire Station #41

Butte County Fire Station #42

Inhabited by Maidu Tribes

Lake Oroville & Lake Oroville Dam This is the main water source for Butte County. This is one of the two hydroelectric power plants in the county.

1850

HISTORY OF PARADISE HISTORY

Butte County Fire Station #25 Butte County Fire Station #62

Butte County Fire Station #45

1904: Railway system is established, settlers from the East travel to Cailfornia and develop agriculture in Butte County 1916: Farming ďŹ&#x201A;ourishes due to construction of Magalia Reservoir and the establishment of Paradise Irrigation District

GLENN 1950

Butte County Sheriff

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Oroville Hospital

Sierra Nevada Brewery This is a popular brewery in Chico for locals and tourists.

Butte County Fire Station #66

Butte County Fire Station #55

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Butte County Fairgrounds Many social events, such as the county fair take place at these fairgrounds for residents and families to enjoy.

1955: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Paradiseâ&#x20AC;? is given its name. Population of Paradise reaches approx. 5,000 1966: Population reaches 20,000 1979: Paradise is incorporated as an ofďŹ cial â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;townâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; covering approx. 18 square miles

Gridley Fire Department

2000

Orchard Hospital

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SUTTER

YUBA Â Â Â

Chico Air Museum This is a small museum within the Chico Municipal Airport.

Feather River Recreation and Activity Center This recreation center holds a lot of recreational events for the community.

2000: Population reaches 26,400

2008: Humbolt Fire stretches over 22,800 acres between Chico and Paradise. 9500 residents are evacuated from their homes, 66 homes are destroyed 2018: Camp Fire, the deadliest California wildlifeďŹ re to date, strikes Paradise and Chico area. 10,000 structues burnt88 Paradise residents dead

75+

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CLIMATE ANALYSIS

From the temperature range chart, the diuranal temperature difference is directly reflected. It could range from 62.5 to over 107.6 Ferenheit during the summer season, while in the colder season it ranges from 17 to 62.5 Ferenheit. When looking at the radiation rose, highest level of sunlight is obtained to be S and SW.

IDEAS

12AM

PSYCHROMETRIC CHART

107.6< 98.6 89.6

6PM

80.5 71.5 62.5

12 PM

53.5 44.5

6AM

35.5 26.4

12AM

EARTH SHELTERING

<17.4 JAN

FEB

MAR

APR

MAY

JUN

JUL

AUG

SEP

OCT

NOV

Protects and buffers a building from outdoor temperature extremes, precipitation, wind, and humidity.

DEC

ANNUAL DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (F) PARADISE, CA

kWh/m2

1101.23

825.92

688.27 550.61

275.31

NNE

Diffuse Radiation(kWh/m2) Paradise, CA 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

62.5

44.5

197.81

35.5

98.90

26.4

0.00

<17.4

SUNSPACE - INDIRECT GAIN

A sunspace located or integrated along the solar façade of a building heats itself and adjacent spaces in winter.

SOIL SURVEY MAP

DIAGRAMS

Most telling things after the Camp Fire was the trees. Most of the pines that sheltered Paradise still had their canopies intact. The needles, yellowed from the intense heat, were not burned — evidence that the winds that morning had pushed the fire along so fast it never had a chance to rise into the trees. But as a surface fire, it lit up the homes that lay in its path. After reviewing the video, it’s noted that the trees left standing are mostly Ponderosa pines, which are naturally fire resistant, often more so than the dry wood houses they surround. Many drought resistent plants are native to this region as well. They are able to brave the worst conditions from extremely cold temperatures to lack of water. These drought resistent, native plants including Fern-leaf Yarrow, Swan River Daisy, and Coreopsis can be planted in downtown areas to reduce water usage and create a more pleasant walking experience. The plants that call Butte County home are diverse in color and height leading to the beautiful green environment the led the residents to call this area Paradise.

NIGHT VENT COOLING

Use cool night air to flush heat from a space and cool interior thermal mass.

53.5

WIND ROSE PARADISE, CA BASED ON ANNUAL DRY BULB TEMPERATURE (F) CALM FOR 0% OF THE TIME = 0 HOURS. EACH CLOSED POLYLINE SHOWS FREQUENCY OF 1.6% = 138 HOURS

TOTAL RADIATION (KWH/M2) PARADISE, CA

STIE ANALYSIS

1. Two-stage evaporative cooling 2. High thermal mass + night flush 3. Direct evaporative cooling 4. Passive solar direct gain low + high mass 5. Internal heat gain

89.6

71.5

SEE

SE SS

98.6

80.5

494.52

When looking at thekWh/m2 wind rose, it 989.04 can be concluded that the fire footN print is the opposite890.14 of the prevail791.23 ing wind direction. The annual pre692.33 vailing wind direction593.42 is NE and SSE. E W 494.52 The average annual precipitation 395.62 level is 54 inches, highest level of 296.71 rainfall is measured197.81in Januaray, S while the lowest is in 98.90 July. 0.00 It suggests Direct Radiation(kWh/m2) Paradise, CAthe possibility of utilizing 1 JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00 rainwater harvesting system.

107.6<

593.42

296.71 SW

692.33

395.62

137.65 0.00

890.14 791.23

412.96

S Total Radiation(kWh/m2) Paradise, CA JAN 1:00 - 31 DEC 24:00

989.04 NE

963.57 E

NW N

1238.88

kWh/m2

1376.54

5 PASSIVE DESIGN STRATEGIES

NATIVE ANIMAILS

NATIVE PLANTS

VEGETATION MAP

Commercial Residential Agricultural Community facilities and services Industry

Fire Footprint

“The fire footprint diagram shown above indicates the areas of Paradise where structures, from single-family homes to community facilities have been destroyed by the Camp Fire. Within Paradise the footprint ranges from affected, minor, major, and destroyed structures: with most buildings more than 50 percent affected.”

PLANNING FOR RESILIENCY

Designing for Resiliency involves considering the social, economic, and physical aspects of the site to create a community that has the ability to adapt and thrive efficiently and effectively. The City Resillience Index, developed by Arup can aid in establishing a measurement of relative performance when considering resilient design.

01 New Orleans, Louisiana

The cost of living indices are based on a US average of 100. An amount below 100 means Paradise has a lower cost of living than the US average. A cost of living index above 100 means 293

Data from May 2017 U.S. Census Bureau

Data from May 2018 U.S. Census Bureau

California

250

150 111

107

107102

100 93

101104

Professional,scientiﬁc, technical services 4.2%

Health

Housing

Supported Pivoting

Long term Livelihood

Systems to catch people if they fall.

People can adapt to changes.

Translates to savings + secure income.

Some high school 5.8%

Utilities Transportation

+ High school grad only 32%

Degree 4 years 23.3%

Accommodation, food services 6.9%

Grocery

Grade school 2.7%

Support Mechanisms

Retail trade 13.5%

Public administration 5.5%

Overall

Others 7.7% Degree master 2.4%

Diverse Livelihoods Various industries for job opportunity.

147

136

Manufacturing 3.5% Administrative, support, waste management services 3.6%

169

100

Construction 7.9%

Others 20.5%

Paradise

200

Educational services 7.6%

U.S. Average

+ Population by Education

Population by Occupation

Paradise, California has a higher cost of living. (Based off September 2018 data) 300

Cali, Colombia

Building Economic Resiliency Cost of Living

Building Physical Resiliency

Building Social Resiliency

Health care and social assistance 26.8%

Misc.

Degree 2 years 16.2%

Some college 9.9%

Designing for economic resiliency involves considering factors that would yield a sustainable economy. A sustainable economy is brought about through the well management of public finances, comprehensive business planning, and through diversifying the economic base to create an attractive business environment. For Paradise, creating local business developement and innovation through the construction of affordable housing that can more strongly resist future disasters and creating a diverse economic base through more employment opportunities, inclusive labor policies, and relevant skills and training will all push Paradise’s economy towards a more resilient one that will promote a higher quality of life and a greater wellbeing for the community.

CITY COMPARISON PARADISE

CHICO

Community Support

Secure individuals leads to secure communities.

+ Create Trust

Citizens can trust each other and their government.

= Give People Platforms

Community Identity

Let people be heard and speak out.

Trusting communities form unique identities.

Designing for social resiliency involves considering factors that would yield a long term livelihood and a strong community identity. This would be brought about through creating diverse opportunities and support systems for many people in the town of Paradise. For Paradise, ensuring that a strong community identity is kept intact will be important in the rebuild process. Paradise already has a very strong community which is evident through the multitude of events they host each year. An important thing to consider for Paradise would be creating a plan focused around gathering in order to keep the community identity strong.

REYKJAVIK, ICELAND

COPENHAGEN, DENMARK

Environment

Construction

Infrastructure

01 Apply systems based approaches 02 Proactive management of infrastructure 03 Follow policies, regulations and codes 04 Appropriate fire protection 05 Accessibility to resources 06 Utilize passive design strategies 07 Improve protection against severe conditions 08 Integrate with surrounding environment 08 Consider effectiveness of material use within the specifics of the environment 10 Utilize planting of native vegetation

01 Proactive systems management and monitoring 02 Access to safe drinking water and food 03 Effective sanitation 04 Adequate affordable energy supply 05 Effective emergency response 06 Improve communication network 07 Diverse transportation networks 08 Flexibility amongst systems 09 Appropriate standards, codes, and enforcement 10 Apply innovative technology and approaches to design

Location

01 Proactive management of the environment 01 Accessibility 02 Distribute infrastructure amongst networks 02 Understand hazards and risks of site 03 Set aside resource reserves 03 Follow appropriate land use and zoning 04 Restore functionality of natural systems 04 Improve mobility 05 Proper management of ecosystems 05 Improve communication network through 06 Value natural resources city planning 07 Flexible stewardship of ecosystems 06 Apply robust planning 08 Connect citizens with the environment 07 Integrate planning with environment 09 Preserve present resources 08 Consider designing for the use of multiple 10 Reduce exposure and fragility transporation methods (biking, walking, public transport system) 09 Proximity of structures to vegetation, wildlife, and other structures 10 Consider proximity to local resources

Designing for physical resiliency involves considering the environment, location, construction methods, and infrastructure of the community. All of these factors interrelate and together are what create physical resiliency. For Paradise, ensuring physical resiliency is made the top priority will be a vital component to the rebuild process. In order to ensure that Paradise can avoid major destruction in the future, infrastructure and construction methods need to be heavily regulated and improved upon. The built environment needs to be cohesive with the natural environment and the location as well.

BASEL, SWITZERLAND public

semi-public

private

These cities were chosen as excellent examples of city planning concerning the following criteria: Walkability, Public Transit, Safety, Population Size, Total Area, and Diversity.

Population: 26,682 Area: 18.33 sq mi Building Typology: Mostly private residences, with a few main streets such as Skyway Road and Clark Road and secondary streets like Wagstaff, Bile, Elliot, and Pearson, that have commercial or public spaces by it. Outdoor Space: Consists of a number of parks and green spaces open to community members and community events. There is also a close access to hiking trails and mountains around the town. Circulation: Car centric since most of the streets don’t have sidewalks for pedestrians. Though there is a trail called Paradise Memorial Trailway that is a bike path through the community.

Population: 93,293 Area: 66.9 sq mi Building Typology: Includes a main downtown by the area of Chico that is closest to Chico State University and mostly priate residences around the more semi-public areas. Outdoor Space: Chico has a well rounded collection of parks and creekside greenways that adds to the beauty of this town. City’s agriculture, foothills, trees and creeks have contributed to the shape and urban form of the city. Circulation: Town is mostly car centric to get from one part of the town to other and the circulation around the town is based of a grid.

Population: 122,853 Area: 105 sq mi Building Typology: Consists of mainly low-rise, with many low tower blocks and two or three story buildings. Has buildings from official buildings and churches to small houses and lavish homes. Outdoor Space: There are a number of easily accessible recreational areas and country parks. For example, Ellidaardalur Valley, Krysuvik Geothermal Area, Mosfellsbaer routes and etc. Circulation: There are city buses and street cars; these are the only form of public transport in the city. The routes are also a little confusing even for locals.

Population: 602,481. Area: 985.54 sq mi Building Typology: Consists of a range of buildings from cages, libraries, hotels, hospital buildings, culture and education buildings, churches to private homes. Outdoor Space: Streets are filled with people eating, drinking, biking and absorbing the beautifully mild weather when the weather warms up in parks, islands, skate parks, etc. Circulation: Copenhagen is considered an ideal city due to its walkability. Most main areas of the city are walkable and open, with wide paths for bikes, as well as a well organized transit system. It is also known for its mixed use residences and retail.

Population: 171,017 Area: 8,780,000 sq mi Building Typology: Includes a range of infrasture from churches, monasteries, museum, zoos, castles, educational buildings but also private homes. Outdoor Space: Basel is a leafy city, meaning there are many parks, tree-lined avenues and gardens. These green spaces allow for a great place to walk and linger in the summer months. Circulation: Walking is the standard mode of travel for many within the city. Old Basel isn’t very large and there are many narrow and winding side streets with incredible slopes. The shopping streets in the old city are closed to car traffic.

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H o w M i g h t We … B r a i n s t o r m i n g + O u t c o m e s

In the initial phase of re-imagining Paradise, gathering information and opinions beyond online resources took priority. The second week of studio - the week prior to the first trip to Paradise - concerned itself primarily with empathetic listening and preparing to better listen to the needs of Paradise residents without the hindrance of personal biases. In small groups, students shared research from the prior week about the town. During the in-class activity, a variety of researched information turned into educated assumptions about both the current state of the town and possible future needs of future residents, which then became a set of concise insight statements that took a more specific stance on the themes discussed. Without providing direct solutions, these insight statements acted as building blocks to propel the class’s initial design efforts forward. For the next few class sessions, the studio walls were engulfed in multi-colored sticky notes and desks were covered in unused post-its with remnants of past iterative ideas. General themes gathered during the first activity session written on large post-its—such as transportation, sense of community, lifestyle, and city planning—were lined up along the top of each wall with enough room below to hold a plethora of sticky notes with ideas as to how to tend to these themes. During the final step of this activity, the insight statements and proposed ideas were rephrased as “How Might We” questions. In re-framing ideas and challenges into questions, a more direct and creative way of seeking innovative solutions by breaking down problems into themes, focused issues, and commonalities ensued. Because this project tackles a large issue, gaining insight through interpersonal activities with displaced residents of Paradise proved to be a crucial step in the class’s overall approach to re-imagining a more resilient urban forest. The third week of the double quarter welcomed the first class trip to Paradise and Chico where we were able to speak with college faculty, practicing engineers, and displaced adult and child former residents. The “How Might We” activity followed the class to Butte County in the form of a station where students engaged in dialogue with individuals who are passionate about the future of their town. Although the previous few weeks were dedicated to

in-depth research about Paradise and its residents pre- and post-fire, speaking directly with people who experienced the fire and are still dealing with the loss proved to contribute to and further develop the objective assessments that were initially brought along on the trip. The iterative processes that came with the in-class activity instilled confidence in the research and insights developed through both that research and the class discussions that concerned themselves with sustainability, flexibility of spaces, an urban core, and walkability amongst a multitude of other topics. While different groups in class focused their attention on varying topics, common themes found in each group’s brainstorming sessions made it evident that certain topics such as architectural resiliency, designing with understanding, re-urbanization, and walkability were main areas of concern that should be tactfully addressed through project designs. In the case of pedestrian movement through the town, research shed light on the effects Paradise’s rural sprawl had on its residents. This prior research instilled unwavering confidence in the statement, “Make Paradise more walkable through articulating more pedestrian-friendly roads.” However, with a lack of realization regarding how pedestrians could experience walking through the town with the sprawl on its existing topography, learning about the experiential quality of being a pedestrian in Paradise during conversations with former adult and high school residents shed light on how to re-approach this design question. The initial research phase posed the question: “How might we make Paradise more walkable?” With the knowledge generated through community outreach sessions conducted in Chico and Paradise, it became evident that walkability and the implementation of arbitrary pedestrian walkways are not exactly synonymous. Instead, walkability was articulated as an issue that could be addressed and mediated through re-evaluating, re-organizing, and reestablishing a denser mixed-use downtown. Comments from adults and high school students alike articulated that distance between points of interest in the town made walking to and from work or school to a cafe difficult due to the

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

distance and slopes between the locations exceeding the range of pedestrian comfortability. While posing these “how might we” questions did not yield direct design solutions, they greatly contributed to the development of designs and ideas. These insightful conversations shared between the class and the community of Paradise allowed students to step back from the objectivity of online research and facilitate their design conversations by integrating both objective assessments and gained personal insight to further develop projects with the wellbeing of Paradise and its residents in mind.

