DVUO APA Handbook by Judith Kratochvil

DVUO APA Handbook i

DeVry University Online APA Handbook

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DVUO APA Handbook ii

Table of Contents Table of Contents ..............................................................................ii Introduction ..................................................................................... 1 Avoiding Plagiarism.......................................................................... 2 What Needs to Be Cited?..................................................................................... 2 What Does Not Need to Be Cited? ....................................................................... 2

Using Sources................................................................................... 3 Quotations .......................................................................................................... 4 When to Quote.................................................................................................. 4 Tips and Suggestions ......................................................................................... 4 Paraphrases........................................................................................................ 4 When to Paraphrase........................................................................................... 4 Tips and Suggestions ......................................................................................... 4 Summaries.......................................................................................................... 5 When to Summarize .......................................................................................... 5 Tips and Suggestions ......................................................................................... 5 Visual Aides ........................................................................................................ 6 When to Use Visual Aides ................................................................................... 6 Tips and Suggestions ......................................................................................... 6

Integrating and Citing Sources ......................................................... 7 Step 1: Introducing a Source with Signal Phrases .............................................. 7 Avoiding Monotony ......................................................................................... 7 Using Signal Phrases with Quotations................................................................ 8 Using Signal Phrases with Paraphrases and Summaries ....................................... 8 Tips and Suggestions...................................................................................... 9 Step 2: Citing Sources in the Text ....................................................................... 9 Organization of In-Text Citations ......................................................................... 9 Introducing a Source for the First Time............................................................... 10 Examples of In-Text Citations............................................................................ 11 Citing Visuals .................................................................................................. 13 Where to Cite Visuals.................................................................................... 13 List of Illustrations ....................................................................................... 14 Tips and Suggestions.................................................................................... 14 Step 3: Citing Sources on the List of References ............................................... 14

Formatting Papers .......................................................................... 17 Word Choice, Punctuation, and Capitalization ................................ 18 Using Correct Verb Tenses ................................................................................ 18 Punctuating Quotations .................................................................................... 19

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DVUO APA Handbook iii How How How How

to to to to

Use Use Use Use

Commas and Colons to Introduce Quotations ...................................... Ellipses in Quotations ...................................................................... Brackets in Quotations..................................................................... Other Specific Punctuation with Quotations.........................................

19 20 21 21

Capitalizing Words in Quotations ...................................................................... 22 Capitalizing Words in Citations ......................................................................... 22 Capitalization Rules for Citing ............................................................................ 22 Tips and Suggestions ....................................................................................... 23 Using Italics or Quotation Marks with Titles ..................................................... 23

Resources....................................................................................... 24 APA Style Links ................................................................................................. 24 APA Parenthetical Citations and List of References................................................ APA Formatting ............................................................................................... APA Sample Papers.......................................................................................... Automated Citation Tools.................................................................................. APA-Sponsored Resources ................................................................................

24 24 24 24 24

Differences between MLA and APA Citation Styles ............................................ 25 Differences in In-Text Citations ......................................................................... 25 Differences in the List of References................................................................... 26 APA Practice Exercises...................................................................................... 27 Part One: Creating In-Text Citations and a List of References ................................ Citation #1 ................................................................................................. Citation #2 ................................................................................................. Citation #3 ................................................................................................. Part Two: Evaluating Reference Entries............................................................... Reference Entry #1 ...................................................................................... Reference Entry #2 ...................................................................................... Reference Entry #3 ...................................................................................... Part Three: Creating a List of References ............................................................ Answer Key .................................................................................................... Part One ..................................................................................................... Part Two ..................................................................................................... Part Three...................................................................................................

27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 29 29 29 30 30

Sample of APA Format ...................................................................................... 30

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DVUO APA Handbook 1

Introduction When you write a paper or present research results, you are not only completing an assignment for class credit, you are also adding something to the research on your topic. Think of it as entering a discussion about the topic: your ideas interact with other ideas out there. Your paper or presentation is, in fact, a blend of your ideas and outside sources. Use sources to give support for your claims and establish your credibility as a writer or presenter about the topic. Effectively integrating sources is a great skill to master. When using sources: 1. Borrowed ideas in the form of quotations, paraphrases, or summaries need to be cited properly in the text and on the list of references in order to avoid plagiarism. 2. Your original ideas and the ideas borrowed from sources should flow together. Keep your paper organized and seamless:

• • •

Balance direct quotations with paraphrases and summaries. Use signal phrases and in-text citations to introduce quotations, paraphrases, summaries, and visual aides. Use correct formatting to help get your point across to audiences or readers.

This handbook describes how to integrate your sources in these ways for class assignments and projects using the editing style approved by the American Psychological Association (APA). See the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) for more information on APA style. Use this handbook as a guide to cite research in team projects and presentations, including PowerPoint projects. However, you do not need to apply the guidelines and rules in this handbook for citing discussion posts in class. If you need to cite a source in your discussion posts (TDAs), simply give the following: 1. the full name of the author 2. the title of the source 3. the web address (URL) (for electronic sources) Doing so will help your classmates find the information on their own, review it and post their ideas about the topic in the threaded discussion. You’ll find details about the DeVry University Academic Integrity Policy and Turnitin.com use in your Student Handbook, the Policies tab under Course Home, and online course syllabi.

DVUO APA Handbook 2

Avoiding Plagiarism Plagiarism at its worst is the outright stealing of anotherâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s words and ideas. This, however, isn't the plagiarism that concerns most instructors and students. Students should be aware of unintentional plagiarism often the result of improperly citing borrowed language or ideas.

What Needs to Be Cited? You must cite all outside ideas, images, and sources in assignments. When in doubt, cite. Should I cite? 9 9 9 9

Cite Borrowed: direct quotations, interviews and online discussions ideas, summaries or paraphrases facts, statistics, graphs, diagrams, graphics, or images computer programs

What Does Not Need to Be Cited? You don't need to cite common knowledge. What is common knowledge? This is general information that everyone knows or that you can find easily in numerous reference sources. Examples include information like the approximate population of the United States, the names of the planets, or the fact that the Amazon River flows through Peru and Brazil. A good rule of thumb is that if you find information that is repeated in the research, you can consider this common knowledge. However, this doesn't apply to statistics. When you see numbers or results of surveys or studies, cite them. You should also cite information that deals with controversial subjects, no matter how popular you think the opinion might be. Audience can determine common knowledge. A surgeon writing to a group of surgeons will make more assumptions about common knowledge than if writing for the general public. The same is true about specialized fields. You can assume that your audience won't share your expert background, so you can't assume technical things are common knowledge. Example of Content Governor Jeb Bush was re-elected as Florida's governor in 2002. In a recent study by the University of Maryland, dogs were shown to respond not just to food treats, but also to human touch. The most popular selling item right now is dog clothing.

Children need more sleep than adults.

Cite? No Yes

Yes

Why or why not? This was reported often in the media and is considered common knowledge. This refers to a specific study and even though it does not mention statistics, it still refers to a conclusion from that study. Even though you may have heard this or can see why this would be the case, anything that claims to be top-selling or ranked needs to be cited. This is something that is common knowledge either by personal observation or general understanding of biology.

