ISBN 978-616-541-323-7 First Published 2019
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Jason Pheng
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Contents Chapter 1
Digestive System and Excretory System
1
Chapter 2
Puberty
13
Chapter 3
Family and Friends
22
Chapter 4
Movements and Fitness
35
Chapter 5
Games and Sports
59
Chapter 6
Health Promotion
84
Chapter 7
Choosing Food and Health Products
104
Chapter 8
Drug Addiction
117
Special Features
Provides engaging activities to enhance students’ physical health.
in This Book
Allows students to express and discuss ideas and opinions with friends in class.
Helps to develop creative skills and writing skills among students.
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Tests students’ comprehension of the subtopics within the chapter.
Presents interesting and relevant information to enhance students’ knowledge.
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Chapter
1
Digestive System and Excretory System
Our digestive and excretory systems ensure our body is functioning well. The digestive
system is responsible for providing nutrients needed by our body. On the other hand, our
excretory system removes harmful waste
What happens to the food we have eaten?
materials from our body.
Digestive system The digestive system consists of various parts of the body working together to extract the nutrients from the things we eat. The nutrients are
then absorbed into the bloodstream and carried to all the cells in our body.
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Process of digestion The mouth is the beginning of the
digestive system. It consists of the
teeth, the tongue and the salivary glands.
The teeth break down the food that
we eat by chewing. The tongue
Beginning of our dige
stive system
helps to mix and move the food
around inside the mouth. The salivary glands produce saliva, which contains an enzyme called amylase, to break down starch into sugar.
After food is shaped into a round lump (bolus) by the tongue, it is swallowed into the esophagus.
Muscles contract Muscles relax Bolus
The stomach is a muscular sac. The esophagus is a muscular
tube that is about 25 centimetres
long. Food is pushed down
Acidic juices are released by the
stomach to help break down food and also to kill microorganisms in food.
the esophagus by a series of
The function of the stomach is to store
the muscles until it reaches the
and then slowly release it into the small
contractions and relaxations of
the food that is eaten, break it down
stomach.
intestine.
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The duodenum is the first section
of the small intestine. Bile from the
Stomach
gall bladder is released here. It
Large intestine
stomach and emulsifies fats. The
Small intestine
neutralises the acids from the
pancreas releases pancreatic juices into the duodenum to help digest the food.
Rectum Anus
Most of the digestion of food and absorption of nutrients into the
bloodstream occur in the small intestine.
The large intestine absorbs water, minerals and vitamins from what remains of the food. The undigested and unabsorbed matter that is left is temporarily stored in the rectum and discharged as feces through the anus at a later time.
Maintaining a healthy digestive system
In order to keep our digestive system healthy, we need to eat on time. Irregular
mealtimes will increase the risk of getting
peptic ulcers.
We should consume a variety of vegetables, fruits and whole grains.
These contain essential vitamins,
minerals and dietary fibre to keep our digestive system working well.
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Digestive System and Excretory System
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We should chew our food properly before swallowing it. This is because
small chunks of food are easier to digest. It also reduces the danger of choking.
We should also drink enough water. Water helps to dissolve some nutrients, eases the passage of food through the digestive system and enables the easy expulsion of feces.
Constipation is the condition where we are unable to or have difficulty removing waste from our bowels. We can avoid constipation by taking sufficient dietary fibre and water.
Find information on any three digestive diseases. Fill in the table and answer the following questions.
Digestive diseases
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Symptoms
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1. In which part of the digestive system does each disease occur?
2. What are the causes of each disease?
3. How can each disease be treated?
Excretory system The excretory system is the system that removes waste materials from
the body. It prevents the accumulation of toxic substances in the body. The excretory system comprises the skin, lungs and kidneys.
Skin Our skin is an excretory organ. It is composed of three primary layers – the epidermis, dermis and fatty layer.
Nerve Hair Epidermis Dermis
Blood capillary
Fatty layer
Sweat gland
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Our skin has many sweat glands which produce sweat. The sweat glands absorb water, excess dissolved mineral salts and urea from the surrounding
blood capillaries. These waste materials are then removed from our body through sweat pores in the form of sweat.
Why do we sweat when we feel hot? Sweating helps us to cool down our body. When sweat evaporates from our skin, it takes away some of our body heat.
Keeping our skin healthy The following are some tips on keeping our skin healthy. ● We should use a mild soap and water to wash our skin.
● We should drink plenty of water and have a healthy diet.
● We should seek medical advice when we have skin problems.
Lungs Our lungs remove the unwanted carbon dioxide and excess water from our body. The lungs are a pair of spongy organs situated in the chest on either side of the heart. They are protected by the rib cage.
Bronchus
Nasal cavity
Bronchiole Alveolus Blood capillaries
Trachea Bronchus
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Our lungs are made up of alveoli, bronchioles and blood capillaries. When we inhale, air flows from the surroundings into our nasal cavity, then
into the trachea, bronchus, bronchioles and finally into the alveoli. Each
alveolus is surrounded by blood capillaries. The oxygen in the air in the alveoli enters the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide
and water move from the blood in the capillaries into the air in the alveolus. Carbon dioxide and water in the form of water vapour are removed from the body as exhaled air from the lungs during exhalation.
Keeping our lungs healthy We should not smoke because cigarette smoke damages our lungs and makes it difficult for us to breathe. Avoid being a second-hand smoker too.
When we work with chemicals, we should wear protective masks to
prevent chemical fumes from entering our lungs.
Regular exercise helps our lungs to function properly.
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Kidneys Kidneys are our main excretory organs. The kidneys are a pair of
bean-shaped organs located in the abdomen just above the waist. Each kidney is about the size of a human fist.
Our kidneys remove soluble waste materials, such as urea, excess minerals and excess water, from our blood to form urine. Urine is a waste fluid produced by the kidneys and excreted through the urethra.
Blood vessels Kidney
Kidney
Ureter Ureter Urinary bladder
Urethra
The urine then travels to the urinary bladder through the ureters. The urinary
bladder stores the urine temporarily. When the urinary bladder is full, urine is expelled through the urethra.
Our body can still function well with only one kidney, as long as that kidney is in good condition.
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Keeping our kidneys healthy The following are some tips on keeping our kidneys healthy. ● We should drink at least 8 glasses of water every day. ● We should not hold our urine but go to the toilet whenever necessary. ● We should limit our daily intake of salt and protein. ● We should seek medical advice when we have urinary problems.
Name the excretory products and the methods by which they are excreted by the relevant excretory organs.
Excretory organ
Excretory products
Method of excretion
Skin
Lungs
Kidneys
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1. Name the parts of the digestive system.
2. Answer the following questions. (a) What organ is at the beginning of the digestive system? (b) Where are the acidic juices released in the digestive system? (c) Which part of the digestive system does most of the digestion
process and absorption of nutrients into the bloodstream occur?
(d) What can we do to keep our digestive system healthy? Give two
suggestions. 10
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