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DOCUMENTATIO ON FOR R TRUCK K TRANS SPORT P ROCES SSES Content Ge eneral Desc cription of Processes P ................................................................................................ 2 Process Ch haracterizatio on / Abbrevia ations / Naming................................... ............................... 2 Classificatio on ............................................................................................... ............................... 2 Size Cate egories (see [7], [8], [11])).......................................................... ............................... 2 Emission n Categories (see [3], [11]], [13]) ................................................ ............................... 2 Road Cattegories (see e [11]) ..................................................................... ............................... 3 Emissions Calculation C ................................................................................. ............................... 3 General Emissions E Calculation ............................................................... ............................... 3 Singularitty for CO2 ................................................................................... ............................... 4 Calculatio on of SO2 ................................................................................... ............................... 4 Laughing g Gas (N2O) and a Ammon ia (NH3).............................................. ............................... 4 Variable Pa arameters.................................................................................... ............................... 4 Inputs ............................................................................................................ ............................... 4 Valuable Substances............................................................................... ............................... 4 Outputs ......................................................................................................... ............................... 5 Valuable Substances............................................................................... ............................... 5 Emission ns ................................................................................................ ............................... 5 Systems an nd Emissions s that are nott considered ....................................... ............................... 5 Ap pplication ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Input Param meters ......................................................................................... ............................... 5 Distance .................................................................................................. ............................... 6 Load bassed on Mass (parameter: utilisation) ......................................... ............................... 6 ............................................................................... ............................... 6 Payload .................... . Sulfur Co ontent of Fue el (parameterr: “ppm_sulfu ur”) .................................. ............................... 6 Driving Sha ares for Motorway, Rural, Urban (resp pective param meters: “sharre_mw”, “sha are_ru”, ............................................................................... ............................... 7 “share_ur”) .................... . Empty Run .................... . ............................................................................... ............................... 7 Forward and Return Trip ps with differrent utilisation factors ......................... ............................... 7 Transport of specifically y lightweight g goods ................................................ ............................... 7 Choice of co orrect vehicle e ............................................................................. ............................... 8 Representa ativeness..................................................................................... ............................... 9 Technolo ogical .......................................................................................... ............................... 9 Spatial ...................................................................................................... ............................... 9 Temporal ................................................................................................. ............................... 9 Pa arameter Va ariations – Examples E .............................................................................................. 10 Variation off utilisation ra atio .......................................................................... ............................. 10 Variation off Payload .................................................................................... ............................. 10 Variation off shares on different d Road d Categories s ...................................... ............................. 11 Literature ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Prrocess List (GaBi) ...................................................................................................................... 14