63a. Student Therice Ramos explains the “How Might We” process to a Paradise High School employee

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Visions Safer

Make Paradise Safer

Welcoming

Rebuild Paradise’s Range of Housing

Stronger

Rebuild Paradise’s Economy

Better

Make Paradise Better

Greener

Make Paradise Greener

LONG-TERM COMMUNITY RECOVERY PLAN / PARADISE, CALIFORNIA / 18 APRIL 2019

Goals

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Communit y Vision and Goals

Through in-class efforts, community outreach sessions, and lessons from industry professionals helping to rebuild Paradise, articulating the generated goals and visions of the community became a medium to further class design efforts overall. Fueled by personal and online research, the class as a whole developed a series of goals to augment the basic assumptions of the project, which were to design a town that: ++ Is economically, socially and physically resilient; ++ Attracts new residents to Paradise; ++ Attracts students to return to the area after attending college in other areas; ++ Allows citizens to age in place; ++ Is resource regenerative (water, energy, wastewater); Zero Net Carbon, Zero Net Water ++ Accommodates 30,000 Residents (15,000 Housing Units – Assumed occupancy of 2) ++ Accommodates 30,000 Jobs Along with generating insight from personal interactions with the Paradise community members, students were able to reference the corresponding work of Urban Design Associates (UDA), the architectural firm leading the redesigning efforts for the town. In UDA’s “Community Recovery Plan” (April 19, 2019), authors discuss their agenda, elaborating on what they heard through their own community outreach activities and how that translates into their long-term community recovery plan. Despite not working directly with UDA, being able to both speak with and listen to Paradise residents for design insight allowed the class goals and those of the firm to have some levels of synonymy. In their document, UDA noted the population of attendees of community outreach meetings held in the county. As stated in their long-term community recovery plan, of the over 1,000 people who attended community meetings, 78% were Paradise residents. With such a high percentage of the population in attendance having a direct association with the town, it became evident that engaging with and listening to the community would be crucial in understanding how best to design for a new resilient Paradise that would respect traditions while fostering change that would allow for a thriving future community.

In their published report, UDA identified that when asked, 51% of Paradise residents surveyed said they would return to the town after it was rebuilt, while 34% were adamant about not returning. This leaves 15% of residents surveyed still undecided at the time. The portion of the UDA report that presents this data sheds light on a primary concern that fueled a lot of the goals established in class. Although a lot of time in class was spent learning about the cultural assets that made Paradise a town treasured by its community, acknowledging the significant percentage of people that would not return to Paradise informed the need to assess why and find design solutions to make Paradise more attractive to future residents. During the first community outreach session at Chico State University, hearing from the school faculty and local engineers informed the class that Paradise is considered a “bedroom community” (i.e., a community that serves as a place to sleep as opposed to one that provides a thriving job economy which individuals have to seek elsewhere). In treating this as a priority, the group projects in this studio course collaborate in that they are located in the proposed downtown. With the implementation of a diversity of building typologies and programs within this mixed-use urban center, there is, then, a simultaneous proposal for a multitude of retail and varying employment opportunities that could contribute to an economically thriving community. In terms of promoting physical resiliency, UDA proposes to make Paradise greener by investing in sustainable design. While that is the premise of this studio’s concern as well, regarding physical quality of the buildings, these group projects address the challenges Paradise faces from their lack of regenerative resources. Among the nine projects designed in class, there are proposals for a diversity of rainwater catchment systems with beneficial uses for recycled water, an anaerobic digester to turn waste into energy, and opportunities for people to learn about and experience, through both education and use, fire-resilient building materials.

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C r e a t i n g A Re p l i c a b l e M o d e l

As evident in the California Climate Adaptation Strategy from 2009, climate change will continue to affect Northern California in the form of increasing temperature and increasing dryness. This resulting a greater risk for wildfires. By 2050, average temperatures will rise an additional 1.8-5.4 °F with inland areas, like Paradise, warmer than coastal regions. Climate change will be affecting the future of California for years to come, and with $2.5 trillion in real estate assets at risk due to extreme weather conditions (including wildfires), the consequences are dire. Last November, Paradise was the victim of these extreme weather conditions and it’s only a matter of time until another town, like Colfax, Nevada City, or Kings Beach, are next. These towns are small, like Paradise, and possess similar rugged terrains, with tall trees and thick brush, in addition to little defensible space or green buffers between the towns and nature. These characteristics, combined with windy weather, could create a deadly combination for wildfires to strike.

housing projects focused on the specific needs of residents will encourage people to move to Paradise and, in turn, create a sense of community.

In order to prevent or reduce current risks for wildfires in Northern California, the state needs a replicable mode, one that can be reproduced based on positive or successful results. The rebuilding of Paradise could set the standard with how towns in California respond to wildfires. These standards should include a detailed short-term and long-term recovery plan as well as procedures for how local and state partnerships can aid in the rebuilding process. To be successful, this model should focus on recovery planning and affordable housing, physical, economic and social resiliency, as well as an integration of architecture within the local community context.

Lastly, creating a replicable model for towns recovering from wildfires involves contextual integration of site, place, and community identity. Observing the Rural Studio in Hale County, Alabama, it was evident that the students considered themselves residents of the town and the reason their projects integrated so well with the natural surroundings, from materiality to space use, was because the structures were designed for the specific needs of clients and incorporated local and recycled materials. The Rural Studio gave a modern spin to southern architecture while respecting the local aesthetic, which enabled the countless structures they built over the years to seamlessly fit within the town and rural fabric of Hale County.

In terms of recovery planning and affordable housing, many lessons were learned while examining the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. On the one hand, housing projects like the Ninth Ward failed by not addressing residents’ needs as well as creating a close community. However, projects like Musicians’ Village focused on shared community spaces, units constructed specifically for the acoustical needs of musicians, as well amenities for practice spaces. These affordable houses also were close in proximity, which created a density that influenced a tighter sense of community for nearby residents. Relating back to Paradise, not all residents will be able to afford rebuilding or returning to the town after the fire, therefore affordable

In addition, physical, economic, and social resiliency are key in creating a replicable model for towns like Paradise to overcome tragedies such as wildfires. In terms of physical resiliency, new construction projects should use fire resilient materials, such as fiber cement or terracotta, and city officials should identify structures that are currently at risk. When Paradise burned, the fire spread more rapidly from roof to roof than it did from vegetation or trees, demonstrating why fire resilient materials were needed. With social resiliency, a community of residents who trust each other and can provide support in times of crisis are more likely to recover. By finding ways to integrate current and new residents that have dealt with similar tragedies, community relationships will strengthen and result in increased trust.

The Camp Fire makes clear that a replicable model, composed of recovery planning and affordable housing, resiliency, and contextual site integration, is needed for towns like Paradise to thrive after a similar tragedy. This replicable model should be rooted in preserving a community’s identity while using modern technology and innovation to encourage sustainable practices that will better a given town or city. By creating a model like this, towns at risk may be able to prevent or diminish damages from wildfires and stay protected for years to come.

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67a

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

III. Constructing a D ow n t ow n

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

The New Proposed Paradise Plan aims to create a more easily navigable, fire responsive, and self-sustaining future for Paradise. The density of the town has been spread out radially from the central downtown villages (East Village and West Village), which are generally zoned as commercial mixed use. Immediately adjacent to these villages are residential zones of medium density and then lower density the farther they sit from the downtown villages. The two main N-S roads are Skyway Rd Clarke Rd, and Pentz Rd, which have been maintained as the main town entrances and exits. The main existing E-W roads are . Wagstaff Rd and Billie Rd. In addition, Elliot Rd has been made a main road and has been extended to meet and continue past Pentz Rd. The new town includes infrastructure placement that will promote a selfsustaining town. This means including facilities that make use of Paradiseâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural resources to create more locally sourced water, energy, and building materials. A CLT (cross laminated timber) plant is included in the plan as well as a utility zone near the West Village which houses a water treatment facility for rainwater recycling, and an anaerobic digester for energy production. Specific proposed projects are located in the West Village, East Village, Skyway Rd, and neighborhood centers near the West Village. Within these projects exist a total of 4 cultural centers, over 408,000 square feet of added community space, nearly 400 housing units, over 450,000 square feet of commercial space, and a projected 750+ jobs created.

71a

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Downtown Plan Design Basis

Community Land-use The new town plan is organized into the following zones: Residential (of varying density), Commercial, Institutional, and Green Space. Much of the plan is labeled as medium density housing to accommodate the 15,000 dwelling units needed to house an expected population of approximately 30,000. Two commercial downtown villages (West Village and East Village) have been proposed to sit along Pearson Rd, a secondary road running between Skyway and Clarke, two of the major through roads. These Villages would consist mostly of mixed-use zoning and become the retail hubs for the town, providing places for shopping and entertainment as well as living and working. This zoning also responds to the topography and location of dry brush. While the entirety of Paradise sits on a generally consistent 3% slope, the town is bordered with steeper, undevelopable topography. The steeper topography has been zoned as green space, with low density housing as the next closest zone. Infrastructure (Roads, Water and Wastewater, Rainwater, Solid waste, Energy) Paradise, CA before Camp Fire was essentially comprised of two main roads and a series of winding cul de sacs that navigated through the private residences. The new plan categorizes all roads as main, secondary and bike roads. To improve navigability, all cul de sacs have been reoriented into secondary roads (red) that run perpendicular to main roads (blue). These roads are organized to support multi-modal transportation including bus, bike and vehicular travel. Bike lanes run parallel to all main roads as well as some secondary roads running E-W near the proposed downtown villages. Three different types of roads are proposed for the new downtown: Main Street (located on Almond St), vehicular-accessible streets, and pedestrian-only streets. Main street and vehicular-accessible streets will include a bike lane each way as well as a vehicular lane each way. Main street will include the same, with the addition of a center turn lane. Many of the blocks in the existing downtown area are currently split by E-W running mid-block alleys accessible to vehicles. The current downtown plan employs one of these on each of the nine blocks and has reclaimed them as pedestrian-only mid-block alleys to further promote the walkability of the downtown. The proposed downtown was modeled to be self-sustaining and renewable in its energy and water consumption and production. Two blocks below the Southwestern corner of the West Village lies the proposed Utility Zone, which houses a proposed water treatment facility and anaerobic digester. The water treatment facility will take advantage of the abundance of rainfall in Paradise to collect rainwater and convert it to usable water for

the entire town to use. The anaerobic digester will be used to create energy from the processing of waste that is delivered to the facility by truck, hence the close proximity to the town center. Transit The new plan proposes to expand the bus transit in Paradise with more routes and increased service. Aside from the expansion of existing routes, a new downtown-specific route will be added and will include multiple stops on Skyway adjacent to the West border of the West Village. No stops are planned to exist within either of the villages, including the transit center. The intention of this decision is to maximize the accessibility of the downtown to Paradise residents without congesting the inside of the downtown. Trails The Paradise Memorial Trail is the main existing trailhead that follows a historical railroad. In 2018, the Paradise Memorial trail was renamed to Yellowstone Kelly Heritage Trail to honor Luther Sage “Yellowstone” Kelly, a historic American hero that settled permanently in Paradise after the Philippine–American War. This trail becomes an important aspect to the Downtown Plan as it promotes walkability and bikeability for the residents. With the trail, two proposed projects, Paradise Recreation Center and the Commons (Center for Safety and Well-Being), utilizes the trail as an important aspect to their design and program. In these projects, the Yellowstone Kelly Heritage Trail becomes an integration to the Recreation Center’s green roof, while the Commons activates the trail with their programs. Parks and Greenways Many people are attracted to visit and move to Paradise due the close proximity of accessible nature . Within the Downtown plan, the existing Paradise Community Park becomes an important as the Memorial Trail runs through the park and allow community events and gatherings. Walkability From the Downtown plan, each block consists of one horizontal alley that becomes a pedestrian-only lane through the dense multi-use zoning. Within each pedestrian-only street, the zoning allows community and commercial mix-use buildings to be in each block and allow pedestrians to walk in a safer commute.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

73a

(RE) IMAGINING PARADISE, CA DOWNTOWN CONCEPT PLAN

hospitality

FIR

E+

SK YW AY RO A

commercial mixed use

LIC

ME D CA ICAL HO MPUS SPI TAL +

office mixed use

FIR

parking infrastructure

Our downtown plan is based on the idea of having a main street (Almond Street) that includes mixed use housing and commercial. In addition, we decided that Skyway should become a public transit hub, with an increased number of lanes. There are some streets that cut through the blocks horizontally in order to become pedestrian ways. We strive to create resiliency within the downtown and foster a community setting, that is bustling but still feels like Paradise.

STR

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medium density residential

community

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WA T AN ER TR DS E TO ATME RA GE NT

scale: 1” = 100’ 76

Th e We s t V i l l a g e

Layout One of the main goals with the West Village was to create a layout that would encourage walkability and allow for people of Paradise to be able to get to places in an affective manner by grouping the commercial mixed use by the downtown area and community parcels around it. It is ultimately designed to bring new main street [Almond Street] to Paradise. It will include retail, commercial office, and housing to increase walkability and vibrancy The West Village begins from Skyway Road to Black Olive Drive, and from First Street to Pearson Road. The lots above First Street is envisioned to become a medical campus. Community buildings and commercial mixed use buildings will weave through the entire West Village, with the existing Paradise Park as a green puffer to the residential area. The West Village is expected to transition into a pedestrian friendly, walkable area with concentrated parking structures in several locations, with structures of two to three stories built to the sidewalk. The downtown area will be a concentrated mix of community based and mixed-use buildings. Streetscape and Connections Heavy consideration of promoting walkable environment with an emphasis of public transportation is included in the design of West Village. One of the goals of the downtown plan is to reduce the dependence of cars. In the street design, bike lanes and bus lanes area included in all streets, with widened sidewalk to encourage pedestrian getting around the town without bringing in vehicles. Since previously there were only 2 main roads, Skyway Road and Clark Road, the West Village is now designed to be able to navigate through vertically with Almond Street, Black Olive Drive and Foster Road and horizontally with Birch Street, Pearson Road, Cedar Street and Fir Street. Since these streets are within the part of town that would be most dense human traffic, pedestrian walkways are also designed across West Village between the roads that run horizontally to promote walking around the town. Skyway will be widened to increase safety, public transit and safe bicycle circulation along this important thoroughfare. The newly built neighborhood will foster social, economic, and physical resiliency for the next generation of Paradise.

