Jason Pheng
ISBN 978-616-541-324-4 First Published 2019
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior permission of Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd.
Jason Pheng
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C ontents C h apt
er
1
Our Body
1
C h apt
er
2
Building Relationships
18
C h apt
er
3
Risky Behaviours
31
C h apt
er
4
Movement and Fitness
41
C h apt
er
5
Games and Sports
64
C h apt
er
6
The Environment and Human Health
87
C h apt
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7
Infectious Diseases
103
C h apt
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8
Natural Disasters
116
C h apt
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9
Drug Addiction
127
S pec ial F eatur es
Provides engaging activities to enhance students’ physical health.
i n T h i s B ok
Allows students to express and discuss ideas and opinions with friends in class.
Helps to develop creative skills and writing skills among students.
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Tests students’ comprehension of the subtopics within the chapter.
Presents interesting and relevant information to enhance students’ knowledge.
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C hapt er
1
O ur B ody
How does our body function properly?
We have systems in our body that keep our body growing and functioning
properly. In this chapter, we will learn about the human reproductive system, circulatory system and respiratory system.
Reproductive system The reproductive system is the system in a living thing that enables it to produce offspring. This system ensures the continuality of the species in the world. In humans, males and females have different reproductive systems.
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Male reproductive system Ureter Seminal vesicle
Urinary bladder
Urethra
Prostate gland Penis Epididymis
Testis
Scrotum Front view of the male reproductive system
In humans, the main structures of the male reproductive system are the testis (plural: testes) and penis. The testes produce sperms which are the male reproductive cells.
The male reproductive system consists of the following: Structure
Function
Testis
Produces sperms
Scrotum
Holds and protects testes
Penis
Places sperms in the vagina
Epididymis
Stores sperms
Urethra
Carries sperms and urine out of the body
Seminal vesicle
Produces fluids that nourish sperms
Prostate gland
Produces fluid that neutralises the acidity of urine
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Female reproductive system
Fallopian tube Ovary
Uterus
Cervix Vagina
Front view of the female reproductive system
In humans, the main structures of the female reproductive system are the ovaries. They produce ova or eggs which are the female reproductive cells. The female reproductive system consists of the following: Structure
Function
Ovary
Produces ovum (egg)
Fallopian tube
Carries ovum from the ovary to the uterus
Uterus
A place where the embryo develops
Vagina
A place where sperms are deposited
Puberty Around the age of 10, a child experiences some changes to his or her body. This stage is known as puberty. This is the stage where the reproductive system undergoes a great deal of development.
Changes in females during puberty: ● Production of ova by ovaries
● Commencement of menstruation
● Growth of hair in the pubic region
and armpits ● Growth and development of breasts ● Pelvis becomes broader ● Fat deposits on hips and thighs Chapter 1
Our Body
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Changes in males during puberty: ● Growth of hair on face, chest, pubic
region and armpits
oice ‘breaks’ and becomes deeper
●
● Penis, scrotum and prostate gland
enlarge
● Production of sperms by testes ● Body becomes more muscular ● Chest becomes broader
The menstrual cycle At puberty, a female begins to experience menstruation. It is a discharge
of the uterine lining and blood through the vagina. Every month, the ovary
releases an ovum. The ovum travels along the Fallopian tube to the uterus. The uterine wall becomes thick with increased blood supply. 1. Ovum is forming
2. Ovum is released Fallopian tube
Ovum (egg) Ovum (egg)
Uterus
Ovary
Vagina
4. Menstruation
3. Ready for fertilisation Ovum (egg)
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If the ovum is not fertilised, the uterine lining breaks down and is discharged
together with the ovum. This cycle is known as the menstrual cycle. It repeats itself for about every 28 days and only stops when the female is
about 50 years old. When a female experiences menstruation, she should use tampons or pads to absorb the discharge.
Fertilisation
Ovum
Sperm
When a male places his sperms in the vagina of a female, the sperms move into the uterus and then along the Fallopian tube. One of the sperms fuses with an ovum if it is present. This process whereby a sperm fuses with an ovum is known as fertilisation. The fertilised ovum then grows in the female uterus to become a baby.
Keeping our reproductive system healthy ● Change your underwear daily. Wear clean, dry, and loose underwear. ● Have a healthy diet. ● Exercise regularly.
● Get enough sleep.
● Manage stress in healthy ways. ● Maintain a healthy mind.
● Seek medical advice when you get itchy or burning sensations in
the groin area. ● Replace your pads or tampons every 3 to 4 hours when experiencing menstruation. Chapter 1
Our Body
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1. Label the human reproductive organs correctly.
2. Which is an ovum? Which is a sperm?
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3. Tick
the correct statements. Cross
the wrong statements.
The reproductive system is the system in living things that enables them to produce offspring.
The reproductive organs of males and females are the same.
The function of the sex organ is to produce reproductive cells.
The male reproductive cells are sperms which are produced by the ovaries.
Fertilisation is the process whereby the sperm fuses with the ovum.
Menstruation is a monthly discharge through the vagina.
A menstruation cycle ranges between 26-30 days. We may share our underwears with our siblings. We should eat healthily, exercise regularly and sleep
well in order to have a healthy reproductive system in general.
Chapter 1
Our Body
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Circulatory system The circulatory system is the system that delivers nutrients, oxygen and water to all the cells in our body and removes waste materials from our body.
Blood supply to the brain Blood supply to the arms
Heart Blood supply to the lungs Blood supply to the legs Human circulatory system
Main structures of the circulatory system There are three main structures in our circulatory system. They are the blood, blood vessels and heart.
Blood consists of a fluid called plasma, blood cells and platelets.
There are two types of blood cells – red blood cells and white blood cells.
White blood cell
Platelet Red blood cell
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Blood vessels can be categorised into three types. Arteries deliver oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
Artery
Capillaries are the smallest blood vessels that connect arteries and veins.
Capillary
Veins carry deoxygenated blood from other
Vein
parts of the body to the heart.
The heart is one of the main organs of the circulatory system. It is composed of cardiac muscles and it is responsible for pumping blood to the whole body. The human heart is divided into four chambers. To head and body From head and body To lungs From lungs Right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers the blood to the right ventricle.
Left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers the blood to left ventricle.
Right ventricle pumps the deoxygenated blood to the lungs.
Left ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood out to the body. From trunk and legs
Key: Deoxygenated blood Oxygenated blood
Chapter 1
Our Body
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Lungs
Heart Whole body (except lungs)
Key: Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated blood
athwa o blood flow in the circulator s stem
Keeping our circulatory system healthy ● Eat healthy food, drink plenty of water and reduce your intake of
fatty and high-cholesterol food.
● Exercise regularly.
● Get enough sleep.
● Avoid stress and stay positive.
● Go for a health check-up annually. Seek medical advice whenever
you feel unwell.
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This series helps you to enhance your physical, emotional and mental health by understanding your body’s needs Useful information is provided to help you fully understand health concepts.
developing good healthy habits Various examples of good and bad habits are shown to guide you.
cultivating good universal values And enabling you to make informed choices and decisions about your behaviour.
BBRB6239
ISBN 978-616-541-324-4
9 786165 413244