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General Des scription off Processe es Th his docume entation de escribes tra ansportation n processe es for utilitty vehicles for the tra ansportation n of cargo o in [kg]. T The proces sses comprrise the usse phase with w fuel de emand and d emissions s released. The defau ult functiona al unit is thhe transporttation of 1 kg of carg go over a distance o of 100 km. The follow wing parameeters are variable: v oad/payload d), share off road cate egories (urbban/rural/mo otorway) distance, utillisation (=lo nd, if require ed, sulphur content in ffuel and tottal payload. an Proces ss Characte erization / A Abbreviations / Namiing General proccess naming g: Siize Catego ory with Tottal Capacitty / Payload d / Emissio on Category ry Truck Truck-ttrailer
= =
single e truck witho out trailer truck a and trailer combination c n
Light duty vehicle w Gross weight Payload Utilisation
= = = =
Comm mercial trans sport vehicle of size claass N1-III total w weight of the e vehicle maxim mum vehicle e load capacity actuall load divide ed by maxim mum load
A list of all avvailable processes is a appended att the end of this docum mentation. Classiffication S Size Catego ories (see [[8], [9], [12]])
Light duty vehicle < 3,5 t Truck < 7,5 t Truck 7,5-12 7 t Truck 12-14 1 t Truck 14-20 1 t Truck 20-26 2 t
Truck 26-28 2 t Truck 28-32 2 t Truck > 32 t Truck-ttrailer < 28 t Truck-ttrailer 28-34 4t Truck-ttrailer 34-40 0t E Emission Categories C ((see [4], [12], [13])
Averag ge 1980s (pre-Euro) Euro 1 Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 – 2 / 16 6 –
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Euro 5 Euro 6 Mix Euro 0-5 R Road Categ gories (see [12]) Averag ge Motorway y (MW) Averag ge Rural (RU U) Averag ge Urban (U UR) Emissiions Calculation Th he emission n calculatio ons are derrived from emission e fa actors from literature (HBEFA) [12] which arre based on n measurem ments. Addittional calculation princiiples are elu ucidated elow. be G General Em missions Ca alculation W With the assumption that t the uttilisation inffluences th he emissionns linearly [2], the em mission facttors (EF) [g/km] are refferenced to o 1 kg of carrgo via the ffollowing eq quation:
E Emission
E empty ( EF EF E loaded EF Fempty ) utilisation paylo oad 1 000 uutilisation
g km kg
E empty EF
Emission E fa actor for empty run [g/km]
E loaded EF
Emission E fa actor for load ded run [g/k km]
(1)
U Utilisation Utilisation U re eferred to mass m [-] P Payload
Maximum M p payload capacity [t]
Th he variable parameterrs payload and utilisattion can be e specified within the process an nd set individually by th he user. Fo or light dutyy vehicles (<3,5t) ( it is not differe entiated betw ween emisssion factors s for the em mpty and th he loaded ru un. Th he total em missions fo or each po llutant refe er to 1 kg cargo and the transp portation distance is to o be calcula ated based d on the driv ving share (Motorway = MWshare, Rural = an = URsharee) [-], the sp pecific emis ssions (Moto orway = MW WEm, Rural = RUEm, RUshare, Urba m*kg)] and th he distance e [km]. Urban = UREm E ) in [g/(km
To Total Emissiion X MW Wshare MW WEEm RU shaare RU Em URshare UR Em distan nce x
Index for a sspecific pollutant [-]
M share MW
Driving D sharre on motorrway [%]
M EM MW
Motorway M s pecific emis ssions [g/(km*kg)]
R share RU
Driving D sharre on rural road r [%]
R EM RU
Rural R speciffic emission ns [g/(km*kg g)]
U share UR
Driving D sharre on urban n road [%]
U Em UR
Urban U road specific em missions [g/((km*kg)] – 3 / 16 6 –
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S Singularity for CO2 Th he calculattions for ca arbon dioxiide emissio ons are ba ased on thee emission n factors acccording to equations (1) and (2) , whereas a constant relation of 33,175 kgCO22/ kgDiesel fo or the fuel consumption c n is assume ed. With a medium m density of 0,8832 kg/l (die esel) this is equal to a ratio of 2,64 42 kgCO2/lDieesel. C Calculation of SO2 or sulfur dio oxide, a com mplete stoicchiometric conversion c of o the sulphhur containe ed in the Fo fu uel and of oxygen o into SO2 is asssumed. The e sulphur co ontent in thhe fuel is a variable pa arameter, which w can be e set individ dually by the e user.