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DVUO APA Handbook 3

Using Sources When using sources in your writing, you have four options: a quotation, a paraphrase, a summary, or a visual aide: • • • •

Quoting means exactly copying the words or phrases of the original source. Paraphrasing means putting the words or phrases from the source into your own words while keeping the original details and meaning. Summarizing means restating in your own words the main idea and main points of a long passage. Using a visual aide means creating a table, chart, or other visual from your research data or copying a table, chart, image, photograph, or other visual from a source.

Since you have choices, which one is better? It depends on your purpose. Basically, quotations are used to emphasize exact words, paraphrases are used to provide ideas and details, and summaries are used to provide many ideas without details in a short version. Visual aides are used when a table, chart, or other visual represents an idea better than words alone could express the idea. Visuals might be used in full, which is like quoting. You might take just one column of data from a complex table and create a simple table; this would be an example of summarizing the data. Since visual aides are formatted differently than quotations and summaries of words, a section of this handbook is dedicated to them. Usually, of all the sources used in a paper, most should not be directly quoted, but should be paraphrased or summarized. Why? Paraphrases and summaries allow you to keep the writing in your own words and create a consistent flow and style! Keeping the writing in your own words also allows you to emphasize your ideas to the audience. If in doubt, check with your professor for specific guidelines on how to use sources in assignments. Ways to Use Sources A Quotation A Paraphrase A Summary

A Visual Aide

Definition A word for word copy of an original passage, phrase, or sentence A passage, phrase, or sentence that is rewritten entirely in your own words A shortened version in your own words of an original text that briefly tells the main points but doesn't cover many details Any non-textual presentation of data, such as tables, charts, photographs, drawings, and graphs

Does it need a citation? Yes Yes Yes

Yes

Notice that all four ways to use sources require that you cite the source. The section in this handbook titled, “Integrating and Citing Sources” (See p. 7) will walk you through the three steps of properly citing sources in APA style. When in doubt, cite.

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Quotations Direct quotations are perhaps the most common way people think to use sources, but as mentioned earlier, use them sparingly. A direct quotation uses the exact words of a source.

When to Quote Quote in the following situations: • • •

Quote to emphasize specific words. Quote when there is a particularly striking word, phrase, or sentence. Quote when the speaker of the words is a very important person, such as a wellknown scientist (like Einstein) or a politician (like President Abraham Lincoln).

Tips and Suggestions 1. Copy the quotation exactly, including all punctuation. 2. Make the quotation a grammatical part of the sentence. 3. Generally, avoid using more than a few direct quotations unless you are analyzing someone's writing or use of words.

Paraphrases Paraphrases take ideas from other sources, but these ideas are written in your own words. A paraphrase is usually about the same length as the original text. To paraphrase, you cannot just change a word here or there, or it will be considered plagiarism. The language you use must not be too similar to the original. If you need to use a few original words because they are technical, such as "CPU, modem, and drive," place quotations around those words to show readers that they came from the original source. One way to ensure that you don't unintentionally plagiarize when you are paraphrasing is to put the original material aside and write from memory. This will prevent you from relying on the original writer's words. Writers spend a great deal of time picking their words, so often they phrase their sentences in way that seems perfect. When you paraphrase, it is often difficult to let go of the original language, so forcing yourself to go from memory will help.

When to Paraphrase Paraphrase in the following situations: • • • • •

Paraphrase when a direct quotation is too long or too wordy. Paraphrase when the exact, original wording is not as important as the meaning. Paraphrase when you don't want to break up the flow of your words. Paraphrase to show understanding of the material. When you paraphrase, you process the information better since you must restate it in your own words. Paraphrase to avoid quoting too much.

Tips and Suggestions 1. When you decide on which part of the text you want to paraphrase, read it and then set it aside. Then, tell someone what it said or write down the idea from memory.

DVUO APA Handbook 5 2. Compare your paraphrase to the original: Are the words your own? Are there similar phrases, words, or style? If there are similar phrases, words, or style, this isn't a paraphrase. Try again, or quote the source instead. 3. In some word-processing programs, like Microsoft Word, right click on a word that you have trouble rewording to see suggested synonyms, or use a thesaurus.

Summaries A summary is a very short explanation of a longer text. A summary is taking the main point of another text and rewriting it in shorter form in your own words. When you talk about someone else's text or argument, you need to summarize it in your writing. Depending on what you are writing, you could be summarizing whole books, articles or even just ideas. Summarizing Any Passage Go through the original text and make sure you pick out all the main points.

Summarizing a Longer Passage Take one point out of each paragraph or find the thesis and topic sentences.

Summarizing a Shorter Passage Look for main idea and any supporting points.

As with paraphrases, you cannot just skip a few sentences or words here or there, or it will be considered plagiarism. The language you use must not be too similar to the original. It's okay to use some words from the original source, but if you do, be sure to put those words in quotation marks to show readers that they came from the original source.

When to Summarize Summarize in the following situations: • •

Summarize to give background on a text you are discussing. Summarize to talk about a writer's most important points.

Tips and Suggestions 1. 2. 3. 4.

Pick out the main points. Before you read a text you need to summarize, be prepared to take notes. Read the text or passage once, trying to get the main idea as you read. Read it over again, this time looking for main points. Highlight, copy, or underline the main points you find. 5. Be sure you understand the words the writer uses; use a dictionary if you have any doubts about words. 6. Break up the text into sections/main points. Paragraphs usually cover one point, so that is a good place to start. A heading can also give clues to a section's main points. 7. Make a list of the main points/topics/sections. 8. Try to write a short description of each topic (1–2 sentences). 9. Write one sentence that describes the entire text or passage. This sentence will become the start of your summary. 10. Complete your paragraph by combining the sentences you wrote covering each topic. 11. In some word-processing programs, like Microsoft Word, right click on a word to see suggested synonyms, or look up the word in a thesaurus.

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Visual Aides Visual aides are any non-textual presentations of data, such as tables, charts, graphs, photographs, or drawings. In APA style, visuals fall into two categories, tables and figures. A table is a simple presentation of data in rows and columns. A figure is any visual other than a table. You might create a visual aide based on your own surveys, experiments, or observations or you might borrow a visual aide (or information to create a visual aide) from a source.

When to Use Visual Aides Use a visual aide in the following situations: • •

Use a visual aide to present difficult numerical data or other information that would be complicated to explain in words. Use a visual aide to make points clear or to emphasize points.

Tips and Suggestions 1. Choose the best kind of visual to represent the idea. For example: • • • • • •

Use Use Use Use Use Use

a a a a a a

table to provide exact numbers. pie chart to show parts in relationship to a whole thing. bar chart to compare or show relationships. line chart to show changes over time. photograph/graphic to show authenticity, materials, or processes. drawing to show dimension.

2. Avoid colors that are difficult to distinguish or text that is too small to read. 3. Be sure the visual is accurate.

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Integrating and Citing Sources To be a good, academic writer, you need to be very clear about which ideas belong to you and which belong to other sources. All four ways of using research require that you: 1. Introduce the source using a signal phrase. 2. Cite the source in the text by including three things in the sentence or paragraph containing research from a source: the author's last name, the publication or copyright year (use "n.d." if there is no date), and the page number (or paragraph number for electronic sources) (APA, 2001, p. 213). 3. Cite the source on the list of references, which is an alphabetized list of sources you used in the paper included as the last page of the paper. Include signal phrases and in-text citations as smoothly as possible, so readers can go from your words to quotations, paraphrases, summaries, or visual aides without interruptions.