Paradise with a material that isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t too flashy in color, style, and in price. GFRC has a huge variety in colors so if certain businesses want to create a building to their style they are still able to but one important factor is that this building would encourage physical resilience since it is also fire resistant. Built to Thrive Acknowledging that Paradise is a smaller town, a more dense and suburban type of downtown would benefit the town to build and encourage economic growth as well as community growth; creating a downtown to allow for the town to gather and support businesses. In order to fulfill the requirement of architecture 2030, most of the community buildings implemented daylighting and natural ventilation strategies to minimize energy use throughout the building. With high precipitation level throughout the Within the concept plan of Paradise, an anaerobic digester is envisioned to be in the outskirt area of downtown as an energy supplier. To revive and learn from the campfire, it is necessary for the town of Paradise to build resilience socially, economically, and physically. In terms of resiliency, social, physical and emotional were the 3 aspects focused in hopes to better serve the future community of Paradise in a way that could help as a stepping stool to thrive. Understanding that the economic pace of the town prior to the fire, creating new opportunities for businesses to be successful and for residents to be involved would help with the overall economic status of the town. While preserving and acknowledging the nature and prior vegetation is a goal kept in mind while moving forward with the redesign process, being mindful of specific species that are fire resistant is also the other path we are focusing on to allow for physical resiliency. In regards to emotional resiliency, it is understandable that the campfire incident has caused a lot of trauma making it hard for some residence to feel safe or comfortable going back. The hope is that the redesigning process could give them the opportunity to work alongside the design process to be involved and to create a town that could heal some of the scars of fear that prevents them to return back to Paradise.

Architectural Character and Massing Within West Village, most commercial mixed use will vary between 2 to 3 stories while parcels with community associated buildings would be around 3 stories tall. The materials used within the town would most likely be GFRC to create a town that fits the personality of

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

77a

77b

77c

77a-d: Typical street types can be modified to be friendlier to pedestrians with increased visibility and slower traffic

I V. T h e B u i l t E n v i r o n m e n t

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

D e s i g n i n g Re s i l i e n t l y

Resilient design is the outcome of successful recovery (and prevention) plans. Such designs focus on the integration of buildings into both built and natural environments. In order to create a downtown that is economically viable, physically safe, and socially desirable, the built form within its boundaries need to achieve the same goals at a smaller scale. Project types should be selected based on local and hyper-local needs, however all buildings should be designed to resist fire (or other applicable disaster) to the highest reasonable standard. In a rural community like Paradise, public and civic buildings are very important because these become social hubs, places where people of all ages and demographics can meet and share ideas. Resilient design is an opportunity to study the land and the life it sustains in a specific scenario. Designers who seek to create resilient forms and programs must understand that nature seeks its own order, and human interference exacerbates disaster. They should take ever opportunity to create resiliency in their projects, whether through physical materials, social spaces, or revenuecreate programs. No two resilient buildings may ever look alike, but the decision-making logic based in research and community feedback can be shared across all projects and across all disciplines.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Po t e n t i a l Pro j e c t s

Initial brainstorming of potentially catalytic projects to be invested in early phases of the rebuilding process were as follows Animal Shelter Aquarium Bicycle Recreation Community College Campus (Nursing, Medical, Technical Education (IT), Vocational, etc.) Camp Fire Memorial Community Center Elementary School Exploratorium Emergency Response High School Homeless Shelter Hotel

Indoor Farmerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Market Mental Health Recovery Center Middle School Museum Nature Discovery Center Performing Arts Center Planetarium Recreation Center Retail Maker Space Bath House Library Public Safety Fire Station

Police Station Hotel Courthouse Golf Center Performing Arts Center Mailing Center Preschool Entrepeneurship Center Skatepark YMCA Teen Center Food Bank Senior Center Hospital

Further iterations based on peer community comparisons and from community members themselves further reduced the list in a more focused manner for further study. Community College Fire Training Center Community College Vocational Training Center Community Center Courthouse Emergency Response and Fire Logistics Entrepreneurship Center Exploratorium High School Library Medical Service Center Nature Center Public Safety (Fire and Police) Recreation Center Retail / Restaurant Wellness Center

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

HEARTH RESCUE

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Th e P r o j e c t

Hearth + Rescue is a mixed-use complex introducing a rock climbing and bouldering gym (Hearth) and a larger fire and emergency management station (Rescue) to Paradise. It serves two important groups: fire safety personnel and the active public. This project is proposed to be located at the corner of Skyway Rd and Pearson Rd, at the edge of downtown. The project places an emphasis on young adult and college student users, as well as all others who value an active lifestyle. It is intended to add additional apparatuses and full time employees to the existing Paradise Fire Stations #82 and #83, and #1.

The program recognizes that the community and those that serve it are best able to do their part when the effort is collective. Firefighters can educate the public on their work and teach them preventative measures to take in order to reduce fire risk in the urban interface. In return, the community can work within their homes and neighborhoods to implement these techniques.

Both programatic components provide assets to the existing community, while encouraging new residents to develop roots in the town. As Paradise rebuilds, it will need additional residents to create a viable economy. However, it can be hard for a tight-knit community like Paradise to invite new residents in. Hearth + Rescue seeks to bridge the gap by providing a place for people with a common love for the beautiful natural surroundings to recreate and socialize. Further, Hearth + Rescue seeks to join firefighters with the community to start conversations with each other in a casual setting at the Hearth and also more formal conversations in a classroom setting at the fire station (Rescue). The site will be designed around an interpretive trail connector that joins a newly proposed Honey Run Trail to the existing Paradise Memorial Trail. The trail connector will teach visitors about fire resistive materials and native ecology, with the goal of encouraging users to rebuild Paradise using a pallete of materials that create disaster resiliency.

Pro g ra m A101 1-

ADMINISTRATION

APPARATUS BAY

LIVING QUARTERS ROCK CLIMBING

CLIMBING GYM

APPARATUS BAY FIRE STATION

While the program of Hearth + Rescue was based on needs identified by stakeholders, the form arose out of climactic and programmatic understanding. The building is designed to minimize operation costs and reduce fossil fuel and water dependency. -

Program wise, a fire station has many different component. Above all, fire readiness must be facilitated, minimizing travel and prep time. Additionally, privacy must be maintained in order to best support firefighters and their daily activities. The living area is lifted up above the apparatus bay to separate these spaces from not only the rock climbing gym, but the fire station offices as well, providing the fire fighters with separation, while maintaining proximity.

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

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In an attempt to reduce heating and cooling loads, this project implemented many passive design strategies. However, because Revit was a new software to our partnership, we made some errors in modeling and were not able to achieve our energy use goal. While we were able to get below our baseline of 55 EUI, we did not reach our goal of 0 EUI. Our final model achieved 31.8 EUI. If we were to repeat the process, we would have checked our values more frequently, and find our mistakes earlier. We are confident that had we used the correct building type and adjusted our wall types to be accurate, we could have gotten much closer to or achieved net zero energy.

217 88

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Pe r f o r m a n c e G o a l s : Wa t e r R e g e n e r a t i o n

Input Values Catchment area (ft2): Collection efficiency (%): Initial tank volume (gal): Tank size (gal): Plant water use coeff:

Irrigated area (ft2): Monthly indoor demand (gal): Avg. monthly rainfall (in) January: February: March: April: May: June: July: August: September: October: November: December: Total:

38000 95 0 5,000 0 0 258,369

10.35 10.08 8.23 4.21 2.28 0.75 0.04 0.16 0.87 2.99 6.97 11.18 58.11

Supply Year 1 January 186220 Avg. PET (in) AC Condensate February (gal) 181362 0 0 March 148076 0 0 April 75747 0 0 May 41022 0 0 June 13494 0 0 July 720 0 0 August 2879 0 0 September 15653 0 0 October 53797 0 0 November 125406 0 0 December 201153 0 0 0 0 0 0

Demand 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369 258369

Yearly Percent Average Rainfall (%) Year 1: 80% Year 2: 80% Year 3: Based on the area of80% all roofs and the average yearly rainfall in Paradise, it was calculated that the building could harvest about 40% of all water needed on site. However, this figure does not take into account grey water that could be reused to flush toilets. Additionally, one of the important aspects of our site was its ability to allow water to infiltrate back into the aquifer, and because of this we left the majority of our site unpaved, using permeable walkways and landscaping. The next version of this project could make better use of landscaped areas to pull water into the building for use.

Tank Volume -72149 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

GBI mandatory maximums and/or PROJECT proposals in PINK Assumptions carried over from the Assumptions & Baselin

PROJECT WATER USE ANALYSIS FOR NON-RESIDENTIAL BUILDING Variables:

Net Sq Ft per person Space Efficiency Occupancy Males Females Total Work days per year

500 0.9 0.5 0.5 1 350

Lav faucet use (hr) Public lavatory faucet flow rate

6 0.5

Gross Square Footage Net Square Footage Net Square Feet/Person Occupancy (persons) Males Females

(gpm) Frequency of Flush fixtures use per day Toilets-Males 0 Toilets-Females 34 Urinals-Males (usage is average) 0 Flow fittings Commercial lavatory faucets 19 SUB-TOTAL-PLUMBING (Gal/year) OCCUPANCY ADJUSTMENT FACTOR ADJUSTED SUB-TOTAL-PLUMBING Other Systems Comfort systems (HVAC) Landscape irrigaton Pools, fountains, spas Process equipment (food, medical, etc.)

Amount per use (gal) 1.28 1.28 0.5 3

TOTAL WATER USE - PROJECT

TOTAL BUILDING SQUARE FOOTAGE 60,000 54,000 500 108 54 54 WATER USE (GAL PER YEAR) 0 822,528 0 2,154,600 2,977,128 1.00 2,977,128

COMPARISON WITH BASELINE (gallons per year) Baseline Water Use 3,182,760 Project Water Use 2,977,128 Percent Reduction 6.5%

2,977,128 TOTAL BUILDING SQUARE FOOTAGE

WATER USE ANALYSIS FOR RESIDENTIAL PORTION

20,000 Avg size of residential units (sf) Occupancy (persons/unit)

20000

1 8 WATER USE (GAL PER YEAR)

Flush fixtures Toilets-Males & Females

(flushes per day/person) 3

(WATERSENSE max gallons per flush) 1.28

Flow fittings Residential lavatory faucets Residential showerheads Resid. kitchen sink faucets

(uses per day/person) 3 15 2

(gallons per use) 0.75 20 6.6

6,570 58,400 38,544

(U.S. EPA cycles per yr) 392 215

(gallons/yr per unit) 7056 1247

7,056 1,247

Residential Appliances Clothes Washer Dishwasher

SUB-TOTAL-PLUMBING & APPLIANCES

123,030 0.38 0.38

TOTAL WATER USE - PROJECT

123,030

OTHER ASSUMPTIONS: Shower use (minutes) Shower flow rate (gpm) Water factor (clothes washer) Cubic ft (clothes washer) Water use (dishwasher) Kitchen faucet use (min) Kitchen faucet flow rate (gpm) Lavatory faucet flow rate (gpm) Lavatory faucet use (min)

11,213

Gallons/yr Acre-feet/yr Acre-feet/yr/unit

Other Systems Comfort systems (HVAC) Landscape irrigation

No. of units No. of persons

COMPARISON WITH BASELINE Baseline Water Use Project Water Use Percent Reduction

(gallons per year) 148,676 123,030 17.2%

10 2 6 3 5.8 3 2.2 1.5 0.5

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Pe r f o r m a n c e G o a l s : D a y l i g h t i n g

In this project, as in most projects, daylighting was a balance between glazing ratios, placement, and shading. While our results could have been more optimal, with more areas getting higher quality daylight, the amount of daylighting that does enter into all the spaces is adequate to reduce electricity costs and provide a better work (and play) environment.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Pa s s i v e S t ra t e g i e s

N R SU ME SUM 26. 83 REE DEG S

6.8

Solar panels harvest energy from the sun and supply all of the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy. 3D

REE

Fifteen 10,000 gallon water storage cisterns are buried around the site to store 40% of water needed for the building.

Slab is poured around radiant heating coils. Hot water circulates through these coils to warm the space as it rises.

Slab absorbs solar radiation and releases when the indoor air temperature is colder than the slab.

Glazing has operable openings to allow for natural ventilation through the buildings, assisted by ceiling mounted fans.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Site Plan The site around the building is designed as an interprative area to educate the public about fire resilient techiniques. This would allow residents to have precedents to view as they rebuild their own properties, with guidance on what materials to build out of and what sort of plants to landscape with. Using a consistent palette of fire resilient materials throughout the town amplifies each individualâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s efforts and creates an additional layer of safety.

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

www.autodesk.com/revit www.autodesk.com/revit

Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail

No.

Description

Date

Town Town of Paradise of Paradise HearthHearth + Rescue + Rescue 1 Unnamed Date Drawn by Checked by

Scale

First Floor Plan The first floor plan is activated by landscape on the exterior of both the north and the south sides that pull people into the building. In front of the rock climbing gym, users can sit under the shade of trees before entering into the gym. Once inside the gym, they are received between two rock towers. The first floor of the gym also features a recerational equipment store, all-gender restrooms and showers, and back patio space that leaks into the surrounding educational area. The first floor of the fire station has all the necessary spaces to allow the personnel to bring many services to the community, including fire saftey classes. Personnel also have a patio space, break room, and views into the naturl surrounding.

Project number Date Drawn by Checked by

Scale

002 05/14/2019 05/14/ Author Au Checker Che

1ground

2019/06/04 23:37:52

Project number

1/16" = 1'-0"1/16" =

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

www.autodesk.com/revit

Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail

REF. REF.

Consultant Address Address Phone Fax e-mail

No.

Description

Date

Town of Paradise

Project number Date Drawn by Checked by

A108 Scale

Second Floor Plan Above the fire station office, firefighters have a space to relax and spend their downtime. Here, they have private dorms, a large and spacious kitchen, dining area, and loung space, as well as a sunset room and private gym. They have both front and back balconies to give the firefighters additional options on how they spend their time. The second floor of the rock climbing gym has a lounge area as well that looks out into the tree canopy. Here, users can grab a smoothie at the juice bar, or come to work or socialize in many different configurationes. A catwalk provides space to use more traditional exrcise equipment, and a seond floor mezzanine above the recreational equipment store provides additional retail area.