E EF _ SO2
x _ ppmS kg k S 64 g SSO 2 kg Diesel_Consumptiion Diesel 1 000 000 kg g Diesel 32 g S kg Cargo E EF_SO 2
Emission E fa actor for SO2
x_ x_ppm s
Mass M share e of sulfur in n fuel
kg SO 2 kg Cargo
(3)
L Laughing Gas G (N2O) a and Ammon nia (NH3) Th he emission n factor for ammonia a (N NH3) is set as a constantt throughoutt all trucks and a light du uty vehicless. Th he emission n factor for laughing g gas (nitrous oxide, N2O) O is set connstant for all a trucks Eu uro 0 to Eu uro 5 trucks s for each ro oad catego ory. Laughin ng gas is sppecific for light duty ve ehicles and Euro 6 truc cks. Variable Parametters Param meter Name e
Comm ment
Unit
sh hare_MW
Driiving share on motorwa ay (MW)
-
sh hare_RU
Driiving share rural (RU)
-
sh hare_UR
Driiving share urban (UR))
-
uttilisation
Uti lisation ratio o based on mass
-
distance
Disstance from m start to end d
km
pa ayload
Ma aximum pay yload capac city
t
pp pm_sulfur
Ma ass share off sulfur in fu uel
ppm
sh hare_CO2_b bio
Sh are of bioge enic C in fuel
-
Inputs V Valuable Su ubstances Flow
Flow Group
Unit
Diesel
Cru ude Oil Products
kg
Ca argo
Oth hers
kg
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Outputts V Valuable Su ubstances Flow Ca argo
Flow Group Oth hers
Unit kg
E Emissions Flow
Flow Group
Unit
Am mmonia
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
Be enzene
Gro oup NMVOC to Air
kg
Ca arbon Dioxiide
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
Ca arbon Dioxiide (biotic)
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
Ca arbon Mono oxide
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
Dust (PM2,5))
Pa articles to Air
kg
M Methane
Org ganic Emiss sions to Air (Group VO OC)
kg
Nitrogen Dioxxide
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
Nitrogen Mon noxide
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
Nitrous Oxide e (Laughing g Gas)
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
NMVOC (unsspecific)
Gro oup NMVOC to Air
kg
Su ulfur Dioxide
Ino organic Emissions to Air A
kg
System ms and Emissions tha at are not considered c d
Vehicle e production n Vehicle e recycling Infrastrructure (roads/...) Noise
Diurnall losses and d refuelling losses (see e [13]) Hot-So oak-Emissio ons Oil use e Cold-Start Emissio ons ons from air conditionin ng (relevance < 1 %, see s [10]) Emissio Abrasio on of tyres and a brakes
Application P s Input Parameters he vehicle processes p can c be ada apted to spe ecific condittions by meeans of the variable Th pa arameters.
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D Distance Th he distance e represents s the real d driven distance of the vehicle v from m start to end. e This sh hould be mo odified by th he user. L Load based d on Mass ((parameterr: utilisation) Th he standard d utilisation is assumed d to be 85% % [4]. This fa actor repressents the re elation of tra ansported cargo c to payload capa city. For ha auler service es in Europpe the value e is 0,85 (= = 85 %) [1]. If cargo with w low de ensity is tra ansported (e e.g. expandded polysty yrene or fo oam materia als), the pa arameter uttilisation sh hould be ad dapted (redduced) acco ordingly. Only utilisatio on values between 0 a nd 1 are pe ermitted! Minimum value: M
al to empty rrun) “utilisation” = 1/“payload” [kg] (equa
Maximum value: M
o full load). “utilisation” = 1 (equal to
P Payload he payload of a vehicle is the tota al weight minus m the ac ctual weightt of the veh hicle and Th is equal to th he vehicle load capaci ty [t]. The predefined p standard vaalue repres sents the ansportationn process name. n In tyypical situation in each case, in a ccordance with the tra sp pecial case es, trucks with supe erstructures s that are e particularrly heavy (e.g. a re efrigeration unit) or pa articularly lig ght (e.g. a simple plattform) can be represe ented by ad djusting thiss parameterr. S Sulfur Conttent of Fue l (paramete er: “ppm_s sulfur”) Th he sulfur co ontent in die esel fuel va ries strongly worldwide e; the transsport proces sses can be e adapted accordingly. a wing table sh hows possib ble values (ee.g. [14], [15]). The follow Co ountry
Su ulfur Conten nt by mass [[ppm]
EU U
10 pp pm
Ja apan
50 pp pm
China
up to 2000 ppm
In ndonesia, Pa akistan