Step 1: Introducing a Source with Signal Phrases Signal phrases help you smoothly include your sources with your own ideas. A signal phrase uses a verb (like "claims," "disagrees," etc.) to indicate the author's idea (APA, 2001, pp. 117–18). In-text citations tell readers what source the quotation, paraphrase, or summary comes from. Think carefully about the verbs you choose for signal phrases. The verb must accurately reflect the author's ideas and how you are using these ideas in your writing. For example, saying an author "argued" a point is very different than just saying that the author "said" something. Think about the context: is it an argument, an observation, a suggestion, or what? Find a verb that clearly shows how you are using the source. Common Verbs for Signal Phrases according to, claimed, reported, suggested, wrote admitted agreed argued, asserted believed, noted, observed, pointed out contended, declared denied, refuted rejected

When to Use Making an observation Defining your point Agreeing with a point Arguing a point Stating an opinion Stating an opinion/making an observation Stating an opinion/arguing a point Disagreeing

You can also find good verbs to use in a thesaurus, which will show you choices of words that are similar to the meaning you want.

Avoiding Monotony Keep writing as interesting as possible by avoiding monotony—that means avoid using the same signal phrases over and over. Vary the words and location of your signal phrases.

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Examples of Signal Phrases As Battelle (2006) noted, " . . . " (p. 26). Battelle (2006) reported that " . . . " (p. 26). In the words of Battelle (2006), " . . . " " . . . " claimed Battelle (2006, p. 26). (p. 26). Battelle (2006) argued that " . . . " (p. " . . . " wrote Battelle (2006), " . . . " (p. 26). 26). Battelle (2006) has written that " . . . " Battelle (2006) responded to the claims (p. 26). with this point: " . . . " (p. 26).

Using Signal Phrases with Quotations Never include a quotation in your paper without any set-up or notice; this is sometimes referred to as a dropped, dumped, or hanging quotation. You need to provide clear signal phrases and appropriate in-text citations, which are explained in Step 2 (the next section). Dropped or Hanging Quotation

Quotation with Signal Phrase

More significant than weather patterns to scientists is the attitude that most people have towards the environment. "While studies consistently show Americans do care about environmental issues, most don't care enough to change their consumption patterns" (Haskell, 2006, p. 3). More significant than weather patterns to scientists is the attitude that most people have towards the environment. According to Haskell (2006), "While studies consistently show Americans do care about environmental issues, most don't care enough to change their consumption patterns" (p. 3).

Using Signal Phrases with Paraphrases and Summaries You can use the same signal phrases and in-text citations used for quotations to introduce paraphrases and summaries. Examples of Signal Phrases with Paraphrases Schwartz (2004) claimed/argued/alleged that the majority of teenagers and at least half of the adult population are using instant messenger to communicate with friends and family (para. 4). He failed to note, however, that this popular mode of communication is quite possibly the least secure of any method of technologically-based communication: conversations can easily be intercepted and monitored. Schwartz (2004) admitted/acknowledged/stated/ pointed out that three quarters of teenagers are communicating via instant messenger (para. 4). We can therefore see how crucial it is to consider security measures to protect both financial and personal information shared using these types of services. Cultural critics and psychologists agree that instant messaging is becoming a popular mode of

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Changes in Purpose Claimed/argued/alleged set up an argument that you can disagree with. The next sentence provides your own words and ideas showing your disagreement.

Admitted/acknowledged /stated/pointed out let you use the paraphrase to make your point. The next sentence in your own words states your point. The first sentence in your own words makes a point.

DVUO APA Handbook 9 communication. Schwartz (2004) reported/wrote that the majority of teenagers and many adults are now using instant messaging to communicate with friends and family (para. 7).

Reported/wrote let you use the paraphrase to support your point.

Tips and Suggestions 1. When you finish your draft go back and revise your draft for the following things: • • •

Search for each set of quotation marks and make sure you have used a signal phrase to set-up each quotation. There should not be any dropped quotations. Check that you used at least three different signal phrases to avoid monotony. Check to see how many times you have used the same verbs in signal phrases. If you've used a particular verb in a signal phrase more than two times, you should consider using a different one to add variety.

2. Be sure to use signal phrases when you summarize and paraphrase as well. Any time you introduce an outside source, you want to clarify that you are doing so. Signal phrases give a nice transition between your ideas and others and provide a smooth, organized style to your writing. 3. Keep a list of helpful verbs handy when you are using sources in your writing. Add new verbs to the list so that you have a personalized, verb thesaurus. 4. You can access a thesaurus in Microsoft Word by right-clicking on a word. For instance, if you are looking for another word to use in place of the word "said," right click the word and MS Word will bring up a list of alternate words, or synonyms, that are similar in meaning, such as "assumed," "thought," or "supposed."

Step 2: Citing Sources in the Text An in-text citation means to indicate the source of a quotation, paraphrase, or summary inside the paper. The complete citation for a source will be on the list of references, which is the last page of a paper. An in-text citation, also known as a parenthetical citation because information appears in parentheses, tells readers which source from the list of references the quotation, paraphrase, or summary comes from (APA, 2001, pp. 120–121). Parenthetical citations include the following information (APA, 2001, pp. 207–214): 1. The author's last name or the name of the organizational author (or the title if there is no author) 2. Publication date of the source or "n.d." if there is no publication date given 3. The page or paragraph number(s) if applicable: • •

Page numbers are abbreviated as "p." or "pp." for more than one page Paragraph numbers are abbreviated as "para." and are used for electronic sources

Organization of In-Text Citations The basics for parenthetical citations are that the author's last name and the year that the source was published must be clear within the text. Why? This information is the first information that appears for each citation on the list of references. When readers scan the list of references to find a source cited in the paper, they can quickly find the source because they only have to look at the first information in each reference entry.

DVUO APA Handbook 10 A sample parenthetical citation could read (Doe, 2001, p. 34). Make sure you have the right information in parentheses. If the author is named in a signal phrase, put the date in parentheses after the author’s last name, and at the end of the sentence or paragraph, place the page or paragraph number in parentheses followed by a period (APA, 2001, pp. 213–14). Example of In-Text Citation with Author's Name in Sentence In her essay, "Witches," Atwood (2001) rebuffed her critics: "I would like to give gratis, a year's subscription, to the next literary critic who accuses my work of being unduly pessimistic" (p. 59). If the author is not named in the signal phrase, put the author's last name, date, and the page number in parentheses (APA, 2001, pp. 207–8). Example of In-Text Citation with Author's Name in Parentheses One feminist writer rebuffed her critics thus: "I would like to give gratis, a year's subscription, to the next literary critic who accuses my work of being unduly pessimistic (Atwood, 2001, p. 59). If there is an organizational author, use the organization's full name the first time and an abbreviation for following in-text citations (APA, 2001, pp. 209–10). Example of In-Text Citation with Organizational Author's Name in Sentence ABC Online University (ABCOU) (2007) has found that more students are choosing to study online today than they were five years ago (para. 15). ABCOU also claimed . . . If there is no author, an abbreviated version of the title should be used (APA, 2001, pp. 210–11). Example of In-Text Citation with No Author Available Last fall in the North Pole, studies revealed that revenue from cigarette sales fell ("North Pole," 2006, p. 4). Note: The full title of this source might be "North Pole Cigarette Sales Fall 10% in September of 2005." Only an abbreviated title is used in the in-text citation.