002 05/14/2019 Author Checker

1/16" = 1'-0"

2019/06/04 23:38:05

Hearth + Rescue 1

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Structure

This building features a growing technology in structural design. This particular plan uses 25â&#x20AC;&#x2122; x 75â&#x20AC;&#x2122; Cross Laminated Timber panels spanning two directions are placed onto glulam columns. The panels replace a more traditional girder and beam system, and are thinner in section because any sheathing or joists are incorperated into the panel itself. The floor panels are layered with 2x4â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s to create a plenum space for air and utility distrubution. This is sheathed and topped with a three inch concrete layer that acts as thermal mass for solar radiation as and houses the radiant coils as well. In the rock climbing gym, where the ceiling heigh is 48 feet, steel columns rather than glulam columns were used. The lateral vertical force resisting system is made up of concrete masonry unit walls that appear at circulation towers and in the apparatus bay.

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

CAP SHEET WEATHER RESISTIVE BARRIER BASE FLASHING ROOF UNDERLAYMENT 2X8 WOOD FRAMING WOOD SHEATHING METAL STUD WITH RIGID INSULATION IN CAVITY STANDING SEAM METAL SIDING GRAVEL CAP SHEET BASE FLASHING ROOF UNDERLAYMENT RIGID INSULATION PLYWOOD SHEATHING 7-PLY CLT PANEL

1 " 2

12'-0"

NANAWALL FOLDING DOOR SYSTEM

CAP SHEET WEATHER RESISTIVE BARRIER BASE FLASHING ROOF UNDERLAYMENT 2X8 WOOD FRAMING WOOD SHEATHING METAL STUD WITH RIGID INSULATION IN CAVITY STUCCO FINISH

CONCRETE SLAB WITH RADIANT HEATING COILS 3 4" WOOD SHEATHING 2X4 @ 2' O.C. CREATES PLENUM FOR DISTRIBUTION AIR 9 PLY CLT PANEL

12'-0"

KAWNEER STOREFRONT

14" X 14" GLULAM COLUMN

CONCRETE SLAB WITH RADIANT COILS 3 4" PLYWOOD SHEATHING 2X4 @ 2' O.C. CREATES PLENUM FOR DISTRIBUTION AIR 12" CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE 3" MIN. 3/4" GRAVEL

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

86a. Street view render

100

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

101

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Stucco Finish Stucco is a fire proof material that is applied in layers to a metal lath that is attached to the wall system. With a elastomere coating, this is a cost-effient and weather resilient material choice

North Elevation

102

Concrete Masonry Units CMU Blocks are inexpensive and, with the structural integrity of cast-in-place concrete walls, are a great option for load bearing walls. Here, CMU towers become the lateral force resisting system.

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Native Plant Species Many plants native to Butte County are naturally fire resistive and drought tolerant. Planting these species around the building can help slow the spread of fire and reduce water consumption.

Standing Seam Metal Siding Metal siding is a durable, fire proof material that is commonly used for roofs and in warehouse and agricultural buildings, including in Paradise. It was important to residents that the buildings still feel of Pardise.

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South Elevation

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The souther facade opens up to the exterior, where a dry creek bed runs across the site. At this interface, users can learn about fire resilient building techniques, water infiltration and storage methods, and boulder.

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1/4” = 1’ Section Model

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1/64” = 1’ Mass-Glass Model

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VII. The Future

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Wh e r e d o We G o f r o m H e r e ?

While there will never be a solution that truly makes up for all that has been lost in Paradise, the rebuilt town can be designed to honor memories of the past with an eye toward the future. Natural disasters are an everpresent and increasingly dangerous threat to communities across the globe. While for centuries, humans have sought to supress nature for their own gain, projects of resiliency demonstrate that design respecting of nature is better able to withstand disaster. Through research, experimentation, iteration, and stakehoder feedback, this studio has attempted to understand how to work with, instead of against, nature in order to build socially, physically, and economically resilient cities. This project highlights the importance of strategically designing future projects in disaster-prone areas, with great attention to where they are built, how they are built, and what they are built of. This project seeks to serve as a collection of steps to take in designing future resilient cities. Paradise will receive research about similarly affected cities, custom weather data, downloads of town plans, street sections, building plans, building sections, elevations,

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physical models, revit models, and comprehensive projects that can serve the town as a whole. The hope is that the town can utilize this work to begin to rebuild in a constructive way. Disaster is a systemic issue. There will be another Camp Fire in another town in California. There will be another town like Paradise, completely redefined by disaster. This workflow and the concepts it yielded can be utilized in many other contexts.

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Daesequid earumque et aditess imusdandam, suntium quam quibus est quis sini cus sit quasperatem ut voluptature cus.

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Implementation Begins

Dealing with Vacancy Given the varied sources of funding for the rebuilding, there is a likelihood that there were will be undeveloped parcels in previously complete neighborhoods. Care should be taken to ensure that density goals are achieved and not undermined as a part of the development process. As rebuilding occurs, there will likely be vacant properties interspersed amongst the others. A plan should be developed, through consultation with property owners to maintain these properties over the course of their evolution. Some strategies to be considered to manage this potential issue:

Social, economic, and physical resiliency is key to the re-imagination of Paradise. Following a way to spur social resiliency, it is also important create economic resiliency. As part of the proposed future plan for Paradise, a medical campus is included. The hope is that it will provide countless job opportunities, basic access to healthcare, and education opportunities. The medical campus would create a flourishing and strong economy in Paradise, California. Lebanon, Oregon developed a similar community, based around health care. Following Lebanon’s example, Paradise can incorporate economic resiliency to strengthen the town as a whole. Developing (the next) Recovery Plan

Focus on the Core Where possible, redevelopment efforts should be focused on the proposed downtown core and built concentrically outward. While individual property owners may want to rebuild on their existing property or may even desire to locate further from downtown, a general fund should be established to fiscally incentivize concentrated near the town core and gradually moved outward. Kickstart funds for this fund could include CALReUSE and Proposition 1 (amongst others). Concentrated growth will help create a complete appearance in downtown and then build out from there. By focusing on the center and working outward, Paradise can rebound more quickly and be served more affordably by utilities and services. Park Space and Community Gardens As an interim use, once remediated, vacant lots should be considered as part of the larger open space network of the community. The Town may consider identifying strategic parcels as neighborhood serving pocket parks or community gardens. Thoughtful maintenance of these properties will turn potential “missing teeth” into assets. Land Bank It may be necessary for Paradise to land-bank vacant properties. By acquiring strategic properties, the Town may be better able to control development and take on appropriate maintenance. In this way, the community can better control the rate and type of development in different parts of the town, expedite development of certain types in certain areas of the town, and partner with academic institutions or other non profits on development. Focusing on Long Term Economic Viability

Strategic Investments Prior to the fire, the town of Paradise lacked a developed wastewater treatment system and complete road network. In order to properly rebuild Paradise with a viable, walkable downtown, the implementation of well built infrastructure must come first. In order to rebuild a town after such a devastating event, a sense of community needs to be re-established. The tight knit community in Paradise has is inspiring and essential to it’s identity and success as a town. Members of Paradise engage in festivals together and celebrate the history of the town, regardless of background or differing personal perspectives. Working with Rohn Grotenhuis and Gretchen Holy from BNIM, they suggested that the first building type to invest in would be of the civic nature, like a school. A school allows a place for community meetings, it will incentivize people to return to Paradise, and can be easily converted to serve whatever programmatic need must be met. This necessary investment will spur social resiliency first and foremost. After these two crucial investments, similar projects should then begin to be built around a centralized downtown. The downtown will include mixed-use housing, retail, public serving, and commercial mixed use project, to create a diverse urban center. It will have a strictly pedestrian path to encourage walking as the primary mode of travel instead of vehicles, and will be easy to navigate. Through strategic investment, the centralized downtown will support a flourishing community. Incentivizing Rebuilding Right A challenge of this project has been the inherent need and want from Paradise residents 123

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who, “just want to go home.” In a project of this nature it is of the utmost importance to attempt to understand the pain they’re going through. Architects are meant to serve the community, and to do this, empathy is key. So while the temptation to return and rebuild quickly in Paradise is understandable, this project wishes to display how re-building right will lead to long term success for the town. Since 1999, there have been 13 large wildfires within the footprint of the Camp Fire’s footprint. A long history of wildfires necessitates the need for design that acknowledges that natural environment, not one that ignores it only to suffer the consequences later. Specifically, there is a need for better infrastructure to be put in place before any rebuilding can happen. Also choosing to build out of sustainable, fire-resistive materials, will create physically resilient buildings that can protect lives and livelihoods. Further, prior to the fire, Paradise did not have a centralized downtown or walkability. The fire provides a unique opportunity to improve the lives of those who live there, and encourage a new generation to be involved in that community.

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Next Steps

While this studioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary focus was on the architectural and urban planning needs of Paradise, other steps must be taken before new buildings or a centralized downtown can be developed. As mentioned previously, investment in infrastructure is critical to the future success of Paradise. A new wastewater system, road network, and energy production will create a stable foundation for the town to rebuild upon. Providing water catchment systems for future builds, provides an alternative water source to back up the main water supply, and creates more sustainable and self sufficient projects. Backing this framework will ensure that Paradise can grow as self sustaining town, that is resilient in the face of disaster and tragedy. Following this, and as Paradise looks to rebuild, a series of surveys must first take place. This surveying, can be done by students from Cal Poly, Chico State, Sacramento State, etc. Not only will students learn from hands on experience, but the survey will be of no cost to Paradise residents. Paired with surveying, brownfield sites should be identified, in order to receive state investment from the Cal Reuse funds. These funds will help to push forward the re-building of the town and construction of civic projects.

help with rebuilding and designing, a staffed (likely by students) local office that provides free / low cost design services can be set up. It should follow the successful examples of URBANBuild at Tulane University, and Rural Studio, from Auburn University. The design office could also offer free on site building workshops for DIY builders. More research into and the execution of a fire resilient building palette, that provides material suggestions for future builds in Paradise, is likewise a potential next step. Easy access to this resource will encourage conscious and resilient re-building.

With time and well thought out planning, new construction and urban planning that is focused on creating social, physical, and economic resiliency, will help to re-imagine a thriving Town of Paradise. And as Paradise rebuilds, it should serve as a model and learning opportunity for others, on successful disaster recovery and what steps can be taken now to create more resilient towns .

Investment in key building typologies, like the high school and medical campus, and a centralized downtown, will serve as catalysts for change, and will spur regrowth in the town of Paradise. For the medical campus specifically, bringing together key organizations like Butte Community College, WesternU Health Science, and Adventist Health Care, will help start the conversation about establishing such a campus. Alongside this, the development of sustainable and affordable housing, will allow former residents to return home, and attract new members to move to Paradise. To

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Before we do anything, we must ask, â&#x20AC;&#x153; What does Nature want?â&#x20AC;?

J. David Waggonner, III

Principal, Waggonner & Ball Architects

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Appendeces 1 MANIFESTO 2 PRECEDENTS 3 E A R LY P R O J E C T P R O G R A M 4 FORM FINDING ITER ATION 5 SECTION ITER ATION 6 PROJECT ITER ATION 1 7 PROJECT ITER ATION 2 8 C L I M AT E R E S P O N S E A N A LYS I S

E N V I RO N M E N TA L R E S P O N S E S U M MA RY

I N T E G RAT E D WA L L S E C T I O N

9 FA C A D E A N A LYS I S

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Appendix 1 // Manifesto Personal Manifesto The Ethic of the Architect Human Pacific Austin | Studio White | ARCH 352

I have always loved to read dystopian novels. When I was younger, I was thankful that my life was not like the lives of those that suffered in countless pages of warning. I felt separated from the police state of 1 984 where fear destroys, and also from the apparent utopia of B rave New World where pleasure destroys. I was insulated. I was blind. I lived each day believing everyone was like me, at least in some ways, and I need not worry because everything works out in the end. The death of the mind of the child is a mournful and yet celebratory epoch in human life. Perhaps the most celebratory of all. I am grateful to learn more about the world and my place in it every day. As I have become more alert to the events of the world, I understand the truth in these novels. I find the place described by every dystopian novel: F ahrenheit 451 tells of Turkey, T he Man in the High Castle e erily describes the present-day polarity in the United States, and S laughterhouse 5 reveals the inability across the globe to learn from the past and the endless cycle of war and so-called peace. We take pride in living in the most advanced, most intelligent, and highest earning society in all of history. We have mobility like never before. The average person has more bedrooms and more bathrooms than ever before. We carry high-tech gadgets all over our person every day for every need and want. But the truth that we rarely talk about, and many in power choose to ignore, is that absolutely none of that matters when people are suffering now, with predictions of even more massive suffering in our future. The dystopian futures I have read are not futures at all. We live in a society so blinded by self and screen that we are unable to help those that want only for their basic needs to be met. We live under a new cult of personality of a man with little concrete knowledge of anything. A man who does not believe in science and in turn offers propaganda under the pseudonym of “alternative facts.” A man who orders children to be separated from their mothers and refuses to support victims of natural disasters which his philosophy of science-denying caused. The prevailing voice of our national leaders to remain insulated and show compassion for only those close to use. We are told to build walls, literal and figurative, in order to reinstate civic and social ideas of a bygone age. This, the Dominant Social Paradigm, believes that our society is okay and does not need changing, or

worse, needs regressing, and neglects every person whose voice is lost in the waves of chauvinism, nationalism, hedonism, and misogyny. It preaches that the Earth and all the natural resources therein are for the use of humans and are unlimited. And this paradigm w ill fail, because it is inherently inequitable, and inequity always leads to instability.

In Animal Farm, a 1945 reflection on the events leading up to the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Stalinist Era thereafter, George Orwell wrote: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." We claim to believe that all humans are equal and have codified this and certain unalienable rights that go with it. But what we see in our country and others across the world is that you are more equal, and of more worth, if you are m ale and

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white, r ich and American. Those who are poor do not get the right to a roof over their heads or meals in their stomachs. Those who are Black do not get the right to walk home in their own neighborhoods without police harassment. Those who are immigrants are denied asylum and turned away at the borders in the spirit of nationalism. This is all to say that the ethics of an architect, of this particular architect, are not to be considered professional ethics. They are human ethics. They have arisen out of concern and appreciation for all people, in all social strata, in all economic conditions. All people are worth helping. If we hold our ideals of liberty and life so high, then we ought to be willing to help every person realize these rights for themselves, otherwise, our beliefs are shallow and our national ethics meaningless. As a person skilled in the field of architecture, I commit to using my knowledge and abilities to help those who reside at the periphery of humanity. I will advocate for people whose voices are overpowered by the rich, the ones that are displaced because of natural disasters, the ones who want only for their children to be safe, and the ones who have lost all hope that their lives can be better. I commit to being a steward to our Earth, a voice for the trees and the air and the seas. The root of ethics is that there is some way of living that is “right” and therefore all others are “wrong.” One cannot be a utilitarian and an egoist; ethical philosophies are mutually exclusive. However, in an age with so many converging ideas and beliefs, we must turn our focus to what comes before ideas of good and evil: the preservation of life itself. This right to live in some semblance of comfort is the root of all we do in life, and it is unfairly taken from so many. And as our earth adapts to all our human inputs, the right to live comfortably will be stolen from all of us by politicians who cannot agree and the corporations who pad their pockets. The role of the architect is to hold the holistic perspective, entertain ideas in the realm where science, art, and the human psyche overlap, and design with intent to benefit people.