up to 5000 ppm, reductions are planneed
Siingapore
50 pp pm
In ndia, Philipp pines, Thaila and
up to 500 ppm
Au ustralia
50 pp pm
La atin America a (general)
> 250 00 ppm
Brrazil
In ge neral 1800 ppm, 500 ppm p planneed for 2014, 50 ppm for pu ublic transport services s in metropoolitan areas
USA
15 pp pm
Ca anada
15 pp pm
So outh Africa
50 pp pm
Sa audi Arabia a
500 p ppm, 50 ppm m planned for f 2014
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Driving g Shares for Moto orway, Ru ural, Urban (respecctive para ameters: “share e_mw”, “sh hare_ru”, “s share_ur”)) Th he driving shares s for Motorway (MW), Rural (RU), Urrban (UR) can be ada apted to sp pecific boun ndary conditions. The p alues repreesent the sh hares for predefined standard va Germany for the respective vehicle e. In addition n, the share es must be 1 total. Empty Run W When consid dering an empty e run, the process provides s emissionss according g to the em mpty run Em mission Fac ctors EFemptyy [g/km] with hout carryin ng cargo. Inn a GaBi mo odel, this sittuation can n be modelled with a fixed and non-connec cted transpport process in the tra ansport cha ain. The follo owing cond ditions have to be applied: Scaling g factor = 1 Processs is not con nnected to o other proces sses Utilisation = 1/payload in kg Ass utilisation n = 0 is an n invalid v alue, value es have to be appliedd according g to the fo ollowing exa ample. Exxample: em mpty run for “Truck-traile er > 34 - 40 0 t total cap. / 27 t paylooad / Euro 3” fixing to o scaling factor = 1 payload d = 27 t = 27000 kg utilisation = 1/27000 = 3,7037*100-5. Forwarrd and Return Trips w with differe ent utilisatio on factors If the forward d trip and re eturn trip arre driven wiith different utilisation ffactors the average n be calcula ated as follo ows: uttilisation can
uttilisatio n
distancetrip utilisatio ntrip distancereturn utiliisatio nreturn distanceetrip distance n return
ddistance diistancetrip distancereturnrn
(4) (5)
If the return n trip is an a empty run, the calculation c ed with: can be aapproximate uttilisationreturnn = 0. Transp port of spec cifically lig ghtweight goods g In n case of tra ansportation n of specificcally lightweight goods s, the standdard utilisattion ratio ha as to be red duced. Exxample: tra ansport of expanded polystyrene e (EPS), de ensity 20 kkg/m3, with “Trucktra ailer 34-40 t total cap. / 27 t paylo ad / 90 m3 volume v cap pacity good has h to be id dentified ass specifically lightweight good (loow density, high air contentt) max load 1,8 t < payload p 27 t; volume capacity reached befoore weight capacity; c s to be redu uced utilisation ratio has
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1.8t looad 0.07 (7%) insttead of 85% % payloadd capacity 27t
Choice e of correctt vehicle To o choose th he correct ve ehicle the fo ollowing aspects have to be consiidered: the tota al weight of the vehicle e
To otal weight
Comment
Lig ght duty vehiccle <3 3,5 t
Van n for com mmercial activities
Trruck < 7,5 t
Big van or verry small truc ck Sm mall truck for short-haul d and disttribution tran nsport
Trruck 7,5-12 t
Medium ck for truc sho ort-haul and d disttribution tran nsport
Trruck 12-14 t
Medium ck for truc sho ort-haul and d disttribution tran nsport
Trruck 14-20 t
Hea avy-duty national and inte ernational long-haul tran nsport
Trruck 20-26 t
Hea avy-duty national and inte ernational long-haul nsport tran
Trruck 26-28 t
Hea avy duty truc ck for con nstruction worrks
Trruck 28-32 t
Hea avy duty truc ck for con nstruction worrks
Trruck > 32 t
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Trruck-trailer < 28 2 t
Hea avy-duty national and inte ernational long-haul tran nsport
Trruck-trailer 28--34 t
Hea avy duty long-haul nsports, tran tanks
Trruck-trailer 34--40 t
URO standa ard; results ffrom year of o type approval: The EU 19 980s
Eu uro 1
Eu uro 2
Eu uro 3
Eu uro 4
Eu uro 5
Euuro 6
Eu uro 0-5 Mix
be efore 19 992
01.01. 19 992
01.10. 19 998
01 .10. 20 000
01.10. 20 005
01.10. 20 008
011.01. 20013
average mix 2 DE of 2010