Introducing a Source for the First Time It's a good idea to help readers learn more about your sources by including the author's first initial and the full title of the work the first time you use the source. Providing this information helps readers understand the relevancy and authority of the source. In APA style, author names are presented with just the first initial and last name, such as J. Cameron for Julia Cameron. At the first mention, use the author's first initial and last name with the date of publication in parentheses just after the author's last name. After that, refer to the author by his or her last name only, unless you have more than one author with the same last name. Do not use titles (like Dr. or Mrs.) or suffixes (APA, 2001, p. 207–8). You may also mention the publication date in the sentence itself (APA, 2001, p. 121).

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Example of Introducing a Source the First Time J. Cameron (2002) discussed the importance of a writer's attitude in her essay, "Let Yourself Listen." Cameron has written several books about writing, including The Artist's Way. In 2002, J. Cameron discussed the importance of a writer's attitude in her essay, "Let Yourself Listen."

Examples of In-Text Citations As the following examples demonstrate, good in-text citations with signal phrases clearly distinguish your idea and words from the ideas and words of your sources. Original Quotation and Reference Entry #1 Search is also a catalyst in promising attempts at cracking one of mankind's most intractable problems: the creation of artificial intelligence. Battelle, J. (2006). The search: How Google and its rivals rewrote the rules of business and transformed our culture. New York: Portfolio. Examples of Plagiarized Quotation and Good Quotation #1 Plagiarized Quotation Search is also a catalyst in promising attempts at cracking one of mankind's most intractable problems: the creation of artificial intelligence (p. 26). Why is it plagiarized? Even though the quotation is written word-for-word and the page number is cited, the writer does not put quotation marks around quoted words nor mention the author and year. Readers would not know the source of this information or exactly what part of the sentence comes from a source and what comes from the writer. Good Quotation Battelle (2006) claimed, "search is also a catalyst in promising attempts at cracking one of mankind's most intractable problems: the creation of artificial intelligence" (p. 26). Examples of Plagiarized Paraphrase and Good Paraphrase Plagiarized Paraphrase Battelle (2006) posited that search is a catalyst in breaking through one of humanity's most challenging problems: creating artificial intelligence (p. 26). Why is it plagiarized? Even though this sentence is cited, the writer uses exact phrases from the original and only includes new synonyms; it is too close to the original. Good Paraphrase Battelle (2006) posited that search technology may in fact lead to the development of human-like artificial intelligence (p. 26).

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DVUO APA Handbook 12

Original Quotation and Reference Entry #2 Almost three-quarters of all teenagers with online access use instant messaging and about half of all adults have tried the services, surveys show. Adults, who generally began using the services from AOL, Microsoft and Yahoo! to stay in touch with coworkers during the day, Mr. Gartenberg said, are saying "this stuff I'm using for work is actually useful in my personal life as well." Use among adults has grown to include friends and far-flung family members, particularly children away at college. AOL, which provides the most popular service reports that more than one billion instant messages each day flow through its networks. And now, as families own more than one computer, the machines spread beyond the den and home networks relying on wireless connections become increasingly popular, instant messaging is taking root within the home itself. Although it might seem lazy or silly to send electronic messages instead of getting out of a chair and walking into the next room, some psychologists say that the role of the technology within families can be remarkably positive. In many cases, they say, the messages are helping break down the interpersonal barriers that often prevent open communication. Schwartz, J. (2004, January 3). That parent-child conversations is becoming instant, and online. The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com

Examples of a Correctly Cited Quotation, Paraphrase, and Summary #2 Quotation Instant messaging a family member in the same room might seem "lazy or silly," but this form of communication seems to be opening lines of communication between families (Schwartz, 2004, para. 7). Paraphrase According to Schwartz (2004), a large number of both teenagers and adults are using instant messaging to communicate with friends and family. Using instant messaging is an especially useful way to communicate easily with college kids who are away from home. One popular service provider, AOL, reported that more than one billion messages are exchanged daily, thus showing how expansive this type of service is. Most families today own more than one computer and instant messages between family members in the same home is also becoming more and more common. However odd it may seem to send instant messages to a family member who may be sitting just across the room from you, Schwartz noted that psychologists are seeing the use of instant messages in the family home as a healthy thing. Frank communication with people—even between family members—is not always so easy. People often put up blocks that prevent clear communication. Using instant messaging can cut through these blocks and open the lines of communication (para. 4–7).

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Summary

In the article "That Parent-Child Conversation is Becoming Instant, and Online," Schwartz (2004) noted that instant messaging as a form of communication between friends and family has become very popular. While this understandably is an easy way to communication with those at a distance, it is now also a popular way to communicate with family members in the same home. Some psychologists acknowledged that while it may seem strange to send an instant message to a family member in the next room, it is really a positive way of communicating that can cut through many of the obstacles that often inhibit true communication (para. 4–7).

Citing Visuals Just as writers need to use citations for any words quoted, paraphrased, or summarized, writers also need to cite visuals borrowed from sources. Writers need to cite visuals that are directly copied from a source or data from a source that is used to create a new visual.

Where to Cite Visuals All tables and figures are labeled in APA style, such as Table 1 or Figure 4. Label tables separately from figures. For example, Figure 1 could appear between Table 2 and Table 3. All visuals also receive a title, which appears immediately following the label and a period. The label and title are placed above the visual (APA, 2001, pp. 155–56). Italicize the title. Place all visuals close to the paragraph that refers to the visual. Always refer to a visual in a sentence and use its label, such as "See Figure 4 for a list of the survey results." Do not use, "See the figure below" or "See the table above” (APA, 2001, p. 155). As with quotations, paraphrases, and summaries borrowed from sources, visuals must be cited. The in-text citation would be single-spaced in a note below the visual (APA, 2001, p. 175). Example of In-Text Citation for a Visual from a Web Document Label (Figure 1 or Table 1). Title of Visual <Insert visual here.> Note: From [or The date in column# are from] Title, by Author First Initial and Last Name, 2000. Retrieved February 3, 2007, from www.webaddress.com Example of In-Text Citation for a Visual from a Journal Label (Figure 1 or Table 1). Title of Visual <Insert visual here.> Note: From [or The data in row# are from] "Title of Article" by Author First Initial and Last Name, 2000. Title of Journal, 50, p. 22.

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Example of In-Text Citation for a Visual from a Book Label (Figure 1 or Table 1). Title of Visual <Insert visual here.> Note: From [or The data in column# are from] Title of Book (p. 100), by Author First Initial and Last Name, 2000, Place of Publication: Publisher.

List of Illustrations In formal reports, provide a Table of Contents and then a List of Illustrations at the beginning. List the numbers, titles, and page numbers in Arabic numerals of all visuals used from first mentioned to last mentioned in the paper (APA, 2001, p. 198).