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A p p e n d i x 2 / / Pr e c e d e n t : S q u a s h o n Fi r e

Creating a place with economic resiliency ensures that it can recover after economic downturns and also have a financial base to aid in natural disaster recovery. Planning for and inviting diversity of business and industries enhances resiliency, and also helps create income for the town or city. Prior to the Camp Fire, the Town of Paradise was in fiscal decline, which has created hurdles for rebuilding efforts. Moving forward, Paradise is working to design a more vibrant town that provides for its residents most basic needs as well as creating diverse livelihood and employment opportunities for the residents to enjoy. Building this type of economy will provide residents with head-of-household jobs provide financial security for the individual as well. Ihil illauda porerum quaerit pa aut dustiis rehenim olorum et mo et, andebis vel int maio et everit, corita

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Creating a place with economic resiliency ensures that it can recover after economic downturns and also have a financial base to aid in natural disaster recovery. Planning for and inviting diversity of business and industries enhances resiliency, and also helps create income for the town or city. Prior to the Camp Fire, the Town of Paradise was in fiscal decline, which has created hurdles for rebuilding efforts. Moving forward, Paradise is working to design a more vibrant town that provides for its residents most basic needs as well as creating diverse livelihood and employment opportunities for the residents to enjoy. Building this type of economy will provide residents with head-of-household jobs provide financial security for the individual as well. Ihil illauda porerum quaerit pa aut dustiis rehenim olorum et mo et, andebis vel int maio et everit, corita

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A p p e n d i x 2 / / Pr e c e d e n t : B ru n e c k C l i m b i n g Ce n t r e

Creating a place with economic resiliency ensures that it can recover after economic downturns and also have a financial base to aid in natural disaster recovery. Planning for and inviting diversity of business and industries enhances resiliency, and also helps create income for the town or city. Prior to the Camp Fire, the Town of Paradise was in fiscal decline, which has created hurdles for rebuilding efforts. Moving forward, Paradise is working to design a more vibrant town that provides for its residents most basic needs as well as creating diverse livelihood and employment opportunities for the residents to enjoy. Building this type of economy will provide residents with head-of-household jobs provide financial security for the individual as well. Ihil illauda porerum quaerit pa aut dustiis rehenim olorum et mo et, andebis vel int maio et everit, corita

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Creating a place with economic resiliency ensures that it can recover after economic downturns and also have a financial base to aid in natural disaster recovery. Planning for and inviting diversity of business and industries enhances resiliency, and also helps create income for the town or city. Prior to the Camp Fire, the Town of Paradise was in fiscal decline, which has created hurdles for rebuilding efforts. Moving forward, Paradise is working to design a more vibrant town that provides for its residents most basic needs as well as creating diverse livelihood and employment opportunities for the residents to enjoy. Building this type of economy will provide residents with head-of-household jobs provide financial security for the individual as well. Ihil illauda porerum quaerit pa aut dustiis rehenim olorum et mo et, andebis vel int maio et everit, corita

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A p p e n d i x 3 / / Ea r l y Pro j e c t Pro g ra m

h e a r t h + fi re project overview and target groups

How might we increase fire safety and knowledge in a way that invites the public to be educated and engaged? Hearth + Fire is a mixed-use complex introducing a rock climbing and bouldering gym (Hearth) and a larger fire and emergency management station (Fire) to Paradise. It serves two distinct groups: employees of the fire station and the public. Because the site is situated across the street from Paradise High School and only blocks from the new satellite campus of Butte College, the project places an emphasis on high school and college student users. It invites both firefighters and the community to start conversations with each other in a casual setting at the Hearth and also more formal conversations in a classroom setting at the Fire. The program recognizes that the community and those that serve it are best able to do their part when the effort is collective. Firefighters can educate the public on their work and teach them preventative measures to take in order to reduce fire risk in the urban interface. In return, the community can work within their homes and neighborhoods to implement these techniques. The Hearth will also include many areas for social gathering and interaction to foster community well-being.

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h eart h + fi re adjacency study

scale: 1” = 30’ 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 11

Apparatus Bay Vehicle Maintenance Bay Apparatus Bay Support Apparatus Bay Storage Maintenance Bay Storage EMS Storage Dispatch/EOC Laundry/Decon SCBA

13 10 Custodial Room 14 Universal Staff Restroom 15 Hose drying (40’) 16 Locker Room 17 Entry/Lobby 18 Storage 19 Emergency Management 20 Assistant Chief 21 Medical Director

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Administration Supervisor Training Chief Capitan Office Assistant Fire Chief Office Fire Chief Office Wildfire Special Operations Single Occupant Restroom Classroom Conference Room

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Bunk Day Room Kitchen Dining Laundry Gym Staff Restroom Indoor Top Roping (35’) Outdoor Top Roping (35’)

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

Indoor Bouldering (14’) Outdoor Bouldering (14’) Kids Traversing Area (8’) Cafe Seating Cafe Kitchen Universal Locker Room Convinience Lockers Lobby

living working rock climbing bouldering support spaces

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Cal Poly Kennedy Library Renovation

h earth + fire test fit and space needs

Program #

Program Item Name

Occupancy

No.

Occupants

ASF per

Apparatus Bay 1 2 3

Total ASF

Notes

7,400

Apparatus Bay

Vehicle Maintenance Bay Apparatus Bay Support

U U

3500

3,500

800

500

200

6 vehicles add 10' length

Apparatus Bay Storage

Maintenance Bay Storage

EMS Storage

100

Dispatch/EOC

100

1,500

Laundry/Decon

200

SCBA

120

Custodial Room

Universal Staff Restroom

3 standard, 1 accesible

Hose drying (40')

100

doesn't have to be connected

Locker Room

1 U

200

Administration

200

375 4480

Entry/Lobby

450

Storage

100

Office 19

Emergency Management

150

Assistant Chief

150

Medical Director

150

Administration Supervisor

150

Training Chief

150

Captian Office

150

Assistant Fire Chief Office

150

Fire Chief Office

150

Wildfire Special Operations

150

Public Single Occupant Restroom

180

Classroom

1,800

Conference Room

600

Occupancy

No.

Occupants

ASF per

Total ASF

Program #

Program Item Name Firefighter's Living Quarters

150

4,325

Bunk

R-1

200

1,200

Day Room

R-1

900

Kitchen

R-1

600

375

Dining

Laundry

Gym

150

900

100

120

9,000 1,500

Restrooms 37

Staff Restroom with Shower Rock Climbing Gym

scale: 1/8” = 1’

300 21,137

Indoor Top Roping (35')

A-3

Outdoor Top Roping (35')

A-3

Indoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

100

Outdoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

100

2,500

Kids Traversing Area (8')

A-3

1,500

2,500

Café 43 44 45

Seating

A-2

1,125

Kitchen

A-2

300

600

Universal Locker Room

1,356

Shower/Changing Stall

120

100

Convinience Lockers

Standard Toilet Stall

0.75

Lobby

500

Accessible Toilet Stall

140

Subtotal (ASF)

37,342

Total (GSF)

62,237

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A p p e n d i x 4 / / Fo r m F i n d i n g I t e r a t i o n

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Appendix 5 // Section Iteration

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5628 Skyway Rd, Paradise, CA H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Concrete Slab lateral system supported horizontally with Mass Timber I-Beams and vertically with Rammed Earth walls and Gluelam columns

SUN AT 10:00 AM ON DECEMBER 21

Morning sun is allowed to enter in the winter to heat studio spaces during classes.

Water Cistern

Trees shade the living and occupiable roof in order to make it comfortable year-round. The planters catch and retain some water; excess water drains into two the two storage cisterns

Natural ventilation enters through south and east operable glazing and is expelled both through glazing on opposite sides and through a ventilation stack above the rock climbing area.

Rammed earth wall vertical lateral force system

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Pacific Austin | Partner: Therice Ramos | S

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SCALE: 1/8” = 1’

SUN AT 3:00 PM ON JUNE 21

l act as the e resisting

South Facing PV Panels Angle = (38° x .76) + 3.1 = 32°

SUN AT 3:00 PM ON DECEMBER 21

PLANTED ROOF WITH RAIN WATER CATCHMENT

RADIENT FLOOR HEATING Wood subfloor Piping

Vegetation

Concrete slab

Geothermal Heat Pump

Horizontal Looped Collector

Shading from overhung second floor blocks east daylight from entering the lobby in the summer

Growing medium Filter membrane Drainage layer Water proofing membrane Support panel Thermal insulation

Insulation Joist

Vapor barrier Structural support

Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter 2019

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Appendix 4 // Design Iteration 1 S

G ILIN

MAXWELL DRIVE

PARADISE HIGH SCHOOL

PEDESTRIAN PATH THROUGH TO PARADISE HIGH SCHOOL

APPARATUS DRIVEWAY

BOULDERING

LOBBY

DORMS

TOP ROPING

GYM

OFFICES LIVING SPACE

CAFE

PATIO

ELLIOT RD PEDESTRIAN PATH ON SOUTH SIDE OF ELLIOT RD.

PARADISE CEMETARY (EXISTING)

NTS

SITE PLAN + FIRST FLOOR PLAN 154

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

SECOND FLOOR PLAN

BOULDERING LOBBY (BELOW)

MEZZANINE TOP ROPING

CLASSROOMS

DAYROOM

DORMS

GYM

155

156

157

158

159

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

160

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

KEY Educational

Commercial Downtown

Housing Rural

Community Services

Housing Suburban

Parks

Housing Multifamily

Programmed Open Space

Commercial Retail

Protected Open Space

Commercial Offices

161

Appendice 5 // Design Iteration 2

162

Apparatus Bay

8,800

Apparatus Bay

Vehicle Maintenance Bay

Bay H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g3i n g Pa ra d i se /Apparatus S t u d i o Whi t e Support

4900

4,900

800

500

200

100

6 vehicles add 10' length

Apparatus Bay Storage

Maintenance Bay Storage

EMS Storage

Dispatch/EOC

100

1,500

Laundry/Decon

200

SCBA

120

Custodial Room

Universal Staff Restroom

3 standard, 1 acce

Hose drying (40')

100

doesn't have to be

Locker Room

375

Administration

4090

Entry/Lobby

450

Storage

100

Office

PROGRAM LIST Cal Poly Kennedy Library Renovation

Emergency Management

120

Assistant Chief

120

Medical Director

120

Administration Supervisor

120

Training Chief

120

Captian Office

120

Assistant Fire Chief Office

120

26 Kennedy Library Fire Chief Office Cal Poly Renovation 28

Public Single Occupant Restroom

180

Classroom

1,800

30 Program Item Name

Occupancy

No.

Occupants

ASF per

Apparatus Bay 1

Apparatus Bay

Vehicle Maintenance Bay

Apparatus Bay Support

Total ASF

Notes Program #

600

Occupancy

No.

Occupants

ASF per

Total ASF

Apparatus Bay Firefighter's Living Quarters

8,800 U

Conference Room Program Item Name

1vehicles 6 31

Apparatus Bay Bunk

U R-1

1 6

0 1

4900 200

4,900 1,200

2 10' length add 32

Vehicle Maintenance Bay Day Room

R-1

0 15

800 60

800 900

U R-1

0 15

500 40

500 600

0 15

200 25

200 375

0 1

200 50

0 6

100 150

100 900 1,500

4900

4,900

800

500

200

4 34

Apparatus Bay Storage Dining

200

5 35

Maintenance Bay Storage Laundry

100

6 36

EMS Storage Gym

3 33

Notes

8,800 4,325

Apparatus KitchenBay Support

6 vehicles add 10' length

Apparatus Bay Storage

Maintenance Bay Storage

EMS Storage

Dispatch/EOC

100

1,500

Dispatch/EOC Restrooms

100

Laundry/Decon

200

9 37

Laundry/Decon Staff Restroom with Shower

1 3

0 1

200 100

200 300

SCBA

120

120 11,637

Custodial Room

A-3

1 20

90 75

Universal Staff Restroom

14 Universal Staff Restroom 3 40 standard, 1 accesible Indoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

1 25

90 100

90 6,000

3 standard, 1 acce

Hose drying (40')

100

15 Hose drying (40') doesn't have to be connected 41 Outdoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

0 25

100

doesn't have to be

Locker Room

375

A-3

15 20

25 75

375 1,500

Entry/Lobby Seating

B A-2

30 45

15 25

450 1,125

18 44

Storage Kitchen

B A-2

0 4

100 75

100 300

Office Locker Room Universal

Administration

13 39

16 42

Entry/Lobby

450

Storage

100

Office

SCBA Rock Climbing Gym CustodialTop Room Outdoor Roping (35')

Locker Room Area (8') Kids Traversing Administration Café

4090

17 43

4090

1,356

Emergency Management

120

Emergency Management Shower/Changing Stall

1 10

120 60

120 600

Assistant Chief

120

Assistant Chief Standard Toilet Stall

1 8

120 15

120

Medical Director

120

Medical Director Accessible Toilet Stall

1 2

120 50

120 100

Administration Supervisor

120

22 46

Administration Supervisor Convinience Lockers

1 48

1 0

120 0.75

120 36

Training Chief

120

23 47

Training Chief Lobby

1 20

120 25

120 500

Captian Office

120

Assistant Fire Chief Office

120

Fire Chief Office

120

120 6,300 4,000 120 300 120 1,000 180 1,000 1,800

120

Public Single Occupant Restroom

180

Classroom

1,800

30 Program #

Conference Room Program Item Name

600

Occupancy

No.

Occupants

ASF per

Total ASF

Firefighter's Living Quarters

30 Program # Notes

Nature Captian DiscoveryOffice Center Exhibition Space Assistant Fire Chief Office Restrooms Fire Chief Office Storefront Public Single Occupant Restroom Storage Classroom Conference Room Program Item Name

Subtotal (ASF)

Total (GSF) Occupancy

600

No.