Repres sentativene ess T Technologi cal Th he emission classes from f ‘pre-E Euro’ to ‘Euro 6’ are covered. Thhe technologies are re epresentativve Europe-w wide and ccan be ada apted for worldwide w loocations witth some m minor restricttions. There e is a need tto identify the correspo onding emisssion classe es. S Spatial Th he referencce locations s are Germ many, Austria and Switzerland. H However due to the similarity of the vehicle structures s a and the sam me emission ns limit valuues, the mo odels are epresentativve for the entire e EU. T The model can be tran nsferred to conditions in other re co ountries worldwide with h only some e minor unc certainties. Note: N impreeciseness in ncreases with the incre ease of dev viation of the e vehicle sttructure and d with the ro road catego ories and th he utilisation behaviou ur – these can be adapted a by modifying the driving share (M MW/RU/UR)) as well as s the utilisattion ratio an nd sulphur content c in thhe fuel for in ndividual co onditions. T Temporal Th he referencce year of the data setts is 2014; representativeness m may be assu umed for th he period of 2014 to 2017. M Modification of the age structure off vehicles for f each em mission classs leads to changes c g for aabout 3 yea ars (until in the emisssion profile. The validitty of the data set is given
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20 017). Progn noses in HBEFA [12] based on comprehen nsive time sseries (199 94-2020) re eport that th here is no ch hange in em mission proffiles within a certain sizze class, em missions class or road d category. Only the d ifferent com mposition off a total vehhicle fleet results in ome change es over time e. so Pa arameter Variations V – Examples s Th he following g section shows s some e examples s to highlig ght the influuence of the single pa arameters. Variation of utilis sation ratio o Fiigure 1 sho ows the spe ecific carbon n dioxide emission e in [gCO2/(kgCarrgo*km)] for different tru uck sizes ea ach driven on o motorwa ay if the utiliisation ratio o is varied inn equation (1). ( Varriation of utillisation ratio between 1% % und 100% (S Standard 85% %) E Euro 3 / driviing share 100 0% highway spe ecific CO2-em missions [gCO m)] O2/(kgcargo*km
CO2-emissions [gCO2/(kgcargo*km)]
3 2,5 2 Truck <7,5 5t
1,5 Truck Trailer >34-40 t
1 0,5 0 0%
2 20%
40 0%
60 0%
80% %
100% %
uttilisation ratio [% %]
Figure 1:
Variation of utilisatio on ratio (load d, based on mass) betw ween 1 % an nd 100 %
W With converg gence to 0 % utilisation n ratio, the specific em missions inccrease acco ording to th he mathema atical function towardss infinity (d division by zero). The minimal utilisation u ra atio (empty run) is the reciprocal r vvalue of the payload in [kg]. With a high utilisa ation the sp pecific emisssions change only slig ghtly. Variation of Paylo oad Fiigure 2 sho ows the spe ecific carbon n dioxide emission e in [gCO2/(kgCarrgo*km)] for different tru uck sizes ea ach driven on o motorwa ay if the pay yload is variied in equattion (1).
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CO2-emissions [gCO2/(kgcargo*km)]
Variation of payload p Euro 3 / driving share e 100% highway specific CO2-emissions [gCO2/(kgcargo*km)] * 0,25
Truck <7,5 t Truck 7,5-12 t
0,20
Truck 14-20 0t
0,15
Truck 20-26 6t Truck Traile er <28 t
0,10
Truck Traile er >34-40 t
0,05
Truck 28-32 2t Truck 26-28 8t
0,00 0
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 1 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
payload [t]]
Figure 2:
Variation of payload ((Euro 3 truc cks)
Pa articularly for f smaller trucks, a clear influence of va ariations inn payload on o CO2em missions, and hence th he fuel con nsumption, can c be iden ntified. If thee truck has s a lower pa ayload caused by a heavy sup perstructure (e.g. a re efrigeration unit), the specific em missions pe er kg of carg go increase e. Variation of share es on diffe erent Road Categories s eavy truckss are optim He mised for ru ral and mo otorway trav vels (RU/M W) (see Fiigure 4), an nd therefore e have the lowest l speccific emissio ons on moto orway traveel and clearlly higher sp pecific emisssions in urb ban travel (ssee Figure 3 and Figurre 5). Sm mall trucks have theirr lowest sp pecific emis ssions in rural travel; tthe overall level of sp pecific emisssions is obv viously high her than forr heavy trucks (see Figgure 3, Figure 4 and Fiigure 5).