Tips and Suggestions 1. While researching, track when and where your visuals come from. If they are electronic, type notes under the image or in the properties of the file. If images are print, write in pencil on the back. 2. Make sure the colors of the visuals and text are clear. If needed, recreate charts, tables and graphs so that the data is clear and readable. Still cite, if you recreate it. 3. If a visual is related to the topic and might be of interest to the reader, but does not link closely to the content of the paper, place it in an Appendix. Cite it under the visual and in the list of references just as you would if you placed it in the body text. 4. If needed, use the Insert menu on the Microsoft Word Toolbar to insert trademark, copyright and registered symbols if visuals or references require them.

Step 3: Citing Sources on the List of References The list of references is the last page of the paper. It is exactly what it sounds like it is: a list of all the sources you referenced in the text of a paper. By using the list of references, the reader can understand exactly where the information can be found. This is essential because a good list of references will give a lot of credibility to writers. All parenthetical citations within papers must refer to the list of references (APA, 2001, pp. 215–16). Therefore, if a source is not listed on the list of references, but is in one of the parenthetical citations in the paper, this source would need to be inserted immediately to the list of references. The one exception to this is a non-published, personal communication source, such as e-mail or phone communication; this type of source is cited in-text but not at the end since the reader cannot retrieve the e-mail or phone call (APA, 2001, p. 214). Use the first item in the reference entry to alphabetize. Alphabetize the list of references by the author's last name. If there is no author, alphabetize by title (APA, 2001, pp. 219–22). The reference entries for visuals should be alphabetized along with other sources. Do not list visual citations separately from other sources (quotations, paraphrases, or summaries). You can find a variety of sources listed in correct APA end-of-text format in the APA Guidelines Tutorial located at the end of your course syllabus. The examples provided here are for sources commonly used by students, but are not comprehensive.

DVUO APA Handbook 15 Keep in mind that these examples can be mixed and matched. For instance, the example showing how to cite a book with more than one author can be used as a guide for citing any other source with more than one author. The way the authors are listed is the same. Similarly, the example showing how to cite a web document with no author or no date can be used as a guide for citing any other source with no author or no date; the placement of the title first instead of the author and using "n.d." to indicate "no date" is the same. Book with Author Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher. Market, J. (2005) Just trust me. New York: MIRA. Book with Organizational Author Name of Organization. (Year). Title of book. Place of Publication: Publisher. American Psychological Association (APA). (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Book with More than One Author and Edition Last Name, Initial., & Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title of book. (Edition) Place of Publication: Publisher. Nadell, J., Langan, J., & Comodromos, E.A. (2005). The Longman reader. (7th ed.) New York: Pearson. Print Journal or Magazine Article Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal, Volume#(Issue#), Page#s. Daridus, R. (1998). The importance of sound. The New Journalist, 15(3), 14â&#x20AC;&#x201C;18. Web Document or Page without Author and Date Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Web Address. Western music: The romantic period. (n.d.) Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Retrieved February 3, 2007, from http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-15781/Westernmusic

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Journal Article-Electronic Version Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal, Volume#(Issue#), Page#s. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Web Address Zwinger, L.M. (2007). Seeing James seeing: Introduction. Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory, 62(3). Retrieved February 4, 2007, from http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ arizona_quarterly_a_journal_of_american_literature_culture_and_theory/ toc/arq62.3.html Article from Database Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of Journal, Volume#(Issue#), Page#s. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Database (Database#). Eriksson, J. & Dittrich, Y. (2007). Combining tailoring and evolutionary software development for rapidly changing business systems. Journal of Organizational and End Using Computing, 19(2), 47â&#x20AC;&#x201C;65. Retrieved February 4, 2007, from ProQuest (1203477411). Computer Program Last Name, Initial. (Year). Title. (Version#) [Computer Program]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bradley, F.P. (1999) Earth sciences references (Version 5.0) [Computer Program]. New York: Prentice-Hall. Visual Last Name, Initial. (Responsibility). (Date). Title [Nature of work], [Medium]. Available from (include http protocol if relevant): Web Address [Access date]. Doe, J. (Compiler). (2007). 2006 Goals [Chart], [Print Report]. Naperville, IL: DeVry University Online Student Academic Support.

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Formatting Papers APA format represents an editing style for many academic papers. APA style also provides guidelines for the basic format of the paper, including the list of references. The basic format for APA involves the title page, page numbering, and spacing of the entire paper. The title page itself must include the title of the paper, the author, and the university where the paper is presented (APA, 2001, pp. 296â&#x20AC;&#x201C;98). The pages are numbered with a short version of the title before the page number itself. This is placed on the upper right hand side of each page (page header) (APA, 2001, p. 288). The spacing of the entire paper deals with the margins and the spaces between the lines of text. All margins in APA format are 1 inch and everything in APA is double spaced except notes under visual aides (APA, 2001, pp. 286â&#x20AC;&#x201C;88). A paper formatted according to APA style is provided in the Resources section of this handbook.

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Word Choice, Punctuation, and Capitalization Just as APA style provides guidelines for integrating sources and formatting papers, it also provides guidelines for word choices, punctuation, and capitalization.

Using Correct Verb Tenses Correctly using verb tenses in sentences is important because it helps readers understand the writing. Before you get "tense" about verb tenses, though, remember that a verb's tense simply tells readers when in time an action occurs. Verb tense can be broken into four categories: simple, progressive, perfect, and perfect progressive. The simple tenses break down into three groups: past, present, and future. These verbs tell us that something happened in the past, happens right now, or will happen in the future (APA, 2001, pp. 41–44). Tense Simple Past Simple Present Simple Future

Example The tutors worked for three hours yesterday. [Describes an event in the past.] The tutors work hard. [Describes something happening right now.] The tutors will work hard tomorrow. [Describes something that will happen in the future.]

In APA style (2001), use the past tense or present perfect tense in signal phrases (p. 33). Past Tense Present Perfect Haskell noted that… Haskell has noted that… Haskell maintained that… Haskell has maintained that… Do NOT use the present tense: Haskell notes that… While you cannot use the present tense in signal phrases, you can use present tense in two ways (APA, 2001, p. 33): • •

To indicate results of an experiment or study When conclusions are agreed on by everyone Present Tense for Results of an Experiment or Study The results show that… The study proves that…

Present Tense for Conclusions Agreed on by Everyone Researchers agree… Studies demonstrate…

Of course, when you are talking about actions that happened in the past, you need to use the past tense. Common uses for past tense are (APA, 2001, p. 33): • • •

Talking about other research Presenting your results Discussing your results

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Past Tense for Talking about Other Research Past Tense for Presenting Your Results Past Tense for Discussing Your Results

Haskell (2006) formed the same conclusions. The telephone survey indicated that employees reaching retirement age is a serious employer concern. As shown in the responses, 56% of all employees pay out of pocket for medical care.