Occupants

ASF per

Firefighter's Living Quarters

4,325

600 35,152 Total ASF 58,587

Bunk

R-1

200

1,200

Bunk

R-1

200

Day Room

R-1

900

Day Room

R-1

900

Kitchen

R-1

Kitchen

R-1

600 375

1600|

1,200

Dining

375

Dining

Laundry

Gym

150

900

Gym

150

900

100

300

100

Restrooms 37

Restrooms

Staff Restroom with Shower Rock Climbing Gym

11,637

Outdoor Top Roping (35')

A-3

Indoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

100

Outdoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

100

Kids Traversing Area (8')

A-3

6,000 1,500

Staff Restroom with Shower Rock Climbing Gym

300 11,637

Outdoor Top Roping (35')

A-3

Indoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

100

Outdoor Bouldering (14')

A-3

100

Kids Traversing Area (8')

A-3

1,500

Café

6,000

Café

Seating

A-2

1,125

Seating

A-2

1,125

Kitchen

A-2

300

Kitchen

A-2

300

Universal Locker Room

1,356

Universal Locker Room

1,356

Shower/Changing Stall

600

Shower/Changing Stall

600

Standard Toilet Stall

120

Standard Toilet Stall

120

Accessible Toilet Stall

100

Accessible Toilet Stall

100

Convinience Lockers

0.75

Convinience Lockers

0.75

Lobby

500

Lobby

500

Nature Discovery Center

Notes

4,325

6,300

Nature Discovery Center

6,300

163

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

164

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

165

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

PROJECT SITE • Walking distance from downtown • On main thoroughfare, easy access

DOWNTOWN

166

PEA

RSO

HEARTH R ESCUE

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

FIRST FLOOR PLAN 1 2 3 4 5

ROCK CLIMBING / BOULDERING CAFE STORAGE / TRAINING TOWER LOCKER ROOMS / RESTROOMS STAFF

THIRD FLOOR PLAN 14

13 14 15 16

15 13

DAYROOM LIVING QUARTERS PRIVATE GYM STUDIO ROOMS

SECOND FLOOR PLAN A

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

12 8

APPARATUS BAY MAINTENANCE BAY APPARATUS BAY SUPPORT LOCKER ROOM LOBBY OFFICES CLASSROOM / CONFERENCE

167

H E ART H + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

RADIANCE STUDY

9 AM

DAYLIGHT STUDY Apparatus Bay

ILLUMINANCE MAPPING

SUMMMER

AUTUMN fc

150 OVERCAST 135 12PM MARCH 120 105 90 75 60 45 30 15 0

168

SPRING

12 PM

3 PM

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

169

Appendice 6 // Design Iteration 3

7 8 1

3 2

3 3 2

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

6 3

3 12 Recreational Equipment Retail Breakroom 13 Dorm 14 Single Occupant Restroom 15 Laundry 16 Day Room 17 Gym 18 Patio 19 Exercise Studio 20 Lounge 21

Lobby Classroom Office Conference Room Storage All Gender Restroom SCBA EMS Decon Apparatus Bay Rock Climbing Gym

FIRST FLOOR PLAN

14 14 14

11 17

15 15 15 15 15 16 5

18 19

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Lobby Classroom Office Conference Room Storage All Gender Restroom SCBA EMS Decon Apparatus Bay Rock Climbing Gym

12 Recreational Equipment Retail Breakroom 13 Dorm 14 Single Occupant Restroom 15 Laundry 16 Day Room 17 Gym 18 Patio 19 Exercise Studio 20 Lounge 21 19

170

Y RO AD SKY WA

PEARSON ROAD

LIVING ROOF TRAINING AREA

APPARATUS DRIVEWAY

INTERPRATIVE TRAIL

OAKWOOD LANE

SITE PLAN + ROOF PLAN

NORTH ELEVATION 171

172

173

Lab 1

EUI Targets, Climate Analysis and Design Strategies Paradise, California

Paradise, California, 95967-95969 47.530949° North Paradise has a mild climate that many consider ideal. The summers are hot and dry, with little to no cloud cover, while the winters are cold, wet, and partly cloudy. The temperature typically ranges from 35°F in the winter to 91°F in the summer. The city receives most of its precipitation between December and February, averaging 58.11 inches per year with 1 inch of snowfall. Many of the displace citizens of Paradise moved here for the climate and find it ideal. The target Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is 32 kBtu/ft^2/ yr. The target EUI score was set for 70% of the baseline EUI, which was 104 for this building. Passive design strategies can help lower the EUI to 32.

174

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter

Lab 1

TEMPERATURE RANGE The temperature in Paradise ranges from about 98°F in the summer to 18°F in the winter. The average yearly high is 72°F and the average yearly low is 49°F. The temperature peaks in June, where there are several days above 100°F, reaching a high of 106°F. The temperature is lowest in January, with several days below freezing and a low of 18°F. For much of the year, the temperature is mild and comfortable, and this could lead to opportunities to design outdoor spaces that are shielded from the wind and shaded in the summer.

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter

175

Lab 1

ANNUAL WIND ROSE In Paradise, wind most often comes from the North East and South East directions. The average temperature of the wind is below 32°F when the wind comes from the Eastern directions, but wind coming from the West is typically warmer and nearer to the comfort zone between 68°F. and 75°F. The relative humidity of the wind is between 30 and 40%, which is considered comfortable. The fastest winds come from the south south East and reach speeds of up to 25 miles per hour, while the average velocity is around 12 mph. Outdoor spaces should be shielded from the highest-speed winds coming from the south west, and care should be taken to ensure the town does not have any overly windy corridors because of these high speeds.

176

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter

Lab 1

PSYCHOMETRIC CHART There are many passive design strategies that work in Paradise, but without being paired with one another, their effects arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t large. Internal Heat gain is the best passive strategy for a building in Paradise because it would capture heat from the sun and warm the building. This is increases the comfort zone because there are many uncomfortable cold days in Paradise and this strategy would mitigate some of the effects of the cold winter months. Shading also has a significant effect, increasing the number of comfortable hours by 19.4%. Two stage evaporative cooling has a similar effect at 19.1% increase in comfortable hours, but it is much more intensive and costly to design into a building. Since this building is will be part of a disaster relief project, it is unclear whether such an intensive design strategy would be realistic. Unfortunately, Paradise is often cold, and the main strategy to mitigate the effects of cold weather is mechanical heating. This would make the building much more comfortable, but is not a passive strategy. There are opportunities to design heating into other systems that support a building of which heat is a byproduct.

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter

177

Lab 1

SUN SHADING CHART WINTER SPRING Structures in Paradise need to be shaded in the winter primarily on west facing glazing. During some times of the season, the heat gain from letting light through this glazing will be beneficial to creating a comfortable environment, so any shading devices should be adaptable.

178

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter

SUN SHADING CHART SUMMER FALL During the summer and fall, structures in Paradise should be shaded on the south and west faces. There are no known obstructions.

Lab 1 PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING Facing most of the glass area south will maximize winter sun exposure. Overhands will need to be designed to fully shade in the summer to avoid internal gains during warmer months. Solar heating will greatly increase comfort during the cold winter months in Paradise. (The Hilton Foundation Building by ZGF) INTERNAL HEAT GAINS The inside of a building gains heat from lights, people, and equipment, which reduces the need for heating. A well-insulated building will hold this heat in and lower the balance point temperature. A public building of 60,000 SF will likely have a high number of occupants and more than one use. These occupants and their auxilliary appliances will help to heat the space on cold days. SHADING Designing window overhangs, wings, or providing operable sunshades can reduce or eliminate the need for air conditioning in the hot summer months. This is an great design opportunity. The density and avaliability of tree cover should also be taken into account when designing shading for the building. (The Federal Building by Morphosis) GLAZING SELECTION Specifying double pane high performance (Low-E) glazing on west, north and east faces will reduce unwanted heat gains in the summer. Specifying clear glazing on south facing glazing will allow winter solar heat gain.

OUTDOOR SPACES Designing outdoor spaces that are sunny and protected from the wind, can create more habitable space in cool weather. This could take the form of a seasonal sun room, enclosed patio, or courtyard. (The Wall House by FARM)

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter

179

PACIFIC AUSTIN

BLOCK FORM

LETTER E FORM

ATRIUM FORM

STACEY WHITE PARADISE, CA

EUI 60,000 S.F.

FLOOR-TOFLOOR HEIGHT

104 32

BASELINE TARGET WINDOW TO WALL RATIO (WWR)

DAYLIGHTING

180

58586 FT² 20’-0”

.6 WWR

2.31%

61,601 S.F. 20’-0”

42 .6

58,054 S.F.

WWR 20’-0”

5.43%

.6 WWR

8.27%

AVERAGE DF

50’X50

50X50

50’X50’

STRUCTURE

MAX. BAY SPACING MAX. BAY SPACING MAX. BAY SPACING Heavy Timber System Heavy Timber System Steel Beam-Girder System

SUMMARY

The Block Form is has a deep floor plate but allows for additional daylighting by way of a courtyard. Constructed out of heavy timber the embodied energy is lower and fire resistivity is higher. The EUI is one of the lowest because there is less heat gain and loss due to glazing.

The Letter E Form improves upon the Block Form within the same footprint. It offers more daylighting to the interior, but because of the increase in glazing, has a higher EUI. This form has the best lighting distribution, and can be modified to reduce glazing and harsh sun exposure.

The Atrium Form increases day lighting at the center of the building, but users would still not feel comfortable in the space, and artificial lighting is needed. More heating and cooling is needed to compensate for the gains and loss associated with the amount of glazing.

BLOCK FORM

STRUCTURAL FRAMING PLAN I selected heavy timber for two out of the three typologies because it is my target structual system for my studio project. Heavy timber technology has improved over the years, and the code has changed to reflect the fire safety of the material. Understanding the potential spans and necessary depths of heavy timber is already informing my layout of my studio project.

FLOOR-TO-FLOOR SECTION DEPTH

SPAN

2”

20’

DECK DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

24”

50’

GIRDER DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

24”

50”

BEAM DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

181

BLOCK FORM

ENERGY ANALYSIS The EUI is 5 kBtu/ft^2/yr higher than the target score. Passive design strategies can help lower the EUI to 32. My largest program

is a rock climbing and bouldring gym. This means I will have tall, monolithic forms protruding from ground level to 40â&#x20AC;&#x2122; above ground. These can be used in a passive heating system to store heat during the day and release it at night. The closest program I could choose was retail, but in reality, my program will probably have a high equipment load to cool people who are exercising in the summer, but this can also be used to heat the space in the winter by means of internal heat gains.

182

BLOCK FORM

ANNUAL ILLUMINANCE

In the Block Form, the floor plate has an illuminance above 28 footcandles, the minimum for this use type, for 100% of occupied hours along glazing, reducing to 75% inward, with areas between 0-25% at the center. The interior will need to be artificially lit.

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS DAYLIGHT FACTOR The Block Form has a deep floor plate depth, and thus the majority of the interior space does not receive enough daylight and will be dark during occupied hours, requiring artificial lighting. This plan can be made better by reducing the floor plate depth and increasing the size of the courtyard. The courtyard allows for more light to penetrate the interior space, and since the building only has two floors, the light will reach both floors. I will likely have a courtyard in my space, but it will be much larger, and therefore the amount of daylight entering the building at the courtyard permieter will be higher. Designing shading and facade/WWR will help to maintain visual comfort at the perimeter of both the courtyard and the outer parts of the building.

OVERLIT AND UNDERLIT

The ASE is very high, meaning there will likely be glare near the glazing. The interior is underlit, and as stated before, will need to be artifically lit. Shading and a smaller WWR can increase lighting comfort.

183

LETTER E FORM

STRUCTURAL FRAMING PLAN The Letter E Form also uses heavy timber. This shape is likely the most realistic for my program, with different arms that serve different purposes. Heavy timber paired with shear walls can create the types of spaces that I want to provide, including offices, dorms, and a rock climbing gym. The gym will be the hardest to design in heavy timber, because the program needs a very high, very broad space. This will likely be accomplished with the use of wood trusses at the ceiling. informing my layout of my studio project.

184

FLOOR-TO-FLOOR SECTION DEPTH

SPAN

2”

20’

DECK DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

24”

50’

GIRDER DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

24”

50”

BEAM DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

LETTER E FORM

ENERGY ANALYSIS The EUI is 10 kBtu/ft^2/yr higher than the target score. The EUI of 42 is the highest of the three forms because of the large amount of glazing. Because Paradise is very cold in the winter, the heat is lost through the glazing and needs to be mechanically compensated for. Passive design strategies including passive heating, specifying glazing with a higher R-value, and decreasing glazing as needed can help lower the EUI to the target of 32.

185

LETTER E FORM

ANNUAL ILLUMINANCE

In the Letter E Form, the floor plate has an illuminance above 28 footcandles, the minimum for this use type, for the majority (75% near the center of the floor plate, 100% near glazing) of occupied hours.

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS DAYLIGHT FACTOR Creating fingers that protrude from a long form, all with shallow floorplates, creates the largest area of comfortable spaces of the three cases. This configuration is well daylit (using 5% lit as well lit), however the distribution of the lighting is pooled along the glazing, meaning the space will feel uncomfortable and users will experience glare near the perimeter. Additionally, a DF above 5% means there is a potential for thermal problems due to overheating in summer and heat losses in winter. Paradise has hot summers and cold winters, so this will be an issue in any form with a lot of glazing. The program of my building will have a mix of office, residential, and recreation areas, which would do best with a floor plate thickness more similar to this than any of the other shapes. To improve this scheme for my purposes, I can decrease glazing in the residential and office areas, and do separate models of each space with their respective parameters based on use.

186

OVERLIT AND UNDERLIT

A lot of the building is overlit, especially within the fingers. There are no underlit spaces. It would help to decrease the WWR on the east and west sides and add shading to the south side.

ATRIUM FORM CL CONCRETE FILL

CORRUGATED STEEL DECKING

36" 1'-6" min.

5'-0"

T/ Slab 20’-0”

STEEL GIRDER AND BEAM SYSTEM

15'

CEILING

T/ Slab 0’-0”

STEEL BEAM-GIRDER SYSTEM For the Atrium Form, I chose steel because steel and heavy timber can be used in conjunction. However, steel has longer spans and deforms quickly under heat. Because Paradise is in the urban interface and has a high wildfire threat, I would only use a steel framing system as necessary. The maximum spans can be longer than heavy timber, but not without a large increase in depth of members, which would increase the floor plate depth.

FLOOR-TO-FLOOR SECTION DEPTH

SPAN

4”

10’

DECK DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

28”

50’

GIRDER DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

36”

50’

BEAM DEPTH AND MAXIMUM SPAN

187

ATRIUM FORM

ENERGY ANALYSIS The EUI is 6 kBtu/ft^2/yr higher than the target score. The EUI of 38 is close to the Block Case, however this form has an increase in glazing which, with a WWR of .6, is the driving factor of EUI between the forms. Similar to the block form, providing adequate shading and reducing the WWR as needed on certain faces (depending on program) can reduce the EUI. The inclusion of atrium spaces can create outdoor spaces that are occupiable more days of the year, and can provide more opportunities to design operable glazing for thermal comfort.

188

ATRIUM FORM

ANNUAL ILLUMINANCE

In the Atrium Case, the floor plate has an illuminance above 28 footcandles, the minimum for this use type, for the majority (75% near the center of the floor plate, 100% near glazing) of occupied hours.

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS DAYLIGHT FACTOR The insertion of an atrium with a skylight makes this configuration strongly daylit (using 5% lit as well lit), however the distribution of the lighting is pooled along the glazing, meaning the space will feel uncomfortable. Additionally, a DF above 5% means there is a potential for thermal problems due to overheating in summer and heat losses in winter. Paradise has hot summers and cold winters, so this will be an issue in any form with a lot of glazing. The program of my building will have a mix of office, residential, and recreation areas, and the inclusion of an atrium would be beneficial to my public space. To improve this scheme for my purposes, I can start to push and pull the edges to create defined spaces for my diverse program items, and make the atrium larger to increase DF in interior spaces. I can also add shading on the east and west faces, and decrease the overall building depth in the north/south direction.