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Specific Fuel Consumption Rura al (RU) - Motorway (MW), ( Euro 3
4,5E-05 4,0E-05 Truck <7,5 t
3,5E-05 3,0E-05 2,5E-05 2,0E-05 1,5E-05
Truck Trailer >34-40 t
1,0E-05 5,0E-06 0,0E+00 0
10
0 20
30
40
50
60
70
80
100% UR 0% RU
Diesel Consumption [kg Diesel/(kg Cargo*km)] km)]
Diesel Consumption p [kg [ g Diesel/(kg ( g Cargo*km)] )]
S Specific Fuel Consu umption Urban (UR) - Rural (RU U), Euro 3 4,5E-05
3,5E-05 3,0E-05 2,5E-05 2,0E-05 1,5E-05
5,0E-06 0,0E+00
90 100
0
Diesel Consumption [kg Diesel/(kg Cargo*km)]
50
60
70
80
90 100 0% RU W 100% MW
Rural – M Motorway
Truck <7,5 t
3,0E-05 2,5E-05 2,0E-05 1,5E-05
Truck Trailer >34-40 t
1,0E-05 5,0E-06 0,0E+00
Figure 5:
40
Urban – Rural R
3,5E-05
20
30
Specific Fuel Cons sumption
4,0E-05
10
2 20
Specific Fuel Cons sumption Figure F 4:
4,5E-05
0
10
100% RU 0% MW
Specific Fuel Consu umption Urba an (UR) - Motorway (MW), ( Euro 3
100% UR 0% MW
Truck Trailer >34-40 t
1,0E-05
0% UR 100% RU
Figure 3:
Truck <7,5 t
4,0E-05
30
40
50
60
70
80
90 100 0% UR 100% MW
Specific Fuel F Consu umption Urban – Motorway M
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Liiterature [1]
BAITZ, Martin: Erstellung E eines Mod dells zur Simulierung S g umweltre elevanter Auswirkkungen von n Transportp prozessen unter Einflu uss des Verrtriebssyste ems, des Bedarfss und des Transportm mittels, Stutttgart, Univ versität Stu ttgart – Ins stitut für Kunststtoffprüfung und Kunstsstoffkunde (IKP), 1995.
2] [2
BORKE EN, Jens; PATYK, Andreas; Reinhardt, Guido A A: Basisda aten für ökologische Bilan nzierungen – Einsattz von Nutzfahrzeuggen in Trransport, d Bergbau, Braunschw weig : Viewe eg, 1999. Landwirtschaft und
[3 3]
BRÜCK K, R. et e al.: D Die Vision n eines motornahhen Nutzffahrzeug Katalyssatorsystem ms; Emissio onsminimierrung unterr allen Beetriebsbedin ngungen, 2014
[4 4]
BUNDE ESAMT GÜTERKRAFT TVERKEHR R LOGISTIK K UND ENT TSORGUNG G (BGL) e.V.: Da aten und Fa akten. http://w www.bgl-ev.d de/web/date en/emission nen_grenzw werte.htm (008/2006).
[5 5]
EUROP PEAN PARLIAMENT A AND THE COUNCIL C OF O THE EU UROPEAN UNION: Directivve 1999/96/EC of the e European n Parliamen nt and of the Counc cil of 13 December 1999 on the appro oximation of o the laws of the Mem mber States s relating asures to be taken a against the e emission of gaseouus and pa articulate to mea pollutan nts from com mpression iignition eng gines for use e in vehicless, and the emission e of gase eous polluta ants from p positive ignition engine es fuelled w with natura al gas or liquefied petroleum m gas for use in ve ehicles and amendingg Council Directive D EEC. Brusse els, Official Journal L 044, 0 16/02/2 2000 P. 00001 – 0155. 88/77/E
[6 6]
EUROP PEAN PARLIAMENT A AND THE COUNCIL C OF O THE EU UROPEAN UNION: Directivve 2003/17//EC of the E European Parliament P and a of the Council of 3 March 2003 amending a Directive D 98 8/70/EC rela ating to the e quality off petrol and diesel fuels. Brussels, B Offficial Journa al of the Eu uropean Uniion L76/10, 22/03/2003 3.