Punctuating Quotations When including quotations, the quotation must be a part of a grammatical sentence. In other words, when adding or removing words from a quotation and punctuating quotations, it is very important to make sure that the sentence that has the quotation uses correct grammar and mechanics. Many writers are unsure where to place periods, commas, and other punctuation marks when using quotation marks and parenthesis. When you are quoting, the punctuation goes inside quotations marks and outside parentheses (APA, 2001, pp. 119, 293). Examples of Correct Punctuation for Quotations According to Haskell (2006), "While studies consistently show Americans do care about environmental issues, most don't care enough to change their consumption patterns" (p. 3). "While studies consistently show Americans do care about environmental issues," noted Haskell (2006), "most don't care enough to change their consumption patterns" (p. 3). If you include a quotation that is longer than forty words, indent it five spaces from the left margin. You don't need to add quotation marks, but you do need to include a phrase that introduces the quotation and this phrase should be punctuated with a colon. Also, place the period before the parentheses in this case (APA, 2001, p. 292). Example of Correct Punctuation for Long Quotations Battelle (2006) has noted just how quickly technology has advanced: Just ten years ago, bandwidth was scarce and storage was expensive. Use of the Internet was comparatively sparse, files were small, and Internet companies, for the most part, didn't keep their log files—storing that data was too expensive. In the past few years, a good portion of our digitally mediated behavior—be it in email, search, or the relationships we have with others—has moved online. (p. 9–10)

How to Use Commas and Colons to Introduce Quotations The question often comes up of whether or not to use a colon or a comma to introduce a quotation. If a quotation is introduced with a full sentence, use a colon. Almost all long quotations are introduced with a colon.

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Example of Using a Colon to Introduce Quotations In her essay, "Witches," Atwood rebuffed her critics: "I would like to give gratis, a year's subscription, to the next literary critic who accuses my work of being unduly pessimistic" (2001, p. 59). If a quotation is introduced with an expression such as "he said," "they wrote," or "she remarked," use a comma. Example of Using a Comma to Introduce Quotations Atwood claimed, "We've had witch-hunts before, and there is every indication that we're on the verge of having them again" (2001, p. 58). However, do not use a comma if you use the word "that." Example of Using No Comma to Introduce Quotations Atwood claimed that "[w]e've had witch-hunts before, and there is every indication that we're on the verge of having them again" (2001, p. 58). When you blend a quotation into your own sentence, follow the normal rules of punctuation. Examples of Blending Quotations with Sentence Punctuation The future champion could, as he put it, "float like a butterfly and sting like a bee." Doeâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; noted that the prisoners escaped "by squeezing through a tiny window."

How to Use Ellipses in Quotations An ellipses mark is a series of three spaced periods. Ellipses marks tell the reader that some words have been left out from the quotation. When using ellipses, make sure that the quotation is still grammatically sound (APA, 2001, pp. 119, 293). Example of Using Ellipses to Leave Out Words Battelle (2006) has noted that "just ten years ago . . . use of the Internet was comparatively sparse" (p. 9). When using ellipses, be very careful that the words you omit don't alter the meaning the writer's intended meaning. Original I told him never to do that.

Incorrect Use of Ellipses Cohen said, "I told him . . . to do that."

Although you use the ellipses mark when you leave out words in the middle of the quotation, you don't need to put them at the end or beginning of a quotation. Your reader knows that you took the quotation from a longer text with words and sentences both before and after the quoted words you used. Never use an ellipses mark at the end of a quotation. If you are going to leave out one or more sentence in the quotation, you need to put a period before the ellipses mark (APA, 2001, pp. 119, 293).

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Example of Using Ellipses to Leave Out Sentences Battelle (2006) has noted that "just ten years ago, bandwidth was scarce and storage was expensive. . . . In the past few years, a good portion of our digitally mediated behavior has moved online" (p. 9). The ellipses mark has a space before it, spaces between the periods, and a space following it. Correct Ellipses like . . . this

Incorrect Ellipses like … this like………… this

How to Use Brackets in Quotations Brackets are used to make small changes within a quotation. You can use brackets to: • • •

Add your own words to the quotation, often to clarify meaning. Make grammatical changes, so the quotation is a grammatical part of your sentence. Show that the quotation has an error by putting [sic] after the error. This is a Latin word that shows that the error appears in the original source. "Sic" should be italicized and in brackets. Avoid using this too often (APA, 2001, pp. 118, 120, 293).

Added Words

Grammar Change

Correction

Battelle (2006) has written that "Search is also a catalyst in promising attempts at cracking one of mankind's most intractable problems: the creation of artificial intelligence [human-like computers]" (p. 26). Battelle (2006) noted that "Search [was] also a catalyst in promising attempts at cracking one of mankind's most intractable problems: the creation of artificial intelligence" (p. 26). My six-year old daughter came home after her swimming lesson and exclaimed to the family that she "swimmed [sic] under water for 5 seconds."

How to Use Other Specific Punctuation with Quotations Colons and semicolons are always placed outside of the quotation marks. Colon outside the Quotation

Doe (2007) asked the same question: "What will happen next?" (p. 27).

Question marks and exclamation points go inside the quotation marks when they are part of the punctuation from the source you are quoting. Question marks and exclamation points are outside the quotation marks if they are your own addition to the sentence as a whole. Question Mark as Part of Quotation Added Question Mark

Doe (2007) asked the same question: "What will happen next?" (p. 27). What should we do about the "truly devastating problem facing our country today" (Doe, 2007, p. 28)?

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Exclamation Point as Part of Quotation Added Exclamation Point

My kid shouted to his friends, "Bring me too!" I was surprised to find out the store was out of the "greatest chocolates ever"!

Capitalizing Words in Quotations Capitalize the first word of a quotation if the quotation can stand on its own as a sentence. If the quotation is blended into your own sentence, do not capitalize. If you must change a capital letter to a lowercase or vice versa, you must indicate that change with the use of a bracket around the changed letter (APA, 2001, pp. 94â&#x20AC;&#x201C;95, 193). Example of Capitalizing Quotations Schmidt observed that the marketing strategy "was the best approach for his clients." Schmidt promised, "The marketing strategy was the best approach for his clients."

Capitalizing Words in Citations When citing research using APA style, there are several important rules to follow regarding capitalization. The rules discussed here apply only to using capital letters when citing sources; do not use these rules as a guide to capitalizing other words in a paper, such as headings, lists, sentences, or anything else.

Capitalization Rules for Citing The rules for capitalizing citations in the text of the paper and on the list of references are different. Below are rules for capitalizing in the text of a paper (APA, 2001, pp. 95â&#x20AC;&#x201C;100). Type of Passage Author's Names

How to Capitalize in Text Capitalize the author's last name and first initial (if used).

Titles of both Periodical and Nonperiodical Sources

Capitalize the first letter of the first word in a title and each word in the title that is four letters or more. Capitalize all verbs, nouns, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and hyphenated compound words (i.e., HearingImpaired). Notice that this is different from how titles are capitalized on the list of references. Capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon (as well as the other words in the title that have more than four letters).

Words after Dashes and Colons within Titles

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Example According to P. Elbow, there are five ways to define "voice" in writing (2000, p. 218). In his book, Everyone Can Write, Elbow states that there are five ways to define "voice."

In his book, Everyone Can Write: Essays toward a Hopeful Theory of Writing and Teaching Writing, Elbow tells about his own struggles with writing.

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Titles of Tests

Capitalize complete test titles, both published and unpublished, as they are written.

The results of the Advanced Vocabulary Test were surprising.

If you use words such as "test" or "scale" as part of a subscale of tests, do not capitalize them. The same applies to general or abbreviated test titles.

When taking a vocabulary test, students that liked to read were more relaxed than those that didn't like to read.

Capitalization rules for the list of references citations are different (APA, 2001, pp. 226–28). Source Type Author's Names

How to Capitalize in References Capitalize the author's last name and first initial.