OVERLIT AND UNDERLIT

The building is overlit because of the Window to Wall Ratio (.6). Reducing glazing and adding shading on the East and West sides to block bright sun can reduce ASE.

189

BLOCK FORM

PACIFIC AUSTIN

LETTER E FORM

ATRIUM FORM

WWR

MECHANICAL

STACEY WHITE PARADISE, CA

EUI 60,000 S.F.

FLOOR-TOFLOOR HEIGHT

104 32

BASELINE TARGET WINDOW TO WALL RATIO (WWR)

DAYLIGHTING

20’-0”

.6 WWR

2.31%

AVERAGE DF

MOST EFFICIENT

SUMMARY

61,601 S.F. 20’-0”

.6 WWR

5.43%

AVERAGE DF

58,054 S.F. 20’-0”

.6 WWR

8.27%

AVERAGE DF

58586 FT²

20’-0”

50X50

50’X50’

58586 FT²

WWR 20’-0”

NORTH: .8 EAST: .1 SOUTH: .2 WEST: .1

WWR

NORTH: .8 EAST: .1 SOUTH: .2 WEST: .1

2.58%

AVERAGE DF

In this form, I increased the WWR on the north side, but decreased it dramatically on the east, west, and south sides based on 2020 Pallete guidelines. MAX. BAY SPACING These guidelines also MAX. BAY SPACING MAX. BAY SPACING Heavy Timber System Heavy Timber System Steel Beam-Girder System helped me design overhangs and fins on the east and west side The Letter E Form The Block Form is has The Atrium Form and louvers on the improves upon the a deep floor plate but increases day lighting south side to provide Block Form within the allows for additional at the center of the solar gain in winter, daylighting by way of a same footprint. It offers building, but users but shade in summer. courtyard. Constructed more daylighting to the would still not feel When I uploaded the out of heavy timber the interior, but because comfortable in the model, to the cloud, the of the increase in embodied energy is space, and artificial EUI jumped to 46, but glazing, has a higher lower and fire resistivity lighting is needed. More reducing the glazing EUI. This form has the is higher. The EUI is one heating and cooling is brought it down to 36, best lighting distribution, needed to compensate of the lowest because and adding shading and can be modified there is less heat gain for the gains and loss decreased it to 31. and loss due to glazing. to reduce glazing and associated with the harsh sun exposure. amount of glazing.

50’X50

STRUCTURE

190

58586 FT²

In an analysis of the possible mechanical systems, passive chilled beams with natural ventilation provided the lowest EUI for my building form. Upon futher analysis, I opted against this mechanical system for my building, and plan to redo this study once I have a more accurate form. My partner and I expect our form to have a much shallower depth, which means we will be able to capitalize upon natural ventilation more.

BLOCK FORM

ENERGY ANALYSIS The EUI is 5 kBtu/ft^2/yr higher than the target score. Passive design strategies can help lower the EUI to 32. My largest program

191

BLOCK FORM ORIGINAL

OPTIMIZED EUI BASED ON WWR

ANNUAL ILLUMINANCE

The annual illuminance study shows that there more underlit areas during occupied hours. Like in the daylight factor analysis, this is because of the decrease in the WWR and increase in shading. This could be remedied with artificial lighting, but passive design strategies will take precedent as we move forward into de

DAYLIGHTING ANALYSIS DAYLIGHT FACTOR With the same block form, the EUI optimization caused a lack of daylighting along not only the sides, but the interior as well. An increase in WWR on the east, west, and south sides are primarily responsible for this. Shading was also added in order to further improve the EUI, which also reduced the day light factor along those sides of the building. A better response to implement in my project would be to narro the building significantly. The east and west sides would not need as much glazing, and the south side can be approached with a comprehensive shading plan that includes recessed windows and perforated panels.

192

OVERLIT AND UNDERLIT

With the changes to WWR and shading, the ASE gets much closer to the optimal range (16% vs. 45%. The sDA moved out of the optimal range. There would be less glare in the space, but many areas are underlit.

BLOCK FORM

MECHANICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS Of the different mechanical systems I analyzed, the passive chilled beam system had the lowest cost and EUI. While this might be the optimal situation in my office area where accoustical panels could be hung from the ceiling to provid sound proofing, in my rock climbing gym this would not be the system I would choose due to require asthetics. Further, the cooling load in the gym area is going to be much different because of the increase metabolic rates of its users. Adding natural ventilation brought the EUI down four more points. I want to incorporate a natural ventilation system in my project by means of operable windows and passive evaporative cooling towers. Additionally, I think the heating load can be managed by further reducing north glazing or using a thermal mass wall on the north side. While passive chilled beams is optimal for this case, I think my own building will implement a different mechanical system to best deal with the loads at hand.

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5628 Skyway Rd, Paradise, CA

Concrete Slab lateral system supported horizontally with Mass Timber I-Beams and vertically with Rammed Earth walls and Gluelam columns

SUN AT 10:00 AM ON DECEMBER 21

Morning sun is allowed to enter in the winter to heat studio spaces during classes.

194

Water Cistern

Trees shade the living and occupiable roof in order to make it comfortable year-round. The planters catch and retain some water; excess water drains into two the two storage cisterns

Natural ventilation enters through south and east operable glazing and is expelled both through glazing on opposite sides and through a ventilation stack above the rock climbing area.

Rammed earth wall vertical lateral force system

SCALE: 1/8” = 1’

SUN AT 3:00 PM ON JUNE 21

l act as the e resisting

South Facing PV Panels Angle = (38° x .76) + 3.1 = 32°

SUN AT 3:00 PM ON DECEMBER 21

PLANTED ROOF WITH RAIN WATER CATCHMENT

RADIENT FLOOR HEATING Wood subfloor Piping

Vegetation

Concrete slab

Geothermal Heat Pump

Horizontal Looped Collector

Shading from overhung second floor blocks east daylight from entering the lobby in the summer

Growing medium Filter membrane Drainage layer Water proofing membrane Support panel Thermal insulation Vapor barrier Structural support

Insulation Joist 195

Pacific Austin | Stacey White | Arch 307 | Winter 2019

HEARTH RESC U E

Rock Climbing Gym and Fire Station 5628 Skyway Rd, Paradise, CA

Systems Integration Report I. Executive Summary

In Lab 1, we identified that Paradise has a mild climate that many consider ideal. The summers are hot and dry, with little to no cloud cover, while the winters are cold, wet, and partly cloudy. The temperature typically ranges from 35Â°F in the winter to 91Â°F in the summer. The city receives most of its precipitation between December and February, averaging 58.11 inches per year. We found the target Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is 32 kBtu/ft^2/yr. The target EUI score was set for 70% of the baseline EUI, which was 104 for this building. Our passive strategies and HVAC system selection have brought us down to an EUI of 37, and we are continuing to design so that our final building is net zero energy and water. In Paradise, the prevailing winds come from the South East, with speeds up to 25 miles per hour. We acknowledged this in our projects by designing operable glazing on all faces to allow wind to enter through the south and east faces and expel through the north and west faces. The nature of our rock climbing program requires a well ventilated space, so we also designed a ventilation stack above the rock climbing gym to keep the space cool. We researched many passive design strategies while developing our project, and have plans to implement even more as we progress. We have designed internal heat gains through south glazing in winter, being sensitive to the potential for heat loss through the building. Weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve paired this with a high thermal mass concrete floor slab to best store the heat for use in the coldest hours. During most of the day, the rock climbing gym will need to be cool, even during the winter, because of the high metabolic rate of its uses. However, the office and living spaces need to be warmer, and we reduced the glazing on the north and south faces of these areas accordingly. Minimizing glazing on the east and west faces is another passive strategy that had a large effect on the number of passively comfortable hours, and we are going to continue to develop these facades as better integrate our building into the site. We are stepping down from the roof to the ground, and expect to include shaded clerestory windows. We are also designing a rainwater catchment system through our living roof in order to make use of the 50+ inches of rain that Paradise receives each year. This system will capture and store all water used in the building for showers, sinks, toilets, water fountains, and maintenance. For the active heating system required in a cold climate like Paradise, we chose radiant floor heating with a geothermal pump and a ground horizontal looped connector. This was easily paired with radiant ceiling cooling in the summer. In my original studies in Lab 2 and 3, I found passive chilled beams to be the highest performing system, but upon further analysis we chose a radiant heating system, because paired with an electric geothermal heat pump, the total fossil fuel reliance will be much lower.

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Our building form is much different than the form I analyzed in Lab 2 and 3, but it is similarly deep. Because of this, it was also difficult to daylight the interior spaces. In the Gym and App Bay, we were able to increase the glazing to let more light enter, but in the more enclosed office, living, and cafe areas, we require artificial light. However, we are designing solar PV panels to offset this usage, and are considering ways we can let light in from the roof plane. As we move forward into Spring Quarter, we are very excited to develop our form and passive strategies in order to create a building that has positive interactions with its environment and user population. We are going to refine our East and West facades to have optimal glazing and shading for their individual programs. We also want to further develop the south facade to best capture winter solar gains but shade summer solar gains. When we size members and develop the thickness of our floor and roof plates, we want to integrate our planted areas into the thickness of the roof, and find ways to alter the plane to provide light to the spaces below. We also need to size our PV panels, and find additional surfaces for these to be placed should the square footage exceed what we have currently designed. Our building has many programs that all need well designed architecture to best support their uses. We see Hearth and Rescue as a opportunity for us learn all we can about systems integration and passive strategies, and know as we focus our efforts and time around our goal of creating a net-zero building, we will grow as architects and be prepared to enter the field at a time where this standard is critical.

58586 FTÂ˛ 20â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-0â&#x20AC;?

.6 WWR

2.31%

AVERAGE DF

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II. Final Schematic Performance Model Energy Analysis

The EUI is 5 kBtu/ft^2/yr higher than the target score. Although we have implemented passive strategies including solar shading, passive solar gain, and natural ventilation, we still have a ways to go before we are at our initial goal of 32 kBtu/ft^2/yr or our present goal of 0 kBtu/ft^2/yr. We can specify a wall system that conducts less that our current selection. We should shade our south glazing more to block hot south sun in the summer when it has a large impact on cooling loads. Luckily, our building is no longer heating dominated, which means that we can really focus on the envelope to further lower our EUI.

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II. Final Schematic Performance Model Daylighting Analysis

ANNUAL ILLUMINANCE

In our form, the floor plates have an illuminance above 28 footcandles, the minimum for this use type, for the majority (75% near the center of the floor plate, 100% near glazing) of occupied hours.

DAYLIGHT FACTOR Compared to my best perfoming form in Lab 2, the artium form, our actual has a better distribution of daylight throughout. It has a more optimal daylight factor than any of the forms I analyzed in Lab 2 or 3. Unlike those forms, the distribution of the lighting is not concentrated in one area, but is more even throughout. We are aware of the poor daylighting in the office and living spaces (far right), and we are working on a solution for this. We are also redesigning the east facade (far left) to allow more light into the program items along its elevation, especially the fitness studios. The front of the gym will feel uncomfortable and users will experience glare near the front entrance, as well as in the apparatus bays. Some spaces are overlit, but the majority of this is in the apparatus bay and the rock climbing gym, where these issues can be easily mitigated. We are noting that the apparatus bay glazing should be shaded so that fire fighters will not experience glare when they are leaving to a call.

OVERLIT AND UNDERLIT

199

III. Lighting Conditions Solar Radiation Analysis

200

201

III. Lighting Condtions Daylighting STUDY Analysis DAYLIGHT

9 AM

Apparatus Bay

SUMMMER

AUTUMN

OVERCAST MARCH 12PM

SPRING

202

3 PM

HEARTH RESCUE

5628 Skyway Rd, Paradise, CA

SCALE: 1/8” = 1’

SUN AT 3:00 PM ON JUNE 21 Concrete Slab lateral system supported horizontally with Mass Timber I-Beams and vertically with Rammed Earth walls and Gluelam columns

South Facing PV Panels Angle = (38° x .76) + 3.1 = 32°

SUN AT 10:00 AM ON DECEMBER 21

SUN AT 3:00 PM ON DECEMBER 21

Morning sun is allowed to enter in the winter to heat studio spaces during classes.

Water Cistern

Trees shade the living and occupiable roof in order to make it comfortable year-round. The planters catch and retain some water; excess water drains into two the two storage cisterns

Natural ventilation enters through south and east operable glazing and is expelled both through glazing on opposite sides and through a ventilation stack above the rock climbing area.

Rammed earth wall act as the vertical lateral force resisting system

PLANTED ROOF WITH RAIN WATER CATCHMENT

RADIENT FLOOR HEATING Wood subfloor Piping

Vegetation

Concrete slab

Geothermal Heat Pump

Horizontal Looped Collector

Shading from overhung second floor blocks east daylight from entering the lobby in the summer

Growing medium Filter membrane Drainage layer Water proofing membrane Support panel Thermal insulation

Insulation Joist

Vapor barrier Structural support

Pacific Austin | Partner: Therice Ramos | Stacey White | ARCH 307 | Winter 2019

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erg

IV. Integration Diagrams

204

Stu d De ios ar cem e w ber arm 21, ed 10: 00 A

Geothermal Heat Pump

Radiant Heating and Cooling

s ter , 3:00 en ht er 21 g i l b Sun cem De

Liv Ju ing R ne o 21 of Sh ,3 :00 ade PM d

Horizontal Looped Collector

Wood subfloor Piping Concrete slab

Radiant Slab Deatil

Important Sun Angles East

Important Sun Angles West

So Ju lar P ne V P 21 a n ,3 :00 els A PM bso

Piping in Slab (See Detail)

Insulation Joist

Important Sun Angles East Collection Drains

Rainwater Basin 205

Natural Ventilation Strategy

LAB 3: INTEGRATED WALL FOCUS AREA + 3D AXON Pacific Austin |Stacey White | ARCH 342 | Spring 2019

6 8

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

CAP SHEET WEATHER RESISTIVE BARRIER BASE FLASHING ROOF UNDERLAYMENT 2X8 WOOD FRAMING WOOD SHEATHING METAL STUD WITH RIGID INSULATION IN CAVITY EXTERIOR PLASTER STUCCO

Level 3 125' - 0"

ME R SU 6.8 N2

Level 2 112' - 6"

3D EES EGR

WIN

TER

N2 6.8

REE

GRAVEL CAP SHEET BASE FLASHING ROOF UNDERLAYMENT RIGID INSULATION PLYWOOD SHEATHING 7-PLY CLT PANEL

Daylight enter the first floor lobby and second floor kitchen through curtain wall glazing with 3’ x 6’ panels. The mullions are offset in columns in order to create visual interest and bring the scale of the glazing down to a human level. Because this building face is on the north, no shading is added. Opposite glazing on the south side (not pictured) is oriented to allow for natural ventilation and thermal mass with night flushing.