[7 7]
EUROP PEAN UNION: EURO OPE – Environment – Auto-O Oil II Prog gramme, http://ecc.europa.eu u/environme ent/archives s/autooil/ind dex.htm%200, (08/2006).
[8 8]
HAUSB BERGER, Dr. D Stefan, e et al.: Emis ssion functio ons for Heaavy Duty Ve ehicles – Update e of the Em mission Fun nctions for Heavy Duty Vehicless in the Ha andbook Emissio on Factors for f Road Trraffic, Wien:: Umweltbundesamt Gm mbH, 2003.
[9 9]
KRAFT TFAHRT-BU UNDESAMT T: Statistische Mitteilun ngen, Reihee 2: Kraftfah hrzeuge. Flensbu urg, 2003.
[10] SCHWA ARZ, Dr. Winfried;; LEISEW WITZ, Dr. André: Emissione en und Minderu ungspotential von HFK KW, FKW und u SF6 in Deutschlaand, Im Aufttrag des Umwelttbundesamttes, Forsch ungsbericht 29841256 6, Frankfurt,, 1999. [11] Transpo ort & Mo obility Leuvven: TREM MOVE 2.7 7 / EMISS SIONS, European Commission, DG Environmen E nt, http://ww ww.tremove.org, Leuvenn / Belgium m, 2007
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Transport T
[12] Umwelttbundesamtt Berlin; B BUWAL / OFEFP O Berrn; Umwelttbundesamt Wien: Handbu uch Emissionsfakto oren des s Straße enverkehrs, n 3.1, Version http://w www.hbefa.n net, Berlin, B Bern, Vienn na / German ny, Switzerlaand, Austria a, 2010 [13] Umwelttlexikon: Betankungsv B verlust, Um mweltlexiko on, http://w www.umweltlexikononline.d de/RUBluft/Betankungssverlust.php p Köln / Germany, 20006 ( Nattions Enviro onment Prog gramme) Pa artnership ffor Clean Fu uels and [14] UNEP (United Vehicle es: Report of o the Sulph ur Working Group of th he Partnersship for Clea an Fuels and Vehicles (PCF FV), 2014 [15] US EPA A (United States S Enviironmental Protection Agency): R Report to Congress C on Blacck Carbon, 2010 2
Prrocess Listt (GaBi) Global processes Re egion
Name
Standard
Type
Gross we eight/payload
GL LO
GL LO
Light duty e vehicle Light duty e vehicle Light duty e vehicle Light duty e vehicle Light duty e vehicle Light duty e vehicle Light duty e vehicle Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 0 - 5 mix, carrgo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo
technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix
up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 3,5tt gross weight / 1,5 t payload capacity up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c up to 7,5tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c 7,5 t - 12tt gross weight / payload capacity c
GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO
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up to up to up to up to up to up to up to 3,3t 3,3t 3,3t 3,3t 3,3t 3,3t 3,3t 3,3t 5t 5t 5t 5t 5t 5t 5t
2014 4 GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 0 - 5 mix, carrgo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo
technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix
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Transport T 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 12-14t gross weight / 9,33t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 14 - 20t gross g weight / 111,4t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 20 - 26t gross g weight / 177,3t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 26 - 28t gross g weight / 188,4t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 32t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c
2014 4 GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Truck
GL LO
Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer Trucktrailer
GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO GL LO
diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo diesel driven, d 1980s, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 0 - 5 mix, carrgo diesel driven, d Euro 1, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 2, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 3, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 4, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 5, cargo diesel driven, d Euro 6, cargo
technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix technology y mix
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Transport T more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity more than n 32t gross weigght / 24,7t pay yload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity up to 28t gross weight / 112,4t c payload capacity 28 - 34t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 34t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 34t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 34t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 34t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 28 - 34t gross g weight / 222t payload capacity c 34 - 40 t gross g weight / 227t payload capacity c 34 - 40 t gross g weight / 227t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c 34 - 40t gross g weight / 277t payload capacity c