BCRB294048
Prathomsuksa 4
BCRB294048 ISBN 978-616-541-301-5
,!7IG1G5-ebdabf! Cover Textbook Science P4.indd 1
Based on the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2560) 2/28/18 3:25 PM
© Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 2018 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in any retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without permission of Pelangi Publishing (Thailand) Co., Ltd. 2018
TP Sc P4.indd 1
ISBN 978-616-541-301-5 First Published 2561
2/28/18 3:29 PM
Contents Chapter 1 Classification of Living Things
1
A
Plants ................................................................ 2
B
Animals ............................................................. 5
C
Other living things ............................................. 9
Chapter 2 Plants
16
A
Classification of plants ...................................... 17
B
Parts of flowering plants and their functions ........................................................... 21
Chapter 3 Animals
36
A
Classification of animals ................................... 37
B
Invertebrates ..................................................... 40
C
Vertebrates ....................................................... 43
Chapter 4 Materials
54
A
Properties of materials ...................................... 55
B
Uses of materials .............................................. 63
ii
Chapter 5 States of Matter
70
A
What is matter? ................................................. 71
B
Measuring matter .............................................. 74
C
Three states of matter ....................................... 80
Chapter 6 Gravitational Force
89
A
What is gravitational force? .............................. 90
B
Mass and weight ............................................... 94
Chapter 7 Light A
102
Light and objects ............................................... 103
Chapter 8 Solar System
111
A
The Sun ............................................................ 113
B
Phases of the Moon .......................................... 119
C
The Solar System ............................................. 125
iii
Let’s Find Out !
Special features
Encourages students to find information and present their findings.
in this book
STEM Activity Provides an activity that engages in the application of knowledge of scientists, mathematicians and engineers.
K.W. L .W Allows students to know what to look for while reading and to reflect on what they have learned.
Let’s Scan and Watch !
Let’s Think! Challenges students with questions that promote higher thinking skills.
Provides direct access to the relevant information on the Internet by scanning the QR codes given.
Helps students to master their scientific knowledge and skills.
Presents a powerful diagram to literally ‘map’ out all the concepts in the chapter.
4C’s of the 21st Century 4C’s The Skills are:
Let’s Laugh ! Makes learning science a fun thing.
Communication Sharing thoughts, questions, ideas & solutions. Collaboration Working together to reach a goal. Putting talent, expertise and smarts to work.
Let’s Know More ! Presents extra information that is relevant to the concept learned.
Critical Thinking Looking at problems in a new way and linking learning across subjects & disciplines.
Glossary
Creativity Trying new approaches to get things done equals innovation & invention.
Lists and explains difficult terms used in the text.
iv
Chapter
1
Classification of Living Things There are many different living things on Earth. We can classify them into plants, animals and others. Do you know the differences among them?
K.W. L .W What do I know about classification of living things? 1. 2.
K.W. L .W What else do I want to know about classification of living things? 1. What are the characteristics of plants? 2. What are the characteristics of animals? 3. What are the other living things on Earth? 4.
Classification of Living Things
1
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Plants
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How do we differentiate animals and plants? Small animal such as a snail or an ant
Things needed
Small plant such as a potted plant
1. Observe the given animal and plant. 2. Answer the following questions to identify their similarities and differences: Animal
Plant
Does it make food on its own? Does it need food? Does it grow? Does it move freely from one place to the other? Does it reproduce? 3. Complete the Venn diagram below to show the similarities and differences between animals and plants. Animals
4. What is your conclusion for this activity?
2
Science Prathomsuksa
4
Plants
Our Earth has many plants. They include the trees, grasses, shrubs, conifers, ferns and mosses. Plants can be found everywhere. Can you name a few places with plenty of plants?
Plants on land and other trees
Plants on a pond
Plants are autotrophs. An autotroph is a living thing that can make its own food. Plants carry out photosynthesis to make their own food. To do so, they need water, carbon dioxide and the light energy from the Sun. Plants have chlorophyll to capture the light energy from the Sun. Sunlight
Chlorophyll Water
The requirements for photosynthesis
Let’s Know More ! Chlorophyll is a green substance which gives the plant its green color.
Classification of Living Things
3
Do plants move? Plants are immobile. They are unable to move from one place to another by themselves. However, they have some parts that can move and respond to the changes around them.
For example, mimosa plants have leaves that are sensitive to touch. Their leaves close up when they are touched.
Mimosa plants
Let’s Find Out ! Identify which of the following living things are plants. Find out their names, their habitats and the characteristics that indicate they are plants.
4
Science Prathomsuksa
4
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Animals
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What are the characteristics of animals? Things needed
Pictures of animals
1. Observe the pictures of the animals given. 2. Classify the animals according to the number of legs and the food they eat. Tick (✓) the correct columns in the tables below. Animals
No leg
Animals
2 legs
4 legs
Eat plants
6 legs
More than 6 legs
Eat other animals
Classification of Living Things
5
3. Choose two other characteristics and classify the animals accordingly. Record them in two separate tables in the space below.
4. What is your conclusion for this activity?
6
Science Prathomsuksa
4
There are so many animals on Earth. Animals have characteristics that make them different from plants. Animals are heterotrophs. A heterotroph is a living thing that feed on other living things because it cannot make its own food. We can further classify heterotrophs into three groups, namely herbivores, carnivores and omnivores. Herbivores are animals that feed on plants only.
Examples of herbivores
Carnivores are animals that feed on other animals.
Examples of carnivores
Omnivores are animals that feed on both animals and plants.
Examples of omnivores
Classification of Living Things
7
Most animals are mobile. They can move from one place to another by themselves. They have body parts that allow them to move around.
8
Deer have four limbs to run and walk.
Snakes use their body and scales to slither.
Fish have fins to swim in water.
Birds have wings to fly in the sky.
Frogs can jump with their limbs. They can swim too.
Kangaroos jump with their hind legs.
Science Prathomsuksa
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Other living things
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What are the characteristics of other living things? Things needed
A slice of bread
Magnifying glass
1. Sprinkle some water on a slice of bread. 2. Leave the bread on the table for a week. 3. Observe the things that grow on the bread using a magnifying glass. 4. Tick (✓) in the table below if they show the following characteristics. Characteristics
Yes
No
Do they have limbs to move around? Do they make food on their own? Do they need food? Do they grow? Do they reproduce? 5. Are those things similar to plants or animals?
6. What are other characteristics that you can observe from them?
7. What is your conclusion for this activity?
Classification of Living Things
9
Besides plants and animals, there is another group of living things that are very different. This group comprises fungi, bacteria and algae. Fungi Fungi are different from plants because they do not have chlorophyll to carry out photosynthesis. Fungi are decomposers. They get their food by breaking down dead animals and plants into simpler substances and absorbing them. Examples of fungi are mushrooms, mold and yeast.
Mushrooms
Mold growing on bread
Bacteria Bacteria are very small living things that we cannot see them with the naked eye. Bacteria on a petri dish
Bacteria can be seen under a microscope. They have many different shapes.
Different shapes of bacteria
10
Science Prathomsuksa
4
BCRB294048
Prathomsuksa 4
BCRB294048 ISBN 978-616-541-301-5
,!7IG1G5-ebdabf! Cover Textbook Science P4.indd 1
Based on the Basic Education Curriculum B.E. 2551 (Revised Edition B.E. 2560) 2/28/18 3:25 PM