Bible Christianity.” To help fulfill this purpose, each regular student must be enrolled in a Bible class each school day and also attend daily chapel services.43 At one time Harding and Abilene Christian had the same rule, but neither does any longer. Freed–Hardeman, as far as I can determine, has never required daily Bible and in its founding offered Bible only as an elective.44 For some of the other schools, the current requirements in Bible are as follows: Abilene Christian, 15 hours; Freed–Hardeman, 8 hours; Harding, 8 hours; Lubbock Christian, 12 hours; Pepperdine, 9 hours (technically, only six of those hours are in Bible); and York College, 12 hours.
Conclusions My conclusion is that Alexander Campbell’s idea of a Christian university is alive and well as we enter the twenty–first century. Although his vision has been revised in details to relate to specific times and places, the basic commitments are still intact at virtually all Churches of Christ–related institutions of higher learning. Clearly all these schools maintain the Enlightenment ideal, as did Campbell, of the search for truth with a special focus upon Scripture. Alexander Campbell, “Baccalaureate Address to the Graduates of Bethany College,” Popular Lectures and Addresses (Nashville: Harbinger Book Club, n.d.),507. Additional material in regard to Alexander Campbell on universal education may be found in my essay, Thomas H. Olbricht, “Alexander Campbell as an Educator,” Lectures in Honor of the Alexander Campbell Bicentennial, 1788–1988, ed. James M. Seale (Nashville: Disciples of Christ Historical Society, 1988), 79–100.
1
2
“Baccalaureate Address,” 512f.
3
“Charter of the Bethany College, “ Millennial Harbinger, April 1840, 176.
4
Millennial Harbinger, 1839, 449.
5
Millennial Harbinger, 1837, 571.
I checked college catalogues for Harvard: 1841, 1851; Yale: 1841, 1851, 1870; Princeton: 1862–63, 1868–69, 1871–72; Columbia: 1841; Cornell: 1841; and University of Michigan: 1843, 1851, 1856, in Widener Library, Harvard University.
12
13
Millennial Harbinger, 1838, 205.
Edward J. Power, Main Currents in the History of Education (New York: McGraw– Hill Book Company, 1970), 607. See also Robert V. Bruce, The Launching of Modern American Science (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 187).
14
15
Sloan, The Enlightenment, 29ff.
Anand C. Chitnis, The Scottish Enlightenment: A Social History (London: Croom Helm, 1976), 124–194.
16
Elizabeth Flower and Murray G. Murphey, A History of Philosophy in America (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1977), I, 203–318.
17
18
(Bethany: A. Campbell, 1841), 81.
19
Alexander Campbell, Introductory Addresses, 82.
Alexander Campbell, Popular Lectures and Addresses (reprint, Nashville: Harbinger Book Club, n.d.), 99.
20
For a study of Campbell’s views on moral education see: John Lowell Morrison, “Alexander Campbell and Moral Education,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Stanford University, 1966.
21
22
Millennial Harbinger, 1832, 409.
23
Millennial Harbinger, 1832, 409f.
24
Popular Lectures, 101–108.
25
Popular Lectures, 108–112.
26
Popular Lectures, 121.
For Campbell on natural religion, see Robert Frederick West, Alexander Campbell and Natural Religion (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948).
27
Alexander Campbell, The Christian System (reprint, Nashville: The Gospel Advocate Company, 1956), 1.
6
7
Alexander Campbell, Millennial Harbinger, 1835, 200.
Alexander Campbell,“Is Moral Philosophy an Inductive Science?” Popular Lectures and Addresses (reprint, Nashville: Harbinger Book Club, n.d.), 96.
8
9
Alexander Campbell, “Is Moral Philosophy . . . ?” 96–97.
Millennial Harbinger, 1855, 225–231. For studies on Campbell and education see: Gustave Adolph Ferre, “A Concept of Higher Education and Its Relation to the Christian Faith as Evidenced in the Writings of Alexander Campbell,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Vanderbilt University, 1966; and Henry K. Shaw, “Alexander Campbell, Educator,” unpublished PhD dissertation, Akron University, 1942.
10
28
“Address: The Corner–stone of Bethany College,” delivered May 31, 1858, in Popular Lectures, 485f.
29
On the early morning chapels at Harvard, see Samuel Eliot Morrison, Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936).
30
31
Millennial Harbinger, 1860, 512.
32
Millennial Harbinger, 1860, 510f.
Alexander Campbell, “The Primary Facts of Christianity,” Millennial Harbinger, 1861, 561–564. M. Eugene Boring, “The Formation of a Tradition: Alexander Campbell and the New Testament,” The Disciples Theological Journal, 1987, 6f. See his bibliography for twentieth-century discussion of this view.
33
34
Douglas Sloan, The Scottish Enlightenment and the American College Idea (New York: Teachers College Press, Columbia University,1971); George Smith Pryde, The Scottish Universities and the Colleges of Colonial America (Glasgow: Jackson, 1957); Scottish Universities: Distinctiveness and Diversity, ed. Jennifer J. Carter and Donald J. Withrington, (Edinburgh: Donald,1992).
Millennial Harbinger, 1839, 448.
11
Millennial Harbinger, 1842, 34.
Details on the education of all the persons mentioned in this paragraph may be found in R. L. Roberts, “A Biographical Dictionary of Leaders in Churches of Christ” in Richard T. Hughes and R. L. Roberts, The Churches of Christ (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001).
35
M. Norvel Young, A History of Colleges Established and Controlled by Members of the Churches of Christ (Kansas City: Old Paths Book Club, 1949), 42.
36