Titles

Capitalize ONLY the first letter of the first word of a book, article, or chapter title and subtitle. Also capitalize the first letter of any proper nouns within a title. Notice that this is different from the way titles are capitalized in the body of the paper. Capitalize the first letter of the first word after the colon, such as subtitles, but do not capitalize the other words in the title.

Words after Dashes and Colons within Titles

Example Elbow, P. (2000). Everyone can write. New York: Oxford University Press. Elbow, P. (2000). Everyone can write. New York: Oxford University Press.

Elbow, P. (2000). Everyone can write: Essays toward a hopeful theory of writing and teaching writing. New York: Oxford University Press.

Tips and Suggestions • •

Remember that the rules for capitalization in the body of the paper are different from the rules that apply to the list of references. You don't need to memorize all of the rules regarding APA style. It's okay to look them up each time you need them. If you have worked with MLA or another citation style, remember that the rules in APA style may differ from the rules in these other citation systems.

Using Italics or Quotation Marks with Titles Both in-text and on the references list, italicize titles of longer works, like books, magazines, entire websites, movies, newspapers, and journals. Use quotation marks around titles of shorter works, such as poems, songs, essays, short stories, print articles, and online articles contained within larger websites (APA, 2001, pp. 82, 100). Titles of Longer Works The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn National Geographic New York Times

Titles of Shorter Works "The Road Not Taken" "My Love Don't Cost a Thing" "One Moment in Time"

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Resources APA Style Links The following resources will provide additional explanations, examples, and tools for using APA style.

APA Parenthetical Citations and List of References http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_o.html: Provides a clear overview of in-text citations and the list of references with a variety of examples. http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/online/cite6.html#1: Focuses on citing principles and samples for citing electronic sources.

APA Formatting http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s3.html: Has a clear description of the various parts of formatting a manuscript in APA, including how to format abstracts.

APA Sample Papers http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/p04_c09_s4.html: Links to an undergraduate student's 13-page review of literature about childhood obesity for a psychology course. The annotations in the sample refer to APA rules for citing, formatting, and writing effectively.

Automated Citation Tools http://citationmachine.net/index.php?new_style=2&reset=1#here: Allows you to choose the source type and enter the source's bibliographic information in a form that will then create a reference entry in APA format for the list of references. http://www.noodletools.com/: Allows you to choose from almost any source type to create a reference entry in APA format, but limits you to creating only a few reference entries before requiring payment. http://www.easybib.com/: Gives a demonstration and has 32 types of sources to choose from to create in-text citations and reference entries for the list of references in APA style. However, after the seven-day free trial, this service requires payment.

APA-Sponsored Resources http://www.apa.org: This link is the homepage for the American Psychological Association (APA). http://www.apastyle.org/: This is the homepage for APA style and lists reference material for sale. http://www.apastyle.org/aboutstyle.html: This link has an overview of what APA style means.

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DVUO APA Handbook 25 http://www.apastyle.org/pubmanual.html: This link describes the contents of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001). http://www.apastyle.org/styletips.html: This link has a few usage and writing style tips. http://www.apastyle.org/elecsource.html: This link has reference examples of common electronic sources. http://www.apastyle.org/elecmedia.html: This link has tips on using, citing, and the spelling of electronic sources. http://www.apastyle.org/faqs.html: This link has common FAQs about APA style. http://www.apastyle.org/whatsnew.html: This link gives an overview of changes that are new in the fifth edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. http://www.apa.org/ethics/code.html#Teaching: This link reviews APA's 2002 Code of Ethics for publication.

Differences between MLA and APA Citation Styles There are some key differences between MLA and APA citation rules. However, while you are researching, the information you need to gather about your sources is almost identical. In addition, both styles require you to cite all outside sources both in-text (at the point you use the source) and at the end of the paper. See the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) for more information on APA style.

Differences in In-Text Citations Citation Content Example Multiple Authors/Editors

Example

Personal Communication

Example No Author

APA Citation Style Last name of author(s), date of publication, page number (Shultz, R. 2005, 40) More than five, first surname and et al.; first time to reference-all last names up to five; second time, first surname et al. and year; third time, only surname and et al. First time, Crab, Little, Kiel, Estrada, and Tang (2002); second time, Crab et al. (2002); third time, Crab et al. Cite personal interviews, letters, memos, nonarchived electronic communication (e.g., email or discussion groups) in the text only; give initials and surname of communicator and date (m/d/y) (G. Nguyen, personal communication, May 30, 2006) First few words of reference list entry, year and page or paragraph number

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MLA Citation Style Last name of author(s) page number(s) (Shultz 40) More than three, first surname and et al; available surnames up to three; include same information each time. Crab, et al.

Cite in-text and on Works Cited page; give surname of communicator or interviewer to match the Works Cited entry (Nguyen) First word and abbreviated title of Works Cited entry and

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Example Indirect/Second ary Source

Example

page number (no year) ("Mandate," def. 3b) Refer to the original source in the sentence, and use "qtd. in" before the normal citation for the source Munez' study showed… (qtd. in Rivera 90)

("Mandate," 2003, def. 3b) Refer to the original source in the sentence, and use "as cited in" before the normal citation for the source Munez' study showed… (as cited in Rivera, 2001)

Differences in the List of References Title of References Page Example Capitalization and Italicizing Titles

Example Publisher's Name Example Publication City or State/U.S. Territory

Example Pages Example Date Placement Example Author Example Internet Source

Example

APA Citation Style Titled, "References" or "Reference" if only one source is listed References [centered] First word and proper nouns are capitalized; titles of longer works are italicized instead of underlined, unless using a typewriter. The elements of style Full name Cambridge University Press If city is lesser known, use twoletter State or U.S. territory postal abbreviations. Use city, state/province and country for lesser known non-U.S. cities. Lancaster, PA Ba De, Tao Yuan, Taiwan First page, other pages for articles without consecutive numbering pp. B2, B4, B7 Date after author's name, then other citation information Shultz, F. (2005) Writing business plans […]. Last name and first (and middle, if provided) initial Rivera, J. M. Author. (date of publication or update). Title. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from Web Address Hewlett Packard Development Company L.P. (2007). HP Halo Case Studies and White Papers.

MLA Citation Style Titled, "Works Cited" or "Work Cited" if only one source is listed Works Cited [centered] Each important word is capitalized; titles can be underlined or italicized, but should be underlined if document is presented in print format. The Elements of Style or The Elements of Style Shortened name Cambridge UP Use only the city unless country information is needed for clarity for cities outside the U.S.

Lancaster Ba De, Taiwan First page+ B2+ Other citation information then date Shultz, Fred. Writing Business Plans. […] (2005). Last name, first (and middle, if provided) Rivera, Jesus Manuel. Author. "Title." (date of publication or update). (Day Month Year of Access) <Web Address>. Hewlett Packard Development Company L.P. HP Halo Case Studies and White Papers. 2007.

DVUO APA Handbook 27 Retrieved January 31, 2007, from http://www.hp.com/halo/case_stud ies.html

31 Jan. 2007 <http://www.hp.com/halo/case_ studies.html>.

APA Practice Exercises The best way to get familiar with research documentation using APA style is to do it! Try these exercises using this DeVry University Online APA Handbook or the APA Guidelines Tutorial located at the end of all DVUO course syllabi as a reference. An answer key is at the end of the practice exercises, but don't peek until you're done with all three parts!