312"

SUM

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

NANAWALL FOLDING DOOR SYSTEM

CONCRETE SLAB WITH RADIANT HEATING COILS 3 4" WOOD SHEATHING 2X4 @ 2' O.C. CREATES PLENUM FOR DISTRIBUTION AIR 9 PLY CLT PANEL

14" X 14" GLULAM COLUMN

LVT FINISH FLOOR CONCRETE SLAB WITH RADIANT COILS 3" MIN. 34" GRAVEL

Level 1 100' - 0"

NORTH

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

C B ALUMINUM STANDING SEAM METAL SIDING WEATHER RESISTIVE BARRIER RIGID INSULATION METAL STUD 3/4” PLYWOOD SHEATHING 5/8” GYPSUM BOARD FINISH PAINT

B C

STUCCO EXTERIOR FINISH WEATHER RESISTIVE BARRIER RIGID INSULATION METAL STUD 3/4” PLYWOOD SHEATHING 5/8” GYPSUM BOARD FINISH PINT

A Level 1 100' - 0"

SCALE: 1/2” = 1’

206

Level 2 112' - 6"

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

6.8

EES

JOINT

REE

CAP SHEET WEATHER RESISTIVE BARRIER BASE FLASHING ROOF UNDERLAYMENT 2X8 WOOD FRAMING WOOD SHEATHING METAL STUD WITH RIGID INSULATION IN CAVITY STUCCO FINISH

CONCRETE SLAB WITH RADIANT HEATING COILS 3 4" WOOD SHEATHING 2X4 @ 2' O.C. CREATES PLENUM FOR DISTRIBUTION AIR 9 PLY CLT PANEL

KAWNEER STOREFRONT

12'-0"

EGR

6.8

R SU

PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION

SUM

1 " 2

12'-0"

NANAWALL FOLDING DOOR SYSTEM

In this section, daylight enter the first floor lobby and second floor kitchen through curtain wall glazing with 3’ x 6’ panels. The mullions are offset in columns in order to create visual interest and bring the scale of the glazing down to a human level. Because this building face is on the north, no shading is added. Opposite glazing on the south side (not pictured) is oriented to allow for natural ventilation and thermal mass with night flushing.

14" X 14" GLULAM COLUMN

CONCRETE SLAB WITH RADIANT COILS 3 4" PLYWOOD SHEATHING 2X4 @ 2' O.C. CREATES PLENUM FOR DISTRIBUTION AIR 12" CONCRETE SLAB ON GRADE 3" MIN. 3/4" GRAVEL

Hearth + Rescue has three main facade systems: stucco curtain wall, standing seam metal panels as a curtain wall, and storefront glazing. Stucco finish is applied in layers to a metal lath, above a weather resistant barrier screwed to plywood sheathing, attached to a metal stud, which hangs from the floor plate above. A similar assembly is used for the standing seam metal siding panels, which are applied over a weather resistant barrier and fixed to the sheathing. The store front assembly is by Kawneer and features a standard mullion style in black aluminum. Mullion pattern has been adjusted to create visual interest. To accommodate lateral movement, the stucco wall will have joints every 12 feet in horizontal and vertical direction. The standing seam metal panels are flexible and are able to accommodate lateral movement, while the layers of sheathing and metal stud wall behind it will prevent excesses in movement.

SCALE: 1/2” = 1’

B A Level 1 100' - 0"

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Wo r k s C i t e d

Rural Studio and the Architecture of Decency, Dean and Hursley, Introduction (1-13) Chapter 1: Introduction Introduction: McDonald, L. H. (2000). This Paradise we call home. Paradise, CA: Gold Nugget Museum. California, S. O. (n.d.). California Statewide Fire Map. Retrieved from http:// cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=2277 http://www.ontheridge.com/paradise.html http://www.usacitiesonline.com/cacountyparadise.htm#history https://www.townofparadise.com/index.php/visitors/about-paradise Chapter 2: Community Overview History http://www.ontheridge.com/paradise.html http://www.usacitiesonline.com/cacountyparadise.htm#history https://www.townofparadise.com/index.php/visitors/about-paradise Culture and Community Assets https://www.paradiseprpd.com/index.html https://www.townofparadise.com/index. php/9-uncategorised/93-gold-nugget-days http://www.paradisechamber.com/johnny-appleseed-days http://www.seecalifornia.com/festivals/paradise-johnny-appleseed-days. html http://chocolatefest.us/ Economics U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics *NB: Census data is tagged to residential address, not a work address; some residents may live in Paradise and work elsewhere “Paradise, CA.” Data USA, 2019, datausa.io/profile/geo/paradise-ca/. Prior and Anticipatory Demographics “Paradise, CA.” Data USA, 2019, datausa.io/profile/geo/paradise-ca/. UDA. “Paradise, California.” Paradise, California, 2019, makeitparadise.org/.

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U.S. Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics *NB: Census data is tagged to residential address, not a work address; some residents may live in Paradise and work elsewhere Ecosystem Understanding Climate Consultant “Paradiso Series.” USDA, October 2006. Web. 16 May 2019. https:// soilseries.sc.egov.usda.gov/OSD_Docs/P/PARADISO.html. “About Paradise.” Town Of Paradise. Web. 16 May 2019. https://www. townofparadise.com/index.php/visitors/about-paradise. “Climate Paradise - California.” U.S. Climate Data. Web. 16 May 2019. https://www.usclimatedata.com/climate/paradise/california/united-states/ usca0836 “Butte Valley Wildlife Area.” California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 31 October 2018. Web. May 16. 2019. https://www.wildlife.ca.gov/Lands/ Places-to-Visit/Butte-Valley-WA. California Native Plant Society. Web. 16 May 2019. loc-39.7596,121.6219(Paradise, California). “Mountainside Settlements.” Architecture 2030 Palette. Web. 17 May 2019. http://2030palette.org/mountainside-settlements/ “Choosing the Right Plants for Northern Nevada’s High Fire Hazard Areas.” Living With Fire. Web. 17 May 2019. https://www.unce.unr.edu/ publications/files/nr/2017/sp1701.pdf “Building.” Architecture 2030 Palette. Web. 17 May 2019. http://2030palette.org/building/ Chapter 3: Resiliency and Disaster Recovery Defining and Implementing Recovery Becker, Christine. “Disaster Recovery: A Local Government Responsibility.” ICMA, ICMA, Mar. 2009, icma.org/sites/default/files/4718_.pdf. “Community Recovery Plan.” Make It Paradise, UDA, 18 Apr. 2019, issuu. com/makeitparadise/docs/2350pres190418_final_rev_. https://calfire-forestry.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/ index.html?id=5306cc8cf38c4252830a38d467d33728&extent=13547810.5486%2C4824920.1673%2C-13518764.4778%2C4841526.1 117%2C102100

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Wo r k s C i t e d

“Long-Term Community Recovery Planning Process: A Self Help Guide.” Fema.gov, FEMA, Dec. 2005, www.fema.gov/media-librarydata/20130726-1538-20490-8825/selfhelp.pdf. Vujanovic, Anka A, and Matthew W Gallagher. “Psychological Impact of Natural Disasters in Adults.” Psychological Impact of Natural Disasters in Adults - University of Houston, University of Houston College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences, 12 Sept. 2017, www.uh.edu/class/news/ archive/2017/august-september/natural-disasters-impact-adults/. Wildland Urban Interface http://www.fire.ca.gov/fire_prevention/fire_prevention_wildland_codes https://makeitparadise.org/brochure Fire, Defensible Space, and You: https://www.sandiegocounty.gov/pds/ fire_resistant.html Designing Your Home to Survive Wildfires: http://www.energy-design-tools. aud.ucla.edu/FIRES.html

California Recycle and Underutilized Sites (CALReUSE) Program: https:// www.treasurer.ca.gov/cpcfa/calreuse.as California Wildfires Statewide Recovery Recourses: http://wildfirerecovery. org/ California Action Plan for Disaster Recovery: http://www.hcd.ca.gov/ community-development/disaster-recovery-programs/cdbg-dr/docs/HCDCDBG-DR-AP-01Nov18-Full-English.pdf Paradise Recovery Plan: https://makeitparadise.org/ Town of Paradise, Butte County Recovers: http://wildfirerecovery.org/

Chapter 4: Vision and Goals Designers—Think Big!: https://www.ted.com/talks/ tim_brown_urges_designers_to_think_big?language=en Chapter 5: Paradise (re) Imagined Happy City, Montgomery, The Mayor and the City as Happiness Project (1-43) Retrofitting Suburbia, Urban Design Solutions for Redesigning Suburbs, Dunham-Jones, Williamson, Chapter 4 (59-94) Suburban Remix, Creating the Next Generation of Urban Places, Beske and Dixon, Chapter 2 (33-81) The Image of the City, Lynch, Chapter 4 (91-117) The Rise of the Creative Class, Florida, (280-303) The Walkable City, Speck, The Ten Steps of Walkability (65-72) Chapter 6: The Built Environment

Chapter 7: The Future

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Images Cited

Photos and graphics used are cited below. Unlisted works are provided by author and/or Studio White. 5a.Bowman, Jordan. “Unsplash.” Unsplash, Rainier National Park, 19 Feb. 2018, unsplash.com/photos/CAhfcC8ioyo.

21b. Stillman, Eli. “Johnny Apple Seed Actor Poses with Family.” Paradise Post, MediaNews Group, 7 Oct. 2017, www.paradisepost.com/2017/10/07/ pies-the-top-priority-at-johnny-appleseed-days/. 21c. “Women Standing Together at Chocolate Fest.” Chocolate Fest, chocolatefest.us/about/gallery/.

10a. Locher, John. “CNN.” CNN, 16 Nov. 2018, www.cnn. com/2018/11/16/us/california-fires/index.html. 12a. “The Design Process.” Ideo.org, Ideo, www.ideo.org/approach. 14a. Eastman’s Studio. “Street in Paradise, CA.” Calisphere, UC Libraries, 1945, calisphere.org/item/4f999ec1bb92e0429d62d78a16f66fcd/. 17a. Garci, Dawn. “Paradise Flume Trail.” Paradise Flume Trail, Altacal Auduban Society, www.altacal.org/birding-sites/ParadiseFlumeTrail/.

28a. By Pacific Southwest Region 5 - Fall Colors Middle Fork of the Feather River, Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index. php?curid=68911483

18a., 18b. “Native American Indian Tribes.” Maidu Tribe, Siteseen Limited, 16 Jan. 2018, www.warpaths2peacepipes.com/indian-tribes/maidu-tribe.htm.

28b. Bryden, Emily. “Natural Landscape of Butte County — in the Northern Sacramento Valley and Inner Coast Ranges, Northern California.” Wikipedia, 2005, commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Butte_County,_CA.jpg.

18c. “Flumes.” CaliSphere, California State Univeristy, Chico, 1913, calisphere.org/item/b4e4977041871db4deab3bbbcbfa6ee0/.

29a. “Town of Paradse.” Town of Paradise Mapping, Town of Paradise, www. townofparadisemapping.com/.

18d. Hamilton, Nancy. “Firefighters Work as the Camp Fire Burns through Paradise, California.” Seventh Day Adventist Church , 15 Nov. 2018, www. nadadventist.org/news/community-pulls-together-after-deadliest-firecalifornias-history-burns-through-towns.

35a. Edelson , Josh. “Smoke Plumes from the Camp Fire Tower over a Home in Paradise.” Live Science, 21 Nov. 2018, www.livescience.com/64144wildfire-smoke-health-effects.html.

19a. A Peek at Paradise : Butte County, California. A Peek at Paradise : Butte County, California, 1950. 21a. Gold Nugget Museum. “Gold Nugget Days Kicks off with the Crowning of Miss Gold Nugget.” NSPR, NPR, 19 Apr. 2019, www.mynspr.org/post/ road-gold-nugget-days#stream/0.

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22.a, 24a., 24b., 25a., 25b., 26a., 26a., 27a., 27b. “Paradise and California Statistic Graphics.” DataUSA, datausa.io/profile/geo/ paradise-ca?compare=california.

37a. Ronayne, Kathleen. “After a Brief Delay to Let a Downpour Pass, Volunteers Resume Their Search for Human Remains at a Mobile Home Park in Paradise.” NBC News, 31 Jan. 2019, www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/ feds-want-toxic-debris-removed-camp-fire-victims-return-burn-n965651. 37b. Ma, Fiona. “ Cal Poly, SLO Students Met with California Treasurer Fiona Ma to Discuss Funding Opportunities for Rebuilding.” Facebook, 19 Apr. 2019, www.facebook.com/CA.FionaMa/photos/

H E ART + R E SC U E / Re -i m a g i n g i n g Pa ra d i se / S t u d i o Whi t e

Images Cited

pcb.10156366468182741/10156366459037741/?type=3&theater. 37c. “Hundreds Take Part in Special Town Council Meeting on Rebuilding Paradise.” KRCR, ABC News, 22 Mar. 2019, krcrtv.com/news/butte-county/ hundreds-take-part-in-special-town-council-meeting-on-rebuilding-paradise. 39a., 39b. Urban Design Associates. Rebuilding and Adapting My Home. Rebuilding and Adapting My Home, Issuu, 2019. 39c.Hartman, Steve. “California Native Plants.” California Native Plant Society Blog, 26 Sept. 2016, grownatives.cnps.org/2016/09/26/ california-native-plants-on-the-op-ed-pages/. 39d. “Brock Commons Construction.” Building Design and Construction, 12 Jan. 2017, www.bdcnetwork.com/mass-timber-what-heck-wow.

59a. Pratt, Tyler. “Students Present in Paradise.” KCBX, 5 June 2019, www. kcbx.org/post/cal-poly-students-present-finished-design-ideas-rebuildingparadise#stream/0. 59b. Siegel, Jeremy. “Former Paradise Resident Kerry Kennedy Attends a Listening Session and Gives Feedback on Student’s Work.” KPBS, 25 Feb. 2019, www.kpbs.org/news/2019/feb/25/ architecture-students-reimagine-paradise-aftermath/. 68a. Hutcherson, Olivia. “Main Street, Park City.” Unsplash, unsplash.com/ photos/xOwnyyaZ030. 71a. Tom Grimbert. “European Downtown.” Unsplash. 73a. Micheil Henderson. “Elderly Couple Walking.” Unsplash.

40a. Du Preez, Priscilla. “Two Girls Hugging .” Unsplash, unsplash.com/ photos/eIWIn7BvVXk. 41a. Du Preez, Priscilla. “People Eating a Meal around a Table.” Unsplash, unsplash.com/photos/W3SEyZODn8U.

77a-d. “Street Section.” Urban Street Design Guide, National Association of City Transportation Officials, nacto.org/publication/ urban-street-design-guide/.

41b. Fusco, J. “Women Walking in a Downtown.” Visit Philadelphia, www.visitphilly.com/articles/philadelphia/ best-places-to-shop-in-philadelphia/#vp-article-section--item-7.t 41c. Velicescu, Sinziana. “ArchDaily.” ArchDaily, www.archdaily.com/ catalog/us/products/7919/terracotta-rainscreen-facade-system-longotonvertical-panels-shildan/85507. 46a. “Urban Build #9.” Francesco Maria Messina, francescomariamessina. com/urban-build-9-new-orleans-tulane-university. 47a. “Students Listen to Urban Build Professor .” Cal Poly, Cal Poly. 56a. Nic. “Family Hiking.” Unsplash, unsplash.com/photos/xOigCUcFdA8.

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