KAMPUNG J A K A R T A
T O M O R R O W
PETER TEGUH SALIM CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY THESIS 2015 RAMI EL SAMAHY, MARY LOU ARSCOTT, ART LUBETZ
KAMPUNG J A K A R T A
T O M O R R O W
PETER TEGUH SALIM CARNEGIE MELLON UNIVERSITY THESIS 2015 RAMI EL SAMAHY, MARY LOU ARSCOTT, ART LUBETZ © 2015. All rights reserved.
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION
4
CHAPTER I : Kota Kampung / Kampung Kota
6
CHAPTER II : Double Standards
32
CHAPTER III : Jakarta Tomorrow
44
APPENDIX A : Mapping the Kampungs
76
APPENDIX B : Made in Jakarta
96
APPENDIX C : Urban Improvizations
162
APPENDIX D : Prototypes
206
APPENDIX E : Final Exhibit
264
BIBLIOGRAPHY
278
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
280
crowd gathering in a concert/rally for presidential candidate Joko Widodo in Gelora Bung Karno Stadium
4
INTRODUCTION Jakarta, the capital city of Indonesia, is the largest city in South East Asia and is inhabited by over 10 million people1. It recently experienced a shift in political regime, from an elitist to a populist regime, opening opportunities to rethink the city and how it could address the needs of a previously neglected population group. This speculative thesis project attempt to materialize this shift by examining common challenges faced by both classes - water, transportation, food, information - and rethink them as opportunities to foster a symbiotic social ecology: gotong royong. This is achieved through modifying existing and creating new urban typologies that is informed by an analysis on the urban majority’s collective intelligence. This urban majority is what sociologist Abdou-Maliq Simone refer to as “that which is in-between ... a majority of contemporary urban residents who are neither poor nor middle class”2. A combination of shady census metric, selfish political agendas, and difficulties in census documentation makes it really hard to quantify the exact number and/or classification of this population group. However when one directly experiences the city, it becomes fairly clear that this population group covers the majority of the city demographic. Thus moving forward designers need to work with this urban majority, including them as part of the solution instead of excluding them, to make the city a better place for everyone.
Jakarta, ibukota Indonesia, adalah kota terbesar di Asia Tenggara dengan populasi lebih dari 10 juta orang 1. Baru-baru ini Jakarta mengalami sebuah peralihan rezim politik, dari rezim elitis menjadi populis, dan dengan itu membuka peluang untuk memikirkan kembali bagaimana kota ini mampu memenuhi kebutuhan rakyat yang selama ini telah terabaikan. Proyek tesis spekulatif ini berupaya mematerialisasi transisi rezim tersebut dengan mempelajari tantangan-tantangan perkotaan sistemik yang di hadapi oleh kaum elit dan kamu mayoritas - air, transportasi, makanan, informasi - lalu dipirkan kembali sebagai peluang untuk mencapai ekologi sosial yang simbiotik, atau gotong royong. Tujuan ini mampu dicapai melalui implementasi beragam intervensi-intervensi desain bangunan dan kota yang dipengaruhi oleh hasil analisa intelijen kolektif kaum mayoritas. Menurut sosiolog Abdou-Maliq Simone, kaum mayoritas ini adalah “mereka yang berada diantara ... sebuah mayoritas warga perkotaan kontemporer yang juga tidak miskin atau kaum menengah” 2. Metrik sensus yang mencurigakan, agenda politik yang egois, dan susahnya mendokumentasi sensus populasi hanyalah beberapa alasan mengapa susah sekali bagi pemerintah untuk menghitung seberapa besar kaum mayoritas ini dengan tepat. Walaupun tidak ada perhitungan yang tepat, sudah jelas hanya dari mengalami kehidupan dalam kota bahwa kaum mayoritas ini melingkupi sebagian besar demografi Jakarta. Di masa depan, desainer/arsitek/penata kota harus bekerja sama dengan kaum mayoritas ini, merangkumi mereka sebagai bagian dari solusi perkotaan daripada mengecualikan mereka, untuk membangun kota yang lebih baik bagi semua orang.
1. based on the most recent census by the BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik) 2. SImone, A. “Jakarta: Drawing the City Near”
5
6
CHAPTER I kota kampung / kampung kota
7
1920
INDONESIA This past few months, Indonesia has experienced its greatest political shift in decades. The recently elected president is the first to emerge out of an ordinary background, without ties to older elite and military affiliations. The country is taking major steps towards democracy. As a result it is a proper time to reevaluate the top down mechanisms that has dominated the political scene since colonial times (and greatly reinforced during the New Order Era). Beberapa bulan yang lalu, Indonesia mengalami transisi politik terbesar dalam beberapa dekade terakhir ini. Presiden baru kita adalah presiden pertama yang memiliki latar belakang biasa, tidak berhubungan dengan kaum militer dan elit. Ini adalah tanda bahwa negara ini berani dan siap melakukan langkah-langkah besar menuju demokrasi. Maka dari itu, sekarang adalah waktu yang tepat untuk mengevaluasi kembali mekanisme-mekanisme Top-Down yang selama ini mendominasi praktek politik pemerintahan sejak zaman penjajahan Belanda (dan terus diperkuat dalam zaman Orde Baru).
POPULATION
ERA
52,327,000
DUTCH OCCUPATION
PRESIDENT ELECTIONS TRANSMIGRATION PROJECTS
LAMPONGSCHE VOLKSBANKS PERIOD
LOCAL EVENTS
WORLD EVENTS
8
WORLD WAR I
HIROSHIMA + NAGASKI
ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR
WORLD WAR II
COLD WAR
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
NATIONAL REVOLUTION 1st GENERAL ELECTIONS 172 PARTIES
OLD ORDER
COMMUNIST PARTY (PKI) WON 15.4% SEATS
JAPANESE OCCUPATION
RECOGNITION OF THE RUPIAH
SOEKARNO APPOINTED AS 1ST PRESIDENT
1950
1940
1930 GREAT DEPRESSION PERIOD
12.4%
TAMBUNAN’S 35 YEAR PLAN
VIETNAM WAR
9
1980
1970
1960
Given this new political climate, there is now a possibility of including the urban majority into the conversation of the future of Jakarta. De-centralization and the shift towards a populist governmental approach means that people’s voices are slowly being heard. This project situates itself within the context of this possible future: a future where the urban majority have the voice to work together with top-down entities to define their cities. Suasana politik yang baru ini membuka peluang bagi kaum mayoritas untuk ikut serta dalam pembangunan masa depan kota Jakarta. Desentralisasi dan transisi menuju rezim populis adalah tanda-tanda bahwa suara rakyat semakin lama semakin memiliki pertimbangan yang lebih kuat. Proyek ini ditempatkan dalam konteks masa depan ini: masa depan dimana kaum mayoritas (Bottom-Up) memiliki wewenang untuk bekerjasama dengan kesatuan-kesatuan Top-Down untuk membangun kota mereka.
REPELITA III
EAST TIMOR INVASION INSURGENCY IN ACEH
10
4th GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 4TH TIME
3rd GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 3RD TIME
2nd GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 2ND TIME
REPELITA II
REPELITA IV 1987 SEA GAMES HOST
G30S PKI
PKI MASS KILLING PAPUA CONFLICT
NEW ORDER
FOUNDING OF THE JAKARTA STOCK EXCHANGE
REPELITA I
(REVISED)
SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 1ST TIME
IN CITIES
1st GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES
% OF PEOPLE LIVING
SOEHARTO APPOINTED AS 2ND PRESIDENT
119,208,229
9/11
1998 RIOTS
REPELITA V
ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS
FALL OF USSR DILI MASSACRE
REPELITA VI 2nd REFORMED ELECTIONS 24 PARTIES SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO ELECTED AS 6TH PRESIDENT
6th GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO / B.J.HABIBIE RE-ELECTED FOR THE 6TH TIME / TRANSITIONARY ABDURRAHMAN WAHID ELECTED AS 4TH PRESIDENT 1st REFORMED ELECTIONS 48 PARTIES MEGAWATI SOEKARNOPUTRI STEPS IN AS 5TH PRESIDENT
5th GUIDED ELECTIONS 3 PARTIES SOEHARTO RE-ELECTED FOR THE 5TH TIME
30.6%
REFORMATION
1st DIRECT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 12 PARTIES JOKO WIDODO ELECTED AS 7TH PRESIDENT
1st DIRECT PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 38 PARTIES SUSILO BAMBANG YUDHOYONO RE-ELECTED AS 6TH PRESIDENT
2010
2000
1990 206,264,595
53%
REFORMED DEPT. OF LABOR AND TRANSMIGRATION
11
JAKARTA As of 2014, the population of Jakarta is 10,187,595. It is a coastal megacity whose population has tripled in the past 4 decades. Hingga 2014, populasi kota Jakarta telah mencapai 10,187,595. Populasi Jakarta telah meningkat tiga kali lipat dalam 4 dekade terakhir ini.
POPULATION VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW
> 287,000 people 228,000 - 287,000 people 169,000 - 228,000 people 110,000 - 169,000 people < 110,000 people
500M
based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)
12
DENSITY VERY HIGH HIGH MEDIUM LOW VERY LOW
> 21,000 people/km2 17,667 - 21,000 people/km2 14,334 - 17,667 people/km2 11,001 - 14,334 people/km2 < 11,001 people/km2
500M
based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)
13
GROWING MEGACITY The issue of rapid population growth is not unique to Jakarta. More than half of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s population live inside this circle. There are 20 megacities with populations that exceed 10 million people, 14 of them are coastal megacities. Many of these cities face similar social, economical, and ecological problems that stem from this population growth. In many cases the government and the market fail to meet the needs of the urban majority, bringing rise to informal patterns of human settlement and activity. One of the more evident examples of informality can be seen in informal settlements or slums. Masalah pertumbuhan penduduk yang cepat bukanlah masalah yang hanya dialami kota Jakarta. Lebih dari separuh populasi dunia berada didalam lingakaran ini. Didalamnya ada 20 megacity, atau kota-kota yang memiliki penduduk lebih dari 10 juta orang. 14 darinya adalah kota-kota pesisir. Kota-kota ini menghadapi tantangan-tantangan yang serupa dalam segi sosial, ekonomi, dan ekologi, yang diakibatkan oleh pertumbuhan penduduk yang terlalu cepat. Sering kali pemerintahan dan mekanisme pasar dalam kota-kota tersebut gagal untuk memenuhi kebutuhan kaum mayoritas, yang mengakibatkan timbulnya sektor informal dalam berbagai bidang. Salah satu gejala informal tersebut adalah timbulnya perumahan liar.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/worldviews/wp/2013/05/07/map-more-than-half-of-humanity-lives-within-this-circle/
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TIANJIN BEIJING
SEOUL
TOKYO
CHONGQING NEW DELHI
KOLKATA
KARACHI
SHANGHAI
DHAKA GUANGZHOU
MUMBAI BENGALURU
CHENNAI
OSAKA
WUHAN SHENZHEN
BANGKOK
MANILA
JAKARTA
15
16
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG
KAMPUNG The slow modernization process of post-independence Indonesia lead to the gradual transition of settlement typologies. Before independence in 1945 Jakarta is predominantly Kampung, a colloquial term for indigenous settlements (whose definition slowly evolved to include informal settlements/slums). New settlement typologies such as the Komplek (gated community) and the Apartment were introduced to distinguish the urban elite from the urban majority, along with other formal development projects such as shopping malls, superblocks, elevated highways, etc. Facing pressure from modern development projects, todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s kampungs are spread across the city, filling the interstitial spaces between formal development. Some of the main distinguishing factors between kampung settlements and other more modern forms of settlements are their adoption of traditional land laws, social structures, active street life, and a stronger sense of dependence among its residents. Many of these characteristics are lost as one transition into modern settlement typologies that favor privacy and isolation over an overbearing sense of community and dependence.