Part One: Creating In-Text Citations and a List of References Using the source listed, write the in-text parenthetical citation for each quotation. Then on the line below the quotation, write the reference for the source as it would appear on the list of references at the end of a paper (use more space as needed). You will need to visit each website to gather information.

Citation #1 Source: http://www.yogaeverywhere.com/keyboard/index.html Quotation: It's tough sitting at your computer for long stretches of time, but websites like Yoga at the Keyboard offer a quick way to feel better: "These yoga poses are easy and effortless designed for your chair or at your work station. The instruction is simple and manageable. Best of all you feel great even if you do one or two of the exercises" In-Text Parenthetical Citation: Reference Entry:

Citation #2 Source: http://www.akcf.org/_pages/about_ACF/about_alaska/what_is_at_stake.php Quotation: The Alaska Conservation Foundation emphasized that "The Arctic Refuge is an unspoiled wilderness vital to the survival of migratory birds, vast herds of caribou, and the ancient Gwich'in culture, and it is facing a constant threat of oil drilling. It is important to realize that the Refuge contains just six months' worth of oil, and bringing it to the gas pump would take 10 years or more" In-Text Parenthetical Citation: Reference Entry:

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Citation #3 Source: http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/worldaccordingtosesamestreet/film.html Quotation: The producers of Sesame Street aim to spread "learning and tolerance and mutual respect" In-Text Parenthetical Citation: Reference Entry:

Part Two: Evaluating Reference Entries Which reference entries below are correct and which are not? Label them as C (correct) or I (incorrect). The web addresses are provided so that you can visit them. Assume you did your research on October 25, 2006.

Reference Entry #1 Source: http://www.garfield.com/ about/jiminterview.html (If needed, go to www.garfield.com and click on "About," and then click on "Jim Interview.") Jim Davis (2006) gives his advice about how to become a professional comic: "Get a good education, read a lot, draw a lot, have a great time, try lots of stuff, and become as skilled as you can before you get started." Davis, J. (2006). Behind the comic. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.garfield.com/ about/jiminterview.html

Reference Entry #2 Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15268921/site/newsweek/ Brumer (2006) stated, "I find it odd that a society so dependent on science is so uninterested in it. Our military dominance, our economic strength and our high quality of life are all outgrowths of our scientific achievements" (para. 4). Brumer, Y. (2006, October 23). My turn: Let's not crowd me, I'm only a scientist. Newsweek. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15268921/site/newsweek/

Reference Entry #3 Source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1876368,00.html

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DVUO APA Handbook 29 The final words of prisoners executed begin "running together into a ghoulish mass of murder and rapine" (Porter, 2006, para. 8). Porter, H. (2006, September 20). "I'm ready." The Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1876368,00.html

Part Three: Creating a List of References Organize the following entries into a correct list of references. You may need to go to the web address to find the information you need for each reference entry! Davis, J. (2006). Web site: http://www.garfield.com/ about/jiminterview.html Behind the Comic. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from Garfield.com Retrieved 25 October, 2006, from http://www.akcf.org/_pages/about_ACF/about_alaska/ what_is_at_stake.php (n.d.). What is at stake. Alaska Conservation Foundation. Cooney, J. G. In Independent Lens. The world according to Sesame Street. (2006). Retrieved 10/25/06, from http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ worldaccordingtosesamestreet/film.html Porter, H. The Guardian Unlimited. "I'm ready." Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1876368,00.html (2006, September 20).

Answer Key Part One Citation #1: 9 9

In-text parenthetical citation: (McCarver, 2006) References entry: McCarver, M. (2000â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2006). Yoga on the keyboard. Retrieved October 26, 2006, from http://www.yogaeverywhere.com/keyboard/index.html

Citation #2: 9 9

In-text parenthetical citation: (n.d., para. 2) References entry: Alaska Conservation Foundation. (n.d.). What is at stake? Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.akcf.org/_pages/about_ACF/about_alaska/ what_is_at_stake.php

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DVUO APA Handbook 30 Citation #3: 9 9

In-text parenthetical citation: (Cooney, 2006) References entry: Cooney, J. G. (2006). The world according to Sesame Street. In Independent Lens. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ worldaccordingtosesamestreet/film.html

Part Two All of the reference entries are correct! Now you have some good examples regarding how to format and prepare your own reference entries!

Part Three References Alaska Conservation Foundation. (n.d.). What is at stake? Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.akcf.org/_pages/about_ACF/about_alaska/what_is_at_stake.php Cooney, J. G. (2006). The world according to Sesame Street. In Independent Lens. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.pbs.org/independentlens/ worldaccordingtosesamestreet/film.html Davis, J. (2006). Behind the comic. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.garfield.com/ about/jiminterview.html Porter, H. (2006, September 20). "I'm ready." The Guardian Unlimited. Retrieved October 25, 2006, from http://www.guardian.co.uk/g2/story/0,,1876368,00.html

Sample of APA Format Beginning on the next page is a sample of a title page, body text, and list of references formatted according to APA style.

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DVUO APA Handbook (Sample) i

DVUO APA Style Handbook: How to Format the Title Page, Body Text, and List of References

Student Academic Support DeVry University Online January 28, 2007

DVUO APA Handbook (Sample) 1 Introduction This sample paper uses the proper format for headings, margins, and text within a paper formatted according to APA Style. Format for Visuals To form the in-text citation for a visual in the body of a paper or report, place a caption under the visual. See Figure 1 for an example. Figure 1. Ways to Integrate Sources How to Integrate Sources

Include Signal Phrase

Cite in the Text

Cite on the List of References

Note: From DeVry University Online APA Handbook (p. 35), by DeVry University Online Student Academic Support, 2007. Format for the List of References The basic format for sources on the list of references is to list the author's last name first then list the first initial of the first name only. After that, the date of the publication is listed then the title of the source itself is written. The last two things to be written are the location where the work was published then the publishing company. Specific page numbers can be listed at the end as well. The list of references comes at the end of the paper on its own page. Everything is double spaced. The sources are not indented on the first line, but the second lines are indented using hanging indentation. To use hanging indentation in Microsoft Word, go to Format, select Paragraph, and then beneath Special, select Hanging. A sample list of references is seen on the next page. The list of references on this next page is for this entire handbook!

DVUO APA Handbook (Sample) 2 References American Psychological Association (APA). (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Atwood, M. (1984). Witches. In Second words: Selected critical prose (pp. 329â&#x20AC;&#x201C;333). Boston: Beacon Press. Battelle, J. (2006). The search: How Google and its rivals rewrote the rules of business and transformed our culture. New York: Portfolio. Cameron, J. (1998). Let yourself listen. In The right to write: An invitation and initiation into the writing life (p. 10). New York: Penguin Putnam. Haskell, M. (2006, October 9). COA chief commits campus to emissions plan. Bangor Daily News, p. B3. Retrieved October 9, 2006, from Business Dateline database (1142555121). Schwartz, J. (2004, January 3). That parent-child conversations is becoming instant, and online. The New York Times. Retrieved January 3, 2007, from http://www.nytimes.com