Lee Lai Mong
ISBN 978-616-541-325-1 First Published 2019
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Lee Lai Mong
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Contents Chapter 1
Growth and Development
1
Chapter 2
Bones, Muscles and Joints
13
Chapter 3
Good Family and Friends
23
Chapter 4
Behaviours
31
Chapter 5
Body Movements and Fitness
37
Chapter 6
Movements with Rhythm
47
Chapter 7
Games and Activities
54
Chapter 8
Basic Sports
61
Chapter 9
Environmental Health
86
Chapter 10
Emotions, Feelings and Health
96
Chapter 11
Food Labels
103
Chapter 12
Medicines and First Aid
114
Chapter 13
Smoking and Alcohol
127
Provides engaging activities to enhance students’ physical health.
Allows students to express and discuss ideas and opinions with friends in class.
Helps to develop creative skills and writing skills among students.
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Tests students’ comprehension of the subtopics within the chapter.
Presents interesting and relevant information to enhance students’ knowledge.
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Chapter
1
Growth and Development Human growth pattern Adulthood
Old age
Adolescence Childhood Infancy
How has your body changed since last year?
Stages of human growth and development When we grow, we follow a general pattern that corresponds with our
age. We experience not only physical changes, but also mental, social
and spiritual changes. We become more mature. Our attitudes and values change as we move from childhood to adulthood.
We go through five stages of growth and development. They are infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age.
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Infancy The first stage is infancy, lasting
from birth to eighteen months old. During this stage, the baby
develops from a dependent and helpless newborn to a relatively independent toddler.
Physical and mental development Stage of
Physical
growth
development
Infancy
• Rapid growth
(Birth – 18
months old)
• Increasing ability to
infants, such as
hands and eyes
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short attention span
crawling and walking coordinate muscles of
Prathomsuksa
• Easily distracted with • Positive emotional
as rolling, creeping,
Health and Physical Education
development
move around such
• Increasing ability to
2
Mental
responses to other smiling and reaching towards them
• Imitation of others’ actions
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Childhood The second stage, called childhood, is divided into three parts namely early childhood, play age and school age.
Early childhood (18 months – 3 years old) During early childhood, a child experiences
significant language development. The average
18-month-old toddlers can only say a handful of
words while 3-year-old children can form simple sentences.
Play age (4 – 5 years old) During play age, further language development occurs. By the age of five, the average child
knows about 2,000 words. The child can draw simple shapes and begin to understand the
concept of time.
School age (6 – 12 years old) The school-age child continues to rapidly
increase in height and weight. The child can
build complex sentences and focus for a longer period of time.
Chapter 1
Growth and Development
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Physical and mental development Stage of
Physical
growth
development
Early
• Arms and legs
childhood
lengthening
(18 months – 3 years old)
Play age
(4 – 5 years
• Ability to name
objects and stack blocks others
• Increasing new gross
• Ability to draw circles
running, hopping,
• Attempts to comfort
motor skills, such as
tumbling, climbing and swinging
(6 – 12 years
development
• Some sharing with
old)
School age
Mental
• Steady gain in height and weight
old)
and squares
those in distress
• Ability to define
concrete words,
remember sentences and understand
concrete analogies
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Health and Physical Education Prathomsuksa
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Create a bulletin board with your baby pictures and your current photographs to show growth changes. Discuss how you all have changed.
Adolescence Between the age of 13 and 18, a person is at the stage of adolescence. It is considered the transitional stage from childhood to adulthood.
Adolescence is normally associated with puberty. Puberty is the time
when our body starts to change from that of a child to that of an adult.
From childhood to adulthood, many changes occur and these changes are brought about by hormones. Hormones are chemicals in our body that control and regulate the activities of certain cells or organs.
However, not all adolescents start to experience puberty at the same
age. For girls, it may take place anywhere from the age of 8 to 13. For boys, it is usually later, anywhere from the age of 10 to 15.
On the physical side, our body will generally grow taller. We will gain
weight and our shape will change slightly too. These changes will not happen overnight though, but over a span of a few years. In addition,
the rate of growth and how much we grow are different from one person to another.
Chapter 1
Growth and Development
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Here are other physical changes that we will experience during puberty. Facial hair
Deep voice
Breasts grow
Wide shoulders
Hair under arms
Curvier body
Muscular body
Gain weight
Wide hips
Hair in pubic area
Hair in pubic area
Grow taller
Hair under arms
Grow taller Gain weight
Menstrual cycles
Some physical changes are common regardless of the gender. Other changes depend on whether you are a boy or a girl. Boy
Girl
• Testes start to produce sperms and
• Ovaries start to produce eggs and
hormones
hormones
• Shoulders grow wider
• Hips grow wider
• Body becomes more muscular
• Body becomes curvier
• Voice becomes deeper
• Development of breasts
• Facial hair starts to grow (beard,
• Start of menstrual cycles
moustache or sideburns) Common: • Body starts to grow taller and gain weight • Hair begins to grow under the arms and in pubic areas • Start to sweat more • Skin becomes oilier and pimples may start showing up
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Health and Physical Education Prathomsuksa
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On the mental side, we will experience mood swings. We might feel confused or have strong emotions that we have never had before. We also start to be self-conscious, often worrying about how others look at us.
All these new emotions can be
overwhelming. When in doubt about
anything regarding puberty, approaching our parents or teachers is more
appropriate than having our questions answered by peers who are also going through the same thing that we are.
Adulthood Adulthood is the fourth stage. It covers the age of 19 to 60. There is minimal growth during adulthood. Both women and men
experience a gradual loss of efficiency in bodily functions after the age of 40.
Women will usually enter menopause around the age of fifty. This is when their menstrual cycles end.
Chapter 1
Growth and Development
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Old age The fifth stage is called old age. During old age, there is a loss in weight. Most elderly people experience declines in
hearing, vision, taste and smell. These
declines are typically gradual and become more pronounced in late old age (around 70+).
Other health related issues include rising blood pressure, declining lung capacity
and neural loss. It is important to note that declines in all these areas can be greatly influenced by one’s lifestyle.
Factors affecting human growth Exercise Active participation in physical activities enhances or maintains physical fitness and overall health or wellness.
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Health and Physical Education Prathomsuksa
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Proper nutrition Proper nutrition is needed so that we have all the important nutrients
required for our growth. Eating a healthy diet improves our health and quality of life as we get older. We should eat a variety of food. Carbohydrates give us
Fibre cannot be digested
to carry out all kinds of
constipation and helps move
energy. They enable us physical activities.
by the body. It prevents the bowels.
Proteins are body-building
Oils and fats provide double
for growth and for repair
carbohydrates. They give
foods. We need proteins of damaged tissues.
the energy compared to
warmth. They are stored for future use.
Chapter 1
Growth and Development
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Sufficient rest Our body needs good and sufficient sleep so that it is well-charged,
physically and mentally, for the following day’s activities. A minimum of 8 hours of sleep is required for an adult and more for children.
Good habits Stay away from dangerous substances such as cigarettes, drugs and
alcohol. They can damage our body organs and cause disturbances to our mental health. We should take care of our personal hygiene too.
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Health and Physical Education Prathomsuksa
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This series helps you to enhance your physical, emotional and mental health by understanding your body’s needs Useful information is provided to help you fully understand health concepts.
developing good healthy habits Various examples of good and bad habits are shown to guide you.
cultivating good universal values And enabling you to make informed choices and decisions about your behaviour.
BBRB4239
ISBN 978-616-541-325-1
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