Transisi dari jenis-jenis perumahan lama menjadi yang lebih modern dalam kota Jakarta berlangsung secara pelan akibat pelannya proses modernisasi kota pasca kemerdekaan. Sebelum Indonesia merdeka, kota Jakarta pada pokoknya terbuat dari Kampung-Kampung. Tipologi-tipologi perumahan baru seperti Komplek dan Apartmen baru diperkenalkan pasca kemerdekaan Indonesia untuk membedakan kaum elit dari kaum mayoritas. Selain dua jenis perumahan tersebut, tipologi-tipologi bangunan seperti mal, superblock, jalan layang, dll. juga diperkenalkan untuk memperkuat perbedaan tersebut. Pada zaman ini, kampung-kampung tersebut menghadapi tekanan dari proyek-proyek pembangunan modern yang menyebabkan berbagai macam penggusuran. Oleh karena itu, kebanyakan dari kampung-kampung yang masih tersisa hidup diantara proyek-proyek pembangunan dan ruang sisa-sisa dalam kota. Beberapa faktor utama yang membedakan kampung dan jenis-jenis perumahan modern dapat ditemukan dalam segi hukum (tradisi/adat vs modern), struktur sosial, street-life, dan ketergantungan sesama warga kampung. Banyak dari faktor-faktor ini hilang dalam transisi menuju jenis-jenis perumahan modern yang mempentingkan privasi dan isolasi daripada membangun komunitas dan ketergantungan.
17
INFORMAL
FORMAL
village
city
i.) as a rural disease
INFORMAL village
FORMAL kampung (urban village)
city
ii.) as part of a trajectory towards the modern ‘ideal’
INFORMAL
iii.) as mutually dependent entities
18
symbiosis
FORMAL
ORIGIN OF KAMPUNGS There are 3 different models on the origin and development of kampungs as it relate to Jakarta. Each of these models posits a different definition and response for the future of kampungs in Jakarta.
Ada 3 teori berbeda yang berupaya untuk menjelaskan perkembangan kampung-kampung dalam Jakarta. Tiap teori ini memberi pengertian yang berbeda mengenai bagaimana kota Jakarta seharusnya menanggapi masa depan kampung-kampungnya.
i.) The In-Migration Model posits that kampung growth is “fueled by massive and continuing in-migration from the rural to the metropolitan cities.” People migrating from rural areas tend to have a lower skill set, making it really hard to compete in the job market of the city. This limitation, on top of their poor financial condition, makes it really easy to get stuck in a vicious poverty cycle. Thus many of them stays inside the kampungs. Under this view, kampung residents are seen as negative, parasites, that “impede the creation of a sustainable metropolitan city.”
i.) Menurut Model In-Migrasi perkembangan kampung “diakibatkan oleh migrasi massal warga-warga desa ke daerah perkotaan.” Kebanyakan dari warga-warga desa yang rela mengadu nasib di daerah perkotaan datang dengan skill set yang rendah dan membuatnya sangat sulit untuk bersaing dengan warga-warga kota dalam mencari pekerjaan. Ditambah lagi kebanykan dari mereka datang dari latar belakang miskin sehingga mereka gampang terjebak dalam siklus kemiskinan. Oleh karena itu kebanyakan dari mereka terpaksa hanya bisa tinggal dalam kampung-kampung dalam kota atau rumah-rumah liar. Menurut teori ini warga kampung dipandang sebagai parasit yang “menghalangi pembangunan kota metropolitan yang berkelanjutan”.
ii.) The Indigenous Model views kampungs as a stepping stone in the evolution of cities. During the Dutch colonial period, the old part of the city called Kota (literal translation of City) is a walled community exclusive to the Dutch and Priyayi (native noblemen) that is surrounded by kampungs, village settlements that serve the Kota. These kampungs are often segregated by ethnicity and/or occupation, many of them still bearing its name until this day. After the independence the city boundaries continue to grow and the kampungs were engulfed by the city’s development. Under this view, the kampungs are recognized as one step above rural villages, but still one step behind city (or the ideal, western image of a city). As a result, programs such as the Kampung Improvement Program were implemented to “upgrade” these kampung settlements physically so that they can seem more suitable for a modern city. iii.) The Urban Social Ecology Model starts by dismissing the first two models and dismiss the Kampung-Kota dichotomy. Instead of trying to “upgrade” the kampung to fit some ideal image of a city (imposed by Western ideology) it understands the existing and potential future systems or networks that intersect both formal and informal sectors. Today the formal and informal sectors of the city already depend on each other, despite the reluctance of the formal sector to acknowledge it.
ii.) Menuru Model Pribumi kampung-kampung adalah sebuah tahap dalam evolusi kota. Waktu zaman penjajahan Belanda, kota tua Jakarta adalah sebuah komunitas eksklusif yang umumnya dihuni oleh warga Belanda dan Priyayi dan disekelilingi oleh kampungkampung (yang bekerja untuk warga-warga dalam kota). Kampungkampung teresebut biasanya terbuat dari satu suku atau satu jenis pekerjaan dan sampai sekarang nama-nama kampung tersebut masih bertahan. Setelah Indonesia merdeka perbatasan kota Jakarta diperbesar dan merangkupi kampung-kampung tersebut. Menurut teori ini, kampung dapat dilihat sebagai suatu tahap dalam evolusi jenis perkotaan; sebuah tahap diantara desa dan kota modern. Dari teori ini kita bisa lihat contoh-contoh inisiatif pemerintahan seperti Program Perbaikan Kampung (atau KIP) yang memiliki misi untuk “meningkatkan” kualitas kampung-kampung agar lebih mendekati ciri-ciri yang lebih modern. iii.) Model Ekologi Sosial mulai dengan menolak dua teori sebelumnya karena teori-teori tersebut menciptakan dikotomi kampung-kota. Menurut teori ini kita harus menerima keadaan kota Jakarta seadanya dan memanfaatkan potensi-potensi jaringan dan sistem-sistem yang mampu menggabungkan sektor formal dan informal. Kita tidak bisa mencoba untuk “meningkatkan” atau “memperbaiki” kampung-kampung dan memaksa mereka untuk menyesuaikin diri kedalam gambaran kota yang ideal (menurut definisi-definisi ideologi perkotaan Barat). Pada kenyataanya sekarang kedua sektor tersebut sudah bekerjasama dan saling bergantung satu sama lain walaupun sektor formal masih segan-segan untuk menanggapinya.
Budiarto, L. “Magersari: the spatial-culture of kampung settlements as an urban strategy in Indonesian cities and urban housing.”
19
passengers crowd a train that is approaching Manggarai Station in Jakarta
20
JAVA The majority of Indonesia’s population is concentrated on the island of Java. Many transmigration initiative were tried by various governments (as far back as the Dutch occupation) however the island remains as the central hub of Indonesia’s economy, politics, and culture.
Mayoritas penduduk Indonesia menghuni pulau Jawa. Beberap inisiatif transmigrasi sudah pernah dicoba oleh berbagai rezim pemerintahan (sejauh zaman penjajahan Belanda) untuk menyebar dan meratakan populasi Indonesia. Namun sampai sekarang pulau Jawa tetap merupakan pusat ekonomi, politik, dan budaya Indonesia.
63.8%
1970
of Indonesia’s Population
1990
of Indonesia’s Population
2010
of Indonesia’s Population
59.9%
53%
based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)
21
22
JAVANESE
BETAWI
SUNDANESE
OTHER
CHINESE
BATAK
MINANGKABAU
MALAY
BUGINESE
MADURESE
BANTEN
BANJARESE
ETHNIC BREAKDOWN The economic opportunities of living in Jakarta is a key factor in drawing people from other parts of the country. Often each ethnicity is known for certain crafts, traditional food, and occupations and the tradition of inviting other family members to pursue these crafts and occupations perpetuate the high inmigration rate. 5
Banyaknya peluang pekerjaan adalah salah satu faktor utama yang menarik bagi orang-orang dari berbagai daerah Indonesia untuk datang ke Jakarta. Tiap suku-suku tersebut dikenal oleh jenis-jenis kerajinan tangan, makanan, atau pekerjaan tertentu dan seringkali mereka (yang sudah bekerja di Jakarta) mengundang anggota keluarga mereka untuk ikut kerja di Jakarta, dan mengakibatkan meningginya jumlah migrasi ke kota Jakarta
5
6
8 6
8
2 11
12 2
12
11
10
9
10
9 Buginese 10 Madurese 11 Banten 12 Banjarese
7 Minangkabau 8 Malay 6 9Batak Buginese Madurese 7 10 Minangkabau 11 Banten 8 Malay 12 Banjarese
6 Batak
5 Chinese
45Other Chinese
1
4 Other
1
2 Betawi
3
2 Betawi
1 Javanese
3
1 Javanese
9
3 Sundanese
7
3 Sundanese
7
based on the 2010 population census by BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik)
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24
SHOPPING MALL
APARTMENT
SUPERBLOCK
GATED HOUSING COMPLEX
GATED OFFICE COMPLEX
SATELITE CITIES
STREET
HIGHWAYS
FLYOVER
KOTA Parallel to the development and evolution of kampungs is the development of Kota, or the city. After independence, under the Old and New order, there is a certain governmental aspiration to turn Jakarta into a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;modernâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; city. This is done by creating great infrastructural projects such as expanding highway networks, creating satellite city communities, shopping malls, and other major developer projects. In reality, this idea of a modern and ideal city is a fiction, imposed by the government to give them license to execute initiatives that marginalize the poor and favor the elite. The urban typologies highlighted to the left are just some examples of the consequence of having such aspirations. Many of these typologies exclude or limit the participation of urban majority residents; they were made in favor of the elite. In a way, these typologies can be seen as a physical manifestation of the dichotomy between the urban majority and the urban elite. In the upcoming chapters, many of the prototypes and urban interventions targets these typologies and attempts to manipulate them in a way that can balance out the benefits between the urban majority and the urban elite. Many of them often operate in the thresholds of these typologies, as since Jakarta is a highly dense city, contrasting conditions often occur very closely to each other; a kampung next to a gated complex, a kampung next to a shopping mall, etc.
Bersamaan dengan perkembangan kampung adalah perkembangan kota. Pasca kemerdekaan, dibawah kepemimpinan Orde Lama dan Orde Baru, pemerintahan memiliki aspirasi untuk mengubah image Jakarta menjadi kota yang â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;modernâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;. Modernisasi ini dicapai melalui berbagai macam proyek-proyek infrastruktural besar seperti pembangunan jalan tol, komunitas-komunitas satelit, mal, dll. Namun dalam realita ide image kota modern hanyalah rekayasa pemerintahan untuk mengizinkan inisiatif-inisiatif pembangunan yang meminggirkan kaum mayoritas demi kamu elit. Tipologi-tipologi bangunan modern di sebelah kiri hanyalah beberapa contoh dari hasil aspirasi kepemimpinan lama itu. Banyak dari tipologi-tipologi ini meniadakan atau membatasi partisipasi kaum mayoritas. Dengan kata lain, tipologi-tipologi tersebut dapat dibilang adalah manifestasi fisik dari dikotomi kaum mayoritas dan kaum elit. Dalam bab-bab yang akan datang, banyak dari intervensi-intervensi desain yang diusul menargetkan tipologi-tipologi ini dalam upaya untuk memanipulasi mereka agar kepentingan kaum mayoritas juga dianggap dengan lebih sungguh-sungguh. Banyak dari intervensiintervensi ini terletak dalam ambang diantara dalam/luar perbatasan tipologi-tipologi tersebut. Karena kota Jakarta adalah kota yang sangat padat, seringkali kondisi-kondisi perbedaan yang drastis dapat dikunjung saling bermepetan; kampung disamping komplek, kampung disamping mal, dll.
25
PEMBANGUNAN As a response to the overcrowding of the old city center, President Soekarno annexed neighboring villages and districts to further expand Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s boundaries. The first satellite city project, Kebayoran Baru, was initiated during this time period.
JAVA SEA
JAKARTA
TANGERANG
BEKASI TANGERANG CITY BEKASI CITY DEPOK
BOGOR
BOGOR CITY
Developer Projects Developers Social Housing Initiatives Social Housing Projects
26
1960 Presiden Soekarno mengambil alih daerah-daerah di sekitar kota tua Jakarta sebagai reaksi terhadap kepadatan penduduk di dalam kota tua. Dalam periode ini proyek kota satelit pertama, Kebayoran Baru, mulai dibangun sebagai contoh perumahan modern pada zaman itu.
27
1970 Under Soehartoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ambitious development plans, the creation of highway networks accommodated urban sprawl and ultimately lead to the annexation of neighboring cities such as Tangerang, Depok, and Bekasi. Around this time, developers initiated many suburban complexes in this newly annexed areas to accommodates the rising population of Jakarta.
28
1980 Dibawah rencana-rencana pembangunan ambisius Soeharto, jaringan tol yang mencapai daerah-daerah pinggir kota membantu aneksasi kota-kota disekitar Jakarta seperti Tangerang, Depok, dan Bekasi. Pada periode ini, banyak developer-developer mulai membangun perumahan-perumahan baru di daerah-daerah pinggir kota tersebut dan dengan itu juga membantu meningkatnya penduduk di Jakarta dan sekitarnya.
29
1990 With the annexation of Bogor, the greater metropolitan area of Jakarta achieved its current state: Jabodetabek. As of 2014, the combined population of this metropolitan area is 30,091,131.
30
2000 Dengan aneksasi Bogor daerah metropolitan Jakarta mencapai kondisinya sekarang dengan nama Jabodetabek. Hingga 2014, jumlah penduduk daerah metropolitan ini adalah 30,091,131.
31
32
CHAPTER II double standards
33
protestors occupy the main legislative building (MPR/DPR building)
34
DOUBLE STANDARDS The dichotomy between kampung and kota is reinforced under the framework of the first two kampung origin models. These two models have conventionally been used by the government to impose an image of a modern Jakarta; a kampung-free city. The result is a double standard that always favor the rich. Since the New Order Era, the motto ‘Pembangunan’ or development was used to impose order on the city. This formed an ideology of formalizing, limiting and controlling public space through meanings such as order, regulation, cleaning up, and eradication. There is a sense that the city needs to be ‘neatened up’, ‘cleaned up’, ‘made to fall into line’, free from the eyesore of street peddlers and the urban poor. Over time this stigma of an elite versus a majority further matured and is ingrained as an expected condition. However all of this reached its peak during the May 1998 riots, as seen in the image to the left. Out of frustration and dissatisfaction with the New Order government that favored the elite, the urban majority took over the streets of Jakarta and demanded a governmental reformation. It has been a slow and steady process since that event as old habits of corruption and double standards are still rampant. Moving forward, we cannot address issues of land ownership, flood, diminishing water supply, etc. perpetuated by urban majority residents without addressing the same issues for the urban elite. None of these issues are single sided; they affect everyone in both classes. However in the past, government initiatives that attempt to address these issues are often executed with a greater price for the urban majority. This chapter will go through several topics where a double standard is present, highlighting its causes and implications.
Dikotomi kampung dan kota diperkuat oleh teori perkembangan kampung pertama dan kedua. Secara konvensional kedua teori tersebut sudah dianggap sebagai protokol standar untuk membangun image kota Jakarta yang modern: kota bebas dari kampung. Akibat dari cara pemikiran ini adalah timbulnya sifat standar ganda yang memihak ke kaum elit. Sejak Orde Baru, motto ‘Pembangunan’ kerap kali digunakan untuk menertibkan masayarakat. Motto ini membentuk ideologi pemerintahan yang harus menguasai dan membatasi ruang publik melalui berbagai macam pembersihan, eradikasi, dan regulasi. Ada semacam pengertian bahwa kota ini harus ‘dirapikan’, ‘dibersihkan’, ‘ditertibkan’, dan dibuat bebas dari rakyat miskin perkotaan. Lama kelamaan ini mengakibatkan timbulnya stigma elit vs mayoritas. Semua ini mencapai puncaknya pada peristiwa kerusuhan Mei 1998, seperti dapat dilihat pada gambar di sebelah kiri. Masyarakat mengambil alih jalanan dan berdemonstrasi dengan tuntutan reformasi pemerintahan karena mereka sudah kecewa dengan pemerintahan Orde Baru yang korup. Sejak saat itu reformasi ini telah berjalan dengan pelan karena sampai sekarang kebiasaan-kebiasaan lama seperti korupsi dan standar ganda masih ada. Kita tidak bisa menyalahkan isu-isu pemilikan tanah, banjir, berkurangnya persediaan air, dll. kepada pihak kaum mayoritas tanpa menyalahkan kaum elit karena kedua dari pihak tersebut sama-sama bersalah. Isu-isu tersebut mempengaruhi semua orang dalam kedua pihak. Namun secara historis pendekatan pemerintahan terhadap isuisu ini kerap kali di implementasikan dengan harga yang lebih besar bagi kaum mayoritas. Bab ini akan menyelidiki asal dan akibat dari beberapa isu perkotaan dimana terdapat sebuah standar ganda.
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LAND OWNERSHIP It is estimated that almost 50% of buildings in Jakarta was built without proper paperwork and process, technically this means they are built illegally. This ranges from a small fast food vendor on the side of a street up to giant stadiums that have popularly held concerts by international artists. Therefore claiming that the reason they are evicting these Kampungs because of their land status and/or for the “greater good” is simply unfair and further shows the administration’s bias
towards preserving elite interests. An example of this can be seen in the Pantai Indah Kapuk housing complex. The site used to be a protected Mangrove forest that covers 2,871 acres. As part of the consequences of building here, according to its environmental impact analysis it is the developer’s responsibility to replace/replant the forest appropriately across the city. This was never done, nor taken seriously by the developer, and as a result the complex still stands today.
GUILTY kampung built illegally next to the river
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Sekitar 50% dari gedung-gedung di Jakarta tidak memiliki suratsurat/izin bangunan, atau dalam kata lain gedung-gedung ini dibangun secara ilegal. Segala macam gedung dapat ditemukan dalam kategori ilegal ini, dari tempat makan kecil di pinggir jalan sampai stadium besar yang sudah sering kali digunakan sebagai panggung untuk pertunjukan artis-artis internasional. Penggusuran kampung-kampung karena status surat-surat bangunan/tahan mereka atau demi kebaikan masyarakat sebenarnya adalah alasanalasan yang tidak adil. Contoh dari pemihakan pemerintah ke kaum
elit dapat dilihat dari contoh proyek perumahan Pantai Indah Kapuk. Lokasi ini dulunya adalah sebuah hutan mangrove lindung dengan luas 1,161 hektar. Sebagai perjanjian diantara developer dan kota atas pembangunan proyek ini, developer tanggung jawab menanam/ menggantikan pohon-pohon yang ditebang di berbagai daerah di dalam kota Jakarta. Ini tidak pernah dilakukan, ataupun dianggap dengan serius oleh developer, dan maka dari itu proyek ini masih berdiri sampai hari ini.
GUILTY elite housing complex built illegally over a mangrove forest
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FLOOD The first ever record of a major flood in Jakarta goes back to the Dutch Colonial Period. In both 1876 and 1918, major flood hit Jakarta (then called Batavia) paralyzing transportation systems and the electrical grid. In 1979, almost 3,000 acres of land in Jakarta was impacted by the flood. Starting from 1996, the city experiences a consistent frequency of major floods every 5-6 years. The 2007 flood killed almost 100 people and covered 60% of the city, reaching up to 5m at some points
in the city. The 2013 flood dealt the most financial cost with the city losing 20 trillion Rupiah (20 million USD). Part of the justification of evicting and relocating Kampungs located along rivers, reservoirs, and other water infrastructures is this issue of flood. Their presence is blamed for silting the rivers and reducing its ability to contain water in the case of flooding. This justification is a double standard as other developments in the formal sector also contribute to causing the flood.
GUILTY kampung pulo during the 2013 flood
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Banjir besar di Jakarta pertama kali di rekor pada zaman penjajahan Belanda. Ada dua banjir besar pada waktu itu di tahun 1876 dan 1918 yang melumpuhkan sistem transportasi dan listrik. Pasca kemerdekaan pada tahun 1979, lebih dari 1,200 hektar tanah di Jakarta terkena dampak banjir besar. Mulai dari tahun 1996 sampai sekarang, kota ini terus-menerus mengalami banjir besar tiap 5-6 tahun. Banjir besar tahun 2007 menelan sekitar 100 jiwa dan menyelimuti sekitar 60% tanah kota. Di beberapa titik banjir ini bisa mencapai 5m. Banjir besar tahun 2013 memiliki dampak finansial
yang paling besar, atau sekitar 20 triliun rupiah. Salah satu alasan atau dasar kebenaran penggusuran kampung-kampung di pinggiran sungai/waduk adalah banjir. Keberadaan mereka disalahkan atas isu-isu seperti pendangkalan dan pengecilan sungai yang ikut mengakibatkan banjir-banjir besar. Dasar kebenaran ini sebenarnya didasari oleh standar ganda karena proyek-proyek dari sektor formal juga seharusnya disalahkan (dan ditindak lanjutkan melalui inisiatif pemerintahan) atas membantu mengakibatkan banjir-banjir besar.
GUILTY presidential palace during the 2013 flood
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WATER SUPPLY After the fall of Soeharto, the government decided to privatize the public water supply company hoping that the competitive nature of the market can further expand the network. They managed to increase the water network over tenfold (to cover 60% of the city) however private interest still hinder them from reaching the poorest population. On top of that, the privatization of the public sector means the priority becomes that of generating capital rather than serving the people.
Today, lower income households pay the highest per unit prices for water and spend the highest proportions of overall income on household water supply. Even though networked water is the cheapest system, there are multiple barriers to entry that hinders poorer households from wanting to be part of the network such as high initial cost, unreliable water pressure, and administrative barriers. Lower income households chose to pay more for alternative water supply.
GUILTY kampung residents rely on groundwater pumps for clean water
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Sekitar waktu Soeharto turun jabatan, pemerintahan memutuskan untuk memprivatisasi pasokan air umum ke perusahaan-perusahaan air asing dalam upaya untuk memperluas jaringan pipa air dalam kota Jakarta. Inisiatif ini berhasil mempeluas jaringan pipa air sebanyak sepuluh kali lipat dan mencapai 60% warga Jakarta. Namun kepentingan pribadi perusahaan-perusahaan swasta tersebut seringkali menjadi halangan perluasan jaringan pipa air ke daerah-daerah yang lebih kumuh. Tujuan perusahaan swasta untuk memaksimalkan pendapatan tidak sejalan dengan tujuan untuk
melayani semua orang tanpa memperhatikan status. Sekarang warga kelas menengah kebawah terpaksa membayar harga tertinggi per unit air bersih, atau menghabiskan proporsi tertinggi pendapatan keseluruhan pada pasokan air rumah tangga. Walaupun jaringan pipa air adalah sumber air bersih yang paling murah per unit, beberapa halangan seperti biaya awal yang tinggi, tekanan air yang tidak bisa diandalkan, dan halangan administratif membuat banyak warga kelas menengah kebawah memilih sumber air alternatif.
GUILTY private companies are less willing to extend water connections to poorer neighborhoods
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TRAFFIC JAM In 2004 Sutiyoso, then governor of Jakarta, introduced the TransJakarta BRT (bus rapid transportation) system with dedicated busway lanes in an attempt to alleviate traffic congestion in the city. This was seen as a positive move after the failed monorail projects of the past. It has a limited reach across the city, leading many urban majority residents to still rely on transportasi rakyat (peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transportation), other informal modes of transportation that are often blamed for
the traffic congestion issues of the city. They form to meet the demands for mobility of the middle to lower class in urban areas. Government initiatives that attempt to address traffic issues often target these outdated transportation modes, trying to limit their activity and presence in the city. On top of that, the government also seem to favor road expansion projects over improving public transportation quality.
GUILTY motorcycles using the bus-only lane
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Pada tahun 2004 Sutiyoso, gubernur Jakarta pada waktu itu, memperkenalkan sistem TransJakarta BRT (transportasi bis cepat) lengkap dengan jalur khusus (atau busway) dalam upaya untuk mengurangi kemacetan dalam kota Jakarta. Inisiatif ini ditanggapi secara positif oleh publik, dibandingkan dengan inisatif monorail sebelumnya yang gagal. Namun sistem ini masih baru dan memiliki jaringan yang terbatas, dan terpaksa banyak dari kaum mayoritas masih mengandalkan jenis-jenis transportasi rakyat lainnya. Jenisjenis transportasi ini sering disalahkan atas masaslah kemacetan
dalam kota. Jenis-jenis transportasi ini masih ada sampai sekarang karena mereka memenuhi kebutuhan mobilitas kelas menengah kebawah dalam daerah perkotaan. Banyak dari inisiatif pemerintahan berupaya untuk mengurangi dan menghilangi jenis-jenis transportasi tersebut karena mereka dianggap ketinggalan jaman. Namun daripada memperkenalkan inisatif-inisatif untuk memperbaiki atau memperbarui sistem-sistem transportasi umum ini, pemerintahan masih lebih memilih inisiatif-inisiatif yang memperluas jaringan jalan seperti proyek jalan layang, dll.
GUILTY cars and motorcycles using the bus-only lane
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CHAPTER III jakarta tomorrow
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DESIGN METHOD From the initial series of analysis conducted in the first half of the year, a design method is mapped out to help drive the design logic of the new urban prototypes. The second of half of the year focuses on the development of 28 urban prototypes and their deployment in a sample site located in the heart of the city to project a scenario in which bottom-up and top-down intelligence work together to improve the city.
(see appendix A) MAPPING + ANALYSIS
Metode desain ini dibuat dari hasil analisa-analisa dalam semester pertama untuk membantu membangun logika desain untuk berbagai macam prototipe intervensi dalam kota. Semester kedua ini lebih terfokus dalam pengembangan 28 prototipe intervensi dan implementasi mereka dalam sebuah lokasi percobaan yang terletak dalam pusat kota Jakarta. Melalui implementasi dalam lokasi yang nyata kita baru bisa mulai menggambar skenario-skenario masa depan dimana kesatuan-kesatuan Bottom-Up (kaum mayoritas) dan Top-Down (kaum elite) mampu bekerja sama untuk membuat kota Jakarta yang lebih baik.
to derive the patterns of informal life that is embodied in these keywords (see appendix B):
(see appendix C)
WATER TRANSPORTATION
self defined...
SYSTEMIC CHALLENGES
SYSTEMIC GOALS
FOOD INFORMATION
EXTENDED STREET HYBRID PROGRAMS GOTONG ROYONG URGENT ADAPTATION STREET POP-UPS EXTENDED ROOF HUNG OBJECTS
+ URBAN IMPROV.
helped identify...
influenced the cataloging of...
fall 2014
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represents bottom-up design operators...
URBAN PROTOTYPES (see appendix D)
WATER WATER BUS STOPS SHOPPING MALL BILLBOARDS A.W.G.BILLBOARDS MOTORCYCLE DEPOT WATER TOWER COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE BIG ROOF
CROSS BREEDING BY MEANS OF A SCENARIO MATRIX
TRANSPORTATION PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER POP-UP SIDEWALKS MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK RIVER TRANSPORT BIKE SHARING BUS STOP EXTENDED CAR FREE ZONE VENDOR PARKING GARAGE
SITE I SITE II JAKARTA TOMORROW
SITE III
PROJECTIVE CITY
SITE IV FOOD HYDROPONIC FACADE RUKO FOOD STALLS NOMADIC FARMING FOOD BRIDGE STREET CANTEEN PETTING ZOO PROTOTYPE VII
ETC.
INFORMATION WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC INFORMATION HUB OBSERVATION DECK SCREEN POP-UPS PASAR REPORT CLINIC LIBRARY ATRIUM FEED
helps identify sites/existing urban typologies and their respective top-down entities...
spring 2015
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model of prototypes from the final exhibit
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PROTOTYPES This map shows the location of the various example prototypes across the city. These prototypes act as a kit-of-rules that are replicable in various similar sites, and thus its form responds accordingly to site-specific conditions. See Appendix D for further information on each Prototype. Peta ini menunjukan berbagai lokasi implementasi prototipe intervensiintervensi desain. Intervensi-intervensi ini bersifat sebagai kit-of-rules atau aturan desain yang dapat ditiru di berbagai lokasi dimana bentuk dari intervensi tersebut dipengaruhi oleh kondisi-kondisi lokasinya. Silahkan liat Appendix D untuk informasi mengenai tiap prototipe. 15
06
14
18 22 23 10 09
16
20
19
26 04
07
05
11 02
25
21 13
28
01
17
03
27
12
08
24
WATER BUS STOPS BIG ROOF WATER TOWER MALL BILLBOARDS COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE MOTORCYCLE DEPOT A.W.G BILLBOARDS PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER POP-UP SIDEWALK MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK RIVER TRANSPORT BIKE SHARING BUS STOP CAR FREE ZONES VENDOR GARAGE
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
HYDROPONIC FACADE RUKO FOOD STALLS NOMADIC FARMING FOOD BRIDGE STREET CANTEEN PETTING ZOO ANGKOT WARUNG WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC INFORMATION HUB OBSERVATION DECK POP-UP SCREENS PASAR REPORT CLINIC LIBRARY ATRIUM FEED
500M
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
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model of prototypes from the final exhibit
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01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14
WATER BUS STOPS BIG ROOF WATER TOWER MALL BILLBOARDS COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE MOTORCYCLE DEPOT A.W.G BILLBOARDS PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER POP-UP SIDEWALK MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK RIVER TRANSPORT BIKE SHARING BUS STOP CAR FREE ZONES VENDOR GARAGE
15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
HYDROPONIC FACADE RUKO FOOD STALLS NOMADIC FARMING FOOD BRIDGE STREET CANTEEN PETTING ZOO ANGKOT WARUNG WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC INFORMATION HUB OBSERVATION DECK POP-UP SCREENS PASAR REPORT CLINIC LIBRARY ATRIUM FEED
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KUNINGAN After the Prototype charrette, a sample site is chosen to test the deployment and connection of various prototypes within the given site. This site in Kuningan, Jakarta is an ideal urban core sample as it represents the drastic contrast between the urban elite and the urban majority. Here, business districts, shopping malls, kampungs, gated complexes, and elevated highways meet to form complex social and spatial conditions.
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Sebuah lokasi percobaan di tengah kota Jakarta dipilih untuk menguji implementasi dan koneksi diantara berbagai macam prototipe yang cocok dalam lokasi ini. Lokasi yang dipilih adalah daerah Kuningan karena daerah ini memiliki kondisi-kondisi dimana perbedaan drastis diantara kaum mayoritas dan kaum elit sangat nyata, Disini business district, mal, kampung, komplek perumahaan elit, dan jalan layang bertemu untuk membentuk kondisi sosio-spasial yang kompleks.
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URBAN CORE SAMPLE
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street life within kampung settlements
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back alley of a shopping mall that is bustling with activity
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combination of traffic and pedestrian activity under the newly constructed flyover
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view of the Mega Kuningan business district
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quiet streets within the gated complex
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SCENARIO MATRIX This matrix depicts a series of possible scenarios and hybrid prototypes that can emerge from the intersection of bottom-up and top-down initiatives. The X-axis represents bottom-up intelligence (7 key words), the Y-axis represents necessary top-down initiatives that can expand/authorize the manipulation of existing urban typologies. PARKING GARAGE A developer initiative to lease out the first two floors of its exterior parking garages to kaki lima (mobile vendor) co-ops can help ease the usurpation of public space around the back alley of this shopping mall. SHOPPING MALL AS WATER SUPPLIER Groundwater supply in existing kampungs were disrupted when giant developer projects enter the area and uses a similar but larger mechanism to supply their water needs. A government intervention to limit the developerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s existing practice on water supply and instead, provide other means of supplying water, can turn these projects into active water suppliers for surrounding communities. In return, the government can grant benefits to such developers such as tax deduction, permit extensions, future permits, etc. FLYOVER SIDEWALK The recent construction of flyovers across the city created wide and covered sidewalks that are currently under utilized. A government initiative to allow the productive use of these sidewalks to various actors can help ease the usurpation of public space by food carts, vendors, etc. EXTENDED SIDEWALK Most roads in Jakarta either have inadequate or non-existent sidewalks, forcing many pedestrians to simply walk carefully next to cars and motorcycles. A government initiative to extend sidewalks / reduce the number of vehicular lanes can begin to provide a safe pedestrian culture in this car-centric city. GATED COMPLEX LOTS Parks and empty lots within gated complexes are often left unused for long periods of time. Kampung dwellers are already using these lots as farm or playing fields, despite treading legal boundaries. The creation of a land use licensing mechanism will not only legalize these temporary uses but also actively promote productive work in these empty lots. OTHER SPECULATIVE LOTS A similar mechanism can also be applied to other lots outside of a gated complex setting, such as speculative developer lots, public lots, etc.
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EXISTING CONDITION
HYBRID PROGRAMS
EXTENDED ROOF
GOTONG ROYONG
EXTENDED STREET
URGENT ADAPTATION
EXISTING CONDITION
STREET POP-UP
HUNG OBJECTS
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EXISTING CONDITION
Matriks ini menggambarkan beberapa skenario dan prototipe hibrida yang muncul dari pertemuan intelijen Bottom-Up dan inisiatif TopDown. Pada sumbu X terdapat 7 kata kunci yang mewakili intelijen Bottom-Up, pada sumbu Y terdapat inisiatif-inisiatif Top-Down yang mampu memperluas/mengizinkan kapabilitas untuk memanipulasi berbagai tipologi-tipologi perkotaan.
GARASI PARKIR Inisiatif dari pihak developer untuk menyewakan dua lantai pertama dari garasi parkir eksterior untuk pedagang kaki lima agar membantu mengurangi perebutan kuasa akan jalan umum dibelakang mal. MAL SEBAGAI PEMASOK AIR Persediaan air tanah kampung-kampung yang terletak disekitar proyek developer besar terganggu karena kedua pihak ini saling berebut air. Semacam intervensi pemerintahan untuk membatasi kewenangan developer dalam menggali sumur-sumur untuk persediaan air dan sebaliknya menuntut mereka untuk menyediakan persediaan air alternatif (lewat air hujan, dll.) mampu merubah proyek-proyek besar ini menjadi pemasok air yang aktif bagi komunitas disekitarnya. Sebagai imbalan, pemerintahan mampu memberikan potongan pajak, perpanjangan surat izin, surat-surat izin untuk proyek selanjutnya, dll. TROTOAR JALAN LAYANG Proyek jalan layang baru-baru ini menciptakan banyak trotoar lebar dan tertutupi yang masih belum dimanfaatkan. Semacam inisiatif pemerintahan yang mengizinkan penggunaan produktif pada trotoartrotoar bagi berbagai macam pihak mampu mengurangi perebutan jalan umum yang sering terjadi diantara pedagang kaki lima, dll. PELEBARAN TROTOAR Kebanyakan jalanan di Jakarta tidak memiliki trotoar atau kondisi trotoarnya sudah sangat buruk. Kondisi ini memaksa pejalan kaki untuk berjalan dengan hati-hati di jalan umum. Semacam inisiatif pemerintahan untuk melebarkan trotoar mampu memberi insentif untuk membangun budaya pejalan kaki dan juga mengurangi jumlah jalur kendaraan. TANAH KOSONG DALAM KOMPLEK Taman-taman dan tanah kosong didalam komplek perumahaan elit seringkali jarang digunakan. Warga kampung disekitarnya kadangkadang sudah memanfaatkan tanah kosong tersebut untuk dijadikan kebun pertanian walaupun mungkin tidak secarah sah. Semacam sistem penyewaan lahan kosong yang bersifat sementara mampu melegalisir kegiatan-kegiatan produktif (seperti berkebun) dalam lahan-lahan tersebut. TANAH KOSONG/SPEKULATIF Semacam mekanisme yang serupa dapat diterapkan ke tanah kosong/ spekulatif lainnya diluar konteks komplek perumahaan elit, seperti tanah pemerintah, tanah kosong lainnya, dll.
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HYBRID PROGRAMS
EXTENDED ROOF
GOTONG ROYONG
EXTENDED STREET
URGENT ADAPTATION
EXISTING CONDITION
STREET POP-UP
HUNG OBJECTS
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HYBRIDS The scenarioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s presented earlier created opportunities for multiple prototypes to gather and work with each other by forming hybrid prototypes. The public sphere located at the threshold of elite and majority urban typologies begin to transform as more and more of these individual, small interventions aggregate.
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Skenario-skenario ini mampu memberi peluang bagi berbagai macam prototipe berbeda untuk berkumpul dan bekerjasama untuk membentuk prototipe-prototipe hibrida. Ruang publik yang terletak diantara perbatasan tipologi-tipologi gedung di lokasi ini pelan-pelan berubah bentuk sejalan dengan berkumpulnya intervensi-intervensi desain. Intervensi-intervensi yang awalnya hanya bersifat kecil/individu baru bisa bekerja sebagai infrastruktur yang lebih besar ketika mereka berkumpul dan bekerja sama.
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APPENDIX A
mapping the kampungs
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KAMPUNG TIMELINE Jakarta used to be filled with Kampungs that surround its historic city center. Through modern development and annexation of surrounding land, these Kampung areas shrunk and dispersed across the city.
500M
KAMPUNG AREA (1959)
based on the 1959 map of Djakarta by the U.S Army Map Service
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500M
KAMPUNG AREA (1975)
based on “Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century” by Cristopher Silver
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A curated sample of kampungs are going to be used as case studies to show their internal and external connections to existing infrastructures, landmarks, and other conditions.
500M
KAMPUNG AREA (2011)
based on the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Jakarta:Urban Challenges in a Changing Climateâ&#x20AC;? case study developed by the World Bank in partnership with the government of DKI Jakarta
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KAMPUNG CILINCING KAMPUNG PAPANGO KAMPUNG PENJARINGAN KAMPUNG JEMBATAN BESI KAMPUNG KEMAYORAN BARAT KAMPUNG RAWA BUAYA
KAMPUNG MENTENG TIMUR
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KAMPUNG CILINCING ...located 1km away from the ocean, this kampung houses fishermen that transformed the canal into make-shift docks. A tributary and public road interrupts the kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s direct connection to the canal...
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KAMPUNG PAPANGO ...intersected by multiple infrastructural networks, this kampung occupied open land around the dam and transform them into farms and landfills. These networks also provide visual protection from the outside world...
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KAMPUNG PENJARINGAN ... the relatively low fly-over highway is too low for cars to pass through (in most places), providing sheltered areas for people to sleep, store materials, wash clothes, etc...
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KAMPUNG JEMBATAN BESI ...the captured tributary defines a main social street filled with warungs and kaki limas, providing social life for residents on the main and residual strip of land, while also providing access to (polluted) water...
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KAMPUNG KEMAYORAN BARAT ...separated by the train tracks, each community formed a social street along the tracks that is filled with public seating, plants, warungs, and kaki limas. Clean grid paths indicate its integration with the formal city...
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KAMPUNG RAWA BUAYA ...surrounded by modern development, this kampung is cornered: growing industry from the west, infrastructure networks on the north (river) and south (rail), and a protected marsh on the east...
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KAMPUNG MENTENG TIMUR ...nested within the city center, this kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main circulation is driven by quick access to the mosque and school...
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APPENDIX B
made in jakarta
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MADE IN JAKARTA This catalog attempts to capture the various methods, techniques, and approaches that kampung residents use to craft their built environment. The buildings chosen for this catalog is taken from the seven case study kampungs from chapter 1 in an attempt to get a variety of approaches depending on where they are located in the city. Despite the geographic differences, many overlaps of techniques and approaches could be found across all seven places. Several conclusions were derived by analyzing these buildings. These conclusions are embodied in these seven key concepts that describe the collective intelligence shared among Kampungs on how they respond to limitations of materials and site.
HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG:
SURROUNDING CONTEXT
ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURE
SECONDARY FUNCTION STRUCTURAL FEATURE
MATERIAL FEATURE
SKETCH
CONTEXTUAL FEATURE
MAIN FUNCTION
SECONDARY FUNCTION
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EXTENDED HYBRID STREET PROGRAMS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
GOTONG ROYONG
URGENT STREET ADAPTATION POP-UPS
EXTENDED ROOFS
HUNG OBJECTS
PINK HOUSE DOCK PARKING LOT HEALTHCARE CENTER NOODLE RESTAURANT GREEN HOUSE BAKERY HOUSE DOCK HOUSE XEROX BARBER SHOP CORNER HOUSE GARBAGE STILTS DOUBLE LOADED CORRIDOR GUARD POST SPIRAL STAIRED HOUSE CANTILEVERED BOX + STAIRS FULL TARP PORCH CANTILEVERED BOX BALCONY HOUSE WARTEG HOUSE CELLULAR HOUSE WARUNG BALCONY HOUSE SHADE KAKI LIMA CORNER FOOD VENDOR WARTEG WITH ARCHES DOOR TO NOWHERE XL PLAYGROUND PING PONG ARENA LONG ROOF WARUNG PARKING BRIDGE KINDERGARTEN BRIDGE LIVING ROOM PVC GATE LAUNDRY FACADE MARKET HOUSE SNACK FACADE INTERNET CAFE HOUSE PUBLIC TOILET BOUTIQUE HOUSE SALON WARUNG RIVERFRONT DUPLEX RECYCLING CENTER BLUE HOUSE SHINY HOUSE FOOD VENDOR ROW METAL SHOP FAMILY RESTAURANT PALM TREE HOUSE FISH VENDOR RIVER HOUSE
99
EXTENDED STREET The street is the main source of life in the Kampungs; it is the heart of public life. Moves such as extending furniture and/or changing the material of the entry was done to merge public and private realms.
100
101
HYBRID PROGRAMS Continuous improvizations and a lack of regulation allowed many of the buildings to contain mixed program. The popular rental system incentivize smaller subdivision of spaces to accommodate more people and functions.
102
103
GOTONG ROYONG Gotong Royong is a social concept that promotes volunteerism; looking out for each other. It is an important concept that have promoted collaboration and sharing between Kampung residents.
104
105
URGENT ADAPTATION When faced with challenging site constraints, Kampung residents can come up with creative solutions that are often very abrupt. Many of these examples include their creative approaches on using trees (as structure, etc.).
106
107
STREET POP-UPS Kampung residents are adaptive opportunists that are willing to take risks and be entrepreneurial. Structures highlighted here are temporary pop-ups that come and go based on changing needs and situations.
108
109
EXTENDED ROOF Extending the roof is a common strategy for defining new spaces (such as a porch) and weather protection. Because of its multi-functional purpose, there are many overlaps with other keywords.
110
111
HUNG OBJECTS The practice of hanging objects for drying and display reasons are commonplace in the Kampung. This practice generates a certain ornamentation on top of the existing hodgepodge of improvised building materials.
112
113
114
1
pink house TIN ROOF NEIGHBOR’S WATER TANK
ROOF CUT-OUT
BAMBOO SCREEN
EXTENDED ROOF
DRYING LAUNDRY HOUSE
PINK PAINTED TIN
PORCH RED MAT
PINK PAINTED PLYWOOD
2
dock parking lot
TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF
ELECTRICITY SOURCE
RIVER DOCK ACCESS TO DOCK
BAMBOO FENCE TIN PATCH PARKING AREA BAMBOO PLATFORM BAMBOO POLE
BAMBOO FRAME CONSTRUCTION WOVEN BAMBOO
115
116
3
healthcare center
TREE TIN ROOF
SIGNAGE
EXTENDED BEAM
TARP PATCH
TREE
DRYING LAUNDRY PLYWOOD PATCH
BAMBOO POLE
HEALTHCARE CENTER
BAMBOO FACADE
ENTRANCE METAL SCREEN
OPENING
4
noodle restaurant TREE HOLE
TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF
RESTAURANT
SIGNAGE BAMBOO SCREEN
STREET-FRONT VENDOR
SEATING AREA
117
118
5
green house EXTENDED ROOF
TIN ROOF BAMBOO STRUCTURE
RIVER DRYING LAUNDRY
HOUSE
PAINTED PLYWOOD FACADE
TARP
CONCRETE CONNECTION
6
bakery house EXTENDED ROOF
TIN ROOF
TARP COVER RIVER
WOODEN SHINGLES
FOOD VENDOR
HOUSE
BAMBOO BRACKET
MAIN STREET BRIDGE
119
120
7
dock house TIN ROOF
TARP PATCH
EXTENDED ROOF
RIVER
HOUSE WOVEN BAMBOO
PORCH
DOCK TREE STUMP MAIN STREET
8
xerox barber shop
TIN ROOF
EXTENDED ROOF
BARBER SHOP SIGNAGE
SIGNAGE
PARKING AREA PHOTOCOPYING SERVICE SIGNAGE
SEATING AREA
121
122
9
corner house
OPENING
TIN ROOF
OPENING
HOUSE
WOOD FRAME ADDITION
EXTENDED ROOF
EXTENDED BEAMS
OPENING
DRYING LAUNDRY
EXPOSED BRICK
OPENING
DRYING LAUNDRY
OPENING EXTENDED ROOF
SEATING AREA
10
garbage stilts OVERHANG
TIN ROOF
TIN ROOF
COLLECTION FACILITY PLASTIC
WORKER AREA GARBAGE EXPOSED WOODEN FRAME
STORAGE
SPORADIC BRACING STRUCTURE
LOADING DOCK
CHOPPED TREE STUMP COLUMN
123
124
11
double loaded corridor TARP PATCH
TIN ROOF
CERAMIC TILES
TARP PATCH
CONTINUOUS ROOF COVERED ALLEY
DRYING LAUNDRY PLYWOOD PATCH
EXTENDED ROOF
HOUSE FOOD VENDOR
FOOD VENDOR
EXTENDED ROOF
FOOD PREPARATION AREA
MAJOR ALLEY
RIVER OVERHANGING WOODEN STRUCTURE
12
guard post NATURAL SHADE
TIN ROOF
NATURAL SHADE
AQUARIUM OPEN TO RIVER
RIVER
SIGNAGE PADDED MATERIAL GUARD POST
METAL FENCE
SEATING AREA DRYING FOOD
WHITE CERAMIC TILES
125
126
13
spiral staired house CERAMIC TILES CURVED POLYCARBONATE
EXTENDED ROOF
DRYING LAUNDRY OPENING
HOUSE
PINK CERAMIC TILE NARROW ALLEY PORCH PARKING AREA WET AREA
SPIRAL STAIRCASE
14
cantilevered box with stairs CERAMIC TILES
EXTENDED ROOF
DRYING LAUNDRY HOUSE
PAINTED PLYWOOD FACADE CONCRETE BLOCK BALCONY ENTRY WOOD FRAME ADDITION
FROM MAIN STREET
FRIDGE RAISED PLATFORM
127
128
15
full tarp porch
TIN ROOF WOODEN PANELS OPENING
DRYING LAUNDRY HOUSE
VARIOUS MATERIALS PATCH
TARP COVER
TENSION HOLDER
FOOD PREPARATION AREA
CERAMIC TILES
16
cantilevered box
TIN ROOF
OPENING
TIN FACADE METAL SHINGLES
ADVERTISEMENT
SLIDING DOOR
EXPOSED CMU
HOUSE
CONCRETE RAMP
129
130
17
balcony house
CERAMIC TILE PARABOLA
MISSING ROOF TILES EXTENDED ROOF
COVERED WOODEN RAILING HOUSE
WARUNG PORCH OPEN TO MAIN STREET
MAIN STREET
18
warteg house CERAMIC TILE
DRYING LAUNDRY
EXTENDED ROOF
HOUSE
RECESSED POSITION TIN ROOF ADVERTISEMENT
FOOD PRODUCTION AREA PROTECTIVE PLANTING
131
132
19
cellular house TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF
HOUSE
SIGNAGE ADVERTISEMENT
TARP PATCH DRYING LAUNDRY
COVERED SEWER CELLULAR SHOP ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC
20
warung balcony house
TIN ROOF
EXTENDED ROOF
EXPOSED BRICK
METAL RAILING HOUSE
CANTILEVERED CONCRETE BEAM
SHARED TIN ROOF
EXPOSED CMU
WASHING AREA
TIN ROOF
PARKING SEATING AREA
WARUNG
133
134
21
shaded kaki lima BARB WIRE POLES TARP
HUNG BAMBOO
SIDEWALK
FOOD DYRING + STORAGE
MAIN STREET
COVERED SEATING AREA FOOD VENDOR
22
corner food vendor TIN ROOF
ROLLABLE TARP
ATTACHED TO NEIGHBOR ATTACHED TO NEIGHBOR NEIGHBOR’S PORCH
ROLLABLE TARP
FOOD VENDOR KITCHEN
SEATING AREA
ACCESS TO SEWER
SEATING AREA
135
136
23
warteg with arches CERAMIC ROOF
TIN ROOF EXTENDED ROOF
POLYCARBONATE DEMARCATING PROGRAM
HOUSE
RESTAURANT ARCHES
EXTENDED ROOF
EXTENDING TO THE STREET
WASHING AREA
24
ATTACHED TO NEIGHBOR
door to nowhere
TIN ROOF
EXTENDED ROOF
PINK PAINT
EXPOSED STRUCTURE HOUSE
ORNATE OPENING DOOR TO NOWHERE CERAMIC TILES
PROTECTIVE ENTRY
WASHING AREA
137
138
25
xl playground ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC
CERAMIC TILE
RAILWAY
BROKEN BENCH TRASH CAN PROTECTIVE WALL STEPPING STONE
PLAYGROUND BLUE TILE
WOODEN COLUMNS
26
ping pong arena
HIGHWAY
CONCRETE COLUMNS GOAL
CERAMIC TILE SIGNAGE
PING PONG ARENA
GOAL
139
140
27
long roof warung
TIN ROOF
HOUSE
EXTENDED ROOF
DRYING FOOD BAMBOO SCREEN
ALLEY ENTRANCE
RESTAURANT MAIN STREET ENTRANCE
NARROW ALLEY OUTDOOR SEATING AREA
28
parking bridge
EXTENDED ROOF
CONCRETE COLUMNS
HIGHWAY
COLUMN AS DIVISION DEVICE
PARKING AREA
GOVERNMENT WARNING SIGN
SEATING AREA
141
142
29
kindergarten TIN ROOF CONNECT TO NEIGHBOR ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC
TIN ROOF HOUSING STEEL TRUSS
EXTENDED ROOF
KINDERGARTEN
SIGNAGE
PLAYGROUND
30
bridge living room
HIGHWAY AS ROOF
HIGHWAY
PLYWOOD PARTITION CONCRETE COLUMNS
TV
WATER PUMP
LIVING ROOM
SEATING AREA
143
144
31
pvc gate
PVC PIPE
GATE
MAJOR ALLEY
32
laundry facade
TIN ROOF
ROOF EXTENSION
DRYING LAUNDRY DRYING LAUNDRY
ADVERTISEMENT
WATER TANK
NARROW ALLEY
HOUSE WET AREA
RAINWATER COLLECTION
145
146
33
market house TIN ROOF DRYING LAUNDRY SIGNAGE
TV ANTENNA HOUSE
ADVERTISEMENT EXTENDED TARP ROOF
WARUNG
WATER BOTTLE WEIGHT TAILOR TARP COVER
MARKET
TIN ROOF PATCH TARP COVER FOOD DRYING AREA
RESTAURANT
34
snack facade HIGHWAY
CONNECTION TO HIGHWAY POLITICAL PARTY FLAG
WARUNG
HUNG SNACKS
TARP ROOF
SEATING AREA EXTENDED TARP ROOF
EXTENSION TO STREET
KITCHEN
147
148
35
internet cafe house
TIN ROOF
CANTILEVERED ROOF
DRYING LAUNDRY HANGING BIRD CAGE
EXPOSED BRICK HOUSE
SIGNAGE
ELECTRICITY METER ROLLED TARP COVER
MARKET
HOUSING ENTRY
ADVERTISEMENT
ADVERTISEMENT HIGHSCHOOL
INTERNET CAFE
36
public toilet WOODEN ROOF FRAME ELECTRICITY POLE OPEN FOR VENTILATION WORN OUT SIGNAGE
STREET LAMP
PUBLIC TOILET TIN ROOF
ALLEY TO HOUSING OPEN FOR VENTILATION PARKING NEIGHBOR’S LAUNDRY LINE
149
150
37
boutique store TIN ROOF RAIL
TIN ROOF ROLLED TARP COVER
OPEN FOR VENTILATION
WOODEN TRUSS
STORE FRONT EMPTY LOT
HOUSE
EMPTY LOT CLOTHING STORE
SHARED ENTRY SHARED FOUNDATION
38
salon warung
SHARED TIN ROOF EXTENDED SHADING
PLASTIC PATCH SALON
EXPOSED CMU
SIGNAGE CLEAR GLASS CARDBOARD PATCH WARUNG
SEATING AREA
EXTENSION TO STREET
151
152
39
riverfront duplex ADJACENT BUILDING TV ANTENNA
RIVER
SHARED TIN ROOF
BAMBOO POLE
CONNECTING ROOF
ADJACENT BUILDING
DRYING LAUNDRY PORCH + PARKING
HOUSE 1 CONCRETE COLUMN BASE CERAMIC TILES NEIGHBOR’S LAUNDRY LINE
GROUND
HOUSE 2
MISSING COLUMN BASE
40
recycling center
TIN PATCH
RAISED ROOF
STREET LAMP ELECTRICITY POLE PLYWOOD SHEATHING
HOUSE
LOADING DOCK ADJACENT BUILDING
RECYCLING CENTER NEIGHBOR’S BAMBOO POLE
SIDEWALK AS MATERIAL STORAGE PROTECTIVE WALL RAIL
GARBAGE SACKS SORTED MATERIAL BUNDLE
153
154
41
blue house
BLUE TIN ROOF WOOD FRAME ADDITION OPENING
BLUE POLYCARBONATE
HOUSE
TARP COVER TARP PATCH HUNG STORE DISPLAY TARP PATCH
SHOP
ORNATE OPENING EXTENSION TO STREET
ADVERTISEMENT
42
shiny house
REFLECTIVE MATERIAL PATCH EXTENDED ROOF
OPENING
EXPOSED CMU
DRYING LAUNDRY
HOUSE DISPLAY CASE
TARP PATCH
RESTAURANT CHAMFERED CORNER
TIN PATCH
155
156
43
food vendor row
TARP ROOF
KAKI LIMA FOOD VENDOR
MENU
ADVERTISEMENT ADVERTISEMENT
SEATING AREA
ADVERTISEMENT
WALL ADVERTISEMENT BAMBOO SCREEN SEATING AREA FOOD VENDOR WARUNG
ENTRANCE TO MORE SEATING AREA
SIGNAGE
44
COMBINATION OF BAMBOO + WOOD STUDS
TARP ROOF EXTENSION
metal shop
TIN PATCH
CONNECTING ROOF
TIN ROOF
MACHINE SHOP
HUNG STORE DISPLAY
VENDOR SIGNAGE SIGNAGE SHARED BAMBOO FACADE
157
158
45
family restaurant
HOUSE
TIN ROOF WOOD FRAME ADDITION
DRYING LAUNDRY
TIN ROOF
OPENING
TARP PATCH ELECTRICITY POLE WARUNG GRAFFITI
OPENING
MENU + SIGNAGE RESTAURANT
GRAFFITI
ADVERTISEMENT SUPERGRAPHIC
46
palm tree house PALM TREE TIN ROOF
HOUSE
HOLE
TARP PATCH
NEIGHBOR
PUBLIC STREET
FOOD PRODUCTION
BAMBOO FENCE
POND
159
160
47
fish vendor TIN ROOF
ROOF EXTENSION
LIGHT BULB
FOOD VENDOR
NARROW ALLEY PLYWOOD PATCH
EXTENSION TO STREET EMPTY LOT NEWSPAPER COVER
48
river house METAL POLES
CERAMIC ROOF
COVER
OPENING
RIVER
CERAMIC ROOF
HOUSE
WET AREA
DRYING LAUNDRY
ORNATE OPENING CERAMIC TILES
ALLEY TO RIVER KITCHEN
161
162
APPENDIX C
urban improvizations
163
URBAN IMPROVIZATIONS Moving beyond individual buildings, this chapter analyzes existing patterns of how the urban majority navigates the flow of resources within the city. Looking through the lens of four urban systems - transportation, water, food, information examples of improvisations are picked to show both positive and negative attributes that each of them possess.
164
WATER SYSTEM
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
GROUNDWATER PUMPING
NGETEM
MOBILE WATER VENDOR
3-in-1 JOKI
WATER TANK
TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS
WATER DEPOT
OJEK
FOOD SYSTEM
INFORMATION SYSTEM
KAKI LIMA
SUPERGRAPHPIC ADS
URBAN AGRICULTURE
PETA JAKARTA
URBAN LIVESTOCK
CAMPAIGN BANNERS
WARUNG
MAGHRIB
165
7
4
1 2 6
5
PRIMARY PIPE SECONDARY PIPE WATER TREATMENT PLANT (WTP) SMALL WTP KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)
500M
1 Pejompongan 2 Pulo Gadung 3 Buaran 4 Taman Kota 5 Cilandak 6 Condet 7 Cakung
166
3
WATER SYSTEM Jakarta privatized its water utilities in 1997 in an attempt to increase connectivity. Today only 60% of the city is connected to the water network, leading many to find alternative water sources such as groundwater pumping, refillable water tanks, and mobile vendors. Many of these alternative water supply methods are driven by scarcity and high pressure conditions, and many of them often lead to other consequences such as land subsidence, reduced water quality, etc. Thus the water prototypes will attempt to create alternative water supply and water distribution methods with less negative impact.
167
GROUNDWATER PUMPING WATER SYSTEM Only 60% of the city is connected to piped water and many opt for alternative sources, one of which is groundwater pumping. It has higher initial costs but in the long run it is considered to be a more reliable source of water. This system is prevalent across both the formal and informal sector and it emerged out of the demand for reliable clean water.
BATHING
ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES CLEANER WATER UNREGULATED PUMPING LAND SUBSIDENCE WHEN GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION EXCEEDS ITS RECHARGE NOT AVAILABLE IN NORTHERN/SALINE PARTS OF THE CITY
168
GROUNDWATER PUMP
BUCKETS WAITING IN LINE
WASHING CLOTHES
169
MOBILE WATER VENDOR WATER SYSTEM Similar to groundwater pumping, mobile water vendors is an alternative to clean water supply. Vendors fill up their tanks in water depots, public hydrants, etc. and distribute them across neighborhoods. It is the most expensive source of clean water yet it is the most widely used by the poorer population in the city.
WATER TROLLEY
ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES JOBS FOR THE VENDORS PROVIDES CLEAN WATER TO RESIDENTS WITHOUT ACCESS TO PIPED WATER HIGHEST PRICE PER UNIT OF CLEAN WATER LIMITED SOURCE/DEPOT
170
BOTTLE-SHAPED SIGNAGE WATER DEPOT
“PAM”
171
WATER TANK WATER SYSTEM Many kampung residents can’t request for networked water because they occupy illegal land. To work around that water companies often supply clean water in the form of water tanks that quickly attract long lines of people queuing for clean water.
BUCKETS
ATTRIBUTES THEY COME TO COMMUNITIES THAT LACK ACCESS TO NETWORKED WATER LONG LINES PEOPLE COMPETE/FIGHT FOR WATER OVERCHARGING BY THE MIDDLEMEN
172
BUCKETS
CLEAN WATER TANK
BUCKETS
BUCKETS BUCKETS BUCKETS
173
REFILLABLE WATER DEPOT WATER SYSTEM Both the urban majority and the urban elite rely on refillable water depots for their supply of clean drinking water. The two most common systems used to treat the water is the UV system and the Reverse Osmosis system.
SIGNAGE
FILLED DRINKING WATER BOTTLES
ATTRIBUTES CLEAN DRINKING WATER STATIONARY HIGH PRICE PER UNIT
174
FILTRATION SYSTEM
EMPTY DRINKING WATER BOTTLES
FILLED DRINKING WATER BOTTLES
175
15 1 14 13
4
12
11
10
3
9 2
MAJOR STATIONS MINOR STATIONS TRANSJAKARTA KOPAJA ANGKOT KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)
500M
1 Kali Deres 2 Blok M 3 Kampung Melayu 4 Pulo Gadung 5 Lebak Bulus 6 Kampung Rambutan 7 Pinang Ranti 8 Pasar Minggu 9 Klender 10 Rawamangun 11 Manggarai 12 Senen 13 Tanah Abang 14 Grogol 15 Tanjung Priok
176
8 7
5 6
TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM In 2004 the Transjakarta BRT system was introduced as an attempt to alleviate traffic congestion in the city. It has a limited network leading many people to still rely on transportasi rakyat (urban majority modes of transportation) such as the angkot, mikrolet, ojek, etc., often blamed for the traffic problems of the city. On top of that, the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s overreliance on private modes of transportation and a lack of pedestrian culture further perpetuates traffic congestion in the city. The transportation prototypes will attempt to create new systems that will reduce the need for private vehicles, reversing the negative stigma associated with public transportation, and encourage a pedestrian culture.
177
NGETEM TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Ngetem is the practice of stalling in the middle of the road to pick up potential passengers. These passengers range from ordinary passengers to various actors that can benefit from being inside the angkot/mikrolet such as street artists, beggars, and hawkers. This system emerged as a response to the lack of formal stops and the demand for passengerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s convenience to hop on/off public transportation.
WAITING FOR PASSENGERS
ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES JOBS FOR KENEKS, STREET ARTISTS, BEGGARS, ETC. FREEDOM TO GO ON/OFF PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION TRAFFIC JAMS ENCOURAGES THE VARIOUS ACTORS TO OCCUPY THE STREET
178
KENEK
TRAFFIC BUILD-UP STREET ARTISTS
BEGGARS
179
3-in-1 JOKI TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM The 3-in-1 road rule was imposed to reduce traffic flow in major roads during rush hour. The joki system emerged out of the demand for car drivers to pass through the 3-in-1 roads and bypass the rule.
POTENTIAL CLIENT JOKI WITH A BABY
JOKI
ATTRIBUTES PROVIDES JOBS FOR JOKI BYPASS THE 3in1 RULE PERPETUATES CAR USE ...and OTHER PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH CAR USE SUCH AS TRAFFIC JAMS, AIR POLLUTION, ETC.
180
WARNING SIGN
ENTRANCE TO 3-in-1 ZONE YOUNG JOKI
181
TRAFFIC CONTROLLERS TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Self-declared traffic controllers emerge in various traffic conditions: congestion in narrow roads, street parking areas, illegal u-turns, etc.
ILLEGAL U-TURN TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
TRAFFIC CONTROLLER
ATTRIBUTES ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITY OFTEN CAUSE MORE PROBLEMS THAN SOLUTIONS PREMANISME ERRATIC MOVEMENT OF THE ACTORS
182
183
OJEK TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Ojek or motorcycle taxis is one of the most effective means of navigating the city’s traffic jams and narrow alleyways.
MAKESHIFT REST AREA
OJEK DRIVER
MOTORCYCLE
ATTRIBUTES FAST READILY AVAILABLE AGILE SAFETY CONCERNS
184
SIGNAGE
MOTORCYCLE
185
1 2 3 4
6
5
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 MAJOR TRADITIONAL PASARS TRADITIONAL PASARS KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)
500M
1 Pasar Glodok 2 Pasar Hayam Wuruk LTV 3 Pasar Baru 4 Pasar Tomang Barat 5 Pasar Tanah Abang 6 Pasar Senen 7 Pasar Jatinegara 8 Pasar Perumnas Klender 9 Pasar Cipulir 10 Pasar Kebayoran Lama 11 Pasar Kramat Jati 12 Pasar Minggu 13 Pasar Induk Kramat Jati
186
FOOD SYSTEM The main areas of food distribution for the urban majority lies in the traditional markets. It is a place where the urban majority convene and sell traditional food and crafts local to their place of origin. Proximity to these markets are a driving factor for kampung settlements. An extension of these markets are the mobile food vendors, who plays an important role in distributing food and jobs. However their seemingly disorganized and unhygienic practices, and usurpation of street space is seen as a problem that needs to be addressed. The food prototypes will expand on these existing improvisations and provide avenues for increased hygiene and creating new spaces for these vendors.
187
PEDAGANG KAKI LIMA FOOD SYSTEM These mobile food vendors have an ubiquitous presence across the city. Their name literally translates to 5 legs, referring to the person’s two legs, the cart’s two wheels, and the fifth leg for support. There is a huge demand for mobile food vendors because they provide authentic traditional street food.
CANOPY
CLEAN WATER TANK SHARED GAS TANK
ATTRIBUTES MOBILE MICRO BUSINESS PRESERVATION OF CRAFT + TRADITIONS USURPTION OF OPEN SPACE LOW HYGIENIC STANDARD IMPROPER WASTE DISPOSAL
188
FIFTH LEG
CLEAN WATER TANK BUCKETS FOR GREYWATER DISPOSAL
189
URBAN AGRICULTURE FOOD SYSTEM After the 1998 financial crisis many people turn to urban agriculture as an alternative source of income. They transform abandoned real estate and publicly owned open land into farms where they grow crops and raise livestock.
FARMER
ATTRIBUTES MICRO BUSINESS GREENING OF OPEN SPACE UNCERTAIN LAND OWNERSHIP
190
FLYOVER
CROPS
CROPS CROPS
191
URBAN LIVESTOCK FOOD SYSTEM Similar to urban agriculture, open lots are often used for urban livestock that are later used for both private and commercial purposes. The goat is particularly popular as they play an integral role in many Muslim ceremonies year round.
GOATS
ATTRIBUTES MICRO BUSINESS WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES ERRATIC MOVEMENT ON THE STREET LOW HYGIENIC STANDARDS
192
CHICKEN
CHICKEN
CHICKEN
CHICKEN
CHICKEN CHICKEN CHICKEN
CHICKEN
CHICKEN
193
WARUNG FOOD SYSTEM Warungs are mini markets that sell daily needs such as food, detergent, snacks, etc. They often sell things in sachets that are hung, creating a distinct experience as one wanders into it.
HUNG GOODS
DRINKS
CRACKERS
WATER
ATTRIBUTES COMPREHENSIVE RELATIVELY LOW COST LOW INCOME STIGMA
194
CANDY CIGARETTES
SOAP LIGHT BULB
TOOTHPASTE SHAMPOO
RICE
BREAD
DETERGENT
195
500M
HIGHWAY PRIMARY ROAD SECONDARY ROAD KAMPUNG AREAS (2011)
196
INFORMATION SYSTEM Jakartaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s road system can be classified into 4 categories: highways, primary roads (arteries), secondary roads (collectors), and local roads. The local roads are colloquially known as mouse paths, generally unmapped areas where only local people know how to navigate through them. But with the advent of the information revolution, Jakarta as an early adopter of smartphone and social media, new doors on how one can navigate the city are opened by utilizing these new technologies. The government enforced strict media censorship during the New Order regime. Since the Reformation there has been a continuous push by the people towards transparency. In the most recent presidential election, active and uncensored participation by the population in social media platforms was key in steering public opinion and ultimately the result of the election itself. This amount of freedom is a sign that people are ready for change. The information protoypes attempt to further democratize the dissemination of information through both digital and analog means.
197
SUPERGRAPHIC CELLULAR ADS INFORMATION SYSTEM The supergraphic ads on warungs are targeted towards the urban majority living in kampungs. It emerged out of competition between the cellular companies and the opportunity for warung’s to make extra money by providing ad space.
INDOSAT CELLULAR COMPANY
SUPERGRAPHIC ON WARUNG ATTRIBUTES AESTHETIC ADDRESSING THE URBAN MAJORITY SOURCE OF INCOME FOR WARUNG OWNERS OVER COMMERCIALIZATION AESTHETIC
198
MATCHING POT
XL CELLULAR COMPANY
SUPERGRAPHIC ON WARUNG
199
PETA JAKARTA INFORMATION SYSTEM Petajakarta is a twitter based flood response system. By tweeting @petajakarta #banjir on a smartphpone with geolocation, the response will be mapped in real time to a map that you can also access through twitter. The system emerged out of the need to increase the speed of flood response through live mapping of current conditions.
FLOOD ATTRIBUTES LIVE MAPPING OF CONDITIONS CROWDSOURCED DATA HIGHLY ACCESSIBLE CROWDSOURCED DATA
200
TWEET @petajkt #banjir
201
CAMPAIGN BANNER INFORMATION SYSTEM After the reformation in 1998 a series of government initiatives to decentralize power, such as allowing direct elections and political liberalization, sees an explosion in the number of new political parties competing for governmental power. A symptom of this explosion can be seen in the various campaign banners scattered across the city.
FLAG
ATTRIBUTES CHEAP & QUICK VISUAL POLLUTION OVER SATURATION DISPOSAL ISSUES
202
LAMP POST CAMPAIGN BANNER
FLAG
CAMPAIGN BANNER
BAMBOO POST
203
MAGHRIB INFORMATION SYSTEM As Jakarta is a predominantly Muslim city, everyday at 6 pm broadcasting mediums (such as the radio and television) must pause and honor the Maghrib prayer. This is done by pausing any on-going broadcasting activity and turn on the prayer in a synchronized manner across all mediums across the city.
TV BROADCAST
RADIO BROADCAST
ATTRIBUTES MASS INFILTRATION MULTIPLE MEDIUMS
204
MINARET
MOSQUE
205
206
APPENDIX D
prototypes
207
208
01
WATER BUS STOPS : water collection and delivery system that is integrated with the existing public transportation system, extending the water trolley system to a larger transportation network. RAIN COLLECTING ROOF
PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE
ENTRY
TANK FILTER
REST AREA
TO BUS STATION FEEDER
BUS WATER TROLLEY BUS LANE SIDEWALK
209
210
02
BIG ROOF : shared water collecting/sharing and shading device that utilizes the existing social functions of the Mosque within kampung communities
SKYLIGHT BIG ROOF
SKYLIGHT
CONVEYANCE
ADAPTIVE COLUMN GRID WATER TANKS DISTRIBUTION AREA
MOSQUE
211
212
03
WATER TOWER : shared pump and water filtration system that forms a micro water grid for a cluster of houses
Main Water Tank
Water Pump
Water Filtration System
Personal Water Tanks
Personal Water Tanks
Pipes
Accessible Platforms
Personal Water Tanks Host Resident Ladder
213
214
04
MALL BILLBOARDS : alternative water trolley supply/depot that is provided from water filtrating systems integrated within existing billboards (or other features) within shopping malls
PIPES
WATER FILTRATION SYSTEM
EXISTING BILLBOARDS
SHOPPING MALL
WATER DEPOT
SIGNAGE BARRIER
215
216
05
COMMUNITY BATH HOUSE : connecting one, instead of every, building within kampungs to the water network to form a shared sanitation facility for that particular community
WATER COLLECTING ROOF
WATER COLLECTING ROOF
TOILETS
BATHS WATER SOURCE
TOILETS
RAIN BARREL
WASHING BASIN
BATHS
217
218
06
MOTORCYCLE DEPOT : motorcycle hubs that is integrated with the water depots that serves as both parking and a motorcycle-based water delivery system
ROOF
MOTORCYCLE PARKING
EXISTING WATER DEPOT
SHADED AREA
PLATFORM AS ROOF
219
220
07
A.W.G BILLBOARDS : atmospheric water generating billboards that serves as an alternative supplier for mobile water vendors PV PANELS
CONDENSER
GENERATOR
REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM
ACCESS
ADVERTISEMENT
WATER TANK
MOBILE WATER VENDORS
221
222
08
PEDESTRIAN FLYOVER : renting out pedestrianized areas located under the newly built flyovers for various activities to promote pedestrian activity and form new public spaces
FLYOVER
EXISTING SIDEWALK
PEDESTRIANIZED AREA
BIKE LANES
223
224
09
POP-UP SIDEWALK : sidewalk extension that is demarcated by vertical members to protect pedestrians in areas that currently lack sidewalks
EXISTING SIDEWALK
EXTENDED SIDEWALK
EXISTING ROOF BAMBOO/METAL POLE
FOOTING TARP SHADE
BRACING MEMBERS
REDUCED VEHICULAR LANES
225
226
10
MOTORCYCLE ROADBLOCK : using motorcycle parking as a way to create a roadblock as one approach ‘free zones’ within the city; an upcoming initiative to limit private vehicular access in certain parts of the city
RESTRICTED ACCESS ZONE
BUS STATION FREE PUBLIC TRANSPORT
NORMAL ACCESS ZONE
WARNING SIGN
ROADBLOCK
REDUCED VEHICULAR LANES
227
228
11
RIVER TRANSPORT : re-imagining the potential of river transport across the city that is integrated with a newly introduced waste management system
ROOF
SIGNAGE
MOTORIZED BAMBOO GETEK CILIWUNG RIVER
RIVER STOP
EXISTING SIDEWALK
229
230
12
BIKE SHARING BUS STOP : bike sharing service that is integrated with existing bus stops as a way to both promote the use of public transportation and reduce the number of private vehicles on the road
PV PANELS
EXTENSION OF ROOF
MONITOR CHARGING STATION
ELECTRIC BIKE
PUBLIC TRANSPORT
EXISTING BUS STOP
231
232
13
EXTENDED CAR FREE ZONES : extending the current car free zone initiative to other major roads across the city PLAZA SENAYAN
PEDESTRIANIZED ROAD SENTRAL SENAYAN OFFICE TOWER
TEMPORARY TENTS SENAYAN TRADE CENTER TEMPORARY STAGES
VENDORS SENAYAN CITY
233
234
14
VENDOR GARAGE : dedicating street level parking garage areas in shopping malls to street vendors in an attempt to ease the over-crowding of adjacent kampungâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s alleys
SHOPPING MALL
EXISTING PARKING STRUCTURE
SHARED SERVICE AREA
VENDOR + FOOD CART SPACE
NEW GRADUAL ENTRY
235
236
15
HDYROPONIC FACADE : hydroponic facade system that is integrated with the existing public housing (rusunawa) typology
EXISTING SKYLIGHT
WATER CATCHMENT AREA
EXISTING BALCONY SPACE
ADDITIONAL BALCONY SPACE HYDROPONIC SYSTEM
237
238
16
RUKO FOOD STALLS : dedicating the threshold of a ruko complex typology to food vendor zones with shared services with the ruko
RUKO
ROOF
TARP
FOOD CARTS
TREE AS STRUCTURE
SEATING AREA
SHARED WATER SERVICES
CART AS STRUCTURE
ENTRY TO RUKO COMPLEX
239
240
17
NOMADIC FARMING : intentionally allotting unused, speculative private and public lots for urban farming through a licensing mechanism
ACCESS TO SETTLEMENT
FENCE
FARM SHED FARM
CANAL
241
242
18
FOOD BRIDGE : intentional re-purposing of open land under elevated highways into food vendor centers complete with a drive-thru service
ELEVATED HIGHWAY
MAIN SEATING AREA VENDORS ALLEY
DRIVE THRU
FAST LANE
SLOW LANE
243
244
19
STREET CANTEEN : providing shelter and services for mobile food vendors around public schools to further integrate them with the school
PUBLIC SCHOOL
CONNECTION TO CLASSROOM
CANTEEN
SHARED SERVICES
OUTDOOR SEATING
RAMP
RAIL
ROAD
245
246
20
PETTING ZOO : re-purposing under-utilized green areas within gated complexes as grazing areas for adjacent kampung’s livestock
HOUSING COMPLEX
PLAYGROUND SHED
GRAZING AREA
REGULAR SHED TREE BARRIER
GUTTER
EXISTING SECURITY POST
HOUSING COMPLEX
247
248
21
ANGKOT WARUNG : integrating street vendors with the aging angkot transportation system
VENDORS
LIMITED SEATING
SHADE
SIGNAGE
SIDEWALK
249
250
22
WARUNG INFOGRAPHIC : using the facade of warungs as infographic for the public to see
EXISTING WARUNG
USABLE FACADE
USABLE FACADE
251
252
23
INFORMATION HUB : providing extra seating and wifi areas over existing popular food vendor areas across the city
SIGNAGE
KIOSKS
SEATING AREA
INFORMATION HUB
SIDEWALK
ENTRY
FOOD CARTS
253
254
24
OBSERVATION DECK : creating platforms on existing tall structures, such as the minaret, church bells, etc. to provide a different vantage point for viewing the city MOSQUE SPEAKERS
LARGE PLATFORM
SMALL PLATFORM MINARET LADDERS
PUBLIC STAIRS
OBSERVATION DECK ENTRY EXISTING MINARET ENTRY
255
256
25
POP-UP SCREEN : hanging plain banners as screens in which information can be projected on during traffic congestion
LAMP POST
PROJECTION SCREENS
PROJECTOR + CONTROL STATION
TRAFFIC JAM
ELECTRICITY POLE
257
258
26
PASAR REPORT : periodical governmental report that is free for the public located in key circulation areas of the Pasar (traditional markets) or other popular venues of the urban majority
TO PASAR INTERACTIVE STATION
PAMPHLET HOLDERS
VENDORS MAJOR ENTRY PAMPHLET HOLDERS
259
260
27
CLINIC LIBRARY : shared/donation library located adjacent to the community clinic or Puskesmas that also serves as waiting area for children PUSKESMAS
INDOOR READING AREA BOOK DROP-OFF AREA
CONNECTION
BOOKSHELVES
OUTDOOR PLAY AREA
261
262
28
ATRIUM FEED : analog output of a digital feed that is open for the public to continually updateto foster public engagement within shopping malls FEED DISPLAY
ELEVATOR
ATRIUM
263
264
APPENDIX E final exhibit
265
FINAL EXHIBIT
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
BIBLIOGRAPHY ARTICLES Adianto, J., S. Dikun, and T. Y Harjoko. “Spatial Contestation and Involution: A Case of the Public Transport, with Particular Reference to the Kampung Melayu, Jakarta.” Developing Country Studies 2, no. 10 (2012). Atmodiwirdjo, P, Yatmo, Y. A. “Collective Spatial Strategies in Urban Kampung Communal Toilet”. Asian Journal of Environment Behavior Studies 3, no. 7 (2012). Bakker, K. “Trickle Down? Private sector participation and the pro-poor water supply debate in Jakarta, Indonesia”. Geoforum 38 (2007). Bakker, K, Kooy, M. “Splintered networks: The colonial and contemporary waters of Jakarta”. Geoforum 39 (2008). Budiarto, L. “Magersari: the spatial-culture of kampung settlements as an urban strategy in Indonesian cities and urban housing”. World Congress on Housing: Transforming Housing Environments Through Design (2005). Dietrich, J. “The Neoliberalisation of Poverty Treatment Policies in Jakarta, from Inequality to Injustice”. Justice Spatiale - Spatial Justice 6 (2014). Douglass, M. “Globalization, Mega-projects and the Environment: Urban Form and Water in Jakarta”. Environment and Urbanization Asia 1, no.45 (2010). Firman, T. “New town development in Jakarta Metropolitan Region: a perspective of spatial segregation”. Habitat International 28 (2004). Fuller, Andy. “Writing Jakarta in Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s Kentut Kosmopolitan”. Asia Research Institute (2011). Funo, S, Ferianto, B, Yamada, K. “Considerations on Space Formation and Transformation of Kampung Luar Batang (Jakarta)”. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering (2004). Kooy, M. “Developing Informality: The Production of Jakarta’s Urban Waterscape”. Water Alternatives 7, no.1 (2014) Kooy, M. “Relations of Power, Networks of Water: Governing Urban Water, Spaces, and Populations in (Post) Colonial Jakarta”. The University of British Columbia 2008 Prabowo, H, Suprapto, H, Oswari, T. “Environmental Degradation and Fisherman Livelihoods in Jakarta Coastal Area”. The 12th Biennial Global Conference of the International Association for the Study of the Commons (2008) Sasaki, S, Araki, T, Tambunan, A. H, Prasadja, H. “Household income, living and working conditions of dumpsite wastepickers in Bantar Gebang: Toward integrated waste management inIndonesia”. Resources, Conservation, and Recycling 89 (2014). Sassen, S. “Cityness in the Urban Age”. Bulletin 2 (2005). Setiawan, B. “Kampung Kota dan Kota Kampung: Tantangan Perencanaan Kota di Indonesia”. Rapat Terbuka Majelis Guru Besar Universitas Gajah Mada (2010) Sihombing, A. “The Transformation of KAMPUNGKOTA: Symbiosys Between Kampung and Kota, a Case Study from Jakarta”. (2004).
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Sihombing, A. “Living in the Kampungs: A Firsthand Account of Experiences in Jakarta’s Kampungs”. FORUM International Journal of Postgraduate Studies Architecture, Planning and Landscape 7, no.1 (2007). Vollmer, D, Gret-Regamy, A. “Rivers as Municipal Infrastructure: Demand for Environmental Services in Informal Settlements Along an Indonesian River”. Global Environmental Change (2013) Zhu, J. “Symmetric Development of Informal Settlements and Gated Communities: Capacity of the State”. ARI Working Paper Series no.135 (2010).
BOOKS Ajidarma, Seno Gumira. Kentut Kosmopolitan. Depok: Koekoesan, 2008. Aravena, Alejandro. The Forces in Architecture. Shohan. ed. Tokyo: TOTO Shuppan, 2011. Awan, Nishat, and Tatjana Schneider. Spatial Agency: Other Ways of Doing Architecture. Abingdon, Oxon England: Routledge, 2011. Certeau, Michel De., and Steven Rendall. The Practice of Everyday Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984. Corner, James. The Agency of Mapping: Speculation, Critique and Invention. London: Reaktion Books, 1999. Frampton, Adam, and Clara Wong. Cities without Ground: A Hong Kong Guidebook. ORO Editions, 2012. Gadanho, Pedro. Uneven Growth: Tactical Urbanism for Expanding Megacities. New York, NY: Museum of Modern Art, 2014. Kaijima, Momoyo, and Junzo Kuroda. Made in Tokyo. Tokyo: Kajima Inst. Publ., 2001. Koolhaas, Rem, et.al. Mutations. Barcelona: ACTAR, 2000. Koolhaas, Rem. Small, Medium, Large, Extra-large: Office for Metropolitan Architecture, Rem Koolhaas, and Bruce Mau. 2d ed. New York, N.Y.: Monacelli Press, 1998. Kusno, Abidin. After the New Order Space, Politics and Jakarta. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 2014. Lefebvre, Henri. The Production of Space. Oxford, OX, UK: Blackwell, 1991. Low, Nicholas. Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration. London: Routledge, 2000. McGuirk, Justin. Radical Cities: Across Latin America in Search of a New Architecture. New York, NY: Verso, 2014. Neuwirth, Robert. Shadow Cities: A Billion Squatters, a New Urban World. New York: Routledge, 2005. Silver, Christopher. Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century. London: Routledge, 2008. Simone, AbdouMaliq. Jakarta, Drawing the City Near. University of Minnesota Press, 2014. Simone, AbdouMaliq. City Life From Jakarta to Dakar: Movements at the Crossroads. New York: Routledge, 2010. Till, Jeremy. Architecture Depends. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 2013.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank God and my parents for their unconditional support on my pursuit of becoming an architect. I would also like to thank my advisors Rami el Samahy, MaryLou Arscott, and Art Lubetz for continuously challenging my pre-conceived notions on architecture and pushed me beyond my comfort zone. Additionally I also want to thank Kelly Hutzell, Greg Spaw, Christina Geros, Kai Gutschow, and my fellow studio-mates for their creative support and critique throughout the project. This book is dedicated to the future generation of architects, designers, and thinkers who also have a similar passion to reshape the place Iâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve called home: Jakarta.